Secret Politics of the Sufi: the Sultan And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Secret Politics of the Sufi: the Sultan And THE SECRET POLITICS OF THE SUFI: THE SULTAN AND THE SAINT IN MODERN MOROCCO By Abdelilah Bouasria Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Public Affairs of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Political Science Chair: Mark Sedgwick Dean of the School of Public Affairs Date 2010 American University Washington D.C. 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 95^ UMI Number: 3415750 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 3415750 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © COPYRIGHT by Abdelilah Bouasria 2010 All RIGHTS RESERVED DEDICATION To my parents whose unconditional love and financing made me believe that I could do To my wife Paula whose greatness, sweetness and love are so huge that no word could fit, To my sister Leila whose chit chats and debates came to my blurring confusions as a split, To Sidi Hamza, my Sufi master, who taught me that dreams are a school of olives without a pit, To Michel Foucault, the archeologist, who befriended me in times of despair witch such abnormal wit. THE SECRET POLITICS OF THE SUFI: THE SULTAN AND THE SAINT IN MODERN MOROCCO By Abdelilah Bouasria This dissertation studies the relationship between Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, and political activism in Morocco. Its goal is to see if the Sufi saint, in his relation with the sultan, is apolitical, acquiescent, rebellious, or expert in retracing the boundaries of political dissent. This dissertation compared two Sufi Islamic movements in Morocco: Al Adl Wal Ihsane (AWI) known for its disobedient political behavior towards the monarchy and its resentment of open political participation in general and the Boutchichi order, famous for its co-opted submissive attitude towards the Moroccan monarchy. The Boutchichi order appears to be politically acquiescent when one looks at its deference towards the monarchy, a site known as public transcripts (appointments of its members to public positions, public marches, writings of the members, and public positions towards politics), and nonpolitical when one trusts its discourse to its disciples to avoid politics, assumed to be a dirty game. One needs to analyze the kryptopolitics of the Boutchichi order, its meta-hidden transcripts (rumors, dream narratives, silence, and songs), and mistrust its claim to political emptiness in order to conclude that the Sufi rituals are disguised daggers of silent insurgency. ii Ill Since the very politically prohibitive Boutchichi discourse needs to describe in detailed manner how politics corrupts the soul, it displays a political knowledge so big that it redefines it in its own occult and esoteric terms. Kryptopolitics goes beyond the informal and hidden levels, since it argues that the height of political activism is achieved through eloquent silence and lucid dreams. If the quantitative survey of 634 Sufi members randomly sampled reveals that AWI is the competitor of the Boutchichi order in the Sufi market, a six-year fieldwork participant observation approach unveils the great invisible Boutchichi insurgency potential. Abdessalam Yassine, AWI's leader, is unveiled as the avatar of Sidi Hamza, the head of the Boutchichi order, in the sphere of politics. The state counteracts kryptopolitics not in its invisible realm but precisely by rendering its secret too visible. PREFACE The system of transcription and transliteration used in this dissertation has been chosen for its simplicity and accuracy to represent spoken Moroccan Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic in readable form for an English speaking audience. The symbols used for vowels and consonants are an adaptation of the IJMES transliteration system with some variants. It goes as follows: Transliterated English Arabic Th J Dh 5 glottal stop b kh C D T G K H c R J Z IV t CJ d J z J t t gh t f i_i q J k S 1 J m ? n u h 0 w J y c5 a 1 The long vowels were expressed by the letters a, i, and o for fatHa, kasra, and Damma. When it is a long vowel, the letters are doubled (aa, ii, oo). When there is a stress on a letter (chadda), I repeat that letter twice like hadd. Rather than use the transliteration system for proper names, place names, and frequently translated Arabic words, I have used their conventional spelling either in English or in French sources. Sometimes a word is spelled in two ways because it was spelled that way in the original Arabic name like Boutchichi and Boudchichi. However, I used Boutchichi in the entire thesis except when it was a quote that I could not change. For the "ta" marbuta of v femininity at the end of the word, I followed conventional of the words containing it like tariqa instead of tariqah, unless it is a quote. The definite article "al" was used for ease of visual recognition like al-kattani unless the name appears otherwise (Kettani) in quoted works. The challenge here was that many words and names were spelled in one way in French sources, in another way in Spanish sources, and in a completely different way in English sources. I spelled these names according to the context in which they occurred in my research like mawlay and moulay for "Sir." Being a Moroccan student in an American university, I had to please the French, the Spanish, and the English people. Whenever I used a word that was crossed, it meant the presence and absence of that word simultaneously like with the word "politics" which means politics and non politics at the same time. Pseudonyms are used for some individuals mentioned in connection to my fieldwork to protect their privacy or fulfill their wishes. For other informants, only their first names were kept, and I have used in few instances real names for public figures or informants that asked to be named. This book is neither an attempt to dump Sufis in an ocean of exoticism nor is it an appeal for a suspension of rational judgment. It is a condemnation of the separation of "religion" and "politics" and a demonstration that invisible Sufi practices are effective political instruments and not mere relics of the past. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was conceived from an anthropological interest in contemporary Moroccan society for Sufism. Three persons have been invaluable to me in course of writing this dissertation. For many years, my supervisor, Diane Singerman has guided my work with her advice and her supervision. I was then a Masters student when she fought for me so that I can get into the PhD program. Her mentoring is a debt that can never be paid back. Her push led me to rewrite my thesis in a creative way and come up with new concepts. Professor Abdulaziz Said had taught me how to remain positive in the face of adversity. His mentoring fed the Sufi flame inside me and showed me that an academic does not have to be at odds with Sufism. Mark Sedgwick has done an admiringly profound close reading of my thesis and had helped me- since our encounter in Montreal- craft the body of this thesis. I am indebted to all three of them. From among the many other persons who have been of help, I wish to express my gratitude to Vincent Cornell, Mohamed Tozy, Mohamed Darif, Ahmed Taoufiq, Fatima Ghoulaichi, Nadia Yassine, Abdullah Murshid, Kenneth Honerkamp, Alan Godlas, Taha Abdurrahman, Jamal Tadlaoui, and Bruce Maddy-Weitzman. I would like to thank many professors who have impacted me at American University, McGill and Sussex and opened my eyes to the wonderful world of investigative scholarship. Dean William vii VIII Leogrande taught me about social movements and opened my appetite for research with his class on Cuba. Joe Soss enlightened me about the importance of qualitative research. Nathan Dietz convinced me that econometric models are not a waste of time. Ruth Lane and Saul Newman taught me, in their own ways, that the 'first time' is not always the most romantic expression. Randolph Persaud allowed me to see how postmodernism and security studies could find a symbiosis. Eileen Findlay taught me how to delve into oral stories and historical narratives, and her course was one of the most memorable ones that I took at American University. Joseph Greenberg taught me the value of Game theory at McGill University and was the prototype of the charming extra-smart professor that one can have. Thomas Naylor taught me Underground economics and heightened my sensitivity for the invisible and the hidden while still an undergraduate student at McGill. John MacLean, my cherished supervisor at Sussex University converted me from a staunch realist freshly coming out of economics to a postmodern being who hailed from poststructuralist hubs. His sentence "what people do does not explain what people do; what people do needs to be explained" took me a year to understand it. To all those professors, and others who chose to remain anonymous, I say: "Thank you for enlightening my journey to truth." I would have liked to thank an institution or a university for a grant or a scholarship but I guess that I have to proudly announce my virginity in this field.
Recommended publications
  • Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood and Authority in Islam. by Scott Kugle
    234 Book Reviews / Islamic Law and Society 16 (2009) 231-238 Rebel between Spirit and Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood and Authority in Islam. By Scott Kugle. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. xv + 305. ISBN 0-253-34711-4. $49.95. The topic of this book is the Moroccan Sufi Aḥmad b. Aḥmad al-Zarrūq (d. 899/ 1494). As the title suggests, however, the author weaves the life story of Zarrūq into a much wider pattern of the different ways to be a Sufi, and of the relationship between spirituality and temporal authority. Zarrūq lived in a tempestuous time in Moroccan history marked by the fall of the Marīnid dynasty, revolution in Zarrūq’s home town of Fes, and the repercussions of Portuguese attacks on the coastal towns. Kugle brings this context into the story, but also draws a parallel to today’s troubled times, by discussing how contemporary American Muslim leaders see Zarrūq as a model for a non-radical form of Islam. This is both an “internal” biography presenting Zarrūq’s main conceptions of Sufi ideas, and an “external” one of how he reacted to the political upheavals of his period. As for the latter, Zarrūq seems to have had a knack for taking unpopular, or at least politically inconvenient, positions. When the people of Fes rose up against the faltering Marīnid rule, Zarrūq chose to side with the falling Marīnids, against his erstwhile mentor, the Qādirī leader Zaytūnī. Zarrūq was forced to flee, and he spent a number of years in Egypt where he found a new mentor.
    [Show full text]
  • Sufi and Bhakti Performers and Followers at the Margins Of
    religions Article Sufi and Bhakti Performers and Followers at the Margins of the Global South: Communication Strategies to Negotiate Situated Adversities Uttaran Dutta The Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; [email protected] Received: 13 January 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: Throughout the globe (particularly in the global South), religious orthodoxy and their discriminatory intolerances are negatively impacting religious freedom of underserved populations, particularly those who practice/follow alternate spiritual praxis, like the Sufi and Bhakti performers from rural and geographically remote spaces of South Asia. Hindu and Islamic fundamentalist discourses/doctrines are propagating their conservative religious agendas and thereby creating tensions and separatism across the subcontinent. Such religious extremism is responsible for the threatening and even murdering of nonsectarian torchbearers, and their free thoughts. This study focused on various alternate communication strategies espoused by Sufi and bhakti performers and followers in order to negotiate and overcome their marginalized existence as well as to promote the plurality of voices and values in the society. This article identified the following communication strategies—innovative usages of language of inversion or enigmatic language; strategic camouflaging of authors’/writers’ identity, and intergenerational communication of discourses and spiritual values to ensure freedom and survival of their traditions. Keywords: Sufi; bhakti; South Asia; enigmatic language; performance 1. Introduction Throughout the globe, religious dogma and orthodoxies are negatively affecting, and even sometimes destroying, religious freedom of underserved and marginalized populations, particularly those who practice and follow alternate spiritual praxis (Mamoon 2008; Robinson 2001). Rural and geographically remote spaces of South Asia are not an exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolution on Western Sahara
    RESOLUTION ON WESTERN SAHARA ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL OF MEMBERS/ EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL ASSEMBLY BRAGA, PORTUGAL, 17-20 NOVEMBER 2011 1 COMEM 0995-11-FINAL The Arab Spring was sparked one year ago in Western Sahara when the Moroccan security forces used violence to dismantle the protest camp Gdeim Izik that has been set up against the ongoing discrimination, poverty and human rights abuses against Western Saharan citizens. The Western Saharan region had been a Spanish colony since 1958. On 14 November 1975, Morocco, Mauritania and Spain signed the “Tripartite Agreement” according to which Spain transferred the administration of Western Sahara to the other two countries. The “Green March” in 1975 meant the invasion of Western Sahara by Morocco, an occupation that has lasted until today. Part of the Western Saharan population remained at the occupied territories, and others had to abandon their country and subsist in refugee camps in the Algerian dessert. Since then there have been several relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions concerning the Western Saharan situation. Through the unanimous adoption of resolution 1495 in 2003, the Council expressed its continued strong support for the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Personal Envoy, for their Peace Plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara as an “optimum political solution” on the basis of agreement between the two parties. The European Parliament counts on several Resolutions asking Member States to work on the protection of the Saharawi population, and respect for their fundamental rights, including freedom of expression and freedom of movement. The EP has also expressed its support for a just and lasting solution to the conflict in Western Sahara, based on the rule of law and international law.
    [Show full text]
  • Rituals of Islamic Spirituality: a Study of Majlis Dhikr Groups
    Rituals of Islamic Spirituality A STUDY OF MAJLIS DHIKR GROUPS IN EAST JAVA Rituals of Islamic Spirituality A STUDY OF MAJLIS DHIKR GROUPS IN EAST JAVA Arif Zamhari THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/islamic_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Zamhari, Arif. Title: Rituals of Islamic spirituality: a study of Majlis Dhikr groups in East Java / Arif Zamhari. ISBN: 9781921666247 (pbk) 9781921666254 (pdf) Series: Islam in Southeast Asia. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Islam--Rituals. Islam Doctrines. Islamic sects--Indonesia--Jawa Timur. Sufism--Indonesia--Jawa Timur. Dewey Number: 297.359598 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basis for publication, taking into account other changesthat the author may have decided to undertake.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Concept of Islamic Sufism
    Journal of Education & Social Policy Vol. 1 No. 1; June 2014 Understanding the Concept of Islamic Sufism Shahida Bilqies Research Scholar, Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006 Jammu and Kashmir, India. Sufism, being the marrow of the bone or the inner dimension of the Islamic revelation, is the means par excellence whereby Tawhid is achieved. All Muslims believe in Unity as expressed in the most Universal sense possible by the Shahadah, la ilaha ill’Allah. The Sufi has realized the mysteries of Tawhid, who knows what this assertion means. It is only he who sees God everywhere.1 Sufism can also be explained from the perspective of the three basic religious attitudes mentioned in the Qur’an. These are the attitudes of Islam, Iman and Ihsan.There is a Hadith of the Prophet (saw) which describes the three attitudes separately as components of Din (religion), while several other traditions in the Kitab-ul-Iman of Sahih Bukhari discuss Islam and Iman as distinct attitudes varying in religious significance. These are also mentioned as having various degrees of intensity and varieties in themselves. The attitude of Islam, which has given its name to the Islamic religion, means Submission to the Will of Allah. This is the minimum qualification for being a Muslim. Technically, it implies an acceptance, even if only formal, of the teachings contained in the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet (saw). Iman is a more advanced stage in the field of religion than Islam. It designates a further penetration into the heart of religion and a firm faith in its teachings.
    [Show full text]
  • Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
    prelims.046 17/12/2004 4:58 PM Page i MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis “Shahzad Bashir is to be commended for producing a remarkably accessible work on a complex subject; his explanations are models of lucidity and brevity.” PROFESSOR DEVIN DEWEESE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page ii SELECTION OF TITLES IN THE MAKERS OF THE MUSLIM WORLD SERIES Series editor: Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton ‘Abd al-Malik, Chase F.Robinson Abd al-Rahman III, Maribel Fierro Abu Nuwas, Philip Kennedy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Christopher Melchert Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi, Usha Sanyal Al-Ma’mun, Michael Cooperson Al-Mutanabbi, Margaret Larkin Amir Khusraw, Sunil Sharma El Hajj Beshir Agha, Jane Hathaway Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis, Shazad Bashir Ibn ‘Arabi,William C. Chittick Ibn Fudi,Ahmad Dallal Ikhwan al-Safa, Godefroid de Callatay Shaykh Mufid,Tamima Bayhom-Daou For current information and details of other books in the series, please visit www.oneworld-publications.com/ subjects/makers-of-muslim-world.htm prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iii MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis SHAHZAD BASHIR prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iv FAZLALLAH ASTARABADI AND THE HURUFIS Oneworld Publications (Sales and editorial) 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com © Shahzad Bashir 2005 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 1–85168–385–2 Typeset by Jayvee,
    [Show full text]
  • Frente Polisario) (Western Sahara
    United Nations I! Nations Unies Distr. RESTRICTED CRS/2019/CRP.10 ORIGINAL: E GLISH THIRD INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR THE ERADICATION OF COLONIALISM Caribbean regio al seminar on the implementation of the Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism: accelerating decolonization through renewed commitment and pragmatic measures Saint George s, Grenada 2 to 4 May 2019 STATEME T BY SIDI MOHAMED OMAR (FRENTE POLISARIO (WESTERN SAHARA) Statement of the Frente POLISARIO (Western Sahara) C-24 2019 Pacific Regional Seminar, St. Geor e's, Grenada, 2-4 May 2019 Sidi M. Omar Madame Chair, Distinguished Representatives and Delegates of Member States, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a pleasure to address the Committee for the second time here in Grenada on behalf of the Frente POLISARIO, the legitimate and UN-recognised representative of the people of the Non-Self- Governing Territory of Western Sahara, which has been on the agenda of this Committee since 1963. The theme of the seminar dealing with the Implementation of the Third I ternational Decade for the Eradication of Colo ialism: accelerating decolonization through renewed commitment and pragmatic measures is relevant to the question of Western Sahara. It is my intention therefore to share with you the views of the Frente POLISARIO on the current situation and the way forward in the decolonisation process of the Territory. The question of Weste Sahara as a Non-Self-Governing Territory is a straightforward and clear- cut issue of decolonisation in accordance with the resolutions of the General Assembly, which is the principal organ of the U with the responsibility regarding matters of decolonisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kāshif Al- Ilbās of Shaykh Ibrāhīm Niasse: Analysis of the Text
    THE KĀSHIF AL- ILBĀS OF SHAYKH IBRĀHĪM NIASSE: ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT Zachary Wright The Kāshif al- Ilbās was the magnum opus of one of twentieth- century West Africa’s most infl uential Muslim leaders, Shaykh al- Islam Ibrāhīm ‘Abd- Allāh Niasse (1900–1975). No Sufi master can be reduced to a single text, and the mass following of Shaykh Ibrāhīm, described as possibly the largest single Muslim movement in modern West Africa,1 most certainly found its primary inspiration in the personal example and spiritual zeal of the Shaykh rather than in written words. The analysis of this highly signifi - cant West African Arabic text cannot escape the essential paradox of Sufi writing: putting the ineffable experience of God into words. The Kāshif re- peatedly insisted that the communication of “experiential spiritual knowl- edge” (ma‘rifa)—the key concept on which Shaykh Ibrāhīm’s movement was predicated and the subject which occupies the largest portion of the 1 Portions of this article are included in the introduction to the forthcoming publication: Zachary Wright, Muhtar Holland, and Abdullahi El-Okene, trans., The Removal of Confu- sion Concerning the Flood of the Saintly Seal, Aḥmad al-Tijānī: A Translation of Kāshif al-Ilbās ‘an fayḍa al-khatm Abī al-‘Abbās by Shaykh al-Islam al-Ḥājj Ibrāhīm b. ‘Abd- Allāh Niasse (Louisville, Ky.: Fons Vitae, 2010). See Mervyn Hiskett, The Development of Islam in West Africa (London: Longman, 1984), 287. See also Ousmane Kane, John Hunwick, and Rüdiger Seesemann, “Senegambia I: The Niassene Tradition,” in The Writ- ings of Western Sudanic Africa, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Esotericism in the Bengali Bāul Songs of Lālan Fakir Keith Cantú [email protected]
    Research Article Correspondences 7, no. 1 (2019): 109–165 Special Issue: Islamic Esotericism Islamic Esotericism in the Bengali Bāul Songs of Lālan Fakir Keith Cantú [email protected] Abstract This article makes use of the author’s field research as well as primary and secondary textual sour- ces to examine Islamic esoteric content, as mediated by local forms of Bengali Sufism, in Bāul Fa- kiri songs. I provide a general summary of Bāul Fakiri poets, including their relationship to Islam as well as their departure from Islamic orthodoxy, and present critical annotated translations of five songs attributed to the nineteenth-century Bengali poet Lālan Fakir (popularly known as “Lalon”). I also examine the relationship of Bāul Fakiri sexual rites (sādhanā) and principles of embodiment (dehatattva), framed in Islamic terminology, to extant scholarship on Haṭhayoga and Tantra. In the final part of the article I emphasize how the content of these songs demonstrates the importance of esotericism as a salient category in a Bāul Fakiri context and offer an argument for its explanatory power outside of domains that are perceived to be exclusively Western. Keywords: Sufism; Islam; Esotericism; Metaphysics; Traditionalism The history of the Bāul Fakirs includes centuries of religious innovation in which various poets have gradually created a folk tradition highly unique to Bengal, that is, Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. While there have been several important works published on Bāul Fakirs in recent years,1 in this ar- ticle I aim to contribute specifically to scholarship on Islamic esoteric con- tent in Bāul Fakiri songs, as mediated by local forms of Sufism.2 Analyses in 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkomans Between Two Empires
    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]
  • The Notion and Significance of Ma[Rifa in Sufism
    Journal of Islamic Studies 13:2 (2002) pp. 155–181 # Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 2002 THE NOTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MA[RIFA IN SUFISM REZA SHAH-KAZEMI London At the heart of the Sufi notion of ma[rifa there lies a paradox that is as fruitful in spiritual terms as it is unfathomable on the purely mental plane: on the one hand, it is described as the highest knowledge to which the individual has access; but on the other, the ultimate content of this knowledge so radically transcends the individual that it comes to be described in terms of ‘ignorance’. In one respect, it is said to be a light that illumines and clarifies, but in another respect its very brilliance dazzles, blinds, and ultimately extinguishes the one designated as a ‘knower’ (al-[a¯rif ).1 This luminous knowledge that demands ‘unknowing’ is also a mode of being that demands effacement; and it is the conjunction between perfect knowledge and pure being that defines the ultimate degree of ma[rifa. Since such a conjunction is only perfectly realized in the undifferentiated unity of the Absolute, it follows that it can only be through the Absolute that the individual can have access to this ultimate degree of ma[rifa, thus becoming designated not as al-[a¯rif, tout court, but as al-[a¯rif bi-Lla¯h: the knower through God. The individual is thus seen as participating in Divine knowledge rather than possessing it, the attribute of knowledge pertaining in fact to God and not himself. In this light, the definition of tasawwuf given by al-Junayd (d.
    [Show full text]
  • MEVLANA JALALUDDİN RUMİ and SUFISM
    MEVLANA JALALUDDİN RUMİ and SUFISM (A Dervish’s Logbook) Mim Kemâl ÖKE 1 Dr. Mim Kemâl ÖKE Mim Kemal Öke was born in Istanbul in 1955 to a family with Central Asian Uygur heritage. Öke attended Şişli Terakki Lyceum for grade school and Robert College for high school. After graduating from Robert College in 1973, he went to England to complete his higher education in the fields of economics and history at Cambridge University. He also specialized in political science and international relations at Sussex, Cambridge, and Istanbul universities. In 1979 he went to work at the United Nation’s Palestine Office. He returned to Turkey in 1980 to focus on his academic career. He soon became an assistant professor at Boğaziçi University in 1984 and a professor in 1990. In 1983, TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation) brought Öke on as a general consulting manager for various documentaries, including “Voyage from Cadiz to Samarkand in the Age of Tamerlane.” Up until 2006 he was involved in game shows, talk shows, news programs and discussion forums on TRT, as well as on privately owned channels. He also expressed his evaluations on foreign policy in a weekly syndicated column, “Mim Noktası” (Point of Mim). Though he manages to avoid administrative duties, he has participated in official meetings abroad on behalf of the Turkish Foreign Ministry. Throughout his academic career, Öke has always prioritized research. Of his more than twenty works published in Turkish, English, Urdu and Arabic, his writings on the issues of Palestine, Armenia, Mosul, and the Caliphate as they relate to the history of Ottoman and Turkish foreign policy are considered foundational resources.
    [Show full text]