Grammar summary

Below is a very brief summary of some of the more important grammatical and structural points. It is not a complete description of the grammar of spoken Jordanian Arabic.

Nouns definite/indefinite: funduq (a) hotel sharika (a) company il-funduq the hotel ish-sharika the company

singular/plural: type 1 mudarris - mudarrisiin teacher(s) type2 Taaliba - Taalibaat female student(s) sharika - sharikaat company(ies) baaS - baaSaat bus(es) type 3 (various patterns), e.g. si9ir - as9aar price(s) ghurfa - ghuraf room(s) maktab - makaatib office(s) (type 1 for certain human nouns only; type 2 for certain female human nouns, feminine nouns ending in -a, and most foreign borrowings; type 3 the 'broken' plurals, which occur in various patterns, and are the commonest type)

gender: masculine (most): funduq hotel feminine: by meaning: hint girl by ending -a: sharika company by convention: suu' market

Adjectives - follow nouns and agree with them in gender and definiteness: funduq kbiir a big hotel il-funduq il-kbiir the big hotel sharika kbiira a big company ish-sharika il-kbiira the big company (if you say il-funduq kbiir, it means 'the hotel is big')

- are plural if they follow a 'human' plural noun, feminine after non-human plurals: fanaadiq kbiira big hotels il-fanaadiq il-kbiira the big hotels banaatkbaar big girls il-banaat il kbaar the big girls (if you say il-banaat kbaar, it means 'the girls are big')

Comparison - comparative adjectives are of the general pattern aCCaC, where the Cs represent the consonants of the ordinary adjective: so rxiiS cheap, arxaS cheaper. 'Than' is min. Soil-baaS arxaS min is-sarfiis means 'the bus is cheaper than a service taxi'. The superlative is formed by putting the comparative adjective in front of the noun: arxaS funduq the cheapest hotel, or by treating the comparative like an ordinary adjective: il-funduq il-arxaS.

There is/are use fii, negative maa fiih: (maa) fii naas fi 1-ghurfa there are (no) people in the room

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 217 Possession -for 'my', 'your' etc. add the following to the noun -i my -na our -ak your (m.) -kum your (pl.) -ik your (f.) -uh his/its -hum their -ha her/its (so beeti my house, beeti il-kbiir my big house. beeti kbiir means 'my house is big') - between two nouns: method 1: put the 'possessor' noun after the 'possessed': kitaab aHmad Ahmed's book

nouns ending in -a (e.g. sayyaara car), change to i and add at when they are the 'possessed' noun: sayyaarit aHmad Ahmed's car

the 'possessor' noun can be definite (with il-) or indefinite, but in either case the 'possessed' noun doesn't have il-: miftaaH il-sayyaara the car key miftaaH sayyaara a car key

method 2: as an alternative you can use taba9: il-miftaaH taba9 is-sayyaara the car key miftaaH taba9 sayyaara a car key

-'to have': there is no verb 'to have' in Arabic. Use 9ind (with) +the endings for 'my', 'your' listed above: 9indi tluus I have money. The negative is formed using maa: maa 9induh sayyaara he doesn't have a car.

Verbs past tense endings are added to the past tense stem(= the 'he' form). Simple verb stems are of five types. Type 1 stems end in -aC or -iC (where Cis any consonant); type 2 end in -aCC; types 3 and 4 end in a vowel; and type 5 stems end in aaC, which always changes to -uC, -aC, or -iC (depending on the verb) before '1', 'you' and 'we' forms. Stem Type: 2 3 4 5 example: Hajaz Habb Haka nisi shaaf I Hajaz-t Habb-eet Hak-eet nis-eet shuf-t you (m.) Hajaz-t Habb-eet Hak-eet nis-eet shuf-t you (f.) Hajaz-ti Habb-eeti Hak-eeti nis-eeti shuf-ti he/it Hajaz Habb Haka nisi shaaf she/it Hajaz-at Habb-at Hak-at nisy-at shaaf-at we Hajaz-na Habb-eena Hak-eena nis-eena shuf-na you (pl.) Hajaz-tu Habb-eetu Hak-eetu nis-eetu shuf-tu they Hajaz-u Habb-u Hak-u nisy-u shaaf-u Derived verbs also follow these patterns: 1: :xallaS, Haawal, takallam, ishtaghal 2: none 3: :xalla, laa'a 4: none 5: istafaad (short vowel a), iHtaaj (short vowel i)

218 GRAMMARSUMMARY non-past tense (present and future) prefixes and endings are added to the non-past stem: Stem Type: 2 3 4 5 example: -Hjiz- -Hibb- -Hki- -nsa- -shuuf- I a-Hjiz a-Hibb a-Hki a-nsa a-shuuf you (m.) ti-Hjiz t-Hibb ti-Hki ti-nsa t-shuuf you (f.) ti-Hjiz-i t-Hibb-i ti-Hki ti-ns-i t-shuuf-i he/it yi-Hjiz y-Hibb yi-Hki yi-nsa y-shuuf she/it ti-Hjiz t-Hibb ti-Hki ti-nsa t-shuuf we ni-Hjiz n-Hibb ni-Hki ni-nsa n-shuuf you (pl.) ti-Hjiz-u t-Hibb-u ti-Hk-u ti-ns-u t-shuuf-u they yi-Hjiz-u y-Hibb-u yi-Hk-u yi-ns-u y-shuuf-u

The vowel of the stem types 1 and 2 may be a, i, or u and aa, ii or uu in the case of type 5 - this has to be learnt with each verb. Two common exceptions are the verbs 'to take' and 'to eat' which have aa-, taa-, yaa- and naa- prefixes rather than a-, ti, yi-, ni-: yaaxud he takes, naakul we eat. Verbs, the first letter of whose stem is w, are partially exceptional, for example -wSal- to arrive. 'I arrive' is awSal, as expected. But the other forms of the verb have yuu-, tuu-, nuu- as prefix, e.g. yuuSal he arrives. Derived verbs also follow the patterns exemplified above: 1: -xalliS-, -Haawil-, -tkallam-, -shtaghil- 2: none 3: -xalli-, -laa'i- 4: -stanna- 5: -statiid-, -Htaaj- Non-past verbs expressing present time or a general truth normally have a b- prefix: baHki 9arabi I speak Arabie/I'm speaking Arabic.

Commands To make the command form, first remove the prefix from the non-past verb. If the result starts with two consonants, prefix i-. If not, add nothing, e.g. masculine feminine plural type 1 i-Hjiz i-Hjizi i-Hjizu (reserve!) type3 i-Hki i-Hki i-Hku (talk!) type5 ruuH ruuHi ruuHu (go!) type 3 (der.) Salli Salli Sallu (pray!) Negative commands are the same as the ordinary verb preceded by maa not and followed by -sh: maa taakulsh haada Don't eat that!

Can, Must, May, Want, etc. must/have to/had to: laazim +past or non-past verb laazim yruuH he must/has to go laazimraaH he must have gone kaan laazim yruuH he should have gone/had to go

may/might: yumkin or mumkin + verb mumkin yruuH maybe he'll go mumkin raaH maybe he went kaan mumkin yruuH he could've gone (but e.g. didn't)

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 219 want/need to: bidd + possessive ending + non-past verb bidduh yruuH he wants to go/needs to go

can/could: 'adar + non-past verb byi'dar yruuH he can go 'idiryruuH he was able to go/could go Non-past verbs which follow any of the expressions for 'must', 'can', etc. listed above, or which are the object of another verb do not have the b• prefix: e.g. baHibb asbaH ktiir I like swimming a lot (NOT baHibb basbaH ... ).

Participles active participle This is roughly equivalent to English ' ... ing/having ... ed' or 'a person or thing which ... s' examples: type 1: 9aarif knowing/have known type 2: maarr passing by/having passed by/passer-by type 3: m.aashi going/having gone(= O.K.) type 4: naasi forgetting/having forgotten type 5: shaayif seeing/having seen To form the active participles of derived forms simply put m- or mi- in front of the non-past stem, e.g. m-xalliS finishing/having finished, mi-stafiid benefitting/having benefitted/beneficiary etc. The only slight exception to this are stems like -tzawwaj- which always change the last a to an i: mitzawwij marrying/having married/married person.

passive participle These are often equivalent ot English 'is/was ... ed': type 1: ma9ruuf known type 2: maHbuub liked, loved (hence: popular) type 3 & 4: maHshi stuffed (e.g. vegetables) type 5: mabyuu9 sold To form the passive participles of derived verbs change the final i or ii of the active p!lrtciple to a or aa; if it is already aa, it stays the same: mxallaS finished, completed, miHtaaj needed.

Subject Pronouns The subject pronouns are as follows:

ana I niHna (or iHna) we inta you (m.) intu you (pl.) inti you (f.) huwwa he/it humma they hiyya she/it

These pronouns are not usually used with verbs except for emphasis, e.g. compare ruHt is-suu' I went to the market, with ana ruHt is-suu', mish huwwa I went to the market, not him. However, in verbless sentences, these pronouns are normally used: huwwa mish mawjuud he isn't here.

220 GRAMMAR SUMMARY Object Pronouns - for 'me', 'him', etc. add the same endings to the verb as are added to the noun to indicate possession, except that 'me' is -ni, not -i: shaafi:J.i he saw me, aHibbuh I like him. When these endings are added to a verb form which ends in a vowel, lengthen the vowel: a9Tiini 1-kitaab give me the book!, xallaani aruuH he let me go. When -uh (him) is added to a verb ending in a vowel, the u is dropped: xalliih yruuH let him go!

Verbs and Tenses To say things like 'I am English', 'she is here', 'they are businessmen' you don't need a verb in Arabic. Simply say 'I English' (ana ingliizi) etc. For describing past actions, use the past tense. For the present and 'timeless' statements ('I like ice-cream.') use the non-past. For intentions and future actions use raH + non-past verb: raH asaafir bukra I'm leaving tomorrow. For past-in-the-past ('The bus had gone when I arrived.') use kaan +active participle (il-baaS kaan raayiH 1amma waSalt). For past continuous ('I was talking when he entered.') use kaan + non-past (kunt baHki lamma daxal). The same combination is used for 'used to': kunt bal9ab tanis ktiir ayyaam il-madrasa I used to play tennis a lot at school. To say 'been ... ing for .. .' and similar expressions use the expression Saar la ••• , e.g.

'addeesh Saar lak hoon? How long have you been here? ana Saar li saa9a bastanna I've been waiting an hour huwwa Saar 1uh sana fi 9ammaan He's been in Amman a year

Negation with verbs: use maa ••• (i)sh. The (i)sh element is optional: maa baHibb or maa baHibbish I don't like maa Habbeet or maa Habbeetish I didn't like maa tiHkiish! Don't speak!

with bidd-, 9ind- and fii: as with verbs: maa biddi aruuH I don't want to go maa 9indha 9amal she doesn't have a job

with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles, and prepositions: use mish (ormu): ana mish mudarris I'm not a teacher inta, mish ana! you, not me! ana mish faaDi il-1ee1a I'm not free tonight hiyya mish fi 1-ghurfa she isn't in the room mish laazim yiiji he doesn't have to come mish mumkin yiiji he can't come

GRAMMAR SUMMARY 221 Vocabulary

This is a complete list of all the Arabic words which appear anywhere in this course. Alphabetical order here is in English except that: capital letters follow their small equivalents; sh, th etc. are treated as single letters and follow S and t respectively; initial ' is treated as equivalent to q. 9 comes last. Some words have various pronunciations. In particular the short vowels a, i and u are sometimes dropped, or inserted, so if you cannot find a word here it may be worth checking any possible alternative spelling. Where two variants of a word are common they are listed together, with a comma between. Verbs are listed in past tense/non-past tense form. Verbal nouns are given after the past/non-past forms, if in common use. The 'I' form of the past tense of a hollow verb is given in square brackets after it. For nouns and adjectives plurals are given where appropriate, except in the case of relative adjectives and nouns (see Unit 9 Grammar).

Abbreviations (B) Bedouin or non-urban usage (F) formal usage part. participle

aab August akil food aadhaar March aktar more, most aali automated, automatic aktar shii the most aan: ll-aan (F) now akthar (F), aktar more most aanisa Miss alf, pl. (t)alaaf 1,000 aathaar (pl.) (F), asaar ruins allah God aaxir: aaxir • •• the last ... ahnaanya Germany 9a 1-aaxir extremely amaam (F) in front of ab, (pl.) abaa' father amaana municipality abu father of amaanit ll-9aaSima City abadan: mish ••• abadan not at Hall all amar: taUt amrak at your abrill April service abyaD, f. beeDa, pl. biiD white amriika America aDaaDyDiif, iDaafa [aDaft] amriiki, pl. amriikaan (9ala) to add (to) American aghustus August ams yesterday ah yes ana I ahll family, relatives aqall, a'all less ahlan hello a'rab: a'rab ••• the nearest ... ahlan wa sahlan, ahla u arba9a four sahla welcome arba9iin 40 ahleen hello, you're welcome arba9miyya 400 aHad: (yoom) ll-aHad Sunday arba9ta9sh 14 aHmar, f. Hamra, pl. Humur arxaS cheaper red asaar (pl.) ruins aHsan better, best asaf: ma9a 1-asaf unfortunately aHsan shii preferable aswad, f. sooda, pl. suud black aja (see ija) to come aSfar, f. Safra, pl. Sufur yellow ajaar fare, hire fee aSian originally ajnabi, pl. ajaanib foreign, aw (F) or foreigner awwal first akallyaakul, akil to eat awwalmaa as soon as akiid certain(ly) ax, pl. ixwa brother

222 VOCABULARY axudlyaaxud, axd, part. maaxid bayaan, pl. -aat announcement to take ba9atlyib9at, ba9t to send axDar, f. xaDra, pl. xuDur ba9d after green ba9deen sfterwards, then axiiran at last, finally ba9dmaa ( + verb) after ayaar May ba9D each other ayluul September ba9iid (9an) far (from) aywa yes beeDa, pl. heeD egg ayy(a) which, any been between a9jab/yi9jib, i9jaab to please beet, pl. byuut house azra', f. zar'a, pl. zuru' blue fi 1-beet at home azyaa' (pl.) fashions, costumes bi in, with, by a9Talya9Ti, i9Taa' to give bida see bada to begin bidaaya beginning baab, pl. abwaab door, gate biddi, biddak, etc. I want, you baal mind want, etc. ija 9ala baali it occurred to me biduun without baar, pl. -aat bar biira beer baarid cold, cold drinks binni, f. -iyya, pl. binni brown baaS, pl. -aat bus hint, pl. banaat girl, daughter baa9/ybii9, bee9 [bi9t] to sell bi'ilyib'a, baqaa' to stay baba ghannuuj eggplant/ birka, pl. -aat swimming pool aubergine puree biskoot biscuit bada/yibda,bidaaya tobegin biyjuuz (see jaaz) it's possible, badawi, pl. badu Bedouin maybe badinjaan aubergine, eggplant bi9tha, pl. -aat scholarship baghalyibgha (B) to want abroad baHar sea bluuza, pl. -aat blouse baHathlyibHath, baHth (F) bukra tomorrow to discuss ba9d bukra the day after bakaluuryis Bachelor's degree tomorrow bakeet, pl. -aat packet bulbul nightingale bakkiir early (in the morning) briiTaanya Britain balaash: balaash at9ibak I don't briiTaani British want to trouble you burtu'aana, pl. burtu'aan bi balaash free, for nothing orange (fruit) balad, pl. blaad village, town, buufee buffet country baladiyya municipality daaxiliyya: id-daaxiliyya the hallah, ballaahi please Interior Ministry banduura tomato(es) dafa9/yidfa9, dafi9 to pay bank, pl. bunuuk bank daftar 9eela family card banTaloon, pl. -aat (pair of) dahab gold trousers dajaaj chicken baraka, pl. -aat blessing daliil, pl. dalaayil guide, bardaan, pl. bardaniin (feeling) directory cold dalllydill, dalaala (9ala) to show barDuh also or guide s.o. (to) bariid mail, post da'ii'a, pl. da'aayi' minute (maktab) bariid post office daraj stairs, steps barnaam.ij, pl. baraam.ij daraslyudrus, draasa to study programme dawa medicine bas only, just; but dawaam: (wa't) id-dawaam basiiTa no problem, that's OK working hours baTaaTis potatoes dawla, pl. duwal state, country baTaaTis maqli French fries daxal/yudxul, duxuul to enter baTTa, pl. baTT ducks daxxanlydaxxin, tadxiin to baxshiish tip, tips smoke

VOCABULARY 223 dayman always fattaaHa, pl. -aat tin opener diisaDlbar December faTar/yiiTar, ITuur to have dhnashq Damascus breakfast dinaar, pl. dananiir dinar fi in door, pl. adwaar storey; role fibraayir February dughri straight ahead, fiDDa silver straightforward fihimlyithBDl, fahaDl to duktuur, pl. dakatra doctor understand dulaab, pl. dawaliib cupboard; fii there is tyre fikra, pl. fikar idea duush, pl. -aat shower filasTiini Palestinian duuz (slang) straight ahead filfil pepper duwali international filim, pl. aflaam film duwwaar, pl. -aat roundabout, fils, pl. tluus a 1OOth of a dinar circle finjaan, pl. fanajiin cup duxuul entrance fi91an really, actually tluus (pl.) money DalllyDall, Dall to keep on foo', foog (B) upstairs, above Dariiba, pl. Daraayib tax ITuur, ITaar breakfast Diffa: iD-Diffa 1-gharbiyya the funduq, pl. fanaadiq hotel West Bank fustaan, pl. fasatiin dress Duhur: iD-Duhur noon fuul beans ba9d iD-Duhur in the fuuTa, pl. fuwaT towel afternoon ghaali, pl. ghaalyiin expensive, dhaat: bi dh-dhaat in particular dear dhikraa commemoration ghaaya: Ia ghaayit ... up till ... , until ... DHabT: bi DH-DHabT exactly ghada lunch DHalllyDHall, DHall (F) = Dall ghadda/yghaddi, taghdiya to to keep on (doing something) give s.o. lunch ghalaba a nuisance, pain in the eemta when? neck eesh what? ghalaT, pl. aghlaaT wrong; ey, aywa yes mistake gharbi Western fa so, and then, and ghayyar/yghayyir, taghyiir to faahim, pl. faahmHn (1, you, he, change (sth.) she) understand(s) pl. (we, you, gheer apart from, except; non• they) understand gheer marra again faaDi, pl. faaDyiin free, not busy gheeruh another one faDDaVyfaDDU to prefer ghurfa, pl. ghuraf room faDU: min faDlak, f. faDiik please hal- ... this ... fakkarlyfakkir, tafkiir (fi) to haada, f. haadi, pl. hadool(a) think (about) this falaafil falafel, bean rissoles; hot haadha (F), haada this pepper haat, f. -i, pl. -u bring! faqaT (F) only haay this, these farawla strawberry haayil, pl. haayliin wonderful farrajlyfarrij ... (9ala) to show hala or yaa hala welcome, reply ... (something) to a greeting faSU, pl. fuSuul term, semester halla' now fataWyiftaH, fatH to open haram pyramid(s) fatHa, pl. -aat opening; unit on heek, heeka like that a meter mish heek? isn't it? aren't you? fatra, pl. fataraat period of time didn't they? etc. fatta dip with bread hidiyya, pl. hadaaya gift

224 VOCABULARY biwaaya, pl. -aat hobby Haziraan June biyya she, it HaZZ luck boon here HiDirlyuHDur, HuDuur to go buduum (pl.) clothes to, attend bumma they Hilw, pl. -iin nice, sweet buna (F), boon here Hily jewellery bunaak, hnaak there Hisaab, pl. -aat bill, account bunna (F) they (f.) 'addeesb il-Hisaab How buwiyya sbaxSiyya personal much does it come to? identification HSaan, pl. HuSun horse buwwa he, it Hukuuma, pl. -aat government HummuS houmous HaaDir yes, Sir Haal (m. or f.) pl. aHwaal state ida, iza, idha (F) if bi Haali by myself iftakarlyiftikir, fikr (innuh) to kiifHaalaklllaalikf"ll-Haal? think (that) How are you? iHda9sb eleven Haali present (time) iHna we HaawaVyHaawil, muHaawla iHtaajlyiHtaaj, iHtiyaaj [iHtajt] to try (Ia) to need (something) HabblyHibb, Hubb to like, love iid (f.), pl. ayaadi hand Habiibi, f. Habiibti my dear, ijalyiiji, majii', [(i)jiit] to come darling part. jaay Hadiiqa, pl. Hadaa'iq park, ijaaza, pl. -aat holiday, leave garden ijtimaa9, pl. -aat meeting HaDirtak, f. HaDirtik you illa except (polite) tinteen illa rubu9 quarter to HafaZiyiHfaZ: allah yiHfaZak two God preserve you illi which, who (see Unit 10 HaOa, pl. -aat party Grammar) HaOa muusiqiyya concert iluh, ilak, etc. to him, to you, Hajazlyilljiz, Hajiz to reserve etc. Hajiz reservation imkaaniyya, pl. -aat possibility Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca inbasaTiyinbasiT, inbisaaT to Hakalyillki, Haki to speak, to have a good time, enjoy oneself speak to ingiltera England Hakiim, pl. Hukama doctor ingliizi, pl. ingliiz English; Haliib milk English person Hamd: il-Hamdulillah, il• innuh that (eg. after to know, Hamdillah Praise be to God say, believe) Hamdillah 9a s-salaama inshaallah if God wills Thank God for your well-being inta you (m.) (esp. after a journey) intaaj production Hammaam, pl. -aat bathroom, intahalyintibi, intihaa' (F) toilet, hot spring to end Hammaam sbaaHa intaqallyintiqil, intiqaal to swimming pool transfer, move Harr hot (weather) inti you (f.) HaSallyiHSal, HuSuul 9ala to intu you (pl.) obtain iqtiraaH, pl. -aat proposal, Hatta even, until suggestion HaiT/yHuiT, HaiT to put irtaaHiyirtaaH, irtiyaaH (9ala) HawalyiHwi 9ala to contain to feel happy (with), at home Hawaali approximately, about (with) Hayy,pl.aHyaa' quarter(ofa isim, pl. asmaa' name city) isbaara, pl. -aat traffic light, Hayya: Hayyaak allah God give signal you life (see Unit 9) ishii anything, something

VOCABULARY 225 ishtaghaVyishtaghll, shughul jamb nextto to work jamiil beautiful ishtaralyishtiri, shiraa' to buy jamii9: ll-jamii9 (F) everyone ishtaraklyishtirik, ishtiraak (fi) jam9a a gathering to participate (in) jam9iyya, pl. -aat society ishtiraak membership, januub south subscription jariida, pl. jaraayid newspaper islaam: ll-islaam Islam jaw weather issa at the moment jawaab, pl. -aat reply istafaadlyistafiid, istifaada jawaaz (safar), pl. jawaazaat [istafadt] (min) to benefit passport (from), use profitably jayyid (F) good istannalyistanna to wait jdiid, jadiid new ista'jarlyista'jir, isti'jaar to hire jibna cheese istaraaWyistariiH, istiraaHa jiddan (F) very [istaraHt] to rest, relax, sit jiit (see ija) 1/you came down jisir, pl. jusuur bridge, flyover ista9addlyista9idd, isti9daad jum9a week; Friday to get ready (yoom) ll-jum9a Friday ista9jaVyista9jll, isti9jaal to be juwwa inside in a hurry, urgent ju9aan, pl. -iin hungry ista9mallyista9mll, isti9maal to use istiqdaam summoning ka as istirliini pound sterling kaamll, pl. kaamJHn complete isti9aara borrowing kaan/ykuun, koon [kunt] to be isti91aamaat: maktab n- kaanuun ll-awwal December isti9lamnaat enquiry office kaanuun ith-thaani January ithbaat proof kabaab kebab, meatballs itna9sh twelve kaffalykaffi • •• to be enough itneen, f. tinteen two (for ... ) (yoom) it-tneen Monday kakau cocoa ittaSaVyittaSU bi to ring up s.o., ka1aam talk, chat get in touch with kalima, pl. -aat (F), kUma word ittijaah, pl. -aat direction kallat7ykallif, takliif to cost iTaali Italian kam how many, how much? iTaalya Italy kamaan also, another, more iza if kamera camera iza mumkin please kaniisa, pl. kanaayis church iza samaHt, f. -i please, if you karaaj, pl. -aat garage wouldn't mind kariim, pl. kurama noble, izan (F) so, therefore generous i9tadharlyi9tadhir' i9tidhaar kart, pl. kruut card, postcard (9an) to excuse oneself (from) kassarlykassir, taksiir to break, smash katablyiktib, kitaaba to write jaab/yjiib [jibt] to bring kathiir (F), ktiir much, many jaahiz, pl. jaahziin ready kayyaf7ykayyif, takyiif to enjoy jaami9, pl. jawaami9 large oneself mosque kbiir, pl. kbaar big jaam9a, pl. -aat university kiif, keef how jaanib (bi jaanib (F)) next to kiifak f. kiifik pl. kiitkum jaay coming, next how are you? jaazlyjuuz to be possible kiilo kilogram, kilometre jabal, pl. jbaal mountain, hill kiilomitir, pl. kiilomitraat jadiid, pl. judad new kilometre jakeet, pl. -aat jacket kUma, pl. -aat or kalaam word jalaaltak Your Majesty kishka cracked wheat dish jamal, pl. jmaal camel kitaab, pl. kutub book

226 VOCABULARY ktiir many, much, too much maay (f.), maaya water kubba meatballs maay ma9daniyya mineral kubba HamiiS deep-fried water meatballs maayu May kubba nayya raw meatballs mabna (m.), pl. mabaani kufta kofta, meatballs building kull all, every, each mabruuk Congratulations! il-kull everyone mabsuuT, pl. -iin happy, well kull shii everything madaalya, pl. -aat medallion, kunaafa sweet pastry with nuts medal kundara, pl. -aat pair of shoes madiina, pl. mudun city kwayyis, f. kwaysa, pl. -iin good madrasa, pl. madaaris school kweet: il-kweet Kuwait madxal, pl. madaaxil entrance maDalyimDi to pass, elapse Ia to, for maftuuH open laa no mahrajaan, pl. -aat festival laakin but maHall, pl. -aat shop, place laa'alylaa'i to find maHalli local laazim necessary, must maHaTTa, pl. -aat bus-stop, laft7yliff, laff to wrap, turn station laHma meat maHlabiyya a milk pudding laHmit ba'ar beef maHshi stuffed vegetables laHmit dajaaj chicken majlis, pl. majaalis council, laHmit xaruuf lamb reception room laHza, pl. laHaZaat moment il-majlis ith-thaqaafi lakaan so, then 1-briiTaani the British lamma, lamman when (not in Council questions) makaan, pl. amaakin place landan London maktab, pl. makaatib office law if, were it to be the case that ... maktaba, pl. -aat library, law samaHt, f. -i please, if bookshop you permit maktuub, pl. -aat letter laysa (F) it isn't malfuuf cabbage leel night mamarr, pl. -aat corridor leela, pl. layaali a night mamnuu9 prohibited, il-leela tonight forbidden leesh why? mamnuu9 it-tadxiin no li'annuh because smoking liira, pl. -aat pound, lira mamnuu9 il-wuquuf no Iissa not yet parking li9ba, pl. al9aab game mana9~a9,mana9 to li9iblyil9ab, lu9ub to play forbid, prevent loon, pl. alwaan colour manga mango shu loon ••• What colour is ... ? manTiqa, pl. manaaTiq area, lubnaan Lebanon region luTuf: haada min luTfak, f. manZar, pl. manaaZir sight, luTfik It's very kind of you view ma'aas, pl. -aat size (clothes maa not; what etc.) maa lak, f. lik What's wrong maqli fried with you? maq9ad, pl. maqaa9id (F) seat maaDi: il-usbuu9 il-maaDi marag stew last week marHaba hello maars March mariiD, pl. marDa ill maashaallah what God has markab, pl. maraakib ship willed (see Unit 1, Dia. 4) marra, pl. -aat a time, once maashi OK kamaan marra again maashi 1-Haal OK, fine maa ••. bi 1-marra not ... at maaxid taking (see axad) all

VOCABULARY 227 masa evening, late afternoon mista9jil, pl. -iin urgent, in a masa 1-xeer good afternoon, hurry good evening miSir Egypt masaafa, pl. -aat distance mish not mas'uul, pl. -iin (9an) mishi/yimshi, mashy to go, go responsible (for) away masraH, pl. masaariH theatre mishmish apricots masraHiyya, pl. -aat play mishwaar, pl. mashawiir walk, mashghuul, pl. -iin busy, outing, errand occupied mitDaayi', pl. mitDay'iin mashkuur thank you irritated mashwi, pl. mashaawi roast; mitil, mithil like roast or grilled meats mitir metre mashy: raaH/yruuH mashy to mit'assif, pl. mit'asfiin sorry go on foot mit'axxir, pl. mit'axriin late masluu' boiled mitrayyiH, pl. -iin settled, maSaari (pl.) money comfortable matalan, mathalan for example mitshakkir, pl. -iin thankful matHaf, pl. mataaHif museum mitzakkir, pl. -iin remembering maT9am, pl. maTaa9im mitzawwij, pl. -iin married restaurant mithil (F), mitil like mawjuud, pl. -iin present, here miyya (construct from miit) 100 maw'if, pl. mawaa'if bus or taxi hi 1-miyya percent station mi9da stomach maw9id, pl. mawaa9id mi9jib ..• pleasing (to ... ) appointment, time when mniiH, pl. mnaaH good something is due mrashshaH, pl. -iin having a maxadda, pl. -aat cushion cold maxbaz, pl. maxaabiz bakery msabbaHa chick pea dip with maxluuTa a variety of dishes spices maxraj, pl. maxaarij exit mtabbal puree of roasted mayuneez mayonnaise aubergine/eggplant maZbuuT true, correct, exact mTarraZ embroidered ma9a, ma9 with, together with mu (B), mish not ma9leesh never mind, that's OK mubaashir direct ma9luumaat information mu'assasa, pl. -aat institution ma9na (m.) pl. ma9aani mu'assasit in-naql il-9aamm meaning the Public Transport Company ma9'uul, ma9quul reasonable mudarraj amphitheatre mish ma9'uul incredible! mudarris, pl. -iin teacher ma9ruuf: i9mal, f. -i ma9ruuf mudda, pl. -aat period of time do me a favour mudiir, pl. mudara manager, ma9zuum, pl. -iin invited director mbaariH yesterday mufrad, pl. -iin single mbayyin it seems muftaaH, pl. mafatiiH key mfakkir, pl. -iin (fi) thinking (of) mughram, pl. -iin (bi) in love mHammaS toasted (with), very fond (of) miHtaaj, pl. -iin (Ia) in need (of) muhandis, pl. -iin engineer miin who? muHriq burning hot miiteen 200 mujaddara lentil and rice dish mi1H salt mujawharaat jewels min from, of, than m~,pl.-aat min saniteen two years ago conversation mineen from where? mulawwan coloured minyu menu mulk property mirtabiT, pl. mirtabTiin (fi) mumaththil,pl.-iin connected (to) representative misaafir, pl. misaafriin mumkin possible traveller, travelling mumtaaz, pl. -iin excellent

228 VOCABULARY munaasba, pl. -aat occasion nuSS half muqaabil (F) opposite nuSS 9a n-nuSS, nuSS u muqaamara gambling nuSS so so, not bad muqabbilaat hors d'oeuvres nuufambar November muruur passing; traffic shurTit il-muruur traffic 'aabally'aabil, mu'aabla to meet police qaahira: il-qaahira Cairo musaa9id, pl. musaa9diin 'aally'uul ['ult] to say, tell assistant qaa'ima menu muslim, pl. -iin Muslim 'abil before, ago mustashfa (m.), pl. -yaat 'abilla, 'abilmaa (+verb) before hospital qaddam/yqaddim, taqdiim to mustawrad imported serve, offer, put forward musta9idd, pl. -iin ready, willing 'addeesh how much mushakkal varied, mixed 'addeesh si9ruh? How much mutabbal puree of roasted does it cost? eggplant/aubergine 'adiim, pl. 'udama old, ancient muxaabraat: il-muxaabraat 'ahwa coffee il-9aamma General 'ahwa 9arabi Turkish coffee Intelligence Organisation 'alam, pl. i'laam pen muxtalif, pl. muxtalfiin (9an) 'amiiS, pl. 'umSaan shirt different (from) 'ariib min ••. near ... mu9ayyan, pl. -iin specific, qarya, pl. qura (F) village particular 'aSar, qaSr, pl. 'uSuur palace, mwaafiq, pl. mwafqiin (ma9a) fort in agreement (with) 'aTaayif (pl.) pancakes 'aTa9/yi'Ta9, 'aTa9 to cut, pick naas (f. or m. pl.) people 'azaaza, pl. -aat bottle naazil, pl. naaziHn (ti) staying 'a9ad/yi'9ud to sit down (at) ( eg. a hotel) 'a9da sitting area naa9im smooth, soft 'idirlyi'dar, qudra to be able to naadi, pl. nawaadi club 'irsh, pl. 'uruush a piastre, naamlynaam, noom [nimt] 1OOth of a dinar to sleep 'ubruS Cyprus naasab/ynaasib to be convenient 'uddaam in front of to, suit quds: il-quds, il-'uds naawi, pl. nawyiin intending Jerusalem nabaat, pl. -aat plant nabaati vegetarian raabi9, f. raab9a fourth nabiid wine raaWyruuH [ruHt] to go (to) nafs: nafsuh, nafsi etc. himself, raas, pl. ruus head myself, etc. raayiH going nafs il- • . . the same ... radd, pl. ruduud answer, reply naql: in-naql il-9aamm public rafa9/yirfa9, rafa9 to lift up transport raH + non-past verb going to nawalyinwi, niyya to plan, intend (future) na9am yes; yes? raHma mercy na9saan, pl. -iin drowsy rajul, pl. rijaal (F) man neskafe. instant coffee rajul a9maal businessman nhaar daytime rakaD jogging, running nihaaya end ra'alyara (F) to see niHna we raqam, pl. arqaam number niil: in-niil the Nile ra'aS shar'i belly dancing niisaan April ra'iis, pl. ru'asa president, head nisba: bi n-nisba Ia with regard (eg. of department) to ra'y, pl. aaraa' opinion, view nizillyinzil, nuzuul to go down; shu ra'yak, f. ra'yik (ti) ••• ? stay ( eg. at a hotel) what d'you think (of) ... ? noo9, pl. anwaa9 kind, sort raxiiS, rxiiS cheap

VOCABULARY 229 raza'/yirza', rizi' to give salaama: ma9a s-salaama sustenance to goodbye riHla, pl. -aat trip, outing, salaamtak Your health! (to journey ill person) riif countryside salaTa, pl. -aat salad riji9/yirja9, rujuu9 to go back sallam/ysallim: allah ysalmak riji9 yi9mal to do again, redo God give you peace rijjaal, pl. rijjaala man samak fish rikiblyirkab, rukuub to ride, sambuusak meat pastry get into or take (bus, car, bicycle sammalysammi, tasmiya to etc.) name, call riyaaDa sport sammaa9a telephone receiver rooHa: tazkara rooHa raj9a sana, pl. sniin, sanawaat year return ticket sandawitsh, pl. -aat sandwich tazkara rooHa bas one way sa'allyis'al, su'aal (9an) to ask ticket (a question) (about) rubu9, pl. arbaa9 quarter sarii9 quick, express rusuum (pl.) fees sawa together ruumaani Roman sawa/yiswi to be worth ruusi Russian sawwal ysawwi to do ruxSa: ruxSit swaa'a driving saxnaan, pl. -iin feverish licence sayyaara, pl. -aat car ruzz rice sayyid gentleman is-sayyid ••. Mr... . is-sayyida ••• Mrs ... . saabi9, f. saab9a seventh sa9aadtak Your Excellency saada plain, without sugar sa9uudiyya: is-sa9uudiyya saadis, f. saadsa sixth Saudi Arabia saafar/ysaafir, safar to travel, go sbaaHa swimming away sibaaq il-xeel horse-racing saakin, pl. saakniin fi living in sifaara, pl. -aat embassy saakin, pl. sukkaan inhabitant sigaara, pl. sagaayir cigarette saa9a, pl. -aat hour; watch; clock siidi: yaa siidi 'sir' (term of 'addeesh is-saa9a? What time address) is it? siinama cinema saa9ad/ysaa9id, musaa9da to sikriteera, pl. -aat secretary (f.) help simi9/yisma9, sama9 to hear, sabab, pl. asbaab reason, cause listen sabaH/yisbaH, sbaaHa to swim sirviis 'service' taxi saba9miyya 700 sitt (f.), pl. -aat woman saba9ta9sh 1 7 sitta six sabt: (yoom) is-sabt Saturday sitta9sh 16 sabtambar September sittiin 60 sab9a seven si9ir, pl. as9aar price sab9iin 70 steek steak safariyyaat travel agency, ticket sukkar sugar office sukkar 'aliil medium sugar sahra muusiqiyya musical (coffee) evening su'aal, pl. as'ila question sahhal/ysahhil: rabbina ysahhil sur9a: hi sur9a quickly May God make it easy suubarmarkit, pl. -aat sahil easy supermarket sajjal/ysajjil, tasjiil to record, suu', suuq (f.), pl. aswaa' register market sakanlyuskun, sakan (fi) to live suurya Syria (in) suxun hot (tea, etc.) sakkar/ysakkir to close sxuuna fever salaam: is-salaam 9aleekum Peace be upon you (greeting)

230 VOCABUlARY SaaHib, pl. aSHaab friend, shii, pl. ashya, ashyaa' thing, owner something SaaHbi my friend ay shii anything, which thing? SaarlySiir [Sirt] to become, fii shii 6. •• • there's something begin wrong with ... Saar Iii sana hoon I've been shiik, pl. -aat cheque here a year shiish tawuk roast chicken on a SabaaH il-xeer Good morning spit SabaaH in-nuur Good shimaal north, left morning (reply) shiriblyishrab, shurba to drink Sadaf sea-shell shismuh, shismah what's-his- Sadar chest name,thingummybob SaHiiH true, correct shita winter, rain SaHra desert shmaal north, left SallaH/ySalliH, taSliiH to repair shoob hot (weather) SaraaHa: bi SaraaHa frankly shu? what? Saydaliyya chemist's shop, shubaaT February pharmacy shugfa, pl. shugaf chunk (eg. of Sa9b difficult meat) Seef summer shughul work, occupation Sghiir, pl. Sghaar small, young shukalaaTa chocolate SiHHa health shukran thank you SubuH morning shukran jaziilan (F) thank Suura, pl. Suwar picture you very much shu'uun (pl. ofsha'n) affairs shurba soup, drinking shaaf7yshuuf[shuft] to see shuwarma doner kebab shaami Syrian shwayy, shwayya a little shaari9, pl. shawaari9 street shwayy shwayy slowly, shaay tea gradually shab9aan, pl. -iin full up, satiated (after a meal) shafa/yishfi: allah yishfiik May taalit, f. taalta third God heal you! (to an ill person) taamin, f. taamna eighth shaghghallyshaghghil, tashghiil taani, f. taanya, pl. taanyiin to operate, set going second, other shaghla, pl. -aat thing taariix, pl. tawariix date shahar,pl.shuhuur,ashhur (calendar) month taasi9, f. taas9a ninth shallaal, pl. -aat waterfall taba9 belonging to shams (f.) sun tabbuula salad made with sha'n, pl. shu'uun matter, affair cracked wheat bi sha'n about, on the subject tadxiin smoking of tadhkira (F), tazkara ticket sharaab drink, squash tafarraj/yitfarraj, furja (9ala) sharHa, pl. -aat slice to watch sharika, pl. -aat company, firm tafSiil, pl. tafaSiil detail sharq east taghadda/yitghadda to have ish-sharq il awsaT the lunch Middle East taghyiir,pl.-aat change sharqi eastern taHamrnam/yitHamrnam to sharrat7ysharrif: sharraftuuna have a bath or shower You've honoured us (host to taHarraklyitHarrak, Haraka guest) to move shaxS, pl. ashxaaS person taHat under, below, downstairs shayx (F), sheex old man, sheikh takayyat7yitkayyaf, takayyuf sha9ar/yush9ur, shu9uur (hi ••• ) to get used to to feel ( ... ) taksi, pl. taksiyyaat, takaasi sha9bi popular, folk taxi

VOCABULARY 231 talaaf (see alt) thousands tismaH, f. -ii, pl. -uu Iii Would talaata three you permit me? (yoom) it-talaata Tuesday tis9a nine talaatiin 30 tis9iin 90 talaatmiyya 300 tishriin U-a~al October talaatta9sh 13 tishrin ith-thaani November tamaam excellent; OK tneen, itneen two tamaaniin 80 tuffaaHa, pl. tuffaaH apple tamaanmiyya 800 tult a third (fraction) tamaanta9sh 18 turki Turkish tamaanya eight tammuuz July thaalith (F), taalit third (first, tamra, pl. tamar date (fruit) second, ... ) tana' 'aVyitna' 'al, tana' 'ul thaani (F) or (B), taani second, to move around other tanis tennis thalaatha (F) or (B), talaata tannuura, pl. tananiir skirt three ta'miin insurance ta'riiban about, almost Taabi9, pl. Tawaabi9 stamp taraklyutruk, tark to leave Taalib, pl. Tullaab, Talaba taSa~ar~tSa~ar,taSa~r student to imagine Taawla, pl. -aat table taSwiir photography Tab, Tayyib well, OK tasharraf7yitsharraf: tasharraft Tabiib, pl. aTibbaa' (F) doctor I'm honoured (guest to host) Tabiib asnaan dentist tashkiila variety, selection Tabii9i natural tatbiila spicy dressing Tab9an of course taTriiz embroidery Talab, pl. -aat order (in tawaaliit, pl. -aat toilet restaurant); application tawakkaVyitwakkal 9ala llah Talab/yiTlub, Talab (min ••• ) to put one's trust in God (see to ask ( ... ) for, order Unit 9) Ta's weather, climate tawqii9, pl. -aat signature Tarii', Tariiq (m. or f.), pl. taza~aj/yitza~aj, zawaaj Turu' road to get married Tawiil, pl. Twaal long, tall tazakkar/yitzakkar to remember Tayyaara, pl. -aat plane tazkara, pl. tazaakir ticket Tayyib well, OK; kind, good- ta9aala, f. ta9aali, pl. ta9aalu hearted come! Tili9~Tla9, Tuluu9 to go up, ta9aawun co-operation go out, set out, get into (bus), ta9allamlyit9allam, ta9allum come out as to learn Tuul: 9ala Tuul immediately, ta9ashsha/yit9ashsha to have straight on dinner or supper ta9aTT~t9aTTal to break u, wa (F) and down ujra fare ta9baan, pl. -iin tired, not very uktuubar October well umm, pl. ummahaat mother tfaDDal, f. -i, pl. -u Be so kind. umm 9ali a sweet heavy Come in. Please sit down. etc. pudding tibigh tobacco urdun: U-urdun Jordan tiina, pl. tiin fig urduni Jordanian tikram, f. -i, pl. -u You're too usbuu9, pl. asabii9 week kind utiil, pl. -aat hotel tilifoon, pl. -aat telephone uxt, pl. ixwaat sister tilighraam, pl. -aat telegram tinteen (f.) two tisa9miyya 900 wa (F), u and tisa9ta9sh 19 waaHad, f. waHda one

232 VOCABULARY waafa'lywaafi', muwaaf'a (9ala) xaTa', pl. axTaa' mistake to agree (to) xaTar danger waddalywaddi to lead, take xaTT, pl. xuTuuT line waja9 pain xeer: bi xeer (F) well wala shii nothing xidaama: ayy xidaama Can I wala maHall nowhere help you? walad, pl. iwlaad boy, child xidma service (charge) wallah, wallaahi by God xi1aal during wa' 'at7ywa' 'if to stop min xilaal by means of wa't, waqt, pl. aw'aat time xishin rough wara' 9inab vine leaves xubiz bread wasT centre, middle xud, f. -i, pl. -u (see axad) take! wasT il-balad the centre of xuDra, xuDaar vegetables town xuSuuS: bi xuSuuS concerning, waSSal/ywaSSil, tawSiil (9a) about to take someone to a place, give xuSuuSi private someone a lift waziir, pl. wuzara minister yaa •.. . .. ! (addressing someone) (government) yallah let's go! off you go! come ween where? on! ween inta? Where've you been yam at all, completely (all this time)? yamiin right (opp. ofleft) wi and yanaayir January widd- (B), bidd- want ya9ni it means; 'I mean' or 'you willa or know' wiSiVyuuSal, wuSuul (Ia 9ind) yin1kin perhaps to arrive (at) yoom, pl. (t)iyyaam day wizaara, pl. -aat ministry il-yoom today wuquuf (F) parking yunaan: il-yunaan Greece yuulyu July xaat7yxaaf, xoof, [xuft] to fear, yyaa- See Unit 8 Grammar be afraid of xaaliS pure; completely xaamis, f. xaamsa fifth zaaki delicious xaarij outside zaarlyzuur [zurt], ziyaara to xaaSS special visit xaaTrak: min shan xaaTrak, f. zaayid plus -ik for your sake zaayir, pl. zuwwaar VISitor xabiir,pl.xubara expen zamaan time, a long time ago xalaaS OK, that's it zayy like xalaS/yixlaS to finish, end za9laan, pl. -iin upset, annoyed xaliij: il-xaliij the Gulf za99allyza99il to upset, annoy xa1lalyxalli to leave zeen (B), mniiH, kwayyis xalla .•• yi9mal to let or make good, OK ... do zeet oil allah yxalliik God preserve ziina decoration you ziyaara, pl. -aat visit xallaS/yxalliS to finish something zooj husband xamasmiyya 500 zooja, pl. -aat wife xamasta9sh 15 zrii9a plants xamiis: (yoom) il-xamiis zwaaj, pl. ziijaat wedding Thursday xamsa five Zaahir: iZ-Zaahir it appears, xamsiin 50 apparently xaraj/yixruj, xuruuj to go out Zahar (person's) back xarrablyxarrib, taxriib to ruin Zann: 9aZunni I think xarTa, pl. xaraayiT map xass lettuce 9aad: leesh 9aad But why? xashab wood 9aada, pl. -aat custom

VOCABULARY 233 9aadi ordinary, normal 9aSiir fruit juice 9amn: kull 9amn wa antwn bi 9aSir afternoon xeer Happy Eid, Happy 9aTni give me (see a9Ta) Birthday, etc. 9aTshaan, pl. -iin thirsty 9aamil, pl. 9ummaal worker 9azamlyi9zim, 9uzuuma to shu 9aamil? What are you invite doing? 9aZiim, pl. 9uZama great 9aanun general, public 9ibaara 9an in other words, 9aarif, pl. 9aarfiin (1, you, he, consists of she) know(s), pl. (we, you, they) 9idda: 9iddit a number of, know several 9aashir, f. 9aashra tenth 9iid, pl. a9yaad festival 9abbaly9abbi, ta9biya to fill in 9iid il-tiTir festival at the end (form), fill up (tank) of Ramadan 9ada: maa 9ada except for 9iid il-aDHa festival at the 9adas lentils end of the pilgrimage 9add/y9idd, 9add to count, list 9iid mubaarak Happy Eid 9addaad, pl. -aat meter (eg. in 9ilba, pl. 9ilab can, box, packet taxi) 9imillyi9mal, 9amal to do, 9afwan, il-9afu You're welcome make (reply to shukran) 9ind with, at, at the house of 9ala on, against, to etc. 9iraaq: il-9iraaq Iraq 9alashaan because, for 9irit7yi9raf, ma9rifa to know, 9am See Unit 11, Dialogue 5 come to know 9amal, pl. a9maal work 9ishriin 20 rajul a9maal businessman 9iyaada, pl. -aat clinic, surgery 9amm, pl. a9mamn uncle on 9umaan Oman father's side 9umur, pl. a9maar age, length yaa 9amm informal way of of life addressing older man 9umri maa shuft • •• I've 9ammaan Amman never seen ... 9arabi, pl. 9arab Arab, Arabic 9unwaan, pl. 9anawiin address 9arD display, showing (of film) 9u'ud pl. 9u'uuda necklace 9asha dinner, supper 9uTul, 9uTla, pl. -aat holiday, 9ashaan because, for, in order to day off 9ashra ten 9uTlit il-usbuu9 weekend 9ashshaly9ashshi to give dinner 9uTur perfume or supper to 9uzuuma, pl. -aat invitation

234 VOCABULARY English-Arabic Glossary

This glossary contains the words which appear in the Key Words and Phrases sections of each unit, plus some items which have been added on grounds of general usefulness. Nouns are given in the singular and plural. Adjectives are given in the masculine form, and feminine and plural only if not predictable. Irregular past tenses in English, like 'went', should be looked up under the present tense (in this case 'go'). The Arabic verbs are listed with past tense form first, followed by non-past without the b- prefix. Phrases like 'Do you mind if.. .' are listed under the key word in the phrase (here 'mind'). able, (to be- to) 'idirlyi'dar ask for TalablyuTiub about (= approx.) Hawaali as soon as awwal maa (=concerning) bixsuSuuS as soon as he comes... awwal what's the meeting about? maa yiiji ... bixuSuuS eesh ll-ijtimaa9? as well kamaan above foo' at fi, bi, 9ind address 9unwaan pl. 9anaawiin he isn't at home huwwa mish aeroplane Taa'ira pl. Taa'iraat fi 1-beet after ba9d + noun; ba9d maa + at all bi 1-marra verb I don't like it at all maa after breakfast ba9d il-ffuur byi9jibni bi 1-marra after a couple of days ba9d attempt HaawaVyHaawil yoomeen August aghustos after he'd gone... ba9d maa raaH ••• bank bank pl. bunuuk afternoon ba9d iD-Duhur, il- bad mish kwayyis, mish mniiH 9aSir not bad mish baTTaal afterwards ba9deen bath (to take a-) taHammam/ again kamaan marra yitHammam ago 'abll, min bathroom Hammaam pl. a couple of days ago 'abil Hammaamaat yoomeen, min yoomeen be kaanlykuun agree (to) waafaqlywaafiq (9ala) beans fuul I don't agree to that ana mish beautiful jamiil mwaafiq 9ala haada because 9alashaan airport maTaar pl. maTaaraat become Saar/ySiir all kull beef laHmit baqar also kamaan, barDuh been: always dayman how long have you been... ? America amriika 'addeesh Saar lak... answer jawaab, radd before 'abil + noun; 'abil maa + anything ay shii (or ay ishii) verb anything else? shii taani? before the meeting 'abil n• and u, wa ijtmaa9 apple tuffaaH before he comes... 'abil maa appointment maw9id pl. yiiji ... mawaa9id beforehand min 'abil do you have an appointment? begin badalyibda; SaarlySiir + 9indak maw9id? non-past verb I'd like to make an appointment I began work today badeet il- with... biddi aaxud maw9id 9amal il-yoom ma9a... I began to like it Sirt aHibbuh approximately Hawaali, ta'riiban behind wara April abrill below taHat Arab, Arabic 9arabi beside (=next to) (hi) jaanib ask (a question) sa'aVyis'al best aHsan, il-aHsan I'd like to ask if... biddi as'al the best one aHsan waaHad iza... the best thing aHsan shii

GLOSSARY 235 better (than) aHsan min chocolate shukalaaTa big kbiir pl. kbaar box of chocolates 9ilbit bill Hisaab shukalaaTa the bill, please a9Tiini 1-Hisaab church kaniisa pl. kanaa'is minfaDlak cinema siinama pl. siinamaat biscuit(s) biskoot city madiina pl. mudun black aswad, f. sooda, pl. suud city centre wasT U-balad blouse bluuza pl. bluuzaat close sakkarlysakkir blue azra', f. zar'a, pl. zuru' closed musakkar boiled masluu' coffee (Arab) 'ahwa book ktaab pl. kutub coffee (instant) niskafee boss mudiir pl. mudaraa come (to) aja/yiiji (9ala) bottle 'azaaza pl. 'azaazaat come on! yallah! box (chocolate, etc.) 9Uba pl. comfortable(= at ease) mitrayyiH 9ilab company (= business) sharika pl. boy walad pl. iwlaad sharikaat bread xubiz cold (weather, etc.) baarid breakfast ITuur would you like a cold drink? bring jaab/yjiib biddak tishrab baarid? bring! haat, haati (f.) complete (verb) kammall Britain briiTaanya ykammil brown binni complete kaamil bus baaS pl. baaSaat concerning bi n-nisba Ia by bus bi 1-baaS congratulations! mabruuk! bus station/stop maHaTTit contact ittaSallyittaSU bi U-baaS convenient munaasib business (commerce) a9maal busy mashghuul but bas, 1aakin day yoom pl. (t)iyyaam buy ishtaralyishtiri half-day (working) nuSS in• nhaar December diisambar call (telephone) ittaSallyittaSU hi dentist Tabiib asnaan camel jamal pl. jmaal desk maktab pl. makaatib can (verb) mumkin; 'idir/yi'dar details tafaSiil + non-past verb diary muzakkira pl. can you say it slowly? mumkin muzakkiraat shwayy shwayy? different (from) muxtalif (9an), can you direct me to... mumkin gheer tdillni 9ala... ? take a different one xud how can I get to ... ? kiifba'dar gheeruh awSalla 9ind... ? difficult (for) Sa9b (9ala) can (container) 9Uba pl. 9ilab dine ta9ashsha/yit9ashsha car sayyaara pl. sayyaaraat dinner 9asha chair kursi pl. karaasi direct (to a place) dall/ydill (9ala) change (buses, money, etc.) director mudiir pl. mudaraa ghayyarlyghayyir discuss baHathlyibHath cheap raxiiS distance masaafa is there anything cheaper? fii what's the distance from ... ? ishii arxaS? kam U-masaafa min... ? check (= bill) Hisaab do 9imil/yi9mal chemist's shop Saydaliyya pl. what are you doing? shu Saydaliyyaat 9aamil, f. 9aamila? chicken dajaaj doctor (medical) Tabiib pl. roast chicken dajaaj mHammar aTibbaa child walad pl. iwlaad door baab pl. abwaab cigarette sigaara pl. sagaayir down, downstairs taHat pack of cigarettes 9ilbit sagaayir downtown wasT U-balad

236 GLOSSARY dress fustaan pl. fasatiin excuse me?(= please repeat) drink sharablyishrab na9am? drive saa' (or saaq)lysuu' (or expensive ghaali ysuuq) expert xabiir pl. xubaraa driver's license ruxSit swaa'a (s'one) off waSSaVywaSSil drop far (from) ba9iid (9an) how far is it? 'addeesh il• each kull masaafa? other ba9D each fare ujra each other biyHibbu they like how much is the fare? ba9D 'addeesh il-ujra? bakkiir early February fabraayir early in the morning few 'aliil or qaliil iS-SubuH bakkiir fifteen xamasta9sh it's still early! (i.e. don't leave yet) fifty xamsiin bakkiir! Iissa fill 9abbaly9abbi sharq east film (photographic or movie) shar'i or sharqi eastern filim pl. aflaam akaVyaakul eat find laa'alylaa'i miSir Egypt finish (something) xallaS!yixalliS miSri Egyptian fine, OK kwayyis beeD egg first awwal f. uula eight tamaanya five xamsa tamaanta9sh eighteen floor (= storey) door pl. adwaar eighty tamaaniin food akil, Ta9aam eleven iHda9sh foot: else: on foot mashi else? shii taani? anything for Ia, ila end xalaS/yixlaS this is for you haada ilak time does it end? is-saa9a what for two weeks Ia usbuu9een kam byixlaS? four arba9a end fourteen arba9ta9sh the end of the street fi at fourth ( .. fifth, sixth) raabi9 nihaayit ish-shaari9 fourth (fraction) rubu9 pl. arbaa9 in the end fi n-nihaaya three-fourths talaatt arbaa9 enjoy oneself inbasaT/yinbasiT, forbidden mamnuu9 kayyaf7ykayyif forty arba9iin engineer muhandis pl. free(= not busy) faaDi muhandisiin are you free tonight? inta ingliizi English faaDi il-leela? kaafi, byikaffi enough Friday (yoom) il-jum9a isn't enough haada maa that fried ma'li or maqli byikaffiish friend SaaHib, f. SaaHiba, pl. enough of that! bas! that's aSHaab xalaaS! from min masa evening front: masa 1-xeer! good evening! in front of 'uddaam evening! (reply) masa good full malyaan n-nuur! the market is full of people evening il-masa in the is-suu' malyaan naas every kull every evening kull masa everyone kull waaHad, il-kull garage karaaj everything kull shii, il-kull gas (for a car) banziin exactly bi DH-DHabT (or bi gas tank xazzaan Z-ZabT) fill the tank 9abbi 1-xazzaan example: gas station maHaTTit banziin for example mathalan get axad/yaaxud, HaSaVyiHSal excuse me law samaHt, f. -i 9ala

GLOSSARY 237 get off (bus, taxi, etc.) nizillyinzil hot water m.aaya suxna (min) hotel funduq (or fundu') pl. get on, in (bus, taxi, etc.) rikibl fanaadiq yirkab hour saa9a pl. saa9aat get to wiSiVyuuSal hours of opening/working awqaat gift bidiyya pl. hadaaya id-dawaam. girl bint pl. banaat house beet pl. byuut give a9Ta/ya9Ti how? kiif or keef go (to) raaHiyruuH (9ala) how are you? kiif Haalak? go on foot raaHiyruuH mashi how about... ? shu ra'yak••• ? where're you going? ween how about having lunch raayiH, f. rayHa? together? shu ra'yak let's go! yallah! nitghadda sawa? go out/up Tili91yiTla9 how much, how many? kam.? or God willing, perhaps inshaallah 'addeesh? gold dahab houmous Hum.m.uS golden dahabi hundred m.iyya good mniiH, kwayyis hungry ju9aan goodbye ma9a s-salaama husband zooj, pl. azwaaj grateful m.itshakkir great! tamaam! m.um.taaz! I ana green axDar, f. xaDra, pl. xuDur if iza grilled mashwi ill mariiD pl. m.araDa mixed grill mashaawi in fi m.ushakkala incredible! m.ish ma9'uul! grown-up kbiir pl. kbaar information ma9luum.aat guide (book or person) daliil inside daaxil it huwwa or biyya half nuSS hand iid pl. ayaadi hand-made shughul iid jacket jakeet pl. jakeetaat happy mabsuuT, m.irtaaH January yanaayir have 9ind + pronoun job shughul pl. ashghaal or what d'you have? shu 9indak? 9am.al pl. a9m.aal I have an appointment 9indi Jordan U-urdun maw9id Jordanian urduni have(= take) axadlyaaxud juice (offruit) 9aSiir when d'you have breakfast? July yuulyuu eem.ta btaaxud U-ITuur? June yuunyuu he huwwa hear sim.i9/yisma9 kilogram kino pl. kiilowaat here(= in this place) boon kilometre kiilom.itir pl. here(= present) mawjuud kiilom.itraat sorry the boss isn't here aasif, know 9irif7yi9raf U-m.udiir m.ish mawjuud d'you know the manager? hello, hi! m.arHaba, ahlan bti9raf U-m.udiir? holiday 9uTla, ijaaza d'you know how to play... ? home(= house where one lives) bti9raftil9ab••• ? U-beet when d'you go home? eem.ta lamb (meat) laHm.it xaruuf btruuH U-beet? last aaxir hors d'oeuvres m.uqabbilaat the last... aaxir••• hospital m.ustashfa pl. late mit'axxir m.ustashfayaat later ba9deen where's the nearest hospital? learn ta9allamlyit9allam. ween 'a'rab m.ustashfa? leave taraklyutruk hot shoob, Haarr; suxun leave (holiday) ijaaza it's very hot today shoob ktiir Lebanon lubnaan U-yoom. Lebanese lubnaani

238 GLOSSARY left (opposite to right) shmaal mechanic miikaniiki on the left 9a sh-shmaal meeting (business, etc.) ijtimaa9 take a left xud shmaalak pl. ijtimaa9aat let xallalyxal1i middle wasT let's go for a trip! xalliina milk Haliib nruuHriiDa mind: don't let him do that! maa d'you mind if...? tisD1BH, f. -i, txalliihsh yi9mal heek pl. -u lift (to give a- to) waSSaV minister waziir pl. wuzaraa ywaSSil ministry wizaara pl. wizaaraat like (= have a liking for) Habbl minute da'ii'a (or daqiiqa) pl. yHibb, a9jablyi9jib da'aayi' do you like swimming? bitHibb Miss il-aanisa is-sibaaHa? moment: do you like Jordan? bti9jibak just a moment! laHZa! il-urdun? Monday (yoom) it-tneen like(= want) bidd +pronoun money tluus, IXUISaari would you like tea? biddak month shahar pl. ashhur shaay? more aktar like ( = similar to) mitil or mithil I can't do more than that maa like this/that heek ba'darsh a9mal aktar min listen simi9fyisJXUI9 heek litre litir pl. litraat morning SabaaH or SubuH little (amount) 'aliil or qaliil, good morning! shwayya SabaaH il-xeer! a little milk shwayyit Haliib SabaaH in-nuur! (reply) live sakanlyuskun in the morning iS-SubuH where d'you live? ween saakin/ mosque masjid pl. masaajid saakna (f.)? Friday (large) mosque look (at) tafarraj/yitfarraj 9ala (IXUisjid) jaami9 look! shuuf, f. -i, pl. -u most aktar shii long Tawiil I like swimming most baHibb (a) lot ktiir is-sibaaHa aktar shii I like it a lot baHibbuh ktiir movie filim pl. atlaam a lot of people ktiir min movie-house siinaJXUI pl. in-naas siinamaat lunch ghada Mr. is-sayyid lunch (verb) taghaddalyitghadda Mrs. is-sayyida much ktiir mail bariid museum IXUitHafpl. JXUitaaHif make 9imillyi9mal must: manager mudiir pl. mudaraa you must go laazim truuH man rijjaal pl. rjaal businessman rajul a9maal pl. name isim pl. asaami rjaala9maal your name (polite)? il-isim many ktiir il-kariim map xarTa pl. xarTaat near (to) 'ariib (min) March JXUIBrs the nearest... 'a'rab••• market suu' or suuq pl. aswaaq necessary laazim vegetable market suu' il-xuDra need iHtaaj/yiHtaaj ila, bidd + meat market suu' il-laHm pronoun married mitzawwij d'you need money? biddak May maayuu tluus? tiHtaaj ila tluus? maybe biyjuuz, yuD1kin newspaper jariida pl. jaraayid maybe he'll come biyjuuz yiiji never abadan mean: never mind ma9leesh what does ... mean ? shu next jaay ya9ni ••• ? the next time il-JXU~rra 1-jaaya meat laHJXUI next year is-sana 1-jaaya

GLOSSARY 239 nice mniiH pack or packet (cig's) 9ilba pl. night leel, leela 9ilab at night bi 1-leel packet (biscuits) bakeet every night kullleela Palestine filasTiin good night! tiSbaH 9ala xeer! Palestinian filasTiini nine tis9a pants(= trousers) banTaloon nineteen tisa9ta9sh paper (piece of-) wara'a or ninety tis9iin waraqa pl. awraaq no laa pardon? na9am? no parking mamuu9 il-wuquuf park (public) Hadiiqa pl. nosmohlng nuunnuu9 Hadaayiq it-tadxiin passport jawaaz safar normal(= ordinary) 9aadi past: not maa... sh, laa or mish it's five past three is-saa9a I don't know mish 9aarif, f. talaata u xamsa 9aarifa pay dafa9/yidfa9 don't go! maa truuHsh! pen 'alam or qalam pl. i'laam November nuufambar oraqlaam now halla' people in-naas number raqam pl. arqaam petrol banziin telephone number raqam it• petrol station maHaTTit tilifuun banziin per cent bi 1-miyya obligatory laazim ten per cent 9ashra bi 1-miyya occupied(= busy) mashghuul person shaxS pl. ashxaaS o'clock: pharmacy Saydaliyya pl. it's five o'clock is-saa9a xamsa Saydaliyyaat October uktuubar photograph Suura pl. Suwar of course Tab9an photography taSwiir office maktab pl. makaatib picture Suura pl. Suwar official (person) muwaZZaf pl. place maHall pl. maHallaat muwaZZafiin plan (verb) nawa/yinwi oil (for cars, etc.) zeet what are you planning to do? check the oil for me please eesh naawi ti9mal, f. naawya ifHaS Iii z-zeet min faDlak ti9mali? OK (=fine!) Tayyib! or maashi! play (verb) li9ib/yil9ab is that OK? ma9leesh? please ... ! (invitation) tfaDDal, f. on (top of) 9ala, foo' -i, pl. -u old (of people) kbiir pl. kbaar please ... ? (request) iza mumkin how old are you? 'addeesh or law samaHt, f. -i, min 9urnrak? faDlak, f. -ik old (of things) 'adiim or qadiim possible mumkin one waaHad, f. waHda postcard kart pl. kruut once marra, marra waHda post-office maktab il-bariid once again kamaan marra present(= here) mawjuud only bas present(= gift) hidiyya pl. open fatall/ yiftaH hadaaya opposite(= facing) mu'aabil or pretty jamiil muqaabil price si9ir pl. as9aar or willa what's the price? 'addeesh orange burtu'aan is-si9ir? order 'amar/yu'mur problem mushkila pl. what's your order? shu mashaakil, ghalaba btu'mur? prohibited mamnuu9 ordinary 9aadi put HaTT/yHuTT other taani outside xaarij, barra quarter rubu9 pl. arbaa9 owner SaaHib, f. SaaHiba, pl. three-quarters talaatt arbaa9 aSHaab question su'aal pl. as'ila

240 GLOSSARY read 'ara or qaralyi'ra or yiqra seventeen saba9ta9sh I can't read Arabic well maa seventy sab9iin ba9rafsh a'ra 9arabi mniiH she hiyya ready jaahiz; musta9idd shirt 'amiiS pl, 'umSaan is the food ready? il-akil jaahiz? shoes (a pair of) kundara are you ready to go? inta shop dukkaan pl. dakaakiin musta9idd truuH? shower (bathroom) duush reasonable ma9'uul silver fiDDa a reasonable price si9ir ma9'uul single: red aHmar, f. Hamra, pl. single room ghurfa Ia shaxS Humur waaHad refridgerator thallaaja pl. sit, sit down 'a9ad/yu'9ud; thallaajaat istaraaH/yistariiH repair SallaWySalliH please sit down! tfaDDal, reservation Hajiz istariiH! (f.) -i reserve Haj821yiHjiz six sitta restaurant maT9am pl. sixteen sitta9sh maTaa9im sixty sittiin return riji9/yirja9 skirt tannuura pl. tananiir rice ruzz sleep (verb) naamlynaam ride (horse, bus, cycle) rikib/ sleep noom yirkab slowly shwayy shwayy right (opposite to left) yamiin small Sghiir pl. Sghaar on the right 9a 1-yamiin smoke daxxanlydaxxin take a right :xud yamiinak so as to 9alashaan right(= correct) maZbuuT, so-so nuSS u nuSS SaHiiH sorry mit'assif, f. mit'asfa road Tarii' (or Tariiq) pl. Turu' speak HakalyiHki (orTuruq) do you speak English? btiHki roasted mashwi ingliizi? room ghurfa pl. ghuraf spend (time) qaDalyaqDi room ( = space) maHall spend (money) Sarat7yiSruf there's no room maa fii maHaU sports riyaaDa stamp (postage) Taabi9 pl. salad salaTa Tawaabi9 salary raatib stand up 'aamly'uum same nafs station (bus, train) maHaTTa the same thing nafs ish-shii pl. maHaTTaat at the same time fi nafs il-waqt stay (in hotel) nizillyinzil sandwich sandawitsh pl. stay (= remain) bi'ilyib'a sandawitshaat stop wa' 'af7ywa' 'if Saturday (yoom) is-sabt store(= shop) dukkaan pl. say (to) 'aal (or qaal)/y'uul dakaakiin (or yiquul) straight ahead dughri or duuz school madrasa pl. madaaris go straight on Dall dughri, f. sea baHar Dallidughri second (third, fourth ... ) taani street shaari9 pl. shawaari9 see shaaf7yshuuf student Taalib pl. Tullaab or can I see ... ? mumkin Talaba ashuuf... ? sugar sukkar see what I mean? shaayifkiit? suit naasablynaasib self: when would suit you? eemta by myself bi Haali biynaasibak? by himself, etc. bi Haaluh suit (clothes) badla pl. badlaat sell baa9/ybii9 summer Seef send ba9at/yib9at Sunday (yoom) il-aHad September sabtambar sweet Hilw set out (for) Tili9/yiTla9 (9ala) swim sabaH/yisbaH seven sab9a swimming sibaaHa

GLOSSARY 241 swimming pool birka time (= occasion) marra pl. Syria suurya marraat Syrian suuri this time hal-marra (the) last time aaxir marra table Tawla pl. Tawlaat several times 9idd.it marraat take axadlyaaxud time (o'clock): to take a shower axad duush what time is it? 'addeesh take (s'one s'where) wadda/ is-saa9a? ywadd.i time (to have a good-) inbasaT/ take me to the office! waddiini yinbisiT 1-maktab! we had a great time inbasaTna tall Tawiil pl. Twaal ktiir talk HakalyiHki times of opening awqaat taxi (fixed route) sarviis id-dawaam taxi (private) taksi xuSuuSi or tired ta9baan sayyaarit ujra to Ia tea shaay from ... to... min••• Ia ••• teach darraslydarris it's five to three is-saa9a teacher mudarris pl. talaata ilia xamsa mudarrisiin, f. mudarrisa pl. today ll-yoom mudarrisaat together (in each other's company) telephone tilifuun sawa telephone (s'one) ittaSallyittaSll tomato(es) banduura (bi••• ) bi t-tilifuun tomorrow bukra television tillvizyuun day after tomorrow ba9d bukra tell 'aallyi'uulla tonight ll-leela I want to tell you... bidd.i a'uul too: lak••• that's too much haada ktiir ten 9ashra travel saafarlysaafir thanks shukran travel agency wakaalit there (= over there) hunaak is-safariyyaat there is fii trip riHla pl. riHlaat they, them humma, hum or hun trouble: thing shii pl. ashyaa, shaghla I don't want to put you to any pl. shaghlaat trouble balaash at9ibak the same thing nafs ish-shii trousers banTaloon think iftakarlyiftikir try HaawallyHaawil think (opinion): Tuesday (yoom) it-talaata what d'you think of... ? shu twelve itna9sh ra'yak fi. ••• ? kiifshuft••• ? twenty 9ishriin third (fourth, fifth) taalit twice marrateen third (fraction) tult two itneen two-thirds tulteen thirsty 9aTshaan under taUt thirteen talaatta9sh understand fihimlyifham thirty talaatiin I don't understand mish this/that haada, f. haad.i, pl. faahim, f. faahma haadoola university jaami9a pl. jaami9aat thousand alf pl. aalaaf until Ia ghaayit three talaata unreasonable mish ma9'uul Thursday (yoom) ll-xamiis upset za9laan ticket tazkara pl. tazaakir upstairs foo' tazkara rooHa return ticket use ista9mallyista9mil raj9a used to (to get-) takayyat7 time wa't or waqt yitkayyaf (9ala) I don't have time maa 9ind.i wa't some time ago 'abll fatra time(= length of) mudda visit (verb) zaarlyzuur a long time mudda Tawilla visit ziyaara pl. ziyaaraat

242 GLOSSARY walk masha/yimshi wife zooja, pl. zoojaat want: winter shita I want, you want, etc. hiddi, with hi, ma9a hiddak etc. tea with milk shaay hi Haliih washing-machine ghassaala pl. I came with him jiit ma9uh ghassaalaat without hiduun watch (wrist) saa9a pl. saa9aat woman sitt pl. sittaat watch tafarraj/yitfarraj 9ala wood xashah water maay, maaya work shughul pl. ashghaal or mineral water maay 9amal pl. a9maal ma9daniyya work (verb) ishtaghal/yishtaghil, we niHna or iHna 9imil/yi9mal wear lihislyilhas where d'you work? ween Wednesday (yoom) il-arha9a htishtaghillbti9mal? week ushuu9 pl. asaahii9 it isn't working right maa next week il-ushuu9 il-jaay htimshiish maZbuuT last week il-ushuu9 il-maaDi worker 9aamil pl. 9uiDIDaal weekend 9uTiit il-ushuu9 would: weather jaw what would you like? eesh The weather's hot il-jaw Haarr hitHihh? welcome! hello! ahlan wa sahlan; wrap laft7yliff ahlan fiik, f. -i (reply) wrap it up for me lifflii yyaah welcome: you're welcome! 9afwan write katahlyiktih (reply to shukran) wrong ghalaT west gharh western gharhi year sana pl. sanawaat or sniin what? shu or eesh? next year is-sana 1-jaaya what is ... ? shu ••• ? last year is-sana 1-maaDya when? eemta? yellow aSfar, f. Safra, pl. Sufur when (= at the time when) lamma yes na9am, aywa, ee when he comes... lamma yiiji ••• yesterday mhaariH where? ween? day before yesterday awwal from where? mineen? mhaariH where to? 9ala ween? yet: which ... ? ayy••• ? he hasn't come yet Iissa maa which(= that which) illi ajaash white ahyaD, f. heeDa, pl. hiiD you inta, f. inti, pl. intu who? miin? you (polite) HaDirtak, f. who/whom(= the person who) illi HaDirtik why? leesh? young Sghiir pl. Sghaar

GLOSSARY 243 Breakthrough Language Packs Complete self-study courses

Each Breakthrough Language Pack is designed as a complete self• study course using audio cassettes and a course book. Each pack contains:

• Three 60- or 90-minute audio cassettes or CDs • The course book

Breakthrough Language Packs available: Breakthrough Arabic ISBN o-333-56692-Q Breakthrough French ISBN Q-333-48191-7 Breakthrough German ISBN Q-333-56730-7 Breakthrough Greek ISBN Q-333-48714-1 Breakthrough Italian ISBN Q-333-48179-8 Breakthrough Russian ISBN Q-333-55726-3 Breakthrough Spanish ISBN Q-333-571 05-3 Breakthrough Further French ISBN Q-333-48193-3 Breakthrough Further German ISBN Q-333-48189-5 Breakthrough Further Spanish ISBN Q-333-48185-2 Breakthrough Business French ISBN Q-333-54398-X Breakthrough Business German ISBN Q-333-54401-3 Breakthrough Business Spanish ISBN Q-333-54404-8

• CD Packs are also available for Breakthrough French ISBN 0-333-58513-5 Breakthrough German ISBN 0-333-57870-8 Breakthrough Spanish ISBN 0-333-57874-0