Liste Des LICHENS De L'est Du CANADA Checklist of LICHENS Of
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Supplementary Material for Nelson, P. R., B. Mccune & D. K. Swanson
Supplementary material for Nelson, P. R., B. McCune & D. K. Swanson. 2015. Lichen traits and species as indicators of vegetation and environment. The Bryologist 118(3): XX–XX. Supplementary Table S2. Trait matrix (alphabetical by species). “1” indicates a species possesses that trait. cladoniiform Filamentous Squamulose Cyano Erect Appressed 3D s branched Tripartite Fruticose Terricole Epiphyte Lignicole Saxicole p soredia lobules Foliose Simple foliose Green rawlin isida foliose Lichen Species Subspecies richly Only g Alectoria ochroleuca 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Allantoparmelia almquistii 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Allantoparmelia alpicola 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Allocetraria madreporiformis 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anaptychia bryorum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arctoparmelia centrifuga 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arctoparmelia incurva 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Arctoparmelia separata 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Asahinea chrysantha 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Baeomyces carneus 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baeomyces placophyllus 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baeomyces rufus 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blennothallia crispa 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Brodoa oroarctica 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Bryocaulon divergens 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Bryoria capillaris 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Bryoria chalybeiformis 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -
Molecular Phylogenetic Study at the Generic Boundary Between the Lichen-Forming Fungi Caloplaca and Xanthoria (Ascomycota, Teloschistaceae)
Mycol. Res. 107 (11): 1266–1276 (November 2003). f The British Mycological Society 1266 DOI: 10.1017/S0953756203008529 Printed in the United Kingdom. Molecular phylogenetic study at the generic boundary between the lichen-forming fungi Caloplaca and Xanthoria (Ascomycota, Teloschistaceae) Ulrik SØCHTING1 and Franc¸ ois LUTZONI2 1 Department of Mycology, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, O. Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. 2 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA. E-mail : [email protected] Received 5 December 2001; accepted 5 August 2003. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of rDNA was performed for seven Caloplaca, seven Xanthoria, one Fulgensia and five outgroup species. Phylogenetic hypotheses are constructed based on nuclear small and large subunit rDNA, separately and in combination. Three strongly supported major monophyletic groups were revealed within the Teloschistaceae. One group represents the Xanthoria fallax-group. The second group includes three subgroups: (1) X. parietina and X. elegans; (2) basal placodioid Caloplaca species followed by speciations leading to X. polycarpa and X. candelaria; and (3) a mixture of placodioid and endolithic Caloplaca species. The third main monophyletic group represents a heterogeneous assemblage of Caloplaca and Fulgensia species with a drastically different metabolite content. We report here that the two genera Caloplaca and Xanthoria, as well as the subgenus Gasparrinia, are all polyphyletic. The taxonomic significance of thallus morphology in Teloschistaceae and the current delimitation of the genus Xanthoria is discussed in light of these results. INTRODUCTION Taxonomy of Teloschistaceae and its genera The Teloschistaceae is a well-delimited family of Hawksworth & Eriksson (1986) assigned the Teloschis- lichenized fungi. -
1307 Fungi Representing 1139 Infrageneric Taxa, 317 Genera and 66 Families ⇑ Jolanta Miadlikowska A, , Frank Kauff B,1, Filip Högnabba C, Jeffrey C
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (2014) 132–168 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families ⇑ Jolanta Miadlikowska a, , Frank Kauff b,1, Filip Högnabba c, Jeffrey C. Oliver d,2, Katalin Molnár a,3, Emily Fraker a,4, Ester Gaya a,5, Josef Hafellner e, Valérie Hofstetter a,6, Cécile Gueidan a,7, Mónica A.G. Otálora a,8, Brendan Hodkinson a,9, Martin Kukwa f, Robert Lücking g, Curtis Björk h, Harrie J.M. Sipman i, Ana Rosa Burgaz j, Arne Thell k, Alfredo Passo l, Leena Myllys c, Trevor Goward h, Samantha Fernández-Brime m, Geir Hestmark n, James Lendemer o, H. Thorsten Lumbsch g, Michaela Schmull p, Conrad L. Schoch q, Emmanuël Sérusiaux r, David R. Maddison s, A. Elizabeth Arnold t, François Lutzoni a,10, Soili Stenroos c,10 a Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA b FB Biologie, Molecular Phylogenetics, 13/276, TU Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany c Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland d Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 358 ESC, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA e Institut für Botanik, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria f Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdan´sk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdan´sk, Poland g Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. -
Lichen Functional Trait Variation Along an East-West Climatic Gradient in Oregon and Among Habitats in Katmai National Park, Alaska
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kaleigh Spickerman for the degree of Master of Science in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on June 11, 2015 Title: Lichen Functional Trait Variation Along an East-West Climatic Gradient in Oregon and Among Habitats in Katmai National Park, Alaska Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Bruce McCune Functional traits of vascular plants have been an important component of ecological studies for a number of years; however, in more recent times vascular plant ecologists have begun to formalize a set of key traits and universal system of trait measurement. Many recent studies hypothesize global generality of trait patterns, which would allow for comparison among ecosystems and biomes and provide a foundation for general rules and theories, the so-called “Holy Grail” of ecology. However, the majority of these studies focus on functional trait patterns of vascular plants, with a minority examining the patterns of cryptograms such as lichens. Lichens are an important component of many ecosystems due to their contributions to biodiversity and their key ecosystem services, such as contributions to mineral and hydrological cycles and ecosystem food webs. Lichens are also of special interest because of their reliance on atmospheric deposition for nutrients and water, which makes them particularly sensitive to air pollution. Therefore, they are often used as bioindicators of air pollution, climate change, and general ecosystem health. This thesis examines the functional trait patterns of lichens in two contrasting regions with fundamentally different kinds of data. To better understand the patterns of lichen functional traits, we examined reproductive, morphological, and chemical trait variation along precipitation and temperature gradients in Oregon. -
BLS Bulletin 111 Winter 2012.Pdf
1 BRITISH LICHEN SOCIETY OFFICERS AND CONTACTS 2012 PRESIDENT B.P. Hilton, Beauregard, 5 Alscott Gardens, Alverdiscott, Barnstaple, Devon EX31 3QJ; e-mail [email protected] VICE-PRESIDENT J. Simkin, 41 North Road, Ponteland, Newcastle upon Tyne NE20 9UN, email [email protected] SECRETARY C. Ellis, Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR; email [email protected] TREASURER J.F. Skinner, 28 Parkanaur Avenue, Southend-on-Sea, Essex SS1 3HY, email [email protected] ASSISTANT TREASURER AND MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY H. Döring, Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, email [email protected] REGIONAL TREASURER (Americas) J.W. Hinds, 254 Forest Avenue, Orono, Maine 04473-3202, USA; email [email protected]. CHAIR OF THE DATA COMMITTEE D.J. Hill, Yew Tree Cottage, Yew Tree Lane, Compton Martin, Bristol BS40 6JS, email [email protected] MAPPING RECORDER AND ARCHIVIST M.R.D. Seaward, Department of Archaeological, Geographical & Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, email [email protected] DATA MANAGER J. Simkin, 41 North Road, Ponteland, Newcastle upon Tyne NE20 9UN, email [email protected] SENIOR EDITOR (LICHENOLOGIST) P.D. Crittenden, School of Life Science, The University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, email [email protected] BULLETIN EDITOR P.F. Cannon, CABI and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; postal address Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, email [email protected] CHAIR OF CONSERVATION COMMITTEE & CONSERVATION OFFICER B.W. Edwards, DERC, Library Headquarters, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset DT1 1XJ, email [email protected] CHAIR OF THE EDUCATION AND PROMOTION COMMITTEE: S. -
One Hundred New Species of Lichenized Fungi: a Signature of Undiscovered Global Diversity
Phytotaxa 18: 1–127 (2011) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Monograph PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2011 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) PHYTOTAXA 18 One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity H. THORSTEN LUMBSCH1*, TEUVO AHTI2, SUSANNE ALTERMANN3, GUILLERMO AMO DE PAZ4, ANDRÉ APTROOT5, ULF ARUP6, ALEJANDRINA BÁRCENAS PEÑA7, PAULINA A. BAWINGAN8, MICHEL N. BENATTI9, LUISA BETANCOURT10, CURTIS R. BJÖRK11, KANSRI BOONPRAGOB12, MAARTEN BRAND13, FRANK BUNGARTZ14, MARCELA E. S. CÁCERES15, MEHTMET CANDAN16, JOSÉ LUIS CHAVES17, PHILIPPE CLERC18, RALPH COMMON19, BRIAN J. COPPINS20, ANA CRESPO4, MANUELA DAL-FORNO21, PRADEEP K. DIVAKAR4, MELIZAR V. DUYA22, JOHN A. ELIX23, ARVE ELVEBAKK24, JOHNATHON D. FANKHAUSER25, EDIT FARKAS26, LIDIA ITATÍ FERRARO27, EBERHARD FISCHER28, DAVID J. GALLOWAY29, ESTER GAYA30, MIREIA GIRALT31, TREVOR GOWARD32, MARTIN GRUBE33, JOSEF HAFELLNER33, JESÚS E. HERNÁNDEZ M.34, MARÍA DE LOS ANGELES HERRERA CAMPOS7, KLAUS KALB35, INGVAR KÄRNEFELT6, GINTARAS KANTVILAS36, DOROTHEE KILLMANN28, PAUL KIRIKA37, KERRY KNUDSEN38, HARALD KOMPOSCH39, SERGEY KONDRATYUK40, JAMES D. LAWREY21, ARMIN MANGOLD41, MARCELO P. MARCELLI9, BRUCE MCCUNE42, MARIA INES MESSUTI43, ANDREA MICHLIG27, RICARDO MIRANDA GONZÁLEZ7, BIBIANA MONCADA10, ALIFERETI NAIKATINI44, MATTHEW P. NELSEN1, 45, DAG O. ØVSTEDAL46, ZDENEK PALICE47, KHWANRUAN PAPONG48, SITTIPORN PARNMEN12, SERGIO PÉREZ-ORTEGA4, CHRISTIAN PRINTZEN49, VÍCTOR J. RICO4, EIMY RIVAS PLATA1, 50, JAVIER ROBAYO51, DANIA ROSABAL52, ULRIKE RUPRECHT53, NORIS SALAZAR ALLEN54, LEOPOLDO SANCHO4, LUCIANA SANTOS DE JESUS15, TAMIRES SANTOS VIEIRA15, MATTHIAS SCHULTZ55, MARK R. D. SEAWARD56, EMMANUËL SÉRUSIAUX57, IMKE SCHMITT58, HARRIE J. M. SIPMAN59, MOHAMMAD SOHRABI 2, 60, ULRIK SØCHTING61, MAJBRIT ZEUTHEN SØGAARD61, LAURENS B. SPARRIUS62, ADRIANO SPIELMANN63, TOBY SPRIBILLE33, JUTARAT SUTJARITTURAKAN64, ACHRA THAMMATHAWORN65, ARNE THELL6, GÖRAN THOR66, HOLGER THÜS67, EINAR TIMDAL68, CAMILLE TRUONG18, ROMAN TÜRK69, LOENGRIN UMAÑA TENORIO17, DALIP K. -
Checklist of the Lichens and Allied Fungi of Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve, Alabama, U.S.A
Opuscula Philolichenum, 18: 420–434. 2019. *pdf effectively published online 2December2019 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) Checklist of the lichens and allied fungi of Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve, Alabama, U.S.A. J. KEVIN ENGLAND1, CURTIS J. HANSEN2, JESSICA L. ALLEN3, SEAN Q. BEECHING4, WILLIAM R. BUCK5, VITALY CHARNY6, JOHN G. GUCCION7, RICHARD C. HARRIS8, MALCOLM HODGES9, NATALIE M. HOWE10, JAMES C. LENDEMER11, R. TROY MCMULLIN12, ERIN A. TRIPP13, DENNIS P. WATERS14 ABSTRACT. – The first checklist of lichenized, lichenicolous and lichen-allied fungi from the Kathy Stiles Freeland Bibb County Glades Preserve in Bibb County, Alabama, is presented. Collections made during the 2017 Tuckerman Workshop and additional records from herbaria and online sources are included. Two hundred and thirty-eight taxa in 115 genera are enumerated. Thirty taxa of lichenized, lichenicolous and lichen-allied fungi are newly reported for Alabama: Acarospora fuscata, A. novomexicana, Circinaria contorta, Constrictolumina cinchonae, Dermatocarpon dolomiticum, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Graphis anfractuosa, G. rimulosa, Hertelidea pseudobotryosa, Heterodermia pseudospeciosa, Lecania cuprea, Marchandiomyces lignicola, Minutoexcipula miniatoexcipula, Monoblastia rappii, Multiclavula mucida, Ochrolechia trochophora, Parmotrema subsumptum, Phaeographis brasiliensis, Phaeographis inusta, Piccolia nannaria, Placynthiella icmalea, Porina scabrida, Psora decipiens, Pyrenographa irregularis, Ramboldia blochiana, Thyrea confusa, Trichothelium -
Opuscula Philolichenum, 6: 87-120. 2009
Opuscula Philolichenum, 6: 87–120. 2009. Lichenicolous fungi and some lichens from the Holarctic 1 MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO ABSTRACT. – 102 species of lichenicolous fungi and 23 lichens are reported, mainly from the Russian Arctic. Four new taxa are described: Clypeococcum bisporum (on Cetraria and Flavocetraria), Echinodiscus kozhevnikovii (on Cetraria), Stigmidium hafellneri (on Flavocetraria) and Gypsoplaca macrophylla f. blastidiata. The following lichenicolous fungi are reported for the first time from North America: Monodictys fuliginosa, Stigmidium microcarpum and Trichosphaeria lichenum. The following lichenicolous fungi and lichens are reported as new to Asia: Arthonia almquistii, Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Cercidospora lobothalliae, Clypeococcum placopsiphilum, Dactylospora cf. aeruginosa, D. frigida, Epicladonia sandstedei, Everniicola flexispora, Hypogymnia fistulosa, Lecanora luteovernalis, Lecanographa rinodinae, Lichenochora mediterraneae, Lichenopeltella peltigericola, Lichenopuccinia poeltii, Lichenosticta alcicornaria, Phoma cytospora, Polycoccum ventosicola, Roselliniopsis gelidaria, R. ventosa, Sclerococcum gelidarum, Scoliciosporum intrusum, Stigmidium croceae, S. mycobilimbiae, S. stygnospilum, S. superpositum, Taeniolella diederichiana, Thelocarpon impressellum and Zwackhiomyces macrosporus. Twenty-eight species are new to Russia, 15 new to the Arctic, five new to Mongolia and nine new to Alaska. Twenty lichen genera and 31 species are new hosts for various species of lichenicolous fungi. INTRODUCTION This paper deals -
A Multigene Phylogenetic Synthesis for the Class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 Fungi Representing 1139 Infrageneric Taxa, 317 Genera and 66 Families
A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Högnabba, F., Oliver, J. C., Molnár, K., Fraker, E., ... & Stenroos, S. (2014). A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 79, 132-168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003 Elsevier Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (2014) 132–168 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families ⇑ Jolanta Miadlikowska a, , Frank Kauff b,1, Filip Högnabba c, Jeffrey C. Oliver d,2, Katalin Molnár a,3, Emily Fraker a,4, Ester Gaya a,5, Josef Hafellner e, Valérie Hofstetter a,6, Cécile Gueidan a,7, Mónica A.G. Otálora a,8, Brendan Hodkinson a,9, Martin Kukwa f, Robert Lücking g, Curtis Björk h, Harrie J.M. Sipman i, Ana Rosa Burgaz j, Arne Thell k, Alfredo Passo l, Leena Myllys c, Trevor Goward h, Samantha Fernández-Brime m, Geir Hestmark n, James Lendemer o, H. Thorsten Lumbsch g, Michaela Schmull p, Conrad L. Schoch q, Emmanuël Sérusiaux r, David R. Maddison s, A. Elizabeth Arnold t, François Lutzoni a,10, -
Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan
NEPA Biodiversity Profile of Afghanistan An Output of the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environment Management (NCSA) for Afghanistan June 2008 United Nations Environment Programme Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch First published in Kabul in 2008 by the United Nations Environment Programme. Copyright © 2008, United Nations Environment Programme. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme Darulaman Kabul, Afghanistan Tel: +93 (0)799 382 571 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unep.org DISCLAIMER The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP, or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Unless otherwise credited, all the photos in this publication have been taken by the UNEP staff. Design and Layout: Rachel Dolores -
Winter 2009 the California Lichen Society Seeks to Promote the Appreciation, Conservation and Study of Lichens
Bulletin of the California Lichen Society Volume 16 No. 2 Winter 2009 The California Lichen Society seeks to promote the appreciation, conservation and study of lichens. The interests of the Society include the entire western part of the continent, although the focus is on California. Dues categories (in $US per year): Student and fixed income - $10, Regular - $20 ($25 for foreign members), Family - $25, Sponsor and Libraries - $35, Donor - $50, Benefactor - $100 and Life Membership - $500 (one time) payable to the California Lichen Society, PO Box 7775 #21135 , San Francisco, California 94120-7775. Members receive the Bulletin and notices of meetings, field trips, lectures and workshops. Board Members of the California Lichen Society: President: Erin Martin, shastalichens gmail.com Vice President: Michelle Caisse Secretary: Patti Patterson Treasurer: Cheryl Beyer Editor: Tom Carlberg Committees of the California Lichen Society: Data Base: Bill Hill, chairperson Conservation: Eric Peterson, chairperson Education/Outreach: Erin Martin, chairperson Poster/Mini Guides: Janet Doell, chairperson Events/field trips/workshops: Judy Robertson, chairperson The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society (ISSN 1093-9148) is edited by Tom Carlberg, tcarlberg7 yahoo.com. The Bulletin has a review committee including Larry St. Clair, Shirley Tucker, William Sanders, and Richard Moe, and is produced by Eric Peterson. The Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on technical topics in lichenology relating to western North America and on conservation of the lichens, as well as news of lichenologists and their activities. The best way to submit manuscripts is by e-mail attachments or on a CD in the format of a major word processor (DOC or RTF preferred). -
Diversification and Species Delimitation of Lichenized Fungi in Selected Groups of the Family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota)
Diversification and species delimitation of lichenized fungi in selected groups of the family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) Kristiina Mark Tartu 7.10.2016 Publications I Mark, K., Saag, L., Saag, A., Thell, A., & Randlane, T. (2012) Testing morphology-based delimitation of Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus (Parmeliaceae) using three molecular markers. The Lichenologist 44 (6): 752−772. II Saag, L., Mark, K., Saag, A., & Randlane, T. (2014) Species delimitation in the lichenized fungal genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using gene concatenation and coalescent-based species tree approaches. American Journal of Botany 101 (12): 2169−2182. III Mark, K., Saag, L., Leavitt, S. D., Will-Wolf, S., Nelsen, M. P., Tõrra, T., Saag, A., Randlane, T., & Lumbsch, H. T. (2016) Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using six-locus dataset. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (3): 497–524. IV Mark, K., Randlane, T., Hur, J.-S., Thor, G., Obermayer, W. & Saag, A. Lichen chemistry is concordant with multilocus gene genealogy and reflects the species diversification in the genus Cetrelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Manuscript submitted to The Lichenologist. V Mark, K., Cornejo, C., Keller, C., Flück, D., & Scheidegger, C. (2016) Barcoding lichen- forming fungi using 454 pyrosequencing is challenged by artifactual and biological sequence variation. Genome 59 (9): 685–704. Systematics • Provides units for biodiversity measurements and investigates evolutionary relationships •