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Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Some Phonological

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Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Some Phonological Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Open Access Research Article Some Phonological Processes in Ahanta Patience Obeng Lecturer, University of Education, Winneba, Faculty of Ghanaian Language Studies Department of Akan/Nzema Ajumako CampusGhana, West Africa *Corresponding Author Abstract: Ahanta is a Ghanaian language of the Kwa group of languages of the Patience Obeng Volt-Comoe family with a relatively minority indigenes and minority second language users. Some of its related languages are Nzema and Esahie. Due to its Article History location between Mfantse and Nzema, it is interspersed with both Mfantse and Nzema. It was unwritten and understudied, until the recent publication of the Ahanta Received: 30.06.2021 Bible, there have been pockets of studies which are gradually attracting researchers. Accepted: 09.07.2021 As part of the documentation of Ahanta in the area of phonology, this paper looks at Published: 20.07.2021 some of the its phonological processes. Data was collected through spontaneous speeches, recordings, and notetaking. The data was transcribed and analyzed. Being a Citations: qualitative study, the discussion on the phonological processes was preceded by one Patience Obeng. (2021); Some Phonological on the Ahanta sound inventory. The findings show that Ahanta has seven orthographic Processes in Ahanta. Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte, 2(4) vowels and ten phonemic vowels. Out of these ten vowels, three can attain nasality, 36-50. independent of nasal consonants in their environments while all can be nasalized Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access when found in the environment of nasal consonants. Ahanta was also found to have article distributed under the terms of the advanced and unadvanced vowels as Akan. Concerning consonants, only the alveola Creative Commons Attribution license which nasal could occur at word final, even that, it was found in a borrowed word from permits unrestricted use, distribution, and Mfantse when some nasals including the alveola nasal end words. The study proved reproduction in any medium for non that vowel harmony, consonant mutation, palatalization and homorganic nasal commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY- assimilation occur in Ahanta. NC) provided the original author and source are credited. Keywords: Ahanta, phonology, phonological processes, homorganic, DOI: 10.47310/Hjel.2021.v02i04.003 suprasegments, palatalization, mutation . INTRODUCTION Language documentation in all areas of linguistics has salvaged many minority and endangered languages from near extinction or glutophagy. This mostly occurred in the era of language documentation in the last three to four decades. For example, Hoffman (2009) was done on languages of the world to bring out the effect of language death on the language communities, the culture and its implications on academia. Studies on Ghanaian languages such as Christaller (1875), Westermann (1909), Dakubu (1988), and more recently, Dovlo (2008), Bubuafor (2013), Agbetsoamedo (2014), Asante Krobea (2016) and Campbell (2017) have all contributed immensely in documenting both majority and minority Ghanaian languages. Ahanta native and linguist Ntumi (2001) and later on GILLBT (2014), advanced Ahanta development by documenting for the first time the sound system and some vocabulary of the Ahanta language and the Ahanta Bible respectively. The Ghana Bible Society published the Ahanta Bible in 2015 while a radio station was established to broadcast sorely in Ahanta, in Agona Nkwanta (an Ahanta community) in order to aid generational transmission and revitalization. In the light of all these, this study was undertaken to add to Ahanta documentation by researching on an aspect of the core area of the phonology of Ahanta. BACKGROUND Ahanta, pronounced Ahandaa belongs to the Volta-Comoe branch under Kwa language groups with related languages being Aowin (Esahie), Nzema and Akan. An Ahanta person is known as Ahandanii, and the plural is Ahandamaa. According to a paper presented to parliament in 1821, Ahanta was a state or a country on its own, a rich coastal country now housed in the Western Region of Ghana. 36 Patience Obeng; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 4 (July-Aug, 2021): 36-50. The state of Ahanta had linguistic homogeneity 1. tↄ-to buy, to fall, tↄ-to die, with Ahanta as its language. Oral tradition indicates that Metaphorical use: like the Akan people, the Ahanta people moved from Tↄ famu -to fall down the Brong Ahafo area up north and settled in their ano tↄ- to finish talking present location down southern Ghana. It is believed nsa tↄ so -to be conversant with doing something that they first settled in Aboade before spreading out to with the hand. occupy the various Ahanta towns of today. The name akoma tↄ yamu „Ahanta‟ literally means “land of twins” while other ani tↄ nsamu sources claim the name was derived from the verb Christaller (1975:107) handa, meaning to „dry‟ Others claim that Ahanta people are descendants of people who settled where For the past hundred years, this dictionary has they found a shark drying itself on the beach. This to helped in studies related to the Akan language including them was a sign of peace because the shark did not knowledge in ethnography and anthropology. bring any bad omen on them. Almost equal proportion of Ahanta people live in urban and rural areas. Agbetsoamedo (2014) is a study on Sɛlɛɛ, a less studied Ghana Mountain-Togo (GMT) language spoken Classification of the Ahanta language in Ghana‟s Santrokofi, down across Togo. The project The Ahanta language is made up of three notable Aspects of the Grammar and Lexicon of Sɛlɛɛ, was varieties. The variety spoken in the Sekondi-Takoradi based on five main areas of the Sɛlɛɛ, language, metropolis up to areas around Apowa, Kwesimentsim namely, noun classes in Sɛlɛɛ, the morphological and Beahu where the language is highly adulterated encoding of diminution in Sɛlɛɛ, tense and aspect with Mfantse. This study categorized the Ahanta spoken system of Sɛlɛɛ, standard negation in Sɛlɛɛ, and lastly here as „urban‟ Ahanta. The second is „rural‟ Ahanta temperature terms in Sɛlɛɛ. After a thorough discussion spoken around Adwoa, Funko, Ewusie Joe, Aboade, of data collected from the Santrokofi area of the then Agona Nkwanta, Busua, Otopo etc. This is also Volta region of Ghana, where the language is spoken, considered by the Ahanta people as the unadulterated the following conclusions were made concerning the one. The third variety is Evaloe or Valoe spoken syntactic structures. The project established that Sɛlɛɛ, around Princess Town, Akatekyi and Cape Three has eight noun class prefixes in which four mark Points. These areas are close to the border (River singular while the other four mark plural. It was noted Ankobra) that is shared between Nzema and Ahanta. that diminution is marked morphologically by the use of The variety found here is highly adulterated with five different suffixes, -bi, -bii, -mii, -e or by the Nzema, and in recent times considered a variety of exclusive use of -nyi. Sometimes -nyi is employed in Nzema. Evaloe is also spoken beyond the Ankobra river combination with noun class shift. The tense and aspect among immediate Nzema communities. The difference system shows that Sɛlɛɛ has three basic tenses being the among the three varieties resides in sound, tone and present, hodiernal (pre-hodiernal and hodiernal) and lexical items but are mutually intelligible. Data was some future tenses. Other aspects of the grammar collected in rural Ahanta in order to get a least established is negation and the grammatical adulterated Ahanta vocabulary. The study established constructions used for expressing temperature. the sound inventory of Ahanta, its distribution and Agbetsoamedo (2014) concluded that in terms of discussed some of the phonological processes in grammar, Sɛlɛɛ shares some similarities with other Ahanta. The processes encompass both segments and GTM languages. suprasegments processes that occur within words, at word boundaries and within compounds. An aspect of Logba (Ikpana), one of the fourteen GTM languages was studied by Dovlo (2008). After the ITERATURE EVIEW introduction comes a discussion on the phonological L R system of Logba which established that Logba has three There have been efforts in studies all over the world open syllable types namely, peak only, simple onset and to safeguard the near extinction and death of minority peak, and lastly, an onset only. It also has two basic languages. This has led to the documentation of aspects tones, Low and High which are found in most tone of such languages in linguistics, such as, phonetics and languages. Logba also has prefix classes, singular-plural phonology, syntax, morphology, sociolinguistics, pairings, and agreement systems as its three cultural studies and others. The monumental work of interconnected noun class systems. The project also Christaller (1975) is a lexicographical record of the discusses the basic clause structure, verbs and verbal Akan language. The study is a detailed record of almost modifiers, clause types, ideophones, particles and all lexical items in all three written dialects (Akuapem interjections. In order to firm up the language base in Twi, Asante Twi and Mfantse) of Akan. Apart from the the project, a Logba-English-Ewe and English-Logba isolated lexemes, definitions are provided together with wordlists are provided. In the same vein, Bobuafor all available expressions associated with the headword. (2013), worked on the grammar of Tafi, a minority Hyponyms, synonyms and polysemous words are also GTM language spoken in the then Volta region of provided. For example; Ghana. The study examines the phonological system 37 Patience Obeng; Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte; Vol-2, Iss- 4 (July-Aug, 2021): 36-50. and established five syllable structures in Tafi as, V/N explanation, Goldsmith presents the phonetic level, that (vowel or nasal), VC, CV, CVV and a CCV. Unlike is the sound level which accounts for sounds that were Logba, Tafi has three-level tonemes, High, Mid and involved in a change and the phonological level also Low and also an ATR harmony.
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