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What Does the Case of Mozambique Tell Us About Soviet Ambivalence Toward Africa?
A publication of ihe African Studies Program of The Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies No. 46 • August 30, 1985 What Does the Case of Mozambique Tell Us About Soviet Ambivalence Toward Africa? by Winrich KUhne Developments in southern Africa since early 1984 have ambivalence-was Moscow's subdued response to the raised a range of new questions about Soviet policy signing on March 16, 1984 of a "nonaggression and and Soviet relevance in this region of the continent. In good neighborliness" accord by the leaders of Mozam the military sphere, Soviet assistance has enabled bique and South Africa. Under the terms of the neither Mozambique nor Angola to quell or even Nkomati Accord, Mozambique undertook to curb substantially diminish domestic guerrilla challenges drastically the activities of the African National Con that have blocked economic growth. There have also gress (ANC), while South Africa promised to end been growing doubts about the effectiveness in prac assistance to the dissident Resistencia Nacional tical terms of orthodox state-centered Marxist-Leninist Mo5jambicana (known as Renamo or the MNR). models of development-especially in agriculture, the Although there is no doubt that Nkomati was seen most important socioeconomic sector of African states. by the Soviets as a negative development, Moscow did Meanwhile, an increasing number of Soviet analysts not retaliate by cutting aid to the government of Presi and strategists are questioning how 'much emphasis dent Samora Machel or recalling advisors. On can or should be placed on ideology in cultivating rela December 26, 1983, with Nkomati already an in tionships with Africa. -
Presidential Elections in Bulgaria of 23 and 30
March 2011 Volume 1, Issue 1 EuroMarch 2011 pean Times Volume 1, Issue th The Newsletter of Contemporary European Politics Nr.2, December 2011 Editor: José M. Magone Contents PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN BULGARIA Presidential OF 23 AND 30 0CTOBER 2011 elections in Bulgaria Presidential and Local Rossen Plevneliev was able The ruling minority in October 2011 1 Elections took place in two to prevail in the second government of party rd th General elections in rounds on 23 and 30 of round against main Citizens for the European Denmark 1 October in Bulgaria. challenger, the Socialist Development of candidate Ivailo Kalfin. Bulgaria(GERB) under The presidential elections Elections in Bulgaria Plevneviev got 52.58 prime minister Boyko were contested by 10 in October 2 percent, and Kalfin 47.42 Borissov can rely on a candidates and the local 2011(cont.) percent of the vote. president of the same elections by 85 political party. It seems that the parties. Already in the first round, presidential and local Plevneliev was able to gain Elections in Denmark In the presidential results were a confirmation 40.11 percent, while Kalfin on 16 September elections the candidate of the present government, 2011(cont.) was just a distant second supported by the in spite of the bad 3 with 28.96 percent. conservative government economic situation.(p.2). The Finnish Elections This means that until 2013, of 17 April 2011:The Strengthening of the GENERAL ELECTIONS IN DENMARK ON 16 SEPTEMBER 2011: True Finns 4 THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST DANISH FEMALE PRIME MINISTER HELLE THORNING-SCHMIDT The Legislative Elections in Poland After a decade of the vote was just 50.2 to achieve a doubling of on 9 October 2011 conservative governments , percent for a left centre their 2007 result. -
Mali 2013: a Year of Elections and Further Challenges Written by Morten Boas
Mali 2013: A Year of Elections and Further Challenges Written by Morten Boas This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. Mali 2013: A Year of Elections and Further Challenges https://www.e-ir.info/2013/12/22/mali-2013-a-year-of-elections-and-further-challenges/ MORTEN BOAS, DEC 22 2013 Emerging from a severe political crisis that had a severe impact upon the country for almost a year and a half, Mali staged a remarkable comeback during the summer of 2013 when the country held successful presidential elections. The winner was Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, and the large majority he collected gave his mandate legitimacy. The challenges are, however, still huge; the upsurge in violence that accompanied the parliamentary elections testifies to this, but the Islamic insurgents are not the only bump in the road to the Malian recovery. Political and administrative institutions must be rebuilt, the army must be brought under constitutional control, and President Keita must find a constructive way of dealing with the Tuareg rebels in the north. His main challenge in this regard is that his room for manoeuvring is constrained by his own supporters who will not accept a deal that gives autonomy to the areas to which the Tuareg lay claim. The Malian Crisis The Malian crisis was a crisis of multiple dimensions, with each feeding the others. It started in the north with a rebellion originally based on Tuareg grievances, but as the Malian army fled south, Islamist-inspired insurgents took control of large parts of northern Mali. -
Finland | Freedom House Page 1 of 13
Finland | Freedom House Page 1 of 13 FinlandFREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2020 100 FREE /100 Political Rights 40 Civil Liberties 60 100 Free Global freedom statuses are calculated on a weighted scale. See the methodology. TOP Overview https://freedomhouse.org/country/finland/freedom-world/2020 7/24/2020 Finland | Freedom House Page 2 of 13 Finland’s parliamentary system features free and fair elections and robust multiparty competition. Corruption is not a significant problem, and freedoms of speech, religion, and association are respected. The judiciary is independent under the constitution and in practice. Women and ethnic minority groups enjoy equal rights, though harassment and hate speech aimed at minority groups does occur. Key Developments in 2019 • In March, the right-leaning coalition government, headed by Juha Sipilä of the Center Party, resigned after failing to push through a reform of the health care system. • A general election was held in April, with the Social Democratic Party receiving the largest share of the vote. A new left-leaning coalition government was formed in June, comprising the Social Democratic Party, Center party, Green League, Left Alliance, and Swedish People’s Party of Finland. • Following criticism within the coalition about Prime Minister Antti Rinne’s handing of a strike by postal workers in November, he resigned in December. The Social Democratic Party chose Sanna Marin to replace him. • The parliament in March completed passage of a package of bills that empowered the intelligence service and defense forces to conduct communications surveillance on national security matters. Political Rights A. Electoral Process TOP A1 0-4 pts Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 4 https://freedomhouse.org/country/finland/freedom-world/2020 7/24/2020 Finland | Freedom House Page 3 of 13 The president, whose role is mainly ceremonial, is directly elected for up to two six-year terms. -
Codebook Indiveu – Party Preferences
Codebook InDivEU – party preferences European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies December 2020 Introduction The “InDivEU – party preferences” dataset provides data on the positions of more than 400 parties from 28 countries1 on questions of (differentiated) European integration. The dataset comprises a selection of party positions taken from two existing datasets: (1) The EU Profiler/euandi Trend File The EU Profiler/euandi Trend File contains party positions for three rounds of European Parliament elections (2009, 2014, and 2019). Party positions were determined in an iterative process of party self-placement and expert judgement. For more information: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/65944 (2) The Chapel Hill Expert Survey The Chapel Hill Expert Survey contains party positions for the national elections most closely corresponding the European Parliament elections of 2009, 2014, 2019. Party positions were determined by expert judgement. For more information: https://www.chesdata.eu/ Three additional party positions, related to DI-specific questions, are included in the dataset. These positions were determined by experts involved in the 2019 edition of euandi after the elections took place. The inclusion of party positions in the “InDivEU – party preferences” is limited to the following issues: - General questions about the EU - Questions about EU policy - Questions about differentiated integration - Questions about party ideology 1 This includes all 27 member states of the European Union in 2020, plus the United Kingdom. How to Cite When using the ‘InDivEU – Party Preferences’ dataset, please cite all of the following three articles: 1. Reiljan, Andres, Frederico Ferreira da Silva, Lorenzo Cicchi, Diego Garzia, Alexander H. -
To Insert Title of Document
WORKING PAPER South Korean Civil Society Implications for the U.S.-ROK Alliance Andrew Yeo June 2013 The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, busi- ness executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major in- ternational issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy is- sues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, CFR.org. The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy issues and has no affilia- tion with the U.S. government. All views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibility of the author or authors. -
The World Factbook
The World Factbook Africa :: Mali Introduction :: Mali Background: The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in 2007 elections that were widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias started a rebellion in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the three northern regions of the country and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food insecurity in host communities. An international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. -
2016 Country Review
Mali 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 5 Mali 6 Africa 7 Chapter 2 9 Political Overview 9 History 10 Political Conditions 12 Political Risk Index 66 Political Stability 81 Freedom Rankings 96 Human Rights 108 Government Functions 110 Government Structure 111 Principal Government Officials 121 Leader Biography 122 Leader Biography 122 Foreign Relations 131 National Security 143 Defense Forces 154 Chapter 3 156 Economic Overview 156 Economic Overview 157 Nominal GDP and Components 159 Population and GDP Per Capita 160 Real GDP and Inflation 161 Government Spending and Taxation 162 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 163 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 164 Data in US Dollars 165 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 166 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 167 World Energy Price Summary 168 CO2 Emissions 169 Agriculture Consumption and Production 170 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 172 Metals Consumption and Production 173 World Metals Pricing Summary 175 Economic Performance Index 176 Chapter 4 188 Investment Overview 188 Foreign Investment Climate 189 Foreign Investment Index 193 Corruption Perceptions Index 206 Competitiveness Ranking 217 Taxation 226 Stock Market 227 Partner Links 227 Chapter 5 229 Social Overview 229 People 230 Human Development Index 232 Life Satisfaction Index 236 Happy Planet Index 247 Status of Women 256 Global Gender Gap Index 259 Culture and Arts 268 Etiquette 268 Travel Information 269 Diseases/Health Data 280 Chapter 6 287 Environmental Overview 287 Environmental Issues 288 Environmental Policy 288 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 290 Global Environmental Snapshot 301 Global Environmental Concepts 312 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 326 Appendices 350 Bibliography 351 Mali Chapter 1 Country Overview Mali Review 2016 Page 1 of 363 pages Mali Country Overview MALI Located in western Africa, the landlocked Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world. -
Economic Growth 9 Inflation 9 Exchange Rates 9 External Sector 10 Forecast Summary 11 Quarterly Forecasts
South Korea - Timeline 1 May 2018 A chronology of key events: 1945 - After World War II, Japanese occupation ends with Soviet troops occupying area north of the 38th parallel, and US troops in the south. 1948 - Republic of Korea proclaimed. The Korean war (1950-1953) killed at least 2.5 million people. It pitted the North - backed by Chinese forces - against the South, supported militarily by the United Nations In Depth: The Korean War On This Day 1950: UN condemns North Korean invasion 1950 - South declares independence, sparking North Korean invasion. 1953 - Armistice ends Korean War, which has cost two million lives. 1950s - South sustained by crucial US military, economic and political support. 1960 - President Syngman Ree steps down after student protests against electoral fraud. New constitution forms Second Republic, but political freedom remains limited. Coup 1961 - Military coup puts General Park Chung-hee in power. 1963 - General Park restores some political freedom and proclaims Third Republic. Major programme of industrial development begins. 1972 - Martial law. Park increases his powers with constitutional changes. After secret North-South talks, both sides seek to develop dialogue aimed at unification. 1979 - Park assassinated. General Chun Doo-hwan seizes power the following year. Gwangju massacre 133 Hundreds died as troops fired on 1980 rally 2005: Lingering legacy of Korean massacre 1980 - Martial law declared after student demonstrations. In the city of Gwangju army kills at least 200 people. Fifth republic and new constitution. 1981 - Chun indirectly elected to a seven year term. Martial law ends, but government continues to have strong powers to prevent dissent. -
PARTY INSTITUTIONALISATION in MOZAMBIQUE ‘The Party of the State’ Vs the Opposition
VOLUME 12 NO 1 109 PARTY INSTITUTIONALISATION IN MOZAMBIQUE ‘The Party of the state’ vs the Opposition Adriano Nuvunga and Eduardo Sitoe Adriano Nuvunga is a PhD student in the International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, and lecturer in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique e-mail: [email protected] Eduardo Sitoe is Professor of Politics and Governance in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The article probes party institutionalisation in Mozambique and argues that only three of the more than 50 registered political parties there are ‘effective’, namely Frelimo, which is highly institutionalised; Renamo, which is collapsing organisationally yet has a high level of social rootedness; and an institutionalising MDM. The article concludes that although the opposition parties are partly to blame for their misfortunes, the nature of Frelimo’s relationship with society bears the main responsibility for the impoverishment of the opposition parties because it makes it difficult for opposition parties to break in and challenge its control over the state. INTRODUCTION There are few published studies on Mozambican political parties and those there are focus on elections. Studies of political parties have covered the following: the Frelimo party ideology (Brito 1988); building opposition (Manning 1998); strengths and weaknesses of multiparty democracy (Nuvunga 2005); the Frelimo-Renamo two-party system (Carbone 2005); the Renamo-UE coalition (Kadima & Matsimbe 2006); The Movimento Democrático de Moçambique (Mozambique Democratic Movement – MDM) as a new force (Chichava 2010a) and the MDM as a new 109 110 JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS opposition party (Nuvunga & Adalima 2011). -
Working Paper 19-15 Measuring the Rise of Economic Nationalism
WORKING PAPER 19-15 Measuring the Rise of Economic Nationalism Monica de Bolle and Jeromin Zettelmeyer August 2019 Abstract Since the mid-2000s, the platforms of major political parties in both advanced and emerging-market economies have increasingly emphasized policies that stress national sovereignty, reject multilateralism, and seek to advance national interests through measures that come at the expense of foreign interests. This paper documents this shift by evalu- ating the policy platforms of the largest political parties (about 55 in total) in the Group of Twenty (G-20) countries with regard to trade policy, foreign direct investment (FDI), immigration, and multilateral organizations. Preference shifts with respect to industrial policy, competition policy, and macroeconomic populism are also examined. In advanced economies, the biggest shifts were toward restrictions on immigration and trade and toward macroeco- nomic populism. In emerging-market economies, the largest preference shifts were toward industrial policies favoring specific sectors, macroeconomic populism, and industrial concentration. Trade protectionism and skepticism toward multilateral organizations and agreements have increased in both advanced and emerging-market economies. As of 2018, economic policy preferences in emerging-market economies were more nationalist and less liberal than in advanced countries, but the gap has narrowed. Right-wing parties tend to be more nationalist than left-wing parties in the areas of immigration restrictions, FDI restrictions, and antimultilateralism, but there is no significant differ- ence with respect to trade protectionism. JEL Codes: F5, F1, F2 Keywords: nationalism, populism, capitalism, trade policy, industrial policy, protectionism Monica de Bolle is a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and the Riordan Roett Chair in Latin American Studies at the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies. -
Informational Materials
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/11/2019 11:47:32 AM Nadine Slocum From: Nadine Slocum Sent: Thursday, February 7, 2019 9:51 AM To: Lou, Theresa Cc: Hendrixson-White, Jennifer; Vinoda Basnayake Subject: RE: Following up re: Korean delegation Attactiments: 7. CV_Kim Kwan Young.pd/; 15.CV"Kim Jong Dae.pdf; 14. CV_Park Joo Hyun.pdf; 13. CV_Baek Seung Joo.pdf; 12. CV_Chin Young.pdf; 11. CV_Choung Byoung Gug.pdf; 10. CV _Kim Jae Kyung.pdf; 9. CV _Lee Soo Hyuck.pdf, 8. CV _Kang Seok-ho.pdf; 6. CV _Na Kyung Won.pdf; 5. CV_Hong Young Pyo.pdf; 4. CV_Lee Jeong Mi.pdf; 3. CV_Chung Dong Young.pd/; 2. CV_Lee Hae-Chan.pd/; 1. CV_Korean National Assembly Delegation Feb.pd/; Bio - Moon Hee-Sang.pd/ Hi Theresa, Attached are the requested bias. Best, Nadine Slocum 202.689.2875 -----Original Message---- From: Vinoda Basnayake · Sent: Wednesday, February 6, 2019 6:15 PM To: Lou, Theresa <[email protected]> Cc: Hendrixson-White, Jennifer <Jennifer.hendrixson°[email protected]>; Nadine Slocum <[email protected]> Subject: Re: Following up re: Korean delegation I Copied Nadine from our office who can help with this. Thanks so much for your patience. Sent from my iPhone > On Feb 6, 2019, at 6:02 PM, Lou, Theresa <[email protected]> wrote: > > Hello Vinoda, > > Thank you for this. Are there short bias for the members of the delegation, particularly the speaker? Those would be much easier for us to incorporate. Please let me know if there are questions. > > Best, > Theresa > > Sent from my iPhone > » On Feb 6, 2019, at 4:09 PM, Vinoda Basnayake <[email protected]> wrote: » »Theresa/Jennifer, Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/11/2019 l l:47:32 AM Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 02/11/2019 11 :47:32 AM » The bios are attached, so sorry for the delay, there was a time difference issue.