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Revista Estudios ISSN 1659-3316 Febrero 2019 Revista Estudios ISSN 1659-3316 Febrero 2019 Manuel Enrique López Brenes Roberto Marín Guzmán Especial: Humanismo e investigación: una actividad permanente en la Escuela de Estudios Generales II Parte 1 Las profesoras y profesores de la Escuela de Estudios Generales investigan Los tesoros en la conquista Árabe de Al- Andalus y las contradicciones en las fuentes árabes Manuel Enrique López Brenes Universidad Técnica Nacional, Costa Rica [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-2877 Roberto Marín Guzmán Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4976-248X Recibido: 15 de enero de 2019 Aceptado: 5 de febrero de 2019 Resumen: El propósito de este ensayo es analizar las exageraciones que contienen las fuentes árabes respecto de los tesoros capturados a los pueblos sometidos. A esas abundantísimas riquezas obtenidas por los ejércitos conquistadores de Tariq bn Ziyad se suma la ma’ida Sulayman (la mesa de Salomón), que no solo fue de gran relevancia por su riqueza, sino también porque jugó un papel importante, según la leyenda o la realidad histórica, durante la rendición de cuentas de los conquistadores de al-Andalus, Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr. En este trabajo también se discuten los problemas que presentan las fuentes árabes en torno a todos estos asuntos, así como alrededor del viaje de Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr a Damasco para rendir cuentas ante el califa. Como se analizará en este trabajo, el problema de las fuentes árabes respecto del viaje de los conquistadores de al-Andalus a Damasco, empieza desde quien era el califa que los mandó a llamar, hasta cual Amir al-Mu’minin Omeya oyó la rendición de cuentas de los conquistadores y los castigó. Las fuentes árabes inclusive contienen información divergente respecto de los castigos a los conquistadores. En torno a estos asuntos La Revista Estudios es editada por la Universidad de Costa Rica y se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Costa Rica. Para más información envíe un mensaje a [email protected]. Revista Estudios ISSN 1659-3316 Febrero 2019 Manuel Enrique López Brenes Roberto Marín Guzmán Especial: Humanismo e investigación: una actividad permanente en la Escuela de Estudios Generales abundan las leyendas, así como asuntos históricos, que se discutirán en este 2 ensayo, lo cual constituye el hilo conductor de la exposición. Palabras clave: conquista y conquistadores de al-Andalus; tesoros; fuentes árabes; leyendas; historia. The treasures in the Arab conquest of Al-Andalus and the contradictions in the Arab sources Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to analyze the exaggerations that Arabic sources contain concerning the treasures captured from the submitted peoples. To the exaggerated treasures obtained by Tariq bn Ziyad’s armies in the Iberian peninsula, is added the ma’ida Sulayman (Solomon’s table), famous not only because of its wealth, but also because it played a major role, according to the legend, or the historical reality, during the submission of an account of the activities of Tariq bn Ziyad and Musa Ibn Nusayr to the caliph in Damascus. This paper also analyzes the problem of Arabic sources dealing with the trip of the conquerors of al-Andalus to Damascus. In the first place even who the caliph was at the time when they received the order to go to Damascus is open to debate. Secondly, who the Amir al-Mu’minin was who heard their account of their activities in the conquest of al-Andalus. In the third place who the caliph was who punished them remains unclear. Arabic sources even contain different information concerning the types of punishments meted out to the Muslim conquerors of Iberia. Concerning these issues the legends are abundant, as well as the historical accounts. This paper also deals with these issues. The major thread for the explanations of these events is the analysis of the legends and the historical accounts. Keywords: Conquest and conquerors of al-Andalus; treasures; Arabic sources; legends; history. Las crónicas, los diversos libros de historia, así como los tratados de geografía, describen minuciosamente la conquista árabe-musulmana de la Península Ibérica. Algunas de estas obras exageran muchos asuntos como las proezas de los soldados, la valentía de los comandantes y los enormes tesoros obtenidos. Las distintas narraciones en las diferentes obras también contienen La Revista Estudios es editada por la Universidad de Costa Rica y se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Costa Rica. Para más información envíe un mensaje a [email protected]. Revista Estudios ISSN 1659-3316 Febrero 2019 Manuel Enrique López Brenes Roberto Marín Guzmán Especial: Humanismo e investigación: una actividad permanente en la Escuela de Estudios Generales informaciones contradictorias y en algunas de ellas con frecuencia se presentan 3 mitos y leyendas como si fueran verdades históricas. Así la leyenda de la posible participación del conde Julián a favor de la conquista árabe de la Península Ibérica se describe con detalle y como verídica. De igual forma algunos tratados narran como una realidad la supuesta orden de Tariq bn Ziyad de quemar las embarcaciones para no tener más alternativa que conquistar o morir, tras lo cual se dirigió a sus soldados y les arengó: [Frente a vosotros está el enemigo y detrás vuestro está el mar]1 El propósito de este ensayo es analizar las exageraciones que contienen las fuentes árabes respecto de los tesoros capturados a los pueblos sometidos. A esas abundantísimas riquezas obtenidas por los ejércitos conquistadores de Tariq bn Ziyad se suma la ma’ida Sulayman (la mesa de Salomón), que no solo fue de gran relevancia por su riqueza, sino también porque jugó un papel importante, según la leyenda o la realidad histórica, durante la rendición de cuentas de los conquistadores de al-Andalus, Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr. En este trabajo también se discuten los problemas que presentan las fuentes árabes en torno a todos estos asuntos, así como alrededor del viaje de Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr a Damasco para rendir cuentas ante el califa. Como se analizará en este trabajo, el problema de las fuentes árabes respecto del viaje de los conquistadores de al-Andalus a Damasco, empieza desde quien era el califa que los mandó a 1 Véanse: Abu Marwan ‘Abd al-Malik Ibn al-Kardabus, Ta’rikh al-Andalus li-Ibn al-Kardabus, editado por Ahmad Mukhtar al-‘Abbadi, Madrid, Ma‘had al-Dirasat al-Islamiyya bi-Madrid, 1971, passim, en especial pp.47-48. Abu al-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Allah Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, Futuh Ifriqiyya wa al-Andalus, editado por Albert Gateau, Árgel, Éditions Carbonel, 1947, passim. También: Abu Hasan Ahmad Yahya al- Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, editado por M.J. de Goeje, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1866, segunda edición, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1968, pp.230-235. Para mayores detalles véase también: Roberto Marín Guzmán, “Al-Khassa wa al- ‘Amma [La élite y el pueblo común] en la historia social de al-Andalus. Una aproximación al estudio de las clases sociales y la movilidad social en la España Musulmana (711-1090)”, en Estudios de Asia y África, Vol. XXXIV, Número 3 (110), 1999, pp.483-520. La Revista Estudios es editada por la Universidad de Costa Rica y se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Costa Rica. Para más información envíe un mensaje a [email protected]. Revista Estudios ISSN 1659-3316 Febrero 2019 Manuel Enrique López Brenes Roberto Marín Guzmán Especial: Humanismo e investigación: una actividad permanente en la Escuela de Estudios Generales llamar, hasta cual Amir al-Mu’minin Omeya oyó la rendición de cuentas de los 4 conquistadores y los castigó. Las fuentes árabes inclusive contienen información divergente respecto de los castigos a los conquistadores. En torno a estos asuntos abundan las leyendas, así como asuntos históricos, que se discutirán en este ensayo, lo cual constituye el hilo conductor de la exposición. *** Las fuentes árabes describen los tesoros capturados por Tariq bn Ziyad, en cuenta la ma’ida Sulayman, la mesa de Salomón, el famoso rey judío de la Antigüedad. Ésta era una exquisita mesa cubierta de oro, con incrustaciones de piedras preciosas, de un valor que el cronista menciona de 200.000 dinares , tal como lo manifiesta Abu al-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Allah Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam (m.871) en su Futuh Ifriqiyya wa al-Andalus, y que los visigodos custodiaban con gran celo en un lugar secreto a las afueras de Toledo.2 La obra de Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam es una de las más importantes para el estudio de la conquista de al-Andalus, dado que fue una de las primeras fuentes y como tal fue punto de referencia obligatorio de todos los cronistas posteriores que narraron las hazañas de Tariq bn Ziyad y Musa Ibn Nusayr en la conquista de la Península Ibérica. Las descripciones de las riquezas que Tariq capturó en al-Andalus, tal como lo narra Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam son de gran relevancia, aunque debemos señalar que posiblemente las cantidades de esos tesoros están exageradas y se ubican principalmente en el nivel de la leyenda por la cantidad de oro, plata, piedras 2 Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam, Futuh Ifriqiyya wa al-Andalus, p.94. Véase también: Abu Bakr Ibn ‘Umar Ibn al-Qutiyya al-Qurtubi, Ta’rikh Iftitah al-Andalus, editado y traducción al español (Historia de la Conquista de España) de Julián Ribera, Madrid, Tipografía de la “Revista de Archivos”, 1926, passim, en especial pp.128-129 del texto árabe, (pp.112-113 de la traducción al español) y p.139 del texto árabe, (pp.121-122 de la traducción al español).
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