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Introduction Introduction Établir un corpus documentaire des mosquées des villes médiévales du Maroc paraît d'une utilité capitale et fondamentale pour toute recherche visant à étudier et comprendre l'espace religieu villes xde mondu sd e andalusi-maghrébin. L'intérêt majeur d'un tel corpus réside dans le fait que celui-ci procure une base de données susceptibles de nous réalit a renseignel t fu é e historico-archéologiqu qu t éclaire e re c r su r s mosquéeede s médiévale u Magrid s b al-Aqsâ a matièrL . e premièr e notrd e e inventaire repose principalement sur les mentions relatives à ces édifices religieux, contenues dans les sources historiques, géographiques, bio-bibliographique t hagiographiquese s . L'analyse des indications textuelles est nourrie et complétée, dans certains cas, par des données archéologiques recueillie terraine l r ssu . Il convient de signaler, en outre, que les édifices inventoriés n'englobent pas les mosquée Meknèse sd , étant donn celles-ce équ i sont déjà traitées dan chapitrn su parteà t e , sont présentées selo ordrn nu e alphabétique croissant ayann e , t pour bas classificatioe ed n les noms de localités ; le même principe s'applique lorsque la même localité possède deux ou plusieurs mosquées. Dans un autre ordre d'idées, le mot « mosquée » est remplacé équivalenn parfoiso r spa t arab s expression masgide« le t e , » s arabe garnis« , masgid' al- gâmi' » se substituent, dans biens des cas, à l'expression française « grande mosquée » ; ces termes arabes son genre d t e masculi l'inversnà leure ed s équivalents françai l'accor: s d des verbes prend en ligne de compte cette donnée grammaticale qui relève du champ linguistique arabe. L'objectif principal de l'utilisation de ces vocables arabes est de rester fidèl terminologia l à e e originelle mis s sourcesœuvrn le e r variee pa d , s termele r s désignant le même édifice et d'éviter les répétitions monotones du même mot. 511 Mosquées d'Agmât La quasi-totalit sources éde s arabes médiévales sont unanime faie l tr qu'Agmâssu t (fig. 1) est une ville double qui se divise en deux grandes localités : Agmât Aylân et Agmât Urîka1. Elles font éta l'existence d t plusieure ed s édifices religieux dan s deuce s x cités d'Agmât : une seule mosquée à Agmât Aylân, trois mosquées à Agmât Ûrïka et un musallâ pour les deux cités. Mosquée d'Agmât Aylân Si l'on en croit le témoignage d'Ibn 'Idârï al-Murrâkusï, la mosquée d'Agmât Aylân construitt fu 2 e dan premiers sle s temp l'Islae sd Marocmu a conquêta l ,a l lor e sd e du Magrib al-Aqsâ par l'émir Abu 'Abd al-Rahmân Mûsâ Ibn Nusayr, et la nomination de Târiq Ibn Ziyâd comme gouverneur de Tanger et tout le Magrib al-Aqsâ : la date de fondatio e cettd n e mosqué e situs e e ver J.C.4 H.5 8 s70 / 3. L'auteu Kitâbu d r al-qibla signale tour n l'édifice so s ruine qu ,le à , t bâtr sfu esu i d'un temple préislamique un eà époque postérieur constructioa l eà celle n d l'oue e ed d Naffîs chroniqueue c ; 4 r placa el dat constructioe ed garnie c e n' d dan s l'anné J.C. 9 H.0 et 8 nou69 / e , s indiqu cette equ e datation lui a été précisée par un certain Abu 'AIT al-Husayn Ibn 'Alï Ibn Hassûn al-Mâkurï (al-Kaffîf) don a mentiol t e concordn e absolumen s avepa t c celle d'Ibn 'Idâr- al ï Murrâkusï signalée ci-dessus data l 5: e proposé al-Kaffîr epa f fait remonte constructioa rl n de cette mosqué celle cinqu plus et qan 'Idârn fournistô Ib r ï epa al-Murrâkusï n so e D . côté, l'historien grenadin du 14e siècle Lisân al-Dïn Ibn al-Hatïb note que cette mosquée fut édifié date un e eà trè s ancienne, maiprécise n l si l'annés epa e exact fondationa s e ed . Cet auteu s dimension t attirle es r épa s large sahnu sd bâtimenu d t concern forma l t ée e 1 Suivan mentions tle majorita l e sd sourcess éde villa l , e d'Agmât englobe deux grandes localité Agmâs: t Ûrîk Agmât ae t Aylân. Cependant, quelques auteurs médiévaux comm Hawqan Qunfuen Ib Ib t le d considèrent celles-ci comm seule eun e ville Ab. Cf .u al-Qâsi Hawqan mIb l al-Nusaybï, Kitâb sûrat al-ard,. t I, Imp. Brill, Leiden, 1967, p. 91-92 ; Abu al-'Abbâs Ahmad al-Hatïb Ibn Qunfud al-Qasantïnï, Uns al-faqîr wa 'izzu al-haqïr, . L'Instituéd t Universitair Rechercha l e ed e Scientifiqu Marocu ea , Rabat, 1965. 22 . ,p géographe L 2 e arabe al-Sarïf al-Idrïsî décrit Agmât Aylân comme étan petite tun e ville très prospère pieu ,a d du Grand Atlas millex si à , l'essà t d'Agmât Ûrîka Al-Idrïsï. cf , Magribe ,L 12u a esiècle l'hégiree d e (6 siècle après J-C.), texte établ traduit ie françain te s d'après Nuzhat al-Musta Mahamar qpa d Hadj-Sadok, Publisud, Paris, 1983, p. 77. 'Idârn 3Ib ï al-Murrâkusï rapport toue sanctuaires equ sle s antéislamique furent converti mosquéen se t se doté minbare sd s duran conquêta tl e musulman Magriu ed b al-Aqs 'Idârn Ib â; ï al-murràkusï, Al-Bayân al- mugrib i ahbârf al-andalus wa al-magrib, al-taqâfar Dâ . éd , Beyrouth, 1998. 43 , . volp , 1 . L'historien al-Bakrï signalvilles le e s ed'Agmâqu t Haylâna, d'Agmât Ûrïk Naffîe d t ae s furent conquises pa4 r 'Uqba Ibn Nâfî' vers 62 h./ 681 J.C., cf. Abu 'Ubayd Al-Bakrï, Description de l'Afrique Septentrionale, texte arabe..., p. 160. 5 Abu 'Alï Sâlih al-Masmûdï, Kitâb al-qibla ... (texte arabe), p. 41-43. 512 étrange de son minaret qui, selon le même historien, n'a pas d'homologue dans le Magrib al-Aqsâ ; la tour est bâtie sur un plan carré, sa maçonnerie est renforcée par des longrines de bois, et le lanternon est muni d'un gâmûr dont le nombre de boules sphériques n'est pas indiqué par l'auteur . Mosquées d'Agmât Ûrlka Suivant les mentions des sources arabes médiévales, Agmât Ûrïka est une ville très ancienne dont le noyau primitif remonte à l'époque préislamique : l'historien Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakrï la situe à 8 miles d'Agmât Aylân et à 20 miles de la ville de Naffîs7. Dans l'état connaissancess actueno e d l cettsaie n o , qu t e ville renfermait, comm déja l' àn eo signal é plus haut, trois mosquées pendant l'époque médiéval granda l e: e mosquée mosquéa l , e d'Abû 'Abdallâh al-Ragrâg mosquéa l t e ï Wattâse ed . Grand* e mosquée Selon les dires d'Abû 'AIT Sâlih al-Masmûdï, le garni ' d'Agmât Orïka est le plus ancien édifice religieu villea l e xd , mai chroniqueue sc précise datra n l s e eexactpa a s e ed fondatio n; l'auteu contente s r signalee ed l'édifice qu r t anciennemenefu t appelé masgid al-Fï t occupe l centre al maciïna'.a l e ed Lisân al-Dïn Ibn al-Hatï t impressionnbfu r épa l'aspect architectural de cette grande mosquée lors de son passage par d'Agmât Ûrîka et souligne qu'elle est d'une allure somptueuse et pourvue d'un grand minaret ; l'auteur situe l'édifice dans le voisinage immédiat de la maison d'un certain Mûsâ Ibn 'Alï al-Hantâtï9. L'auteu Daylu d r wa al-takmila évoqu garni'e c e lorsqu'il présent s biographiele e e d s Yahy Ibrâhïn âIb Yûsun m Ib Haggân Ib f g al-Tagïb occupy i qu ïpost e al e d'imae d mt e 11 hatïb, e10 t de Yûsuf Ibn Yahyâ Ibn al-Hâg 'Alï Ibn 'Abd al-Wâhid Ibn Gâlib al-Mahrï. La 6 Lisân al-Dï Hatîbn nIb , Nufadat al-girabfi 'ulâlat al-igtirâb..., . 55p . mentioa 7L n d'Abû 'Ubayd al-Bakr reprist es ï l'historier epa e siècl14 eu n d Ab u 'Alï Sâlih al-Masmûdï. ,cf Abu 'Alï Sâlih al-Masmûdï, Kitâb al-qibla..., (texte arabe), p. 43-44. Le géographe al-Idrïsï décrit Agmât Ûrïka comme suit : « la ville d'Agmât Warïka est en contrebas, côté nord, de gabal Daran, dans une vaste campagne de bonne terre, couverte de plantes et d'herbes, sillonnée, de toutes parts, par des eaux, tandis que des sources coulent, jour et nuit, dans ses environs. Tout autour, des jardins l'encerclent ainsi que des vergers fourrés ede t s d'arbres.. Al-Idrïsïcf , » . Magribsièclee e ,L 12 l'hégire e u d a sièclee (6 après J-C.)...,- 73 . p 74. 8 Abu 'Alï Salih al-Masmûdï, Kitâb al-qibla... (texte arabe), p. 44-45. 9 Lisân al-Dïn Ibn Hatïb, Nufadat al-girabfi 'ulâlat al-igtirâb..., p. 54. 10 Pou biographia rl Yahye ed Ibrâhïn âIb Yûsun m Ib Haggâ n fIb g al-Tagïbï Ab. cf , u 'Abdallâh Muhammad 'Abn Ib d al-Mâlik al-Murrâkusi, Al-Dayl al-takmila...,a w 408. p . 11 Originaire de Salé, Yûsuf Ibn Yahyâ Ibn al-Hâg 'Alï Ibn 'Abd al-Wâhid Ibn Gâlib al-Mahrï résida respectivement dans les villes d'Qasr 'Abd al-Krïm, de Mâlaga et de Sigilmâsa, et s'installa dans les 513 même grande mosqué t citéees e dernien e , r lieu r al-Tâdilpa , i Ibn al-Zayyât dann so s Tasawwuf quan l aborddi s biographieele s cinde sq personnages suivant s: Muhamma d 'Abd al-Galïl Ibn Wïhlân12, Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Gafur Ibn Yûsuf al-Aylânï13, Abu 'Abdallâh Muhamma Ismâ'ïn dIb l al-Hawwârî, 14 Abu Wakïl Maymû Sahnûn nIb n al- Grâwï Abt 15e u Ya'qûb Yûsu Ya'qûn fIb Mu'min bIb n al-Murâdï16.
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