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Affected Environment 3.1 invisible_toc_marker CHAPTER 3 – AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW This chapter describes the affected environment (environmental setting) relevant to the assessment of the effect of the Desert Harvest Solar Project (DHSP). It provides information on the physical, biological, cultural, socioeconomic, and other resources that have the potential to affect or be affected by activities related to implementing the proposed project or alternatives that are described in detail in Chapter 2. These resources include those that occur within the project study area, as defined for each resource. More detailed information for some resources (noise, air quality and greenhouse gases, biological resources, water supply, and traffic) is pro- vided in the technical reports or supporting information provided as technical appendices to this EIS. For the purpose of this document, the environmental setting, or “baseline,” used for the impact analysis reflects conditions at the commencement of environmental analysis in September 2011. This baseline includes partial ongoing construction of the adjacent Desert Sunlight Solar Farm Project, for which Phase 1A was under construction at the commencement of analysis for this EIS. Phase 1A of the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm Project is shown on Figure 3.1-1 in Appendix A. The following resources are evaluated in this EIS: Air resources Recreation Biological resources – vegetation Social and Economic Setting Biological resources – wildlife Environmental justice Climate change Special designations Cultural resources Transportation and public access Paleontological resources Visual resources Fire and fuels management Water resources Soils and geology Wastes – solid and hazardous Energy and minerals CDCA plan conformance Lands and realty Native American concerns Public health and safety Resources that do not exist in the project study area and, therefore, do not warrant analysis in the EIS and proposed Plan Amendment include: Grazing Wild Horses and Burros For each resource, a discussion of applicable plans, policies, and regulations is provided in this chapter. All applicable federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and policies are summarized and their applicability to the project explained. It is assumed in the analysis that the Applicant (EDF) will fully comply with all laws and regulations applicable to project actions, will prepare any required plans, and will obtain any necessary permits or waivers. The environmental setting (existing conditions) of the project study area is described using infor- mation from literature reviews, fieldwork, and input from appropriate federal, state, and local agencies. The resource sections in this chapter define and describe a resource-specific study area or “region of influence”, which serves to define the geographic boundaries of the area for which November 2012 Desert Harvest Solar Project Final EIS and Proposed CDCA Plan Amendment 3.1-1 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT baseline information is presented. Defining these conditions (such as existing air quality, biolog- ical and cultural resources, water resources, and recreational opportunities) allows for appropri- ate characterization and anticipation of the project’s impacts and forms the basis for the environ- mental analysis. Sources for the literature reviews include published technical reports, internet resources, data from government sources, aerial photographs, and information provided by the Applicant. Where existing information regarding the project study area was insufficient or outdated, or where surveys or studies were specifically required by jurisdictional agencies, surveys and studies were conducted to determine the existing environmental conditions. This work included producing original studies for biological and cultural resources, air quality, transportation and public access, and visual resources. As discussed in Chapter 1, this EIS provides the required environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In addition, because this project will require permits from the County of Riverside, this EIS was written to both comply with NEPA and satisfy the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements for those project components that require entitlements from state and local agencies, in accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15221. Due to the similarity in information requirements for both NEPA and CEQA, the affected environment described in this chapter serves both purposes. November 2012 Desert Harvest Solar Project Final EIS and Proposed CDCA Plan Amendment 3.1-2 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 3.2 AIR RESOURCES This section describes the environmental and regulatory settings associated with the construction and operation of the proposed project and its alternatives with respect to air resources in the proj- ect study area. The project study area for air resources includes the Mojave Desert Air Basin, which encompasses activities from the proposed project and alternatives, as this is the limit of the area likely to be affected by the Desert Harvest Solar Project (DHSP) with respect to air resources. The term “pollutant emissions” refers to the amount (mass) of a contaminant released into the atmosphere by a source. Emission rates are the quantity of pollutants emitted during a specified increment of time or during a specified increment of emission source activity. Typical measure- ment units for emission rates on a time basis include pounds per hour, pounds per day, or tons per year. Typical emission factors on a source activity basis include pounds per thousand gallons of fuel burned, pounds per ton of material processed, and grams per vehicle mile of travel. The term “ambient air quality” refers to the atmospheric concentration of a contaminant in a specified volume of air, and this is determined at a particular geographic location that is usually some distance from the source of the relevant emissions. Ambient air quality data are generally reported as a mass per unit volume (e.g., micrograms per cubic meter of air) or as a volume fraction (e.g., parts per million by volume). The ambient air quality levels actually measured at a particular location are determined by the interactions among three groups of factors: Emissions: the types, amounts, and locations of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere; Meteorology: the physical processes affecting the transport, mixing, and removal of pollutants; and Chemistry: any chemical reactions that transform pollutant emissions into other chemical substances. Air pollutants are often characterized as being “primary” or “secondary” pollutants. Primary pollutants are those emitted directly into the atmosphere (such as carbon monoxide, sulfur diox- ide, lead particulates, and hydrogen sulfide). Secondary pollutants are those (such as ozone, nitrate particles, or sulfate particles) formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere; these chemical reactions usually involve primary pollutants, normal constituents of the atmosphere, and other secondary pollutants. Compounds that react to form secondary pollutants are referred to as reactive pollutants or precursors. Some air pollutants (such as many organic gases and respirable particulate matter) are a combination of primary and secondary pollutants. 3.2.1 Applicable Plans, Policies, and Regulations Air Quality Planning Programs Since 1970, the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) has required each state to identify areas that have ambient air quality in violation of federal standards. States are required to develop, adopt, and implement a SIP to achieve, maintain, and enforce federal ambient air quality standards in these nonattainment areas. The SIP process includes specific deadlines for achieving the federal ambient air quality standard once a nonattainment designation has been made. Deadlines for achieving the federal air quality standards vary according to air pollutant and the severity of existing air quality problems. The SIP must be submitted to and approved by EPA. SIP ele- November 2012 Desert Harvest Solar Project Final EIS and Proposed CDCA Plan Amendment 3.2-1 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ments are developed on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis whenever one or more air quality stand- ards are being violated. Development of SIP documents is formally the responsibility of the relevant state air quality management agency, and in California, local/regional air quality man- agement agencies and local/regional transportation planning agencies assume the primary responsibility for SIP document preparation, with state oversight and approval. The status of areas with respect to each federal ambient air quality standard is typically categorized as nonattainment (in violation of a national standard), attainment (in compliance with a national standard), unclassifiable, or attainment/unclassified. For most air pollutants, initial federal status designations are made using only two categories: nonattainment or unclassifiable/attainment. The unclassified designation includes attainment areas as well as areas that are expected to attain the standards although monitoring data are lacking. Areas that have been reclassified from nonattainment to attainment are automatically considered “maintenance areas.” The California Clean Air Act of 1988 created a state air quality planning program similar to the federal SIP process for areas that violate state ambient air quality standards. CARB designates areas as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassified with respect to
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