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Home , Macromolecule

: Basic Organic

 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

 Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a carbon skeleton.

 All living things are composed of organic compounds. Organic Chemistry

 What makes carbon special? Why is carbon so different from all the other elements on the periodic table?

 The answer derives from the ability of carbon to bond together to form long chains and rings. Organic Chemistry

 Draw the orbital diagram for the carbon . Organic Chemistry

Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms. Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds, from simple to complex.

Methane with 1 DNA with tens of Billions Carbon atom of Carbon atoms What is Biochemistry?

 Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things.

 Biochemists study the and physical properties of biological .  Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments Elements in Living

 The most common elements found in living organisms include:  Carbon (C)  Hydrogen (H)  Nitrogen (N)  Oxygen (O)  Phosphorus (P)  Sulfur (S)  Remember CHNOPS Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on

 Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive.

= all the chemical reactions occurring in the body.

 Organic molecules:  usually associated with living things.  always contain CARBON.  are “large” molecules, with many atoms  always have covalent bonds (share electrons) Macromolecules of Cells

 Macro = large

 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology

1. 2. 3. 4. Nucleic Acids Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates

 Made up of simple sugars or groups of sugars

 Purposes: energy and

 Includes three types:  - only 1 sugar –quick energy Ex. glucose  Disaccharide - 2 sugars () linked together – short-term energy storage Ex. sucrose  - many sugars linked together. long-term energy storage & form structures Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates

 Polysaccharide Examples:

—glucose stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc.

—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic .

—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & . Polysaccharides Macromolecule #2: Lipids

 Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types:  Triglycerides (long-term energy storage, insulation) Ex. fats & oils  Phospholipids (primary component of membrane)  Steroids () Ex. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, etc.  Waxes (protection, prevents water loss) Ex. Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans. Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Macromolecule #3: Proteins

 The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids.

 There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids.

 Amino acids join together to form , polypeptides, and polypeptide chains. Macromolecule #3: Proteins

 Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules.  Serve the most varied purposes, including:

Support structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen)

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions Transport cell membranes channels, transporters in blood (e.g., Hemoglobin) Defense antibodies of the immune system

Hormones cell signaling (e.g., insulin)

Motion contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin) Collagen Antibodies Cellular Transport Motion

actin & myosin fibers in muscles Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids

: building blocks of nucleic acids.  Each contains  (a) phosphate molecule,  (b) nitrogenous base, and  (c) 5-carbon sugar

 Several types of nucleic acids, including:  DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid  Genetic material, double stranded helix  blueprint for synthesis  RNA: ribonucleic acid  Genetic material, single stranded  Helps make proteins DNA Nucleotide Structure