Vom Staatsunternehmen Zum Global Player Die Die Condor Von Der Lufthansa AG Erhielt, Wurden Bezahlt

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Vom Staatsunternehmen Zum Global Player Die Die Condor Von Der Lufthansa AG Erhielt, Wurden Bezahlt Vom Staatsunternehmen zum Global Player Die Unternehmensentwicklung der Deutschen Lufthansa AG Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Universität zu Köln 2008 vorgelegt von Diplom Kauffrau Songül Bozdag-Yaksan aus Köln Referent: Prof. Dr. T. Pierenkemper Korreferent: Prof. Dr. R. Anderegg Tag der Promotion: 18. Juli 2008 Vom Staatsunternehmen zum Global Player INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I. Vorwort 1 Einleitung .........................................................................................................................6 1.1 Problemstellung.......................................................................................................7 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit .......................................................................................................10 1.3 Gang der Untersuchung.........................................................................................12 1.4 Begriffsbestimmung des Luftverkehrsmarktes......................................................13 1.5 Deregulierung und Liberalisierung........................................................................18 2 Die Geschichte der Deutschen Lufthansa AG als Staatscarrier .....................................25 2.1 Entwicklungsbeginn des deutschen Luftverkehrs .................................................26 2.2 Die alte Lufthansa – Die Pionierepoche zwischen 1926 und 1945 .......................31 2.3 Die neue Lufthansa – Die kommerzielle Epoche ..................................................39 2.3.1 Der Neubeginn: Die politische und rechtliche Lage nach 1945 ...................39 2.3.2 Die Vorbereitungsphase 1950 bis 1954 ........................................................42 2.3.3 Entwicklung des Luftverkehrs seit 1955.......................................................49 2.3.3.1 Verkehrsentwicklung .................................................................................53 2.3.3.2 Investitions- und Kapitalbedarf..................................................................58 2.3.3.3 Betriebsergebnisse .....................................................................................59 2.3.4 Die 1960er Jahre: Düse statt Propeller..........................................................65 2.3.4.1 Verkehrsentwicklung ...........................................................................67 2.3.4.2 Investitions- und Kapitalbedarf............................................................71 2.3.4.3 Betriebsergebnisse................................................................................72 2.3.5 Die 1970er Jahre: Fliegen in Großraumdimensionen ...................................75 2.3.5.1 Verkehrsentwicklung ...........................................................................76 2.3.5.2 Investitions- und Kapitalbedarf............................................................79 2.3.5.3 Betriebsergebnisse................................................................................80 2.3.6 Die 1980er Jahre: Wettbewerb um den Kunden ...........................................82 2.3.6.1 Verkehrsentwicklung ...........................................................................85 2.3.6.2 Investitions- und Kapitalbedarf............................................................90 2.3.6.3 Betriebsergebnisse................................................................................90 2.3.7 Die 1990er Jahre: von der Airline zum Aviation Konzern ...........................93 2.3.7.1 Verkehrsergebnisse ..............................................................................96 2.3.7.2 Investitions- und Kapitalbedarf..........................................................101 2.3.7.3 Betriebsergebnisse..............................................................................101 3 Vom Staatsunternehmen zum Privatunternehmen .......................................................105 3.1 Gründung als Staatsunternehmenternehmen 1953 ..............................................105 3.2 Entwicklung der Kapitalerhöhungen in den 1950er Jahren.................................109 1 Songül Bozdag-Yaksan 3.3 Weiterentwicklung in den 1960er Jahren und der Börsengang...........................114 3.3.1 Rahmenbedingungen bei der Lufthansa AG...............................................120 3.3.2 Börsengang der Deutschen Lufthansa AG..................................................121 3.3.3 Umwandlung von Stamm- in Vorzugsaktien 1969.....................................129 3.4 Kapitalerhöhungen und Teilprivatisierungen bis 1994........................................130 3.5 Der Weg zur Privatisierung in den 1990er Jahren...............................................132 3.5.1 Strukturwandel in den 1090er Jahren .........................................................132 3.5.2 Sanierung ....................................................................................................135 3.5.3 Restrukturierung .........................................................................................137 3.5.4 Privatisierung ..............................................................................................139 3.5.5 Teilprivatisierung 1994...............................................................................141 3.5.6 Vollprivatisierung 1997: Lufthansa als Privatunternehmen .......................145 4 Analyse der Unternehmensentwicklung anhand der Principal-Agent Theorie ............149 4.1 Die Rolle des Staates ...........................................................................................149 4.1.1 Die Interessen des Staates an der Lufthansa ...............................................149 4.1.2 Privatisierungspolitik der Bundesrepublik..................................................152 4.2 Berücksichtigung von Gruppeninteressen...........................................................155 4.3 Principal-Agent-Theorie......................................................................................157 4.3.1 Wissenschaftstheoretische Einordnung des Ansatzes.................................157 4.3.2 Gegenstand der Principal-Agent-Theorie ...................................................159 4.4 Die Principal-Agency Interpretation....................................................................161 4.4.1 Phase I: Koordinationsprobleme während der Gründung in den 1950er Jahren...................................................................................161 4.4.2 Phase II: Koordinationsprobleme nach 1965/66.........................................164 4.4.3 Phase III: Koordinationsprobleme nach 1994.............................................168 4.4.4 Phase IV: Koordinationsprobleme nach der Vollprivatisierung .................169 4.5 Determinanten der Principal-Agent Problematik bei der Lufthansa....................172 5 Ergebnis und Ausblick .................................................................................................177 5.1 Die Deutsche Lufthansa als Global Player ..........................................................177 5.2 Schlussbetrachtung und Fazit ..............................................................................188 II ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ...............................................................................192 III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ....................................................................................193 IV ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS..............................................................................194 V ANHANG..................................................................................................................195 VI LITERATURANGABEN .........................................................................................207 2 Vom Staatsunternehmen zum Global Player Gewidmet meinen Eltern Naciye und Ali Bozdag 3 Songül Bozdag-Yaksan I. VORWORT „Daher ist die Aufgabe, nicht sowohl zu sehen, was noch keiner gesehen hat, als bei dem, was jeder sieht, zu denken, was noch keiner gedacht hat“. (Schopenhauer) Bevor sich der Leser in die Inhalte dieser Arbeit einliest, möchte ich meine Beweggründe zur Erarbeitung dieser Dissertation darlegen. Der interessante und abwechslungsreiche beruf- liche Alltag bedeutet gleichzeitig Einschränkung persönlicher und fachlicher Interessen. Bereits zu Beginn meiner Berufstätigkeit habe ich erkannt, dass mein Interesse an einer wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit bestand. Da die Deutsche Lufthansa AG mein erster Arbeit- geber war und ich sowohl die Entwicklung in der Luftfahrtindustrie als auch bei der Luft- hansa sehr interessant fand, versuchte ich Praxis und Wissenschaft miteinander zu verbin- den. Eine Promotion über die Entwicklung der Lufthansa bildete dafür das optimale Sujet. Daher nahm ich den langen und nicht immer leichten Weg auf mich, neben einer Vollzeit- beschäftigung zu promovieren. Auf der einen Seite war der Weg beschwerlich, aber auf der anderen Seite stiegen mein Interesse und meine Neugierde für die Erforschung dieses Themas immer mehr, je mehr ich mich mit diesem Thema auseinander setzte. Als ich dann schließlich nach etwa vier Jahren zur Deutschen Telekom wechselte, konnte ich auch hier meine in der Promotionsarbeit untersuchten Schwerpunkte zum Teil anwenden, bzw. hinterfragen. Es ist interessant, Parallelen aber auch Unterschiede bei zwei ehemaligen Staatsunternehmen, die auf unterschiedliche Weise in Privatunternehmen umgewandelt wurden, zu beobachten. Vor allem die Krise bei der Deutschen Telekom Ende 2006 zeigte erneut die Bedeutung der in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Schwerpunkte. Es ist sehr schwer,
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