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Indigenous Australian Facts and Figures University of Southern Queensland Yatdjuligin: The Stories of Queensland Aboriginal Registered Nurses 1950–2005 A Dissertation submitted by Odette Best RN, Bch Hth Sci, M Phil For the Award of Doctor of Philosophy 2011 Abstract This research and its presentation as a dissertation was undertaken utilising an Aboriginal methodology. This methodology, known as Djarpligin, is used by South/Western Gurreng Gurreng people for the transference of our knowledges. Djaparligin translates to singing corroboree. This means it is bound to Gurreng Gurreng language, inclusive of our songlines and ceremonies. This methodology is utilised to tell the stories of the participants of this research. The findings of this research are the stories of the participants as they describe their journeys as Aboriginal women who are registered nurses. The presenting of this thesis is Yatdjuligin. An in-depth literature review was required for this research and it is more than a literature review but it is a component of my Djaparligin methodology. A thorough investigation was undertaken to look at the stories of Aboriginal nurses in Queensland and Australia. In constructing the stories of the research participants it was essential to contextualise them. First and foremost is their Aboriginality. This is entwined with the nursing history of each era and finally the government policies of the day. This was further contextualised by undertaking a substantial review of the literature to explore the voices of Indigenous nurses in the United States, Canada and New Zealand. The findings of this research are ‘Yatdjuligin: The Stories of Queensland Aboriginal Registered Nurses 1950–2005’. ii Certificate of Authorship / Originality I certify that the work in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as parts of requirements for any degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also verify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. ___________________________________ ______________________ Signature of Candidate Date ENDORSEMENT ___________________________________ ______________________ Signature of Supervisor Date ___________________________________ _______________________ Signature of Supervisor Date iii Acknowledgements I acknowledge the owners of the land this work is being examined on. I thank their elders both past and present for their continued care of country. I also acknowledge my Elders for the gifting of my bloodlines and the strength to undertake this research. During this journey I have had unusual amounts of love and support from beginning to end, which has guided me on this five and a half year journey. First and foremost I thank Tom Kirk, Wakgun Clan ‘knowledge keeper’ for teaching me culture, language, lore and land, thank you cuz. Don, for your supervisory support and guidance and your unwavering belief in me to be able to do this. To my sista Kath, your cultural guidance and support was always unwavering as was the constant meals and love, thank you. To Daz and Kelly and Mabel, thank you muchly for the technology support and fixing up my messes and the moments of pure clarity. In closing, I have to say, Gadge “I think I’m the good slayer now”, and to my Grandma Joy, “I think I have finished my lessons”. Your belief in me set me on this path of which I can never thank (or maybe curse) the both of you enough. This work is dedicated to the amazing, awe-inspiring, smart Aboriginal nurses that I walk with every day. iv Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Certificate of Authorship / Originality .................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xi List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Djaparl Nganya – ‘song of me’ ...................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Bloodlines ................................................................................................ 5 1.1.2 Student Nurse Days ................................................................................ 11 1.1.3 ‘I’m a Nurse’ Documentary ................................................................... 13 1.2 Chapter summaries ....................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Chapter 3: Methodology ........................................................................ 17 1.2.3 Chapter 4: Mawn Young ........................................................................ 18 1.2.4 Chapter 5: Beryl Meiklejohn .................................................................. 18 1.2.5 Chapter 6: Mary Martin ......................................................................... 19 1.2.6 Chapter 7: Janet Blair ............................................................................. 19 1.2.7 Chapter 8: Raelene Ward ....................................................................... 19 1.2.8 Chapter 9: Anne-Maree Neilsen............................................................. 20 1.2.9 Chapter 10: Discussion and Conclusion ................................................ 20 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................. 22 Section 1: Indigenous Australian facts and figures ............................................. 22 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 22 2.2 The Research Setting: Indigenous Australia ................................................ 23 2.2.1 Pre-invasion health status ....................................................................... 24 v 2.2.2 Traditional Medicines ............................................................................ 27 2.2.3 Definitions of health ............................................................................... 29 2.2.4 Social determinants ................................................................................ 30 2.2.4.1 – National Population .................................................................................. 31 2.2.4.2 – Education .................................................................................................. 34 2.2.4.3 – Housing..................................................................................................... 35 2.2.4.4 – Employment ............................................................................................. 36 2.2.4.5 – Health status ............................................................................................. 37 2.3 Indigenous Queensland ................................................................................ 38 2.3.1 Social determinants ................................................................................ 41 2.3.1.1 – Population ................................................................................................. 41 2.3.1.2 – Education .................................................................................................. 42 2.3.1.3 – Housing..................................................................................................... 43 2.3.1.4 – Employment ............................................................................................. 43 2.3.1.5 – Health ....................................................................................................... 43 2.4 International Indigenous Health Comparison ............................................... 44 2.4.1 Australia ................................................................................................. 45 2.4.2 Canada .................................................................................................... 45 2.4.3 New Zealand .......................................................................................... 45 2.4.4 United States .......................................................................................... 46 2.5 International Indigenous Nursing Workforce Comparison .......................... 46 2.5.1 Australian Indigenous Nursing Workforce participation rates .............. 47 2.5.1.1 – Australian Aboriginal entry into nursing ................................................. 47 2.5.1.2 – Queensland Indigenous Nursing Workforce participation rates ............... 47 2.5.1.3 – Queensland Aboriginal entry into nursing ................................................ 48 2.5.2 New Zealand Indigenous Nursing and Midwifery Workforce participation
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