Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report Curtis Specialty Site Milford, August 2010

Prepared For: Environmental Protection Agency New York, NY

Prepared By: International Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS

International Paper Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS

Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report

Curtis Specialty Papers Site

Milford, New Jersey

Prepared by:

Eugene J. Boesch Ph.D., R.P.A. Principal Investigator ARCADIS U.S., Inc.

August 2010

Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report

Curtis Specialty Papers Site Milford, New Jersey

Prepared for: United States Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared by: International Paper Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS U.S., Inc.

Our Ref.: B0066126.0600

Date: August 2010

Table of Contents

Executive Summary i

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Project Impacts 2

1.2 Site Description and Area of Potential Effect 2

1.2.1 Developed Area 2

1.2.2 CPABA 3

1.2.3 Northern Parcel 4

1.2.4 Site Operations 4

1.2.4.1 Main Mill Operations 5

1.2.4.2 Coatings Facility Operations 6

1.2.4.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations 6

1.2.4.4 Aeration Basin and Coal Storage Area 6

1.3 Curtis Historic District 7

1.3.1 Other National Register Properties in the Site Vicinity 8

1.4 Previously Conducted Archaeological Investigations in the Site Vicinity 9

1.5 Methodology 10

2. Environmental Setting of the Site 14

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Geology 16

2.3 Surface Geology 16

2.4 Flora and Fauna 17

2.5 Site Soils 18

2.5.1 Developed Area Soils 18

2.5.2 CPABA 18

2.5.3 Northern Parcel 19

2.5.4 Archaeological Borings 20

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3. Documentary Research – Native American Period 21

3.1 Background Culture History 21

3.2 Native American – European Contact Period 25

3.3 Native American Sites in the Site Vicinity 28

3.4 Previously Recorded Sites on Site 29

3.5 Previously Recorded Sites within 1 Mile of the Site 31

3.6 Other Indications for Native American Activity within the Milford Area 32

4. Documentary Research – Historic Period 33

4.1 Seventeenth- Through Late Eighteenth-Century Settlement 33

4.2 Revolutionary War and Post-Revolutionary War Years 35

4.3 Nineteenth- to Early Twentieth-Century Development 36

4.4 Occupational History of the Site 37

4.4.1 Post-1907 Use of the Property: The Paper Mill Years 40

5. Assessment of Archaeological Sensitivity and Recommendations 44

5.1 Native American Period Sensitivity 44

5.1.1 Areas of Pre-Contact Period Archaeological Sensitivity 46

5.2 Historic Period Sensitivity 47

5.3 Architectural Resources 48

5.4 Recommendations 48

6. References 50

Table

1 Site Structures – Construction Dates, Building Functions, and Integrity Assessments

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Figures

ES-1 Archaeologically Sensitive Locations

1 Site Location Map

2 Site Operational Areas

3 Site Plan

4 Locations of Previously Recorded Pre-Contact Period Archaeological Sites

5 1851 Cornell Map

6 1860 Lake and Beers Map

7 1860 Hughes Map

8 1873 Beers Map

9 1902 Hicks Map

10 1905 Westgard Map

11 1912 Sanborn Map

12 1927 Sanborn Map

13 Archaeologically Sensitive Locations

Appendix

A Photograph Log

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Executive Summary

Executive Summary

International Paper Company (IP), Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP (GP), and ARCADIS U.S., Inc. prepared this Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report (report). This report presents the results of a Phase IA archaeological investigation of the approximately 109-acre Curtis Specialty Papers Site, located along the at 404 Frenchtown Road (County Route 619) in the Borough of Milford and Alexandria Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey (site).

The site was originally developed in 1907 as a manufacturing facility for food-grade paper products and operated in this capacity until operations ceased in 2003. The original occupant of the mill was the Warren Manufacturing Company, which began production in Milford 1 year later (1908). The company soon became the largest producer of paper in the world and was the principal employer in Milford. At the time of its closing, the mill was owned by Curtis Papers, Inc., a leading manufacturer of premium coated and uncoated papers and a significant local employer.

The Phase IA investigation was conducted in support of ongoing remedial investigation/feasibility study activities at the site. The objectives of the Phase IA investigation were to assess the likelihood that significant archaeological and/or architectural resources are present at the site and to recommend further investigations (if necessary).

The New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office (NJSHPO), in an opinion dated April 29, 2003, determined that the site is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places as the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District (NJSHPO ID# 4197) (Guzzo 2003). The Curtis Mill Historic District includes the paper mill’s industrial buildings and surrounding workers’ houses. The workers’ houses include the dwelling currently located on site as well as other, currently privately owned houses (located off site).

The NJSHPO 2003 opinion was based on the continuous use of the facility as a paper mill from 1907 to 2003, its importance as the largest manufacturer of glassine paper in the world during its period of operation and as the region’s primary employer, and the large amount of original building fabric that remains.

The Phase IA investigation consisted of documentary research on the past and current environmental setting, Native American culture history and site locations, and Euro-

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Executive Summary

American history of the site. Research for the Phase IA investigation was conducted at the following repositories:

• Alexandria Township Historical Society

• Milford Historical Society (on-line resource)

• New Jersey State Museum

• NJSHPO

• New Jersey State Library

• New Jersey State Achieves

• Borough of Milford Public Library

• Borough of Milford Town Hall

• Hunterdon County Public Library

• Holland Township Historical Society

• Natural Resources Conservation Service, Clinton Field Office, Frenchtown Field Office, and on-line resource (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov)

• The Riegel Ridge Community Center, Holland Township

• New York City Public Library, Local History, Map and General Research Divisions

• New York City Public Library, Science, Business and Industry Library

Based on documentary research, pedestrian reconnaissance, and data from archaeological borings, the archaeological sensitivity of the site was assessed. Assessment of Native American period sensitivity was based on the location of known archaeological sites reported in the literature and consideration of the present and former topographic and physiographic characteristics of the site. Assessment of Historic period sensitivity was based on an analysis of nineteenth to mid-twentieth century maps, as well as a review of other primary and secondary sources. The extent

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Executive Summary

of nineteenth and twentieth century development at the site was evaluated with regard to likely impacts to identified archaeologically sensitive areas.

Five locations at the site are considered to be sensitive for Pre-Contact period archaeological sites. One location at the site is considered to be sensitive for the presence of historic period archaeological sites. The archaeologically sensitive portions of the site are shown on Figure ES-1.

Phase IB-level archaeological testing is recommended for the archaeologically sensitive areas if they will be disturbed as part of site remediation activities.

Existing buildings at the site are considered to be significant properties by the NJSHPO. The buildings constitute the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District. An approach to mitigate adverse impacts to existing structures of the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District on site as a result of remediation activities will be determined through discussions among the USEPA, the NJSHPO, IP, GP and other appropriate parties.

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1. Introduction

International Paper Company (IP), Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP (GP) and ARCADIS U.S., Inc. (ARCADIS) prepared this Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report (report) for the Curtis Specialty Papers Site located at 404 Frenchtown Road (County Road 619), Milford, Hunterdon County, New Jersey (site; Figure 1). The site occupies Block 13, Lot 5.01 and Block 19, Lot 51 in the Borough of Milford; and Block 17.01, Lot 1.01 in Alexandria Township (Figure 2). The site was originally developed in 1907 as a manufacturing facility for food-grade paper products and operated in this capacity until Curtis Specialty Papers ceased operations in 2003. At the time of its closing, the mill was a leading manufacturer of premium coated and uncoated papers and a significant local employer.

On June 4, 2009, IP and GP entered into an Administrative Settlement Agreement and Order on Consent (AOC) with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to conduct a remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) at the site (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act [CERCLA] Docket No. 02-2009-2017). The Phase IA investigation was conducted in support of ongoing RI/FS activities at the site and in accordance with the USEPA-approved Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Work Plan (IP et al. 2010a).

The objectives of the Phase IA investigation were to assess the likelihood that significant archaeological and/or architectural resources are present on site and to recommend further investigations (if necessary). This report presents the results of the Phase IA investigation and has been prepared in accordance with the AOC, the Statement of Work attached to the AOC, the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation Federal Register, Volume 48, Number 190 (National Park Service, Department of the Interior 1983); the USEPA’s cultural resource procedures for Superfund sites, Sections 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and its implementing regulations (i.e., 36 CFR Part 800), Executive Order 11593, and the CERCLA Compliance with other Laws Manual: Part II. Clean Air Act and Other Environmental Statues and State Requirements (USEPA 1988). The investigation also meets the standards and requirements currently adopted by the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office (NJSHPO) for conducting Phase IA cultural resource investigations.

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1.1 Project Impacts

It is anticipated that, as a result of future remediation activities at the site, site disturbance will occur due to the demolition of site structures and/or the excavation of site soil. Such activities would constitute direct impacts to the site. Portions of the site also may serve as vehicle and equipment storage and staging locations. Such activities would constitute indirect impacts to the site.

1.2 Site Description and Area of Potential Effect

The approximately 109-acre site is located on the eastern floodplain of the Delaware River. Two tributaries of the Delaware River, Quequacommissacong Creek (or Hakihokake Creek) and an unnamed tributary to the Delaware River (unnamed tributary), flow through the site. As described in the RI/FS Work Plan (IP et al. 2010b), four operational areas developed during the 96 years of paper production at the site (Figure 2):

• Main Mill Area (MMA)

• Coatings Facility Area (CFA)

• Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Area (WWTPA)

• Coal Pile and Aeration Basin Area (CPABA)

For the purpose of the Phase IA investigation, the site was divided into three areas. The former MMA, CFA and WWTPA comprise the Developed Area. The Developed Area and two other areas (the former CPABA and the Northern Parcel [i.e., an undeveloped portion of the site located north of Quequacommissacong Creek) are illustrated on Figure 2 and are discussed in Sections 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.2.3.

1.2.1 Developed Area

The approximately 52-acre Developed Area consists of relatively level ground that has been extensively developed by the construction of 94 buildings and other structures/ facilities associated with the paper mill.

The Developed Area (Figure 2) consists of:

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• The former MMA, which includes approximately 61 structures and facilities including process and office facilities for the paper mill, a cogeneration power plant, and loading/unloading areas, parking areas, roadways, and landscaped grounds. Nine of the buildings were constructed prior to 1912; six structures or parts thereof were built between 1912 and 1927; 17 structures or parts thereof were built between 1927 and 1935; 13 structures or parts thereof were constructed between 1935 and 1945; and 40 structures were built after 1945.

• The former CFA, which includes 13 structures and facilities including the coatings facility, solvent recovery building and supporting outbuildings. Three of the buildings were constructed prior to 1912; one structure was built between 1912 and 1927; two structures were built between 1927 and 1935; one structure was constructed between 1935 and 1945; and six structures were built after 1945.

• The former WWTPA, which includes the location of 20 structures or facilities including two clarifier basins, a settling tank and intake/outfall structures on the shoreline of the Delaware River. Two of the facilities were established sometime between 1927 and 1935. The other structures/facilities post-date 1945.

The unnamed tributary divides the Developed Area and the former CPABA. Representative photographs of each area are provided in Appendix A.

A railroad right-of-way extends north to south through the Developed Area, extending into the former CPABA. Railroad operations have ceased along the right-of-way and adjacent sections have become part of a rails-to-trails program. According to current Borough of Milford tax records, the Belvidere and Delaware River Railroad owns the section of right-of-way that traverses the site. Berms designed to protect the plant from flooding were constructed within the western part of the Developed Area.

1.2.2 CPABA

The approximately 40-acre former CPABA currently is undeveloped except for an aeration basin associated with the former paper mill (Appendix A). Historically, a portion of the area served as a staging area for coal that powered the mill. The former CPABA consists of relatively level ground generally covered by trees, scrub brush and grass vegetation. Portions of the area were used during the operation of the paper mill as borrow pits from which soils were excavated, likely to construct berms within the Developed Area to protect the mill from Delaware River flooding. Other locations in the former CPABA appear to have been slightly graded. Five structures are located within

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Milford, New Jersey the former CPABA, including two wells and the aeration basin. The two wells were established between 1927 and 1935. The remaining structures post-date 1945.

The existing, rectangular-shaped aeration basin is located in the southeastern part of the former CPABA. Soils apparently were excavated in the area to create an impoundment or basin, with the excavated soils used to form the impoundment’s surrounding embankment.

1.2.3 Northern Parcel

The Northern Parcel is approximately 17 acres in size and is located north of the Developed Area (Appendix A). It contains relatively level ground consisting of tree and scrub vegetation along the floodplain of Quequacommissacong Creek. Quequacommissacong Creek extends north to south through the eastern portion of the parcel, turning westward to join the Delaware River just north of the Developed Area. Eroded areas, apparently associated with seasonal flooding of Quequacommissacong Creek, also are present in the Northern Parcel. Terrace-like locations and other areas of slightly raised ground are present within the Northern Parcel. No structures are located within the Northern Parcel, although a sewer main leading to a municipal WWTP extends along its western border. Small portions of the Northern Parcel have been disturbed as a result of unauthorized all-terrain (and other) vehicle use in the area. Parts of the landscape have been excavated to create ramps for the recreational vehicles.

1.2.4 Site Operations

Historical site operations involving production occurred within the MMA and CFA. The WWTP and the aeration basin and coal storage area to the south supported site production processes. Development of the site originated in the MMA. Various additions and redevelopment activities occurred there from the time of initial construction through the early 1980s. Currently, the area consists of approximately 61 buildings. The majority of these buildings form one interconnected structure or building complex (Figure 3). The complex primarily processed cleaned paper (obtained from off-site sources) through paper machines.

The CFA was constructed circa 1935. Structures were present in this area prior to this time; however, this area was primarily used for general storage. Various additions and redevelopment activities occurred in the CFA through the early 1980s. Operations

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Milford, New Jersey included compounding coatings and solvent-based resins, application of coatings to paper products, and recovery of solvents by distillation (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 1997).

Early site plans from the mid-1930s through the mid-1950s identify two sedimentation basins on site, adjacent to the Delaware River and north of the former pump house (Building 31; Figure 3) in the WWTPA. Construction of the WWTP occurred during the late 1940s or early 1950s, followed by expansion in the 1960s and 1970s. The sedimentation basins stored river water prior to use in site processes. Historically, a combination of surface-water intakes on the Delaware River and on-site groundwater pumping wells provided water for the paper mill. The wells also provided potable water to the workers’ houses and the WWTP processed sanitary waste from the workers’ houses. Accordingly, it is unlikely that water retention or sanitary features (wells, privies or cisterns) were associated with the workers’ houses constructed on site.

An on-site cogeneration power plant generated electricity to power the site. Through the 1960s, the site generated power from coal and maintained a coal pile adjacent to the railroad and unnamed tributary south of the MMA at its boundary with the CPABA. A coal conveyor transported coal from the pile to the power plant. In the late 1960s, the site began generating power using natural gas and discontinued using coal. A coal pile was not observed in this area of the site in aerial photographs taken after the late 1960s.

The existing aeration basin in the former CPABA was constructed circa 1990. Prior to construction of the aeration basin, the majority of the CPABA supported agricultural use (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 1997, 2001).

Additional information regarding site operations is provided in Sections 1.2.4.1 through 1.2.4.4.

1.2.4.1 Main Mill Operations

The Main Mill has always operated as a nonintegrated mill. Pulp was purchased from off-site sources and then converted to paper. No chemical pulping was performed at the site. Manufacturing activities included hydropulping, milling, winding, converting and warehousing. Bales of pulp, the raw material for food-grade paper production, arrived at the site via railcar and/or truck. The pulp was mixed with water in the hydropulper. The pulp was then transferred to other stock chests and processed through refiners. The pulp was cleaned in centrifuge screens and processed through one of four paper machines. A paper web formed on the and moved

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Milford, New Jersey through a series of presses and dryers to form the final product. Coatings and chemicals were added depending on the grade of paper being produced. The paper exited the machine onto a reel and was rewound onto cores. The paper rolls were then cut to meet customer specifications. If required, a converting operation applied thin coatings of aluminum foil or paraffin wax to the paper before it was rewound, cut, wrapped and labeled for shipment. Overall, these processes involved physical manipulation of the pulp and addition of few chemicals (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 1997, 2001).

1.2.4.2 Coatings Facility Operations

The Coatings Facility occupied an area approximately 400 feet northwest of the Main Mill, adjacent to Quequacommissacong Creek. Operations in the CFA began circa 1935 and ceased in 1988. The facility included a main building, chemical storage building, nitrocellulose storage building, solvent recovery building, drum storage building and other ancillary buildings. The main building housed a mixing room, tower and coating room, and cutting and finishing department.

Processes in the facility included compounding coatings and solvent-based resins, applying coatings to paper products, and recovery of solvents by distillation. Four coating units using three coating methods (roller coater, reverse roller coater and wire coater) operated within the CFA. Paper supplied from the Main Mill, as well as other sources, passed through the coating machines to the finishing department, where it was rewound, cut to size, wrapped and labeled for shipment.

1.2.4.3 Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations

The WWTP was constructed during the late 1940s or early 1950s, followed by expansion in the 1960s and 1970s. The plant treated process water and stormwater from the Main Mill and workers’ houses prior to discharge to the Delaware River.

1.2.4.4 Aeration Basin and Coal Storage Area

From the late 1930s through the late 1960s, coal used to fuel the site was brought to the site via railcar, staged in a pile south of the Main Mill and transferred on an aboveground conveyor to coal bins near the power plant. Prior to 1939, coal was delivered by rail and staged directly in front of the power plant. The site began generating power using natural gas in the late 1960s and ceased using coal and the coal storage area.

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An aeration basin was built circa 1990 on the southern, undeveloped portion of the site as an upgrade to the WWTP. Currently, only the aeration basin remains on the otherwise undeveloped CPABA. Prior to creation of the coal pile, the southern parcel was used for agriculture or remained forested (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 1997, 2001).

1.3 Curtis Paper Mill Historic District

The NJSHPO, in an opinion dated April 29, 2003, determined that the site is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places as the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District (NJSHPO ID# 4197) (Guzzo 2003). The Curtis Paper Mill District includes the paper mill’s industrial buildings, which include those structures located within the Developed Area, and the surrounding workers’ houses. The workers’ houses include the dwelling currently located on site as well as other, currently privately owned houses located off site, north of the site’s dwelling and east of the former CPABA.

The NJSHPO 2003 opinion of significance was based on the continuous use of the facility as a paper mill from 1907 to 2003, its importance as the largest manufacturer of glassine paper in the world during its period of operation and as the region’s primary employer, and the large amount of original building fabric that remains (ARCH, Inc. 2003). The opinion concurred with a conclusion presented by ARCH, Inc. (2003) as part of a cultural resource investigation conducted at the site for a proposed cellular communications facility on a portion of the site. The NJSHPO stated that the:

Curtis Paper Mill Historic District is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C. The District is a good, relatively late, example of an industrial complex surrounded by workers housing. In addition to its significance as the largest producer of glassine paper in the world, the Paper Mill historically has been the primary employer in the area (Guzzo 2003).

National Register Criteria A states that a property is eligible for inclusion on the National Register if it is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history (United States Department of the Interior 1985). The significant role of the mill in the manufacture of glassine paper and as the area’s primary employer is the principal reason for the application of Criteria A to the property by the NJSHPO. Criteria C states that a property is eligible for listing if it embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction; represents the work of a master; possesses high artistic values; or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction (United States Department of the Interior 1985). The site, in its entirety, is an example

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Milford, New Jersey of a fairly intact early twentieth century industrial complex that includes worker housing is the primary reason for the application of Criteria C to the site by the NJSHPO.

In briefly describing the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District buildings, the NJSHPO eligibility property worksheet indicated that:

Many of the original mill buildings remain, including several that show an early use of reinforced concrete. In these buildings, concrete has been used to frame the building, while brick is used as infill. These buildings continue to utilize the smaller windows found in brick construction. Many additions have been made to the paper mill over time. The mill is bordered to the north and south by workers’ housing. The residences to the north are primarily duplexes. While many of these homes are of the same design, they are found clad in both brick and wood clapboard. The houses to the south are primarily single family (Guzzo 2003 and ARCH, Inc. 2003).

Although some of the original houses have been demolished to provide for parking and/or mill buildings, a large number of residences remain.

1.3.1 Other National Register Properties in the Site Vicinity

Other New Jersey State Register and/or National Register properties in the site vicinity include:

• The Mill Street Bridge spanning over Hakiaohake [sic] Creek, in Milford, New Jersey (C.O.E. 2/11/1999; NJSHPO ID# 3768) (Tomaso and Kalmis 2006). The property is located approximate 0.9 mile north of the site.

• The Abbott Taylor Farmstead, located at 45 Mount Salem Road in Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NJSHPO Opinion of Eligibility 12/4/2007; NJSHPO ID# 4762). The property is located approximately 6 miles northeast of the site.

• Everittstown Historic District, located at the intersection of New Jersey Routes 12 and 15 and Palmyra Road, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 8/28/1980; SR Listing 2/20/1980; NJSHPO ID# 1558). The property is located approximately 4 miles east of the site.

• Little York Historic District, located at County Route 614 and Sweet Hollow Road, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 8/4/1988; SR Listing 6/17/1988;

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NJSHPO ID# 1559). The property is located approximately 5 miles north of the site.

• Little York Historic District Addendum, located along Old York Road, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NJSHPO Opinion of Eligibility 6/24/2003; NJSHPO ID# 4213). The property is located approximately 5 miles north of the site.

• Mount Pleasant Historic District, located at County Route 519 and Rick Road, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 11/16/1987; SR Listing 10/5/1987; NJSHPO ID# 1561). The property is located approximately 3 miles northeast of the site.

• Mount Salem Methodist Episcopal Church, located at County Route 579, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 5/19/1988; SR Listing 8/17/1990; NJSHPO ID# 1562). The property is located approximately 7.5 miles east of the site.

• Pittstown Historic District, located at Pittstown and Quakertown Roads and Race Street, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 10/11/1990; SR Listing 8/17/1990; NJSHPO ID# 1589). The property is located approximately 7.5 miles east of the site.

• Saint Thomas Episcopal Church, located at Sky Manor Road, Alexandria Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 7/21/1977; SR Listing 10/12/1976; NJSHPO ID# 1562). The property is located approximately 5.5 miles east of the site.

• Riegel Ridge Community Center, located at County Route 519, Holland Township, New Jersey (NR Listing 4/24/1996; Bertland 1995). The Colonial Revival Center was used as a recreation and culture/sports facility by employees of the site mill between 1938 and 1945. The property is located approximate 4 miles north of the site.

1.4 Previously Conducted Archaeological Investigations in the Site Vicinity

Three cultural resource investigations have previously been conducted on or within 1 mile of the site. One investigation was conducted on site as part of an evaluation for placement of a cellular communications facility. An antenna and other equipment were placed on the existing smoke stacks at the site so no subsurface disturbance occurred as a result of the project. As described in Section 1.3, the ARCH, Inc. (2003) study

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Milford, New Jersey determined that the site structures were eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The NJSHPO office concurred with that conclusion and prepared an opinion of eligibility for the site as the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District.

A Phase IB archaeological investigation was conducted as part of the M-110 bridge over Quequacommissacong Creek replacement project (Tomaso and Kalmis 2006). The bridge also is referred to as the Mill Street bridge (Section 1.3.1). The replaced bridge was considered to be a historic property. While the M-110 bridge replacement study area was considered to be archaeologically sensitive for Pre-Contact period archaeological sites, subsurface testing for the investigation did not encountered any significant evidence for Pre-Contact or Historic period archaeological resources. Isolated Pre-Contact period artifacts also were not recovered during testing for the bridge replacement project. No further archaeological investigations were recommended by the report (Tomaso and Kalmis 2006).

The area tested along Quequacommissacong Creek as part of the Phase IB archaeological investigation has been disturbed as a result of bridge construction (Tomaso and Kalmis 2006) and, accordingly, does not reflect subsurface conditions within the Northern Parcel. In addition, the study identified 14 structures more than 50 years old within the area of potential effect for the bridge replacement project that were determined to be potentially eligible for inclusion on the National Register, either individually or as part of a historic district. Further evaluation of the structures was recommended by the report (Tomaso and Kalmis 2006).

Also included within the files of the NJSHPO was a reference to a report for a Delaware River Access location. The NJSHPO site maps indicate that the investigation identified an archaeological site of sort type, likely of Pre-Contact period age. However, the report was missing from NJSHPO report collections and no further information was available from the NJSHPO concerning the investigation or identifying the site (Maresca 2010).

1.5 Methodology

This Phase IA cultural resources investigation consisted of documentary research on the past and current environmental setting, Native American culture history and site locations, and Euro-American history of the site. Research for the investigation was conducted at the following repositories:

• Alexandria Township Historical Society

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• Milford Historical Society (on-line resource)

• New Jersey State Museum (NJSM)

• NJSHPO

• New Jersey State Library

• New Jersey State Achieves

• Borough of Milford Public Library

• Borough of Milford Town Hall

• Hunterdon County Public Library

• Holland Township Historical Society

• Natural Resources Conservation Service, Clinton Field Office, Frenchtown Field Office, and on-line resource (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov)

• The Riegel Ridge Community Center, Holland Township

• New York City Public Library, Local History, Map and General Research Divisions

• New York City Public Library, Science, Business and Industry Library

In addition, the following people were contacted in person or by telephone:

• Mr. Robert Castagna, Vice President, Milford Historical Society and local informant

• Mr. Andrew Husak, President, Milford Historical Society

• Mr. Michael Gregg, NJSHPO

• Mr. Daniel Saunders, Acting Director, NJSHPO

• Mr. Vincent Maresca III, NJSHPO

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• Mr. Greg Lattanzi, NJSM, Trenton, New Jersey

• Ms. Karen Flynn, New York State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey

• Ms. Jennifer Locke, Reference Librarian, Borough of Milford Public Library

• Ms. Terri Edwards, Reference Librarian, Hunterdon County Library

• Ms. Carol Hoffman Alexandria Historical Society

• Dr. Michael Raber, Industrial Archaeologists, Raber Associates, Inc.

• Dr. Christopher Hummer, Eastern University, Saint Davids,

• Mr. Fred Schoenagle, Natural Resources Conservation Service

• Ms. Christine Hail, Natural Resources Conservation Service

• Ms. Dorothy Bartkiewicz, Program Coordinator, Riegel Ridge Community Center

• Mr. Russell Bigley, former mill employee and local informant

• Mr. Rick Aller, Superintendant of the Milford Water and Sewer Department and local informant/collector

• Mr. Philip Jones, 56-year resident in worker housing south of the site and local informant/collector

• Mr. John Vetter, Archaeologist, USEPA, Region 2

• Ms. Karen Dysart, Borough of Milford, Borough Clerk

Twenty-five borings using a continuous sampling technique (referred to in this report as archaeological borings) were advanced at the site as part of RI/FS activities and the Phase IA archaeological investigation. Boring locations are illustrated on Figure 3. The objective of the borings was to identify the extent of fill, alluvial soils and disturbance within the site. The borings were conducted using a Geoprobe® sampler and were advanced to depths below which the naturally occurring sub-soil was encountered or the probe was refused as a result of sub-surface conditions. Depths achieved by the

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Milford, New Jersey borings generally ranged between 12 and 24 feet below ground surface with most ranging between 12 and 16 feet in depth. The Principal Investigator was present while the borings were advanced. Borings were advanced only in the Developed Area and former CPABA. Borings were not advanced within the Northern Parcel because the Northern Parcel is currently excluded from the RI/FS. Each recovered sampling core was examined and the stratigraphy and any cultural materials present were noted.

Based on the documentary research, pedestrian reconnaissance, and data from the archaeological borings, the archaeological sensitivity of the site was assessed. Assessment of Native American period sensitivity was based on the location of known archaeological sites reported in the literature and consideration of the present and former topographic and physiographic characteristics of the site. Assessment of Historic period sensitivity was based on an analysis of nineteenth to mid-twentieth century maps, as well as a review of other primary and secondary sources. The extent of nineteenth and twentieth century development within the site was evaluated with regard to likely impacts to identified archaeologically sensitive areas.

The investigation also included further evaluation of the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District structures (eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, as discussed in Section 1.3). Information was obtained with respect to approximate dates of structure construction, functions of the structures during the early twentieth century, structure integrity to that period and historic significance of the structures.

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2. Environmental Setting of the Site

2.1 Introduction

The site is located within the Piedmont Lowlands Physiographic Province, an area characterized by gently rolling hills and plains divided by a series of higher ridges. The province makes up approximately one-fifth of the land area of New Jersey. It is bounded on the north by the New Jersey Highlands and on the south by the inner lowland of the Coastal Plain. The undulating surface is interrupted by a series of intrusive ridges, 450 to 879 feet in elevation, and by slightly lower plateau-like topographic features. The topography around Milford consists of flat, low-lying Delaware River floodplain and steep valley margins. Elevation in this part of the Delaware Valley generally ranges between 100 and 400 feet. The valley gradually slopes to the southeast (Wolfe 1977and Woodward-Clyde Consultants 1995). The portion of the Delaware River in the site vicinity contains rifts and flows swiftly. It is rocky and generally shallow, although there are extremes in depth (Honeyman 1927).

The site is located along the floodplains of the Delaware River and its tributary, Quequacommissacong Creek). Terraces and areas of raised ground are present along the floodplains, although in some locations they have been partially graded or filled over as a result of activities associated with construction of the paper mill, Belvidere and Delaware Railroad, and/or other events. Alluvium associated with the seasonal flooding of the Delaware River and Quequacommissacong Creek are present within the site to depths of 12 feet or more.

Figure 1 presents topography mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at and in the vicinity of the site and shows the site at an elevation of approximately 120 to 140 feet above mean sea level (amsl). The relatively level site topography changes to steep slopes along Quequacommissacong Creek, the Delaware River and the unnamed tributary. East of the site, across Frenchtown Road, rolling hills rise to elevations of 200 to 400 feet amsl. These hills are cut by steep slopes with tributary creeks and associated valleys.

Floodplain habitats, such as those present on site prior to extensive development, are among the “wildest, richest and most diverse habitats available” (Godfrey 1980). Hummer (1991) describes such a floodplain environment around the Williamson Site (Section 3.3), which is located about 0.5 mile south of the former CPABA. His description of the richness of the environment and its attraction to Native Americans applies to the site prior to its development:

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Mammals reach their highest concentration in the forests around here (i.e., the floodplain south of the former CPABA), and the combinations of rich alluvial soil and plentiful water “supports a greater biomass per acre than grow in the uplands” (Godfrey 1980).

And, Kinsey (1977) remarks that due to differences in sunlight, elevation, moisture, soil and other factors, “a great diversity in plant life may occur, and the fact that several distinct econiches can be found within close proximity to a floodplain was probably an important consideration in determining aboriginal site locations.”

The Williamson Site (and the site prior to development) is part of a complex of (Pre- Contact period) floodplain sites that seem to be related to the nature of the floodplain in this area and the resulting juxtaposition of a series of food-rich micro-environments. The floodplain here exhibits a “classic” appearance; the outer floodplain (i.e., the area closest to the river) is of higher elevation and has better drainage than the inner floodplain. Due to less sandy soils and seepage from the bordering bluffs, the inner floodplain is frequently swampy (Robichaud and Buell 1973). At the Williamson Site, the inner floodplain is a long low area that begins at Milford and runs south through the eastern portion of the floodplain, passing through the site to Quequacommissacong Creek, a distance of approximately 3 kilometers (1.8 miles). During seasons of heavier rainfall, a substantial pond has been known to form in the low area just east of the site. Thousands of migrating ducks and geese have been observed resting and feeding there. Drainage tiles placed by farmers in recent times probably prevent the pond from reaching its full potential.

At the Williamson Site (and at the site prior to development), the following series of microenvironments were immediately available: 1) poorly drained woods and swamps, especially along the low area of floodplain just east of the site, which would have provided browse and cover for a variety of wildlife, plus a medium-to-high yield in edible seeds, greens, nuts, fruits and roots; 2) well-drained woodlands, especially on the higher terraces and the bordering uplands on either side of the river, which contained oak, hickory and walnut trees, together with grouse, fox, squirrel, deer, , elk, turkey and bear; and 3) permanent fresh water, consisting of the Delaware River and its numerous tributaries, which provided abundant fish, mussels, turtles and waterfowl.

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2.2 Geology

In New Jersey, the Piedmont Lowlands consists of the Newark Basin, a downfaulted structure that trends northeast-southwest. The rocks that formed within the lowlands in the Newark Basin include Late Triassic to Early Jurassic aged (250-200 million years ago [M.A.]) shale, mudstone, sandstone and siltstones of the Brunswick Formation of the Newark Group and similarly aged conglomerate and basic igneous rock. During the Early Jurassic, the sedimentary rocks were intruded by Rocky Hill diabase traprock sill and dikes, and were covered by several basaltic lava flows forming the area’s ridges (Wolfe 1977 and Drake et al. 1996). The plateau-like features developed on erosion- resistant Lockatong Formation argillites (Wolfe 1977).

The Piedmont Province within Hunterdon County consists of the Triassic Lowlands subprovince. The Triassic Lowlands are characterized by gently dipping sequences of Triassic Age (180 million to 225 million years before present) conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and shale intruded by diabase and basalt (Drake et al. 1996).

According to the USGS and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) mapping of the region around the site, the bedrock underlying the site is the Jurassic and Triassic-age Passaic Formation. The Passaic Formation consists predominately of grayish-red to reddish-brown shale, siltstone, very fine- to coarse- grained sandstone and a red-matrix conglomerate (Drake et al. 1996). The Passaic Formation in this area is characterized by near-horizontal bedding planes with near- vertical fracture sets. Bedrock dips approximately 5 to 10 degrees to the northwest in the site vicinity. Bedrock outcrops in the site vicinity along the eastern side of Frenchtown Road expose reddish-brown siltstone and shale.

2.3 Surface Geology

The Piedmont Lowlands were greatly affected by the Wisconsin glaciation. Glacial drift covers most of the lowland province from the New York State line to the terminal moraine of the Wisconsin glaciation. The moraine extends roughly from Perth Amboy to Metuchen, northward to Summit, and from there northwestward to Morris Plains and Troy Hills (Wolfe 1977). South of the moraine, glacial drift from earlier glaciations is sporadically found (Wolfe 1977). In addition, glaciofluvial events created kames, kame terraces, outwash plains and eskers within the Piedmont Lowlands.

The surface geology mapped for the Milford area by the USGS and the NJDEP indicates that overburden at the site and its vicinity consists of late Pleistocene and

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Holocene stream terrace, glaciofluvial deposits and relatively recently deposited alluvium. The majority of the site consists of stream terrace and glaciofluvial deposits that formed above the floodplain of the Delaware River as plain and terrace deposits during and following the Wisconsin glaciation period. Overburden adjacent to the Delaware River, Quequacommissacong Creek and the unnamed tributary include alluvium deposited in the current floodplain and channels. Overburden deposits characteristically consist of reddish-brown to yellowish-brown, brown and gray sand, silt and pebble- to cobble-sized gravel (Stone et al. 2002).

2.4 Flora and Fauna

The two predominant Pre-Contact period habitats present within the Piedmont Lowlands were freshwater marshes and upland forests (Robichaud and Buell 1973). The upland forests were oak-chestnut forests composed primarily of mixed oaks (white, red and black) with some chestnut trees also present on drier slopes (Robichaud and Buell 1973). Beech, several varieties of hickory, sugar maple, white ash and black cherry would also have been numerous (Shelford 1974). Both marsh and forest habitats are still found in less developed areas within the Piedmont Lowlands.

Pre-Contact faunal species present within the forests of the Piedmont Lowlands include game birds, small mammals, deer, bear and during at least a portion of the pre- Historic period, elk (Shelford 1974). Mussels, fish, certain amphibians, reptiles, migratory water fowl and semiaquatic mammals were found in the Piedmont Lowlands' freshwater streams, marshes and lakes (Shelford 1974). Anadromous fish species would have been present within the Piedmont Lowlands area via the Raritan and Delaware Rivers. The Delaware River and its tributary, Quequacommissacong Creek, would have brought such species into the immediate site vicinity.

A 1679 account of travel along the Assupink Trail by two Labadists, Jasper Danckaerts and Peter Sluyter, through the Piedmont Lowlands indicates the habitats present during the Contact period:

The road from here (New Brunswick) to the falls of the South [Delaware] River…is nothing but a footpath for men and horses between the trees and through small shrubs, although we came to places where there were large plains beset with a few trees, and grown over with long grass. The land we road over was neither the best, nor the worst. The woods consist of reasonably straight oak and hickory, with some chestnut, but they are not very close. They

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would, therefore, afford tolerably good tillable land; but we observed the best pieces lay here and there, along the creeks. We saw many deer running before us, out of the road, sometimes five or six together, staring off at the sound of the horses. [We came] to a high, but very rocky hill, which is very difficult for man or beast to walk upon. After crossing it, you come to a large valley, the descent to which is very steep by a very shrubby road (Danckaerts and Sluyter 1867).

Danckaerts and Sluyter’s account is probably the earliest written description of the Piedmont Lowlands area.

2.5 Site Soils

The United States Department of Agriculture has identified six soil associations within the three site areas. Historical soil borings taken at the site provide information consistent with regional overburden geology mapped by the NJDEP. Boring logs indicate that site soil consists of brown to dark brown and reddish-brown sand, silt and gravel with traces of clay. Coal ash and cinders were observed in the uppermost 5 feet of some borings, indicating potential fill in some areas of the site (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 1998 and Compliance Management Inc. 1992).

2.5.1 Developed Area Soils

The only soil type identified for this area of the site is the Pope fine sandy loam, high bottom soil (Pk). Pope fine sandy loam, high bottom (Pk) soil consists of fine, sandy loam that is infrequently flooded. Slopes rise in this soil series zero to 2 percent, but may rise as much as 6 percent in some areas. Some soil contains redder subsoil and includes a gravelly sandy loam surface layer. The soil contains medium organic content. The soil is deep, well-drained and level with moderate water capacity, moderately rapid permeability, slow runoff and slight erosion potential. Soil depth ranges from a few inches to 40 inches (Jablonski 1974).

2.5.2 CPABA

Three soil types were identified for the former CPABA. These are Birdsboro silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded soil (BdC2); Pope fine sandy loam, high bottom soil (Pk), described in Section 2.5.1; and Raritan silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (RbB).

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Birdsboro silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded soil (BdC2) is a floodplain- and floodplain-terrace-related soil formed from alluvium on stream and river terraces. It is usually found above areas of normal stream or river overflow. It is a deep, nearly level to strongly sloping, well-drained soil of moderate to rapid permeability. Soil erosion may be severe in this association, with soil depth ranging from a few inches to 32 inches. The soil develops in old stream sediments of red sandstone, siltstone or shale. Gravels are frequently present with the soil (Jablonski 1974).

Raritan silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes soil (RbB) is a deep, nearly level to gently sloping soil. It is moderately well-drained to somewhat poorly drained. The soil forms in old alluvium and is found on stream and river terraces. Soil permeability is moderately slow. Areas characterized with this soil type flood seasonally. Soil thickness is greater than 20 inches (Jablonski 1974).

2.5.3 Northern Parcel

Four soil associations were identified in the Northern Parcel. These are Pope fine sandy loam, high bottom (Pk), described in Section 2.5.1; Rowland silt loam (Ro); Penn shaly silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes (PeB); and Klinesville shaly loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes (KlD).

Rowland silt loam soil (Ro) is a seasonally flooded alluvial soil subject to erosion and redeposition as a result of floodwaters. As a result, it is usually found in the vicinity of river and streams, in this case Quequacommissacong Creek. It is a deep and somewhat poorly to moderately drained soil with low soil permeability. Better drained soils are located at higher elevations. The soil is dominated by silt but occasionally can be sandy or silty clay in texture and may extend to 4 feet deep with the water table usually close to the surface. Most slopes with this soil type range between zero and 2 percent. The presence of this association in the Northern Parcel is the only recorded occurrence of this soil type in Hunterdon County, New Jersey (Jablonski 1974).

Penn shaly silt loam soil (PeB) with slopes of 2 to 6 percent is a moderately deep, gently sloping to moderately steep, well-drained, loamy soil of moderate to moderately rapid permeability. The soil type is derived from weathering of shale, siltstone and fine- grained sandstone. More level areas are occasionally flooded. Soil depth is approximately 30 inches (Jablonski 1974).

Klinesville shaly loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes (KlD) is a shallow, gently sloping to moderately steep, well-drained soil with moderately rapid permeability. Soil depth to

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Milford, New Jersey bedrock is approximately 18 inches. The soil is frequently saturated and eroded (Jablonski 1974).

2.5.4 Archaeological Borings

The archaeological borings advanced in the Developed Area indicate that much of the area has been extensively disturbed as a result of paper mill construction activities. Pre-twentieth century ground surfaces, other potentially significant soil layers or buried features were not encountered during boring advancement. The archaeological borings advanced in the former WWTPA encountered fill layers overlying alluvial soils. Former ground surfaces were not clearly observed with the former WWTPA. They may not be present in the area or may not have been observable within the soil cores.

The archaeological borings advanced within the former CPABA generally encountered former agricultural soils (plow zone) overlying apparent fine sandy alluvium. The apparent alluvium generally occurred up to 16 feet in depth. Below the alluvium was a gravelly soil which may be the natural subsoil. The boring stratigraphy encountered suggests that Pre-Contact period sites could be present within the area, associated with either former agricultural soils or with buried, former ground surface layers within the alluvium.

Archaeological borings were not advanced in the Northern Parcel because this area is currently excluded from the RI/FS.

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3. Documentary Research – Native American Period

The cultural history of the site and surrounding region during the Native American Pre- Contact and European Contact periods is described in Sections 3.1 and 3.2. Pre- Contact period sites and other evidence of Native American activity previously identified in the site vicinity are discussed in Sections 3.3 through 3.6. Analysis of the Native American archaeological sensitivity of the site is provided in Section 5.1.

3.1 Background Culture History

The prehistory of the Hunterdon County region, which includes the site, encompasses the PaleoIndian, Archaic, Transitional and Woodland periods. The PaleoIndian period (12,000 to 9,000 years before present [B.P.]) represents the earliest occupation of the Delaware Valley region. The Archaic period (9,000 to 2,700 B.P.) refers to a time prior to the introduction of horticulture and pottery manufacture and is divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The Transitional period (2,700 to 3,000 B.P.) witnessed a gradual change in Archaic lifestyles with the development of "Woodland" period traits. The Woodland period (3,000 to 400 B.P./1,600 A.D.), which is characterized by the use of pottery and reliance on horticulture, also is divided into Early, Middle and Late periods.

The PaleoIndian period corresponds with the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. Sea levels were lower during this period and the subsequent Early to Middle Archaic period due to sea water being trapped in the remaining glacial ice. During the Wisconsin era, the area currently known as Hunterdon County was unglaciated. It was situated immediately south of the southernmost extent of the glacial ice. A tundra environment characterized the landscape of the area during the late glacial and immediate post- glacial periods. As the glaciers retreated northward, water drained from the melting ice sheet creating large and small inland lakes, bogs and marshes.

The tundra and lacustrian landscape was rapidly succeeded by forest. Local forests consisted primarily of spruce and fir with small amounts of oak and other deciduous species (Snow 1980). Many faunal species now extinct or no longer native to the area were present. These included mammoth, mastodont, horse, caribou, giant beaver, sloth, elk, moose and peccary (Wolfe 1977, Snow 1980 and Kraft 1986). The remains of three mammoths have been found within the central New Jersey region. Two were discovered at Middleton and the third at North Plainfield, New Jersey (Wolfe 1977).

Little is known about cultural activities during the PaleoIndian period, although it is

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Milford, New Jersey generally accepted that the region was first inhabited by humans at approximately 12,000 B.P. (Funk 1976, Gramley 1982 and Ritchie 1980). Small nomadic bands of hunters and gatherers subsisted probably on the animal species mentioned previously as well as small game, certain riverine resources and a variety of plants. Population density, however, was very sparse. At least five PaleoIndian sites have been identified in New Jersey:

• Plenge Site, located in Great Meadow on a sloping terrace of the lower Musconetcong River in Warren County, approximately 6 miles northeast of the site (Kraft 1973, 1977; Marshall 1982).

• Zierdt Site, located on a high sandy terrace of a small brook near the Delaware River drainage in Sussex County (Werner 1964).

• Harry’s Farm Site (Tock’s Island) in the Delaware drainage in Paraquarry Township in Sussex County.

• The multicomponent Turkey Swamp Site located on the floodplain of a tributary of the Manasquan River in Monmouth County, near Freehold (Cavallo 1981 and Marshall 1982).

• -Minisink/Broadhead (Brodheads) Creek Site located on a terrace above the outwash plains of the Delaware River near Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, north of the site (Marshall 1982). This site is one of the earliest PaleoIndian sites in eastern North American, providing a radiocarbon date of 11,000 B.P.

Other PaleoIndian sites in the region are located on (Port Socony north, also known as Port Mobil north/North Beach and Cutting Site, Kreischerville; Charleston Beach) (Boesch 1994) and in Orange County (Dutchess Quarry Cave, Kings Road, West Athens Hill sites) (Funk 1976, Ritchie 1980 and Marshall 1982).

A variety of functionally diverse site types, however, have been identified based upon intersite variability of artifact assemblages and environmental setting. These include base camps, quarry workshops, rockshelter habitations, open air hunting camps, kill and butchering sites, and other temporary camps (Butler 1947, Funk 1972 and 1976, Gardner 1974, Moeller 1980 and Gramley 1982).

Most evidence of PaleoIndian activity comes from scattered surface finds of Clovis Fluted points, a diagnostic PaleoIndian artifact (Funk 1976). Almost all of the more than

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200 fluted points found throughout New Jersey were recovered as surface finds (Marshall 1982). Most of these finds were recovered from the Delaware River Valley and drainage, with at least 18 recovered from the Piedmont Lowlands province (Marshall 1982). At least one such point has been recovered from Holland Township, just north of Milford.

Information from known PaleoIndian sites in the New York–New Jersey–Pennsylvania region suggests that raised, well-drained areas near streams or wetlands were the areas preferred for occupation. The terrace-like portions in the site vicinity during the late glacial and early Holocene periods would probably have fit such a topographic and physiographic description. Rock shelters, areas near lithic sources, and lower river terraces also were subject to PaleoIndian occupation and use (Werner 1964, Funk 1976, Moeller 1980, Ritchie 1980 and Marshall 1982).

During the Archaic period (9,000 to 3,000 B.P.), the environment changed from a pine- dominated forest to an increasingly deciduous forest that achieved an essentially modern character by 4,000 B.P. (Salwen 1975). While Archaic cultures have been traditionally thought of as reflecting a forest-based adaptation, more recent research has produced a picture of an increasingly varied subsistence pattern based on the seasonal exploitation of various faunal and floral resources (Ritchie and Funk 1973, Funk 1976, Starbuck and Bolian 1980 and Kraft 1986). During this period, the current study area likely was a forested tract with wetlands.

Archaic hunters and gatherers were still nomadic and organized into small bands that occupied localities along the Atlantic coast and estuaries, including the Delaware River, and their tributaries during the warmer months and interior regions during the colder months (Ritchie 1980 and Kraft 1986). Population growth throughout the period resulted in an increase in both site density and the number of functional site types represented in the archaeological record. Site types recognized for this period include spring fishing camps along major streams, fall open-air hunting camps, rockshelter habitations, shellfish collecting and processing stations, mortuary sites, quarry and workshop sites, and semipermanent villages (Brennan 1974, Dincause 1976, Barber 1980, Ritchie 1980, Snow 1980 and Wiegand 1980, 1983 and 1986). Ritchie states that most Archaic sites were small and multicomponent, lacking traces of substantial dwellings, fortifications, storage pits and graves (Ritchie 1980). Evidence of house patterns attributable to the Late Archaic period, however, has been reported from the Howard Site in Old Lyme, Connecticut near Long Island Sound (Pfieffer 1983).

Most information concerning the Archaic period comes from Late Archaic sites,

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Milford, New Jersey because evidence for Early and Middle Archaic sites in the region surrounding the site is almost as scarce as for PaleoIndian sites. The rarity of Early Archaic sites (9,000 to 7,000 B.P.) is probably due to the dominance of a coniferous forest in the region during that period (Ritchie 1980). Such environments are inhospitable to human exploitation, offering few plants and animals for consumption. Early Archaic lifestyles and adaptations are generally considered to be similar to PaleoIndian lifestyles and adaptations (Gardner 1974). During the Middle Archaic period (7,000 to 4,500 B.P.), the region’s coniferous forests receded and were replaced by deciduous forests, which provided humans with more exploitable resources. Sites dating to this period tend to be located on floodplains and low terraces of major river and streams (such as the Delaware River, Quequacommissacong Creek and the unnamed tributary) and in association with wetlands and estuarine environments. Site components are rare (or rarely recognized) in New Jersey.

Human population, site density and site size increased in the New Jersey region during the Late Archaic period (4,500 to 3,500 B.P.). Some sites appear to have been occupied on a semipermanent basis. Late Archaic sites have been found in low-lying areas near estuaries and along major interior streams. A major Late Archaic habitation and mortuary cremation site was identified at the Savich Farm in Marlton, New Jersey.

Sites dating to the Transitional period (or Terminal Archaic; 3,500 to 3,000 B.P.) are most frequently found along the coast and major waterways (Funk 1976, Ritchie 1980 and Vargo and Vargo 1983), although smaller sites are known from the interior (Funk 1976 and Vargo and Vargo 1983). New and radically different broadbladed projectile point types appeared during this period; during the latter half of this period, the use of steatite (soapstone) vessels also appeared.

During the Early Woodland period (3,000 B.P. to 2,000 B.P./A.D. 1), the use of fired clay ceramic vessels gradually replaced the reliance on steatite vessels. Subsistence practices included a continuation of the hunting, gathering and fishing of the Archaic period, but were supplemented by an increase in shellfish collecting. It has been suggested that this indicates a trend toward more sedentary lifestyles (Funk 1976 and Snow 1980). Evidence for Early Woodland occupation is fairly widespread in New Jersey (Kraft 1975 and Williams and Thomas 1982). An Early Woodland period occupation was identified at the Williamson Site located about 0.5 mile south of the site. The Williamson Site occupies a natural sandy levee along the Delaware River (Hummer 1991) (Sections 2.1 and 3.3).

Human populations during the Middle Woodland period (2,000 to 1,200 B.P./A.D. 1 to

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800) gradually adopted a more sedentary lifestyle. Although it is likely that subsistence was essentially based on hunting and gathering supplemented by fishing and shellfish collecting, there has been speculation that domestication of various plants occurred during this period (Ritchie and Funk 1973 and Snow 1980). Most Middle Woodland sites are located along the Delaware River or its major tributaries, although smaller inland sites also are known (Funk 1976 and Ritchie 1980).

By Late Woodland times (1,100 to 400 B.P./A.D. 900 to 1,600), horticulture was the primary subsistence base and permanent villages existed. However, temporary and special purpose campsites were still used (Ritchie 1980 and Snow 1980). Late Woodland sites are relatively numerous in New Jersey. Large base camps/villages are usually located adjacent to major rivers, such as the Delaware River. These were probably occupied on a permanent basis. Smaller inland sites, usually located near a water source, that were probably occupied on a seasonal or temporary basis, have also been recognized.

Late Woodland subsistence apparently relied extensively on horticulture, although hunting, gathering and (in some locations) shellfish collecting also continued.

3.2 Native American – European Contact Period

The documentary history of Hunterdon County, which includes the Milford vicinity, begins with information recorded by early settlers concerning the Native American groups who occupied the area when Europeans first arrived in the early seventeenth century. Known as the Contact period (A.D. 1600 to ca. 1750) to ethnohistorians and archaeologists, it is the time of the first large-scale contact between Native Americans and European colonists.

By the latter part of the Late Woodland period, Native American cultures began to resemble those of groups that were encountered by seventeenth-century Europeans. At this time, Native Americans of western New Jersey (including the site) were part of the widespread Algonquian cultural and linguistic stock. Specifically, they were a group of Unami speakers who migrated into New Jersey during Late Woodland times (Goddard 1978a and 1978b and Salwen 1978). The Unami speakers were a linguistic subgroup of the or Delaware whose English appellation derived from the river named in 1610 by Captain Samuel Argall of the pinnace Discovery in honor of Thomas West, Lord de la war, the second Governor of Virginia (Weslager 1967 and Salomon 1982). The and the Unalachtigo were the other two subgroups of the Lenape. The Hunterdon County Native Americans encountered by European settlers spoke the

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Milford, New Jersey northern dialect of the Unami language (Ruttenber 1872 and Bolton 1975).

The Lenape consisted of autonomous, loosely related bands or lineages living in small family groups or hamlets (Kraft 1975). They never formed a politically united tribe. The origin of the name “Lenape” is unclear. Goddard (1978b) states that the name translates roughly as “real people.” Salomon (1982) generally agrees, stating that the name means “the real men” or “common people.” “” (The Land of the Lenape) was reportedly the aboriginal name for the territory that they occupied (Kraft 1984).

Originally, the name Lenape (and Delaware) was applied only to the Unami-speaking bands. By the mid-eighteenth century, it had become associated with the Unami-, Munsee- and Unalachtigo-speaking bands, which had migrated away from their traditional homelands and merged.

The Unami occupied most of the lands between northern Delaware and in a line drawn from the headwaters of the Lehigh River in Pennsylvania to the Delaware Water gap area and then to the Raritan River in New Jersey (Goddard 1978a). They composed a relatively large, loosely related group who shared the same totemic symbol, the turtle (Ruttenber 1872). According to Salomon (1982), the term “Unami” probably roughly translates as “turtle.”

Unami settlements included camps along major rivers with larger villages located at the river mouths (Salomon 1982 and Kraft 1986). Small hunting, gathering and agricultural sites were located in the interior. Despite references to such sites by early European explorers and settlers, few Contact period sites have been identified in New Jersey (Williams and Kardas 1982).

Robert Juet, an officer on the "Half Moon," provides an account in his journal of some of the region’s Native Americans (Cunningham 1959). In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609 he states:

This day the people of the country came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our coming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civil. They have great store of maize or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes.

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This day [September 5th, 1609] many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres Some woman also came to us with hempe. They had red copper tobacco pipes, and other things of copper they did wear about their necks. At night they went on land again, so we rode very quite, but durst not trust them (Juet 1859, original spelling and punctuation).

The crew of the Half Moon distrusted the Natives because on September 4, 1609 one of their members, John Coleman, was killed and two others wounded by Native Americans while exploring the Hudson River in a small boat (Ruttenber 1872 and Juet 1859). The exact circumstances of this violent confrontation are not fully recorded. The confrontation supposedly occurred offshore in the vicinity of the area now referred to as Coleman's Point, New Jersey.

The political, linguistic and social relationships that existed among the Unami will likely never be fully understood for several reasons. The Native groups themselves had no fixed boundaries and “ownership” of particular areas may have overlapped with use rights shared. Euro-American colonists also frequently misunderstood and misrecorded Native American associations with particular areas. Finally, early pressure on some Native groups by colonial expansion probably resulted in frequent shifts of villages and territories. Such confusion over relationships was particularly true for the bands inhabiting the relatively unexplored and unknown interior regions (Goddard 1978b and Kraft 1981).

What is known is that in political terms, the Unami were divided into six main groups or chieftaincies and numerous smaller political and dialectic subgroups and bands (Ruttenber 1872, Goddard 1978b and Salomon 1982). Little is known about these divisions. The six main groups or chieftaincies, however, are recorded: Navisinks, Raritan, Hackinsacks, Aquackanonks, Tappans and Haverstraws. While knowledge is limited regarding the exact territories inhabited by the various Unami bands, scholars have associated the Aquackanonks with the area that now includes most of central New Jersey (Ruttenber 1872, Hodge 1910 and Bolton 1975). Traditionally, the Aquackanonks reportedly occupied the area west of the Passaic River (Bolton 1975), including its western tributaries. They also reportedly occupied much of central New Jersey, including the site vicinity (Ruttenber 1872). Their territory was reportedly referred to as “Haquequenunck or Acquackanonk” (Ruttenber 1872). It is likely that increased pressures on local Native Americans, as a result of European contact, resulted in shifting and merging of Contact period population groups including the Aquackanonks. The group was closely connected to the Tappans and the Hackinsacks

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(Ruttenber 1872 and Bolton 1975).

Problems and conflicts during the seventeenth century in New Jersey between the Indians of the lower Hudson Valley area and the Dutch resulted in the deaths of large numbers of Native Americans (Washburn 1978). The introduction of European diseases such as smallpox further devastated the local Native American populations. During the early period of European contact, the total population of the Unami is estimated to have been approximately 6,500 individuals (Goddard 1978a). Others, however, feel that figure is low and an accurate number is closer to 10,000 people (Nelson 1913). By 1779, the total population of Unami speakers was estimated to have been reduced to approximately 2,000 individuals (Goddard 1978a).

3.3 Native American Sites in the Site Vicinity

To evaluate the prehistoric archaeological potential of the site, the archaeological site inventory files of the NJSM and the NJSHPO were examined. Reports of cultural resource investigations previously conducted in the Milford vicinity that are filed with the NJSHPO also were reviewed. In addition, other primary and secondary sources were examined to determine the locations of identified Native American archaeological sites and other evidence of aboriginal activity in the site vicinity. These include site information compiled by Volk (1893), Skinner and Schrabisch (1913) and Cross (1941), as well as anecdotal information recorded from local informants.

Numerous sites have been previously identified along the floodplain of the Delaware River in Hunterdon County. Most of the sites have been known for 1 century or more. The archaeologist Ernest Volk (1893) recorded numerous surface scatters of argillite and jasper along the river floodplain south of Frenchtown to Trenton. When the avocational archaeologist Max Schrabisch (1917) surveyed the area between Frenchtown and Milford during the second decade of the twentieth century, he identified a continuous “succession of small sites along the (floodplain) flats between Frenchtown and Milford.” Essentially, Pre-Contact period sites were distributed across the area. Hummer (1991) sees the density of sites in the Frenchtown to Milford area as reflecting a complex of related occupations. These occupations likely were functionally different and associated with an as yet to be precisely defined subsistence settlement system, which probably possessed temporal variations resulting from changing climate, environmental settings and cultural innovations.

At least 11 sites were identified by Schrabisch (1917) within the Milford area. Seven of the archaeological sites, including an anecdotal account of a Pre-Contact period burial,

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Milford, New Jersey are included in the files of the NJSM where they are indicated as located within the site. These sites are listed in Section 3.4. Four other recorded sites are identified by the files as located within 1 mile of the site. These sites are listed in Section 3.5.

3.4 Previously Recorded Sites on Site

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) within the northern part of the Developed Area (Figure 4 [A]). Its former general location is now the site of the electric substation located west of the temporary office trailer. It was identified by Schrabisch (1917) as site number 24-32-7-2-4 (NJSM site number 28-HU-12). No other site information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch. The area has been graded and extensively disturbed but its location adjacent to Frenchtown Road suggests that this Pre-Contact period site was formerly a terrace-like feature along the margin of the Delaware River floodplain.

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) in the vicinity of the former CFA (Figure 4 [B]). NJSM files indicate that the site was located straddling the railroad tracks. It was identified by Schrabisch (1917) as site number 24-32-7-1-6 (NJSM site number 28-HU-11). No other site information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch. During the 1960s and 1970s, Mr. Philip Jones, a 56-year resident of the Milford area who lives in a former worker’s house fronting onto Frenchtown Road south of this Pre-Contact period site, collected projectile points and other artifacts in a community garden that the paper mill established just south of the former CFA (Jones 2010). The artifacts were recovered by Mr. Jones in the vicinity of, and are likely associated with, the Schrabisch Site.

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) within the Northern Parcel (Figure 4 [C]). Its former general location is in the east central part of the parcel, adjacent to Quequacommissacong Creek. It was assigned by Schrabisch (1917) site number 24-32-7-1-3 (NJSM site number 28-HU-10). No other site information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch. The area has been partially disturbed by all-terrain vehicle activity and by flooding of Quequacommissacong Creek.

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) within the northwest corner of the former CPABA where it adjoins the Developed Area (Figure 4 [D]). The NJSM site files identify the site just east of the railroad tracks.

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This Pre-Contact period site appears to have been part of a floodplain ridge or other area of raised ground. The unnamed tributary that flows through the site is located just north of the Pre-Contact period site. The recorded Pre-Contract period site currently contains fill piles and may be disturbed as a result of the nearby construction of a small building. This Pre-Contract period site was assigned by Schrabisch (1917) site number 24-32-7-2-7 (NJSM site number 28-HU-13). No other site information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch.

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) within the former CPABA (Figure 4 [E]). Its former general location is immediately southwest of the southwestern corner of the aeration basin. It was located on what appears to be a sandy levee-like ridge situated on the floodplain of the Delaware River. A small floodplain lake may have been located in the site vicinity during the Pre- Contact period (see Section 3.5 – the Williamson Site). Schrabisch (1917) assigned site number 24-32-7-5-3 (NJSM site number 28-HU-14) to this Pre- Contact period site. No other information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch concerning the site. Cross (1941) may have referred to this site in her survey of Indian sites in New Jersey, referring to it by the Schrabisch number as well as by site number 278. She describes it as 200 by 2,300 feet in size and extending westward from the Delaware River. She further characterizes it as being cultivated and having many surface finds, including bannerstones, recovered by local collectors. Given the size Cross records for the site, it is possible that she is combining this site with the Williamson Site located approximately 0.5 mile to the south.

• A Pre-Contact period site was identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) within the Northern Parcel (Figure 4 [F]). Its former general location is immediately south of the portion of Quequacommissacong Creek that forms the northern boundary of the parcel. Schrabisch (1917) assigned site number 24-32-7-1-2 (NJSM site number 28-HU-9) to this Pre-Contact period site. No other site information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch. The area has been partially disturbed by flooding from Quequacommissacong Creek.

• Max Schrabisch (1917:52) states that a Native American burial was identified sometime prior to 1917 within the Warren Paper Mill Property (i.e., the Curtis Site), while a well was being dug. Schrabisch does not provide the source of his information and does not indicate where on the property the burial was located.

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3.5 Previously Recorded Sites within 1 Mile of the Site

• The Williamson Site, a noted, deeply stratified, multicomponent (Late Archaic through Late Woodland periods) site, is located less than 0.5 mile south of the former CPABA (Figure 4 [G]). The Williamson Site is situated on a natural sandy levee-like ridge along the Delaware River floodplain west of the railroad tracks. A low area just east of the Williamson Site likely flooded during the Pre-Contact period, creating a floodplain lake rich in resource potential (Hummer 1991). Max Schrabisch (1917) assigned site number 24-32-7-6-4-7 (NJSM 28-HU-15) to the Williamson Site. The Williamson Site was systematically excavated during the early 1990s by Dr. Christopher Hummer (1991) (Mounier 2003) as part of his doctoral dissertation research.

• A rockshelter site, 15 by 6 feet in size, located under an overhanging ledge of red shale containing a Pre-Contact period occupation, is located along the east bank of Quequacommissacong Creek. A hearth, pottery fragments, argillite and chert flakes, and shell were recovered from the rockshelter site (Schrabisch 1917). Max Schrabisch (1917) assigned site number 24-32-4-7-2 (NJSM 28-HU-376) to the rockshelter site. No other information is included in the NJSM or NJSHPO site files or by Schrabisch concerning the rockshelter site. It is located approximately 1 mile north of the site (Figure 4 [H]).

• Two other Pre-Contact period sites are mentioned by Schrabisch (1917) as located within the Milford area, but their exact locations are not recorded in the NJSM or NJSOHP site files. The occupations likely are located north of the Borough’s center, possibly within the vicinity of Quequacommissacong Creek. The sites were assigned the numbers 24-32-4-7-4 (NJSM # 28-HU-7) and 24-32-4-7-7 (NJSM # 28-HU-8).

• Mr. Russell Bigley, a life-time resident of Milford and long-time employee of Riegel Paper/Curtis Specialty Papers Inc., related his experience during the 1970s and 1980s as backhoe operator for Riegel Paper. According to Mr. Bigley, while excavating trenches for the company within what is now the Crown Vantage Landfill Superfund Site, located about 200 yards south/southwest of the former CPABA, he encountered prehistoric (Indian) artifacts and pit-like features (Figure 4 [I]). The material encountered by Mr. Bigley could be part of Schrabisch Site number 24-32-7-5-3 (NJSM site number 28-HU-14), which is reportedly located just southwest of the former CPABA.

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3.6 Other Indications for Native American Activity within the Milford Area

According to Wolfe (1977) and others (Schmidt 1946), the most important area for Pre- Contact period occupation in the Delaware Valley in Hunterdon County is the area between Flemington and Klinville, including the site, as a result of numerous outcroppings and deposits of argillite, a raw material used by Native Americans for stone tool manufacture. According to Schmidt (1946), numerous quarrying and lithic manufacturing sites are located in this area.

A Contact period village site, with possibly earlier occupations, referred to by seventeenth-century sources as Pechoqueolin, reportedly was located on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River just north of Milford. Several camp sites, jasper quarry sites and mortuary sites also are recorded for that general area (MacReynolds 1937). Native Americans occupying those locations likely would have frequently crossed the Delaware River into what is now Hunterdon County, bringing them into the immediate vicinity of the site.

Frenchtown Road, located just east of the site, reportedly follows the route of an aboriginal trail. It is likely that other trails diverged from Frenchtown Road to provide access to the Delaware River and locales on the floodplain. Such trails also would have brought Native Americans into the immediate site vicinity (Schmidt 1946).

Other than the site mentioned in Section 3.4, Dorothy Cross (1941) did not identify any other Native American sites in the Milford area as part of her “Indian Site Survey of New Jersey.” However, Philhower (1926) discusses several rockshelter sites in the Milford area. Although locational information for the rockshelter sites is not included in the publication, the sites were likely located along the Delaware River or the upper reaches of Quequacommissacong Creek. The rockshelter sites likely are located within 2 miles of the site.

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4. Documentary Research – Historic Period

This section discusses the Historic period of the site region as well as the occupational history of the site. Analysis of the Historic period archaeological and architectural sensitivity of the site is provided in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.

4.1 Seventeenth- Through Late Eighteenth-Century Settlement

On July 16, 1650, Cornelius van Tienhoven, traveling through the Raritan River Valley on a military mission to the Raritan Indians for the New Netherlands government, provided an early description of the interior New Jersey region. He described the area as well-watered, with the riverbanks cleared of forests where the Indians grew large quantities of maize, beans and squash. He opined that the land was “the handsomest and pleasantest country man can behold” (van Tienhoven 1909). Other explorers and later settlers, merchants and others must have traveled into the central New Jersey interior, and to what is now Hunterdon County, but these visits are for the most part unrecorded.

In 1664, the Dutch surrendered New Amsterdam to the English King Charles II. Charles deeded the newly acquired colony to his brother James Stuart, Duke of York and future British king, and it became known as New York. James, in turn, granted a portion of his territory west of the Hudson River (New Jersey) to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (Lipscomb 1942). By 1674, four Quakers, including William Penn, had come into possession of Berkeley's portion of the New Jersey grant. The Quakers and Carteret divided the grant into two provinces, East and West Jersey, by the Quintipartie Deed of July 1, 1676 (Munsell 1882 and Lipscomb 1942). The line was defined as extending from the east side of Little Egg Harbor straight north through the country to the furthest branch of the Delaware River (Munsell 1882). The Milford area was included within West Jersey. Penn and the other Quakers controlled West Jersey, while Carteret retained control of East Jersey. Twelve investors headed by William Penn purchased East Jersey from Carteret’s widow in 1682. The number of investors was later increased to 24 (Menzies 1969).

In 1688, James Stuart, by then King James II, reasserted his governing right and brought the Jerseys into the Dominion of New England. After the collapse of the Dominion in 1689, East and West Jersey reverted to full proprietary control. In 1702, the proprietors surrendered their governing power to the crown, but retained their land titles. In 1738, New Jersey was reestablished as a separate royal colony (Ferris 1968).

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Hunterdon County was created out of Burlington County in 1713/1714 by an Act of the New Jersey Colonial Legislature on March 11. It was named in honor of New Jersey’s then Governor Hunter of West Jersey. The new county was composed of what are now Hunterdon, Sussex, Warren and Morris Counties (Hunterdon County Cultural and Heritage Commission 1989).

Settlement of the county began during the last few years of the seventeenth century and the early eighteenth century. Settlement was slow; however, as revealed by the fact that the 1726 census indicates that the lowest population densities in New Jersey were in Hunterdon County (Wacker 1975). Most of the population was centered along the Delaware River, which provided access to Philadelphia and the ocean, as well as fertile floodplain lands. Interior portions of Hunterdon County remained less settled. The county continued to have the lowest population density of any New Jersey county as late as 1745 (Wacker 1975).

In 1710, in one of the first land transactions in Hunterdon County, 100,000 acres of land was acquired by Lewis Morris from local Native Americans. The tract included the current Milford area, including the site (Hammond 1963 and Hunterdon County Cultural and Heritage Committee 1989). By the early eighteenth century, English Puritans, Scots and Scots-Irish from New England and eastern Long Island; and French, Dutch and German immigrants from western Long Island began to arrive in the Hunterdon County area (Brasch and Hall 1979). Immigration into these lands was encouraged by the West Jersey authorities by promises of religious toleration, representative government and moderately priced land (Ferris 1968). Settlement, however, was slow (Ahlers et al. 2002). Whether these individuals were squatters or tenants, or purchased the land outright from Native Americans or the colonial authorities, is not recorded.

Although unnamed explorers and merchants likely passed through the region, the current Milford vicinity, including the site, was unoccupied by Euro-American colonists throughout the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries, remaining a forest-covered wilderness.

During the early eighteenth century the Milford area was part of Amwell Township, which at the time included all of Hunterdon County. In 1730, Bethlehem Township was formed to include the northwestern part of the county, including the Milford area. Milford became part of Alexandria Township in 1765 when that township was created out of Bethlehem Township (Myers 1986).

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Settlement of the Milford area began approximately 34 years after the 1710 Morris Purchase. Much, if not all of Milford (including the site), was part of a 10,000-acre tract acquired by James Alexander in 1744 from an organization known as the West Jersey Society, which included descendants of Lewis Morris (Moreau 1957). Much of the land subsequently became incorporated into Alexandria Township. By the 1750s, the nascent Milford community consisted of a saw mill, grist mill and two or three houses. One of the houses was owned by an individual named Brock while another was owned by Jacob Simcock. A third dwelling was the residence of an individual named Baker. Another structure served as a ferry house during this period (Milford Bicentennial Commission 1976 and Milford Fiftieths Anniversary Committee 1961). The grist mill apparently was built by 1769 by Colonel John Reid of New York. It was reportedly located on Quequacommissacong Creek within Alexander’s tract. One source places the mill within what would be the Northern Parcel, although other sources place its location further upstream (Hammond 1963). The mill burned down between 1769 and 1771 and the creek and surrounding settlement (now Milford) became known as “Burnt Mill Creek” (Snell 1881).

During the mid-eighteenth century, the site was likely forested although portions of it may have been cleared and used as agricultural land.

4.2 Revolutionary War and Post-Revolutionary War Years

Hunterdon County, as part of the central New Jersey region, occupied a valuable strategic position throughout the American Revolution. The area was situated along the Delaware River with routes leading to New York. A section of the main supply and communications route between the northern and southern colonies passed through the Delaware River area. Also of strategic value were the region’s iron mines, forges and furnaces that dotted areas to the north.

After 1776, the Hunterdon County area remained primarily in American control for the remainder of the American Revolution. A large number of American troops were quartered in the region to keep open the lines of communication and supply, protect the area’s iron mines and forges, and counter British troop movement across New Jersey. Several encampments, depots and other military positions existed throughout the county and military traffic along local roads would have been common.

Although no major battles or skirmishes occurred within the immediate site vicinity, the locale likely did witness much activity associated with the Revolutionary War. American troops were numerous in the area, with large encampments present around Morristown

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Milford, New Jersey and in Pennsylvania. It is likely that troops, messengers and teamsters with supplies frequently moved through the Milford area.

After the Revolutionary War, agriculture and small business formed the basis of the Milford area economy. Local industry, however, was developing and diversifying. By 1798, an individual named Thomas Lowery from Flemington had acquired anywhere from 968 acres to several thousand acres in the Milford area and constructed a grist mill along Quequacommissacong Creek (or possibly Wissahawken Creek) (Milford Bicentennial Commission 1976), possibly at the same location as Reid’s earlier mill (Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961). Lowery also constructed houses in the area that soon became known as Lowery Town. Two more mills were constructed in the community by 1803. Apparently reflecting the number of mills in the area, as well as the ford that crossed the Delaware River there, the community became referred to as Mill-Ford in 1803, 1804 or possibly later (between 1815 and 1820) (Moreau 1957 and Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961).

During the late-eighteenth century, portions of the site were likely forested, although other parts may have been cleared and used as agricultural land.

4.3 Nineteenth- to Early Twentieth-Century Development

Milford continued to grow slowly throughout the nineteenth century. New mills and residences were constructed within the central portion of the town during this period, while surrounding areas (including the site) remained rural and, by that time, likely primarily agricultural in nature. By 1834, Milford had a tavern, store, two churches, gristmill, two saw mills and 15 to 20 houses (Myers 1986). By the middle of the nineteenth century, Milford had grown in size, with three stores, three taverns, 12 to 15 mechanic shops, one grist mill, saw mills, two churches and 45 dwellings (Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961).

The Belvidere-Delaware Railroad was extended to Milford in February 1853, providing easy access for passengers and transport for goods to markets from Trenton- Lambertville on the south to Phillipsburg-Stroudsburg on the north (Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961 and Lee 1897). The arrival of the railroad apparently stimulated the growth of the community. By the 1880s, the area’s population had grown to 600, with two grist mills, one flax mill, three churches, two taverns, private school, public school, weekly newspaper, undertaker, carriage factory, agricultural works, post office, railroad station, doctor, druggist, blacksmith, marble works, public hall, tin smith and six or seven general stores. It was a thriving community (Myers

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1986). During this period, Milford was part of Holland Township, which had succeeded from Alexandria Township in 1879 (Myers 1986).

By the late nineteenth century, larger scale industry also began to develop in the Milford area. According to Myers (1986), during this period:

Warren Manufacturing Company had built a plant in the Milford area [in 1873 north of the site] with new equipment installed to make it possible to manufacture . The process was a German invention, the rights to which Warren had subscribed. There was at the time only one other mill in the country making this material which was in Indiana. Thomas’ feed mill had modernized their flouring operation with thousands of dollars worth of new equipment. Keystone Whisk and Broom Company was shipping orders all over the country by the railcar load. This firm had the capacity to generate electricity in sufficient quantities to serve other users. Hunterdon County had just completed a hard surface roadway from Frenchtown to Spring Mills. Mine Spring Water Company was providing a much needed system of public water supply. Milford was definitely on the move in many ways.

In 1907, the Warren Manufacturing Company constructed a paper mill at the location of the site (Section 4.4.1). With the appearance of the mill, Milford’s industrial life expanded with the James M. Shoemaker Linoleum works opening by 1912 (Sanborn 1912). Other industries in Milford during the early twentieth century included the Tirrell Brothers Silk Company, which operated in the 1920s and 1930s. A dairy also was in operation during the 1930s. By 1949, Milford had 1,940 residents and the industrial directory of that year listed local manufacturers of grain, feed and paper (Bureau of Labor Statistics 1949-1950 and ARCH, Inc. 2003).

This rate of development during the early twentieth century convinced the local population that a new system of self government and local taxation, separate from Holland Township, was necessary to continue the area’s prosperity. As a result, the Milford area’s population voted on May 8, 1911 to organize the Borough of Milford as an independent municipality (although it was not formerly incorporated until 1925) (Myers 1986 and History of Milford on the Delaware River 1976).

4.4 Occupational History of the Site

To investigate the history of American land use at the site, maps showing pertinent sections of the Borough of Milford and Alexandria Township were consulted. The site

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Milford, New Jersey vicinity corresponds with the area south of the downtown section of Milford and west of Frenchtown Road. Quequacommissacong Creek is shown on many of the maps and also served as a location indicator.

Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century fairly detailed maps were drawn, which indicate ownership and land-use patterns at the site. The earliest of these reviewed for this investigation dates to 1851 (Cornell 1851) (Figure 5) and indicates a dwelling (the residence of Miss Field fronting onto Frenchtown Road, within what is now the Developed Area). The residence was located near a slight jog or dogleg in Frenchtown Road. That slight curve still exists along Frenchtown Road. The former location of the structure was at or just north of Site Building 81 (Figure 3), but closer to Frenchtown Road. The current vicinity of Building 81 also would have been the former backyard of the Field residence. No other residences are shown as located on site on the 1851 map. The two other buildings shown on the map in the site vicinity are outside of the bounds of the study area. Both buildings front onto Frenchtown Road. One of these is the residence of S.H. Miller, located east of Quequacommissacong Creek near the Northern Parcel. The second is the dwelling of I. Brink, located south of the unnamed tributary that flows south of the main plant, separating it from the Aeration Basin Parcel. The house, which may still exist, is located with other former worker’s housing located south of the paper mill complex and east of the Aeration Basin Parcel.

The 1860 Lake and Beers map (Figure 6) indicates the A. Field house in the same location as it is shown on the 1851 map. It also shows other former residences (i.e., Miller and Brink residences) in the same locations as on the 1851 map. By 1860, however, the former Miller house was owned by an individual named J. Larew while the Brink home was owned by H. Voorhees. The Voorhees’ dwelling is shown slightly south of where the Brink’s home is shown on the 1851 map, but they are likely the same house. The Voorhees house fronts onto Frenchtown Road, east of the former CPABA. No other structures on site are indicated on the 1860 Lake and Beers map.

The 1860 Hughes map (Hughes 1860; Figure 7) provides more detailed information compared to the Lake and Beers map. The Hughes map indicates the A. Field house as located on 61 acres of land and owned by Rebecca Field as of that year. All of the 52-acre Developed Area is situated within what was Rebecca Field’s land. The map indicates two outbuildings located south of the Field dwelling. The former locations of these dependencies are within the footprint of what are now Site Buildings 80 and 81 (Figure 3). The former Brink/Voorhees house is shown on the Hughes map as situated in the same location as it is shown on the 1851 Cornell map and 1860 Lake and Beers map. The map indicates that the house is located on lands owned by Ishmael Brink

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(the I. Brink indicated on the 1851 Cornell map). Either the 1860 Lake and Beers map is in error showing a person named Voorhees associated with the house or that individual acquired the house (and property) later in 1860 after the Lake and Beers map was produced. Alternatively, Voorhees may have been a tenant to Brink. Two outbuildings associated with the Brink/Voorhees house also are shown on the Hughes map. The southernmost of these outbuildings, likely a barn, may formerly have been located just within the easternmost part of the former CPABA. Ishmael Brink’s land, a 60-acre tract, corresponds with most (if not all) of the 40-acre former CPABA.

No structures are indicated on the Hughes map within what is now the Northern Parcel. The map does indicate the former Miller/Larew residence east of Quequacommissacong Creek near the Northern Parcel.

The 1873 Beers map (Figure 8) indicates the former Field residence as situated in the same location on site as depicted on the 1860 Lake and Beers map, 1860 Hughes map, and the 1851 Cornell map. By 1873, however, the home was the residence of F. Hawk. No other residences are shown on the map as located on site. The former Brink/ Voorhees house and Miller/Larew residence are shown in the same locations (and not within the site boundaries) as depicted on the earlier maps reviewed for this investigation.

The 1902 Hicks map (Figure 9) indicates the former F. Hawk residence in the same location on site as shown on the 1873 map (Hicks 1902). No other structures are shown on the map as located on site as of that year. The 1902 map also indicates that Mr. F. Hawk owned the former Brink/Voorhees house as of 1902. The former Miller/Larew house apparently was no longer standing as of that year.

The 1905 Westgard (Westgard 1905; Figure 10) map indicates the likely former F. Hawk home in the same approximate location on site as shown on the 1902 map. It also shows what is likely Hawk’s second home, east of the former CPABA. An apparent outbuilding is located near the railroad line, southwest of the second (southernmost) Hawk dwelling. The indicated location of this outbuilding may be erroneous; it may be located closer to the Hawk house fronting onto Frenchtown Road as shown on the 1860 Hughes map. No structures are indicated on the 1905 map as located on the Northern Parcel, or elsewhere on site, as of that year.

In summary, only one residence was located on site prior to 1907. This residence belonged to Miss Field prior to 1873. After that date, an individual named Hawk resided in the house. Outbuildings apparently were associated with the Field/Hawk dwelling.

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The house was located at a jog in Frenchtown Road, at or just north of Site Building 81 (Figure 3). An outbuilding (likely a barn) associated with the Brink/Voorhees dwelling may have been located toward the eastern edge of the former CPABA during the mid to late nineteenth century. Another outbuilding (likely a barn) may have been located within the former CPABA, southwest of the Hawk residence near the railroad track.

No other structures were located on site prior to 1907 according to the maps reviewed for this Phase IA investigation.

4.4.1 Post-1907 Use of the Property: The Paper Mill Years

The use of the site as a paper mill began in 1907 when the Warren Manufacturing Company was constructed within what is now the Developed Area. The mill was oriented toward manufacturing food-grade paper products. It continued to operate under various owners until 2003 (J.M. Sorge, Inc. 2001). Soon after, the paper mill that would become the Curtis Specialty Paper Company was the foremost employer and economic force within the Milford community. Table 1 indicates the approximate dates of construction between 1907 and 1945 for the site structures and other information.

The background for the paper mill facility, extends to the mid-nineteenth century. In 1861, Amos Davis and Company bought a grist mill in Finesville, north of Milford and converted and expanded it into a paper mill, taking advantage of the increased need for paper products brought about by the Civil War. John Riegel was a partner in this operation and by 1865 had become the sole owner. With the end of the war, the Finesville mill faced economic hardship, closing in 1866. To consolidate his business holdings, Riegel moved his Finesville paper-making machinery to Riegelsville, a few miles north of Milford, to be near the grist and saw mills that he also owned. The community around the mills was known as Riegelsville, reflecting Riegel’s dominant economic and political role in the town. Importantly, Riegelsville was only 6 miles from a railroad station (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923).

The new paper-making company opened in Riegelsville in 1867 and was named John L. Riegel and Son. It produced rag paper until 1869 when the company switched to making jute paper, which proved to be better quality and a more popular product (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923). Soon, the company was seeking sites for expansion. In 1873, John Riegel and other partners established the Warren Manufacturing Company, constructing a new paper mill 4 miles north of Riegelsville (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923). The Lehigh Valley Railroad agreed to build a spur to the new paper mill to improve access to raw materials and markets. In 1891, Warren Manufacturing

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Company expanded again with a new paper mill constructed in Hughesville (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923).

Business continued to increase for the Warren Manufacturing Company during the last part of the nineteenth century. To accommodate this, and to take advantage of the New York City market, the company purchased a mill in Brooklyn around 1902. This site proved costly and impractical. To be closer to their other holdings, the company relocated its operations to Milford in 1907. The company constructed its new paper mill within what is now the Developed Area, beginning production there in 1908 (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923). The new mill employed 75 people when it first opened (Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961).

In 1910, glassine production was introduced at the Milford mill and by 1917 that product had become the plant’s exclusive project. In the 1920s, the Warren Manufacturing Company was the largest maker of glassine paper in the world (Riegel Paper Corporation 1923) and remained the principal employer in Milford. By 1927, the town’s population had grown to 656 people with 356 of those individuals being employed at the Warren Manufacturing Company’s Milford Plant (Bureau of Labor Statistics 1938). By 1961, the company was owned by Riegel Paper and employed 1,250 people. It remained one of the largest manufacturers of glassine paper in the world (Milford Fiftieth Anniversary Committee 1961). The Curtis Specialty Paper Company took over Riegel Paper in the late twentieth century, remaining a significant local employer until the plant closed in 2003.

The initial development of the mill on site is seen on a 1912 Sanborn map (Figure 11). The map refers to the company as the “Warren Manufacturing Company Milford Mill Manufacturers of Paper.” The initial facility consisted of approximately 14 interconnected buildings forming a longitudinal, linear-shaped complex with two additions extending eastward and one (apparently a wastewater treatment facility) to the west. Much of the inner core of the existing mill complex consists of these original buildings with apparently few subsequent structural modifications. The northern buildings were used for paper and raw material storage while processing occurred in the southern structures as of 1912. The portions of the complex to the east and west of the main portion, or core, of the complex were used for support services. A separate “Mtch and Box Shop,” which contained a forge, was located further to the east. Several apparent wells and other small structures were present throughout the site as of 1912. A facility road, referred to as Mill Street, is shown on the 1912 map running north to south to the east of the mill complex, roughly paralleling Frenchtown Road. A portion of this road still exists within the northern portion of the Developed Area.

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In addition to the industrial structures, at least 20 residences (likely workers’ housing) had been constructed fronting onto Frenchtown Road by 1912, within the site boundary. Mill Street was located west of the houses. None of these structures still exist on site. A barn (now demolished) also is shown on the 1912 map as located along Frenchtown Road and within the site boundary. It was situated near the former Field’s residence shown on the nineteenth-century maps reviewed during this investigation, and may have been associated with that dwelling. Alternatively, it may have been built along with the new housing. The Field’s residence likely was demolished when the new housing was constructed. The 15 southernmost houses shown on the 1912 Sanborn map were single units, while the five northernmost dwellings fronting onto Frenchtown Road were duplexes. Three- to 5-inch-diameter water pipes are indicated on the 1912 Sanborn maps as extending to the housing fronting onto Frenchtown Road. Each dwelling likely was connected to the water main. A note on the 1912 Sanborn map also indicates that the company possessed “potable water.” The presence of company water likely made the need for water retention and sanitary features (wells, cisterns and privies) at the houses unnecessary; therefore, it is unlikely that these features would be present at the site.

Another, slightly larger, residence is located on the 1912 map west of Mill Street in the northern portion of the Developed Area. This dwelling still exists on site (Building 102 on Figure 3). A photograph of the dwelling is provided in Appendix A. A water line leading to the residence is not indicated on the map; therefore, it is possible that it was constructed with a privy, well and/or cistern.

By 1912, one building complex was located within what became the CFA. In that year, it was the James M. Shoemaker Linoleum Works. No structures associated with the WWTP were constructed as of 1912. No structures associated with the paper mill were located within the Northern Parcel or former CPABA as of 1912.

According to the 1927 Sanborn map (Figure 12), the mill had been expanded to the east and west, creating a wider but still linear-shaped, north- to south-oriented complex. The “Mtch and Box Shop” shown on the 1912 map is indicated on the 1927 Sanborn as containing machine and carpenter shops with an attached lumber shed. The dwellings fronting onto Frenchtown Road are shown in the same locations in 1927 as shown on the 1912 Sanborn map. New water pipes had been installed by 1927 to service the dwellings.

Four additional dwellings had been constructed by 1927 in the northern portion of the Developed Area, west of Mill Street (referred to as Delaware Avenue on the 1927 map)

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Milford, New Jersey and south of the slightly larger, still existing, residence (Building 102 on Figure 3). A water line is not indicated on the map as leading to the four dwellings; therefore, they may have been constructed with a privy, well and/or cistern.

A structure also had been constructed within the former CFA by 1927. All of the structures there were part of the Warren Paper Company by that year.

Remaining structures on site post-date 1927, with most constructed between 1930 and 1960 (Section 1.2.4).

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5. Assessment of Archaeological Sensitivity and Recommendations

This section discusses the archaeological sensitivity of the site. Assessment of Native American period sensitivity (Section 5.1) is based on the location of known archaeological sites reported in the literature and consideration of the present and former topographic and physiographic characteristics of the site. Assessment of Historic period sensitivity (Section 5.2) is based on an analysis of nineteenth to mid- twentieth century maps, a review of other primary and secondary sources, and the extent of visible ground disturbance at the site due to prior construction on sensitive areas. Section 5.3 summarizes the architectural resources at the site. Section 5.4 provides recommendations for the archaeologically sensitive areas and for the architectural resources on site.

5.1 Native American Period Sensitivity

At least seven Pre-Contact period sites have been previously recorded within the site boundary. The Pre-Contact period sites located within the site were located on levee- like ridges or other areas of raised ground within the Delaware River floodplain near the Delaware River, Quequacommissacong Creek or the unnamed tributary. At least four additional Pre-Contact period sites have been recorded within 1 mile of the site. Three of the four Pre-Contact period sites also are located on similar topographic features to those present within the site. All of the Pre-Contact period sites were identified by Max Schrabisch (1917) during the early twentieth century. Such areas of high ground overlooking watercourses traditionally have been considered sensitive for the presence of Native American sites.

Two of the Pre-Contact period sites recorded within the site boundary are within the Northern Parcel, two Pre-Contact period sites are in the Developed Area and two are in the former CPABA. The precise location of one Pre-Contact period site (a Native American burial) is unknown, but is presumed to be in the Developed Area. The Pre- Contact period sites recorded within the site are:

1) A likely camp site (NJSM 28-HU-12) located in the northern portion of the Developed Area, in the general vicinity of the existing electric substation (Figure 4 [A]). The area has been extensively disturbed due to activities associated with construction of the paper mill.

2) A likely habitation site located south and southwest of the former CFA (NJSM 28- HU-11) (Figure 4 [B]). Although the area would appear to be disturbed by

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construction of the Coatings Facility buildings, a local artifact collector indicated to the Principal Investigator for this study that he was collecting projectile points and other artifacts from a community garden established just south of the Coatings Facility during the 1960s and 1970s. The boundaries of the former garden are still visible in the area. Quequacommissacong Creek is located just north of the site and the Delaware River is located immediately to the west.

3) A probable camp site recorded as located within the east-central portion of the Northern Parcel (NJSM 28-HU-10) near Quequacommissacong Creek (Figure 4 [C]). The area may have been partially disturbed as a result of flooding of the creek and movement of its channel.

4) A likely camp site (NJSM 28-HU-13) recorded as located at the northwest corner of the former CPABA near the parcel’s border with the Developed Area (Figure 4 [D]). The general site area overlooks the unnamed tributary that flows through the site. Soil piles are present in the general area so it is possible that extensive disturbance has occurred at the site.

5) A likely habitation site (28-HU-14) located in the former CPABA southwest of the southwestern corner of the existing aeration basin (Figure 4 [E]). While portions of the area have been impacted by construction of the existing basin, locations away from its embankment appear to be less disturbed.

6) A likely camp site (28-HU-9) located in the Northern Parcel just south of the bend in Quequacommissacong Creek, which forms the north boundary for the parcel (Figure 4 [F]). The area may have been partially disturbed as a result of flooding of the creek and movement of its channel.

7) According to Schrabisch (1917), a Native American burial was encountered during excavation of a deep well as part of the construction of the Warren Manufacturing Company’s mill. The exact location of the burial is not recorded but is presumed to be within what is now the Developed Area (and the Delaware River floodplain) on site.

The current or former environmental setting of most, if not all, of the site is similar to that of the recorded archaeological sites described. Specifically, these are the current or former levee-like ridges and other relatively level, raised areas within the site’s floodplains that overlook the water courses mentioned previously. Such locations within the site, where undisturbed, are considered to be sensitive for the presence of

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Native American cultural resources. Portions of the site, however, have been disturbed as a result of construction of the existing paper mill facility or activities that occurred there.

5.1.1 Areas of Pre-Contact Period Archaeological Sensitivity

The Developed Area, in particular, has been disturbed as a result of construction of the paper mill and its associated facilities and residences. Any sites located within the former MMA, including site 28-HU-12 (Figure 4 [A]), located near the existing electrical substation, would have been destroyed or severely impacted. The results of archaeological borings in this area (Section 2.5.4) confirm this assertion. Accordingly, this portion of the site is not considered to be archaeologically sensitive.

Locations along the Delaware River, west of the railroad tracks and north and south of the former WWTP, appear to be less disturbed and may contain evidence of Native American activity. Although much of the area apparently has been filled to varying degrees as a result of activities associated with the paper mill, buried former ground surfaces, possibly containing evidence of Native American sites may be present beneath the fill and above the alluvial soils encountered during archaeological boring advancement or within the alluvium. Although buried former ground surfaces were not clearly identified within the borings (Section 2.5.4), such layers may have been undetected as a result of the methodology used. Such buried ground surface layers or lenses formerly may have been part of level ground at the crest of the slope overlooking the Delaware River or within terrace-like areas along the slope. The area south of the former WWTP includes the vicinity of site number 28-HU-13 (Figure 4 [D]). The area north of the former WWTP includes the vicinity of site 28-HU-11 (Figure 4 [B]). The former community garden area, located south of the former CFA and east of the railroad tracks, is included within this sensitive area. The Native American artifacts recovered from the former garden may be associated with site 28-HU-11.

The archaeologically sensitive portions of the Developed Area (including the former CFA and the former WWTPA) are shown on Figure 13.

At least two Pre-Contact period archaeological sites (28-HU-10 [Figure 4 {C}] and 28- HU-9 [Figure 4 {F}]) have been identified within the Northern Parcel. Disturbance there appears to be confined to areas adjacent to Quequacommissacong Creek, while locations away from the creek appear to be less disturbed. Accordingly, non-eroded locations within the parcel away from the creek are considered to be archaeologically sensitive.

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At least two Pre-Contact period archaeological sites have been identified within the former CPABA (28-HU-13 [Figure 4 {D}] and 28-HU-14 [Figure 4 {E}]). The parcel is relatively undisturbed, having been used mainly for cultivation until relatively recently. The results of the archaeological borings (Section 2.5.4) confirm the presence of plow zone/agricultural soils and the relatively undisturbed nature of the area. Previously disturbed parts of the former CPABA are restricted to a large borrow pit located in the northern portion of the parcel and the footprint of the aeration basin. Accordingly, parts of the parcel located away from these disturbed areas are reported to be archaeologically sensitive.

The archaeologically sensitive portions of the Northern Parcel and the former CPABA are shown on Figure 13.

5.2 Historic Period Sensitivity

One location on site is considered to be sensitive for the presence of Historic period archaeological sites. This is the immediate vicinity of the existing early twentieth- century residence located in the northern portion of the Developed Area (Building 102 on Figure 3). The residence was likely used by employees (management personnel) for the paper mill. Sanitary and water retention features (privies, wells and cisterns) may have been associated with the house during its initial period of occupation because the 1912 Sanborn map does not indicate a water supply leading to the house during that period. Such features may contain significant, early twentieth-century artifact deposits. The house subsequently was connected to a water supply provided by the paper mill company, making the use of such features no longer necessary. Four residences were located south of the existing residence and were constructed between 1912 and 1927. These four residences also were not initially connected to a company water supply. Such areas are considered to be archaeologically sensitive.

The Warren Manufacturing Company constructed numerous residences apparently for company workers fronting onto Frenchtown Road within the site boundary. All of the buildings were constructed with a company water supply connection; therefore, it is unlikely that archaeological features were associated with the residences. In addition, the Warren Manufacturing Company likely collected the trash generated by the occupants of the residences and it is unlikely that midden-type domestic deposits formed near the houses during the early twentieth century. Accordingly, the former locations of these residences along Frenchtown Road are not considered to be archaeologically sensitive.

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One dwelling, the Field/Hawk house, was located along Frenchtown Road during the mid- to late nineteenth century, east of what is now the vicinity of Site Building number 81 (Figure 3). It likely was constructed with a privy and or well/cistern. The dwelling apparently was demolished to make way for the workers’ housing mentioned above. That construction would have impacted or destroyed any archaeological resources associated with the Field/Hawk house. Accordingly, the former location of the Field/ Hawk dwelling along Frenchtown Road is not considered to be archaeologically sensitive.

5.3 Architectural Resources

In 2003, the NJSHPO determined that the existing structures on site were collectively eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places as the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District. The eligibility of individual structures within the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District was not determined. The buildings may be demolished as part of remediation activities at the site.

The NJSHPO 2003 opinion of significance was based on the continuous use of the facility as a paper mill from 1907 to 2003, its importance as the largest manufacturer of glassine paper in the world during its period of operation and as the region’s primary employer, and the large amount of original building fabric that remains (ARCH, Inc. 2003). The opinion concurred with a conclusion presented by ARCH, Inc. (2003) as part of a cultural resource investigation at the site. The NJSHPO states:

Curtis Paper Mill Historic District is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C. The District is a good, relatively late, example of an industrial complex surrounded by workers housing. In addition to its significance as the largest producer of glassine paper in the world, the Paper Mill historically has been the primary employer in the area (Guzzo 2003).

5.4 Recommendations

IP, GP and ARCADIS recommend that Phase IB-level subsurface testing be conducted in the archaeologically sensitive portions of the site (Figure 13) if those areas will be directly or indirectly adversely impacted by remediation activities. Work plans for archaeological testing will be prepared and subsequently implemented following their submission to the USEPA and the NJSHPO for review. Such testing will

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Milford, New Jersey identify whether any possibly significant archaeological resources are present within the portions of the site that require remediation.

No further archaeological investigations are warranted for remaining portions of the site.

An approach to mitigate adverse impacts to existing structures of the Curtis Paper Mill Historic District on site as a result of remediation activities will be determined through discussions among the USEPA, the NJSHPO, IP, GP and other appropriate parties.

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Wacker, Peter O. 1975. Land and People – A Cultural Geography of Preindustrial New Jersey: Origins and Settlement Patterns. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1978. Seventeenth Century Indian Wars. Handbook of North American Indians: 15:89 100. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Werner, D. 1964. Vestiges of Paleo-Indian Occupation Near Port Jervis, New York. World Antiquity:11:30-52.

Weslager, C.A. 1967. The English on the Delaware: 1610-1682. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Westgard, A.L. 1905. Survey Map of Hunterdon County. Atlas of the State of New Jersey. Survey Map Company, New York, New York. Accessed at the Collections of the New Jersey State Library, Trenton, New Jersey.

3041012130 58

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Milford, New Jersey

Wiegand, Ernest A. 1980 The Rockrimmon Rock Shelter. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut, 42:15 28.

Wiegand, Ernest A. 1983. Rockshelters of Southwestern Connecticut: their Prehistoric Occupation and Use. Norwalk Community College Press, Norwalk, Connecticut.

Williams, Lorraine and Ronald Thomas. 1982. The Early/Middle Woodland Periods in New Jersey: New Jersey’s Archaeological Resources: A Survey of Research Problems and Survey Priorities. Olga Chesler ed. New Jersey Office of Heritage, Trenton, New Jersey.

Williams, Lorraine and Susan Kardas. 1982. Contact Between Europeans and Delaware Indians of New Jersey: New Jersey’s Archaeological Resources: A Survey of Research Problems and Survey Priorities. Olga Chesler ed. New Jersey Office of Heritage, Trenton, New Jersey.

Wolfe, Peter. 1977. The Geology and Landscapes of New Jersey. Crane, Russak, and Company, New York.

Woodward-Clyde Consultants. 1995. Preliminary Groundwater Investigation Report, James River Corporation, Milford, New Jersey. February 1995.

3041012130 59 TABLE

Table 1. Site Structures – Construction Dates, Building Functions, and Integrity Assessments Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report Curtis Specialty Papers Site Milford, New Jersey

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BUILDING SITE AREA CONDITION NUMBER DATES FUNCTION Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 34 Prior to 1912 Coating Building? Integrity Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 35 Prior to 1912 Coating Building? Integrity Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 36 Prior to1912 Coating Building? Integrity Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 33 1912 to 1927 Coating Facility Integrity Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 37 1927 to 1935 Unknown Integrity Apparently Retains Coatings Facility Area 54 1935 to 1945 Solvent Recovery Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 76 (113) 1927 to 1935 Bathrooms Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 4 1923 Beater Room Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 28 1912 Carpenter Shop Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 42 1935 Carpenter Shop Integrity Converting Apparently Retains Developed Area 10 1928 Department Integrity Drainer Room/Beater Apparently Retains Developed Area 3 1907 to 1908 Room Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 3A 1936 Dye Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 52 1936 Electrical Shop Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 9 1928 Finishing Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 7 1907 to 1908 Finishing Room Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 7 (East Part) 1921 Finishing Building Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 51 1935 to 1945 Hydro Pulpers Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 15 1935 to 1945 Laboratory Integrity Machine Room / Pulp Apparently Retains Developed Area 5 (East Part) 1923 Vats Integrity

International Paper Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS Page 1 of 3 Table 1. Site Structures – Construction Dates, Building Functions, and Integrity Assessments Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report Curtis Specialty Papers Site Milford, New Jersey

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BUILDING SITE AREA CONDITION NUMBER DATES FUNCTION Machine Room / Pulp Apparently Retains Developed Area 5 (West Part) 1907 to 1908 Vats Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 27 1912 Machine Shop Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 46B (West Part) 1928 Offices Integrity Old Paper House / Apparently Retains Developed Area 17 1910 and 1925 Pulp Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 6 1928 Paper Machines Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 48 1939 Paper Machines Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 21 1907 to 1908 Powerhouse Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 22 1907 to 1908 Powerhouse Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 20 1929 Powerhouse Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 41 1935 Powerhouse Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 43 1939 Powerhouse Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 11 (East Part) 1935 to 1945 Print Building Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 16 1910 Pulp Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 32 1934 Pulp Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 118 1927 to 1935 Pump House Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 1 1907 to 1908 Raw Stock Storage Integrity

Developed Area 102 Prior to1912 Residence Retains Integrity

Rotating Room / Apparently Retains Developed Area 2 1907 to 1908 Cutting Room / Integrity Chlorinator Apparently Retains Developed Area 8 1921 Sheet Finishing Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 26 1927 to 1935 Smithy Integrity

International Paper Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS Page 2 of 3 Table 1. Site Structures – Construction Dates, Building Functions, and Integrity Assessments Phase IA Cultural Resources Investigation Report Curtis Specialty Papers Site Milford, New Jersey

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BUILDING SITE AREA CONDITION NUMBER DATES FUNCTION Apparently Retains Developed Area 11 1928 Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 56 1943 Storage Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 13 1946 Storage Integrity Storage / Bleach Apparently Retains Developed Area 19 1907 to 1908 House Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 45 1937 Super Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 44 1935 to 1945 Unknown Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 47 1935 to 1945 Unknown Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 46 1937 Unknown Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 50 1941 Unknown Integrity Apparently Retains Developed Area 46B (East Part) 1946 Unknown Integrity Wastewater Treatment Apparently Retains 123 1927 to 1935 Pump House Plant Area Integrity Wastewater Treatment Apparently Retains 120 1927 to 1935 Well Pump House Plant Area Integrity

International Paper Company Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP ARCADIS Page 3 of 3 FIGURES

APPENDIX A

Photograph Log 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Aerial view of the Main Mill building complex and surrounding area. Wastewater GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Treatment Plant Area and Delaware River in background. Photograph taken facing west. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Aerial view of the southern portion of the Main Mill building complex. Frenchtown Road GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP in background. Photograph taken facing east. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Eastern portion of Main Mill building complex. Photograph taken from parking lot along GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Frenchtown Road, facing south. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Western portion of Main Mill building complex. Photograph taken from area between GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP the Coatings Facility Area and the Main Mill Area at the railroad right-of way, facing south. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Access road and area immediately west of the Main Mill building complex, including the GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP railroad right-of-way. Photograph taken from area between the Coatings Facility Area and the Main Mill CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE Area at the railroad right-of way, facing south. MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Landscaped area to the northeast of the Main Mill building complex. Photograph taken GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP from Delaware Ave/former Mill Street, facing west. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Residential dwelling (Building 102) located northeast of the Main Mill buildings. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Photograph taken from Delaware Avenue/former Mill Street, facing northwest. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Aerial view of the Coatings Facility Area. Photograph taken facing east-northeast. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Coatings Facility buildings, photograph taken from immediately west of Building 74, GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP facing northwest. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

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APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Coatings Facility buildings (Solvent Recovery Building [Building 54]on left). Photograph GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP taken from railroad right-of-way, facing east. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Open area immediately south of Coatings Facility buildings (area of former community GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP garden). Photograph taken facing northwest. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Wastewater Treatment Plant Area, Main Mill building in the foreground. Photograph GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP taken facing west. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Surface-water intake pump house (Building 31) located along the Delaware River in the GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Wastewater Treatment Plant Area. Photographs taken facing west. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Southern extent of Northern Parcel. Borough of Milford wastewater treatment plant GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP visible in lower left corner. Confluence of Quequacommissacong Creek and the Delaware River located CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE in lower middle portion of frame, and the Coatings Facility is visible in the right-hand portion of the MILFORD, NEW JERSEY frame. PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Vegetative community typical of the northern portion of the Northern Parcel. Photograph GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP taken facing south. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Trails along Quequacommissacong Creek on the southern portion of the Northern Parcel. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Photograph taken facing east. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Vegetation and cleared areas typical of western portion of Northern Parcel. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Area of heavy all-terrain and other vehicle use in the northeastern corner of the Northern GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP Parcel, mounded dirt jumps visible among trees. Photograph taken facing south. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Coal Pile and Aeration Basin Area. Residences along Frenchtown Road visible in GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP foreground at right. Delaware River visible in background. Photograph taken facing west. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Vegetative community typical of Coal Pile and Aeration Basin area. Photograph taken GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP facing south. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Vegetative community typical of Coal Pile and Aeration Basin area. Main Mill buildings GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP and stack visible in background. Photograph taken facing north. CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A 8/26/2010 1:47 PM CRAN-140 SML CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS – PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION (B0066126.0601.00601) \\NJ03FP1\...\Curtis Papers\Reports and Presentations\Cultural Resources\Phase IA Report\APPA - PIA - CRI - Photograph Log.pptx

INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY & DESCRIPTION: Aeration basin and surrounding areas of the Coal Pile and Aeration Basin Area. GEORGIA-PACIFIC CONSUMER PRODUCTS, LP CURTIS SPECIALTY PAPERS SITE MILFORD, NEW JERSEY PHASE IA CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORT

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

APPENDIX A