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A Historic Saga of Settlement and Nation Building

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A Historic Saga of Settlement and Nation Building National Park Service <Running Headers> <E> U.S. Department of the Interior Northeast Region History Program A HISTORIC SAGA OF SETTLEMENT AND NATION BUILDING FIRST STATE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY PREPARED BY: PAULA S. REED, PH.D. EDITH B. WALLACE, M.A. PAULA S. REED & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1 A HISTORIC SAGA OF SETTLEMENT AND NATION BUILDING FIRST STATE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY PREPARED BY PAULA S. REED, PH.D. EDITH B. WALLACE, M.A. PAULA S. REED & ASSOCIATES, INC. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS/NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEpaRTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SEPTEMBER 2019 FIRST STATE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK New Castle, Delaware HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY Paula S. Reed, Ph.D. Edith B. Wallace, M.A. Paula S. Reed & Associates, Inc. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service/In Partnership with the Organization of American Historians Northeast Region History Program September 2019 Cover image: Detail from 1749 Lewis Evans “Map of Pensilvania, New-Jersey, New-York, and the three Delaware counties,” showing the 1701 boundary arc. Library of Congress. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of this author and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ix Acknowledgments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �xiii Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xv Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xv The National Significance of First State National Historical Park � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xv Historic Contexts Reveal the Shared Significance of the Seven Sites of First State National Historical Park � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xvi Purpose and Scope of this Historic Resource Study � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �xix A Summary of Delaware’s Landscape and its Unique History � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xx SECTION ONE Beaver Valley–Woodlawn Tract: The Evolution of a Cultural Landscape � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �1 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3 Chapter 1.1 First Americans of the Delaware River and Brandywine Creek Drainages � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �5 Algonquian Roots � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �6 Paleo-Indian Period: 12,000 BCE to 6,500 BCE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Archaic Period: 6,500 BCE to 3,000 BCE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Woodland I Period: 3,000 BCE to 1000 CE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 Woodland II Period: 1000 CE to 1600 CE � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Northern Delaware Landscape at European Contact, about 1600 CE � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Lenape of the Mid-Atlantic Region at European Contact, about 1600 CE � � � � � � � � � � 11 Europeans Bring Change to Lenape Lifeways � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18 William Penn’s Relationship with the Lenape � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 21 Queonemysing: The Story of a Lenape Village on the Brandywine � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 Penn’s Sons and Subordinates Alter the Relationship � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 The French and Indian War, 1754–1762 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 30 Lenape Forced to Migrate Farther West � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 31 Significance of Lenape Relations with Colonies, States, and the U�S� Government � � � 34 v Table of Contents Chapter 1.2 European American Settlement Patterns � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 The European Age of Discovery � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 38 Establishing European Settlements � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42 William Penn and the Quakers Develop the Landscape � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 Chapter 1.3 Developing the Brandywine and Beaver Valley Landscape � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 61 Defining Delaware’s Boundary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 62 Developing Agriculture � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 68 Agricultural Labor � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 69 Industry� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 70 Woolen Milling � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 71 Flour Milling � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 72 Paper Milling � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 74 Mining � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 75 Roads and Bridges � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 76 Settlements and Housing: An Eighteenth-Nineteenth Century Quaker Community � � � 77 Chapter 1.4 William Poole Bancroft and the Woodlawn Plan � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 85 William Poole Bancroft: His Family and Religious Foundations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 85 Bancroft’s Early Community Planning Work, 1880–1901 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 89 Progressive Era Community Planning � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 95 William Poole Bancroft’s Vision for Wilmington � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 98 Woodlawn Flats: A Community Planning Project in Wilmington, Delaware � � � � � � 101 Acquisition of the Brandywine Hundred Tracts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 104 “Future Wilmington”: Wise City Planning � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 110 Woodlawn Trustees’ Vision for the Brandywine Hundred Lands Evolves � � � � � � � � � 117 Recreational Use of the Woodlawn Trustees’ Brandywine Hundred Property � � � � � 123 Woodlawn Trustees’ Housing and Development Policies Challenged � � � � � � � � � � � � � 126 Woodlawn Brandywine Hundred Tract Conveyed to the National Park Service � � � 130 Preservation of the Beaver Valley–Woodlawn Tract � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 133 vi Table of Contents Table of Contents SECTION TWO First State National Historical Park Associated Sites � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 135 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 137 Chapter 2.1 Fort Christina Park � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 143 Physical Description � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 143 New Sweden and Fort Christina � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 144 New Netherland and Fort Altena � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 148 The Revolutionary War and the Wilmington Defensive Outpost � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 151 Fort Union (1813–1815) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 155 Wilmington’s Industrial Waterfront and Fort Christina Park � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 155 Chapter 2.2 Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 163 Physical Description � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
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