Synopsis of Homer’s Odyssey, adapted from Charlotte Higgins, It’s All Greek to Me, Reinhold Meyer, Essentials of Greek and Roman Classics, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey. Book 1 The Odyssey begins ten years after the end of the ten-year Trojan War, and Odysseus has still not returned home from the war. Odysseus' son Telemachus is approaching manhood and shares his absent father’s house on the island of Ithaca (off the west coast of Greece) with his mother Penelope and a crowd of about 100 boisterous young men, "the Suitors", whose aim is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them, while take advantage of the hospitality of Odysseus' household and devour his wealth/cattle. Odysseus’ protectress, the goddess Athena, discusses his fate with Zeus, king of the gods, at a moment when Odysseus' enemy, the god of the sea Poseidon, is absent from Mount Olympus (and dining with the Ethiopians). Then, disguised as a man named Mentes, she visits Telemachus and urges him to search for news of his father. He offers her hospitality; they observe the Suitors dining rowdily while the bard Phemius performs a narrative poem for them. Penelope objects to Phemius' theme, the "Return from Troy" because it reminds her of her missing husband, but Telemachus overrides her objections. That night Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true Telemachus. Book 2 The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the suitors. The worst of the Suitors, Antinous, points out that, while Penelope has delayed remarriage through trickery, she has also kept the Suitors around by sending some of them promising letters. After revealing his frustration with the Suitors and inability to handle them, Telemachus departs for the Greek mainland and the household of Nestor, now at home in Pylos, where he hopes to discover news of his father. His journey will also functions as a rite of passage, a kind-of road trip during which Telemachus will become a man. Book 3 Telemachus is hospitably received at Pylos by Nestor who compares him with Orestes. Nestor knows almost nothing about the travels of Odysseus. Book 4 Looking for more information about his father, Telemachus sets out overland to Sparta, where he visits Menelaus and Helen. They are celebrating the marriages of two of their children, but this celebration becomes more like a funeral banquet, as they talk about the friends they have lost. To relieve everyone’s grief, Helen distributes a drug in a passage that has sinister overtones. In this way and in others, Helen reveals qualities of a female type known as the femme fatale. Telemachus hears stories from Menelaus and Helen that underscore the ingenuity of his father, but in very different ways, some of which remind the audience of female treachery. Incidentally, Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus’ brother Agamemnon, and is again compared with Orestes. Book 5 For the first time, we now see Odysseus on the island of the nymph Calypso, where he has spent the last seven years as her Boy Toy, but is now dissatisfied and weeping on the beach out of desire to return home. Calypso is ordered to release Odysseus by the messenger god Hermes, who has been sent by Zeus in response to Athena's plea. Odysseus builds a raft and is given clothing, food and drink by Calypso. The raft is wrecked by Poseidon, Odysseus avoids drowning by removing the heavy clothes of Calpyso, and with the help of a sea nymph. He eventually swims ashore on the island of Scherie, the home of the Phaeacians, where, naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep under an olive tree. Book 6 The next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, Odysseus sees the young Nausicaa, princess of the Phaeacians, who has gone to the seashore with her maids to wash her wedding clothes, after being inspired to do so by Athena who appeared to her in a dream. Odysseus appeals to her for help, after deftly rejecting her hints at marriage. Nausicaa encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, Arete and Alcinous. Book 7 Odysseus is hospitably received in the court of the Phaeacians, and (again) turns down the offer of Nausicaa’s hand in marriage. Book 8 The court singer, Demodocus, tells a story concerning the Trojan War that causes Odysseus to weep. To distract Odysseus from his sorrow, King Alcinous suggests athletic games. At first Odysseus refuses, but then, after being goaded by a young Phaeacian, and being called a mere “businessman,” Odysseus defeats the Phaeacians in several events of a martial nature. Having returned to the palace, they all listen to another tale sung by Demodocus, this time about the adultery of Aphrodite with Ares, and their exposure by a trap of her husband, Hephaestus. Finally, Odysseus asks Demodocus to return to the theme of the Trojan War and the Trojan Horse, the trick invented by Odysseus that enabled the Greeks finally to sack Troy. Books 9-12: The Adventures of Odysseus Book 9 Unable to hide his emotions as he relives this episode, Odysseus at last reveals his identity. He then proceeds to tell the story of his return from Troy. After a piratical raid and the loss of numerous crew members on the land of the Cicones, Odysseus and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms. They visited the lethargic Lotus-Eaters who gave two of his men their fruit which caused them to forget their homecoming. After compelling these men-- now jonsing for Lotus --to leave the island with them, Odysseus and his crew arrive at the island of the Cyclops Polyphemus. After Polyphemus devours several of them, they get him drunk, blind his one eye, and escape the next morning, by clinging to the bellies of Polyphemus’ sheep, as he lets them out of the cave to graze. As Odysseus and his men were sailing away, however, Odysseus foolishly told Polyphemus his identity, and Polyphemus told his father, Poseidon. Book 10 Odysseus and his men stayed with Aeolus, the master of the winds. He gave Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds, except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home. However, the crew of Odysseus foolishly opened the bag while Odysseus slept, thinking that it contained gold. All of the winds flew out and the resulting storm drove the ships back the way they had come, just as Ithaca had come into sight. After pleading in vain with Aeolus to help them again, they re-embarked and encountered the cannibalistic Laestrygonians. Approximately 500 hundred of Odysseus’ men were devoured, and Odysseus’s ship was the only one to escape. He sailed on and visited the witch-goddess Circe. She turned half of his men into swine after feeding them cheese and wine. Hermes warned Odysseus about Circe and gave Odysseus a drug called molê, an antidote to Circe’s magic. Circe, attracted by Odysseus' cunning, fell in love with him and released his men. Odysseus and his crew remained with her on the island for one year, while they feasted and drank and Odyssey had constant sex. Finally, Odysseus' men convinced Odysseus that it was time to leave for Ithaca, after a drunken fool named Antenor fell from Circe’s roof and broke his neck. Book 11: Nekuia (Book of the Dead) Guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew crossed the ocean and reached a harbor at the western edge of the world, at the entrance to the Underworld, where Odysseus sacrificed to the dead and summoned the spirit of the old prophet Tiresias to advise him on his journey home. Among other things, Tiresias warned Odysseus and his crew not to eat the cattle of the Helios. Next, Odysseus met the spirit of his own mother, who had died of grief during his long absence. From her, he learned for the first time news of his own household, and about the suitors’ devouring of his estate and attempt to seduce Penelope. Others whom Odysseus met included Agamemnon and Achilles. The former tells Odysseus about his murder at the hands of his own wife Clytemnestra, and warns Odysseus about the treachery of women. Achilles expresses his regret at having chosen a short, heroic life. Book 12 Returning to Circe’s island, Odysseus received additional advice, including that he allow Scylla to devour six of his men. Odysseus gets to hear the normally lethal voices of the Sirens, as his men’s ears are sealed with candle wax and Odysseus with his ears unplugged is tied to the mast. Six of Odysseus men are devoured by Scylla, as they sail close by her cliff in order to avoid being devoured by the whirlpool Charybdis. They get stuck on the island of Helios where, Odysseus’ crew ignored the warnings of Tiresias and Circe, and in order to avoid starvation ate Helios’ sacred and immortal cattle. This sacrilege was subsequently punished by a shipwreck in which all but Odysseus drowned. He was washed ashore on the island of Calypso, where she compelled him to remain as her lover for seven years before he escaped (and sailed to the island of the Phaeacians). Book 13 Having listened with rapt attention to the adventures of Odysseus, the Phaeacians give Odysseus considerable treasure, and then deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. After at first not recognizing his home, he encounters Athena who expresses affection for him and as a pathological liar, and disguises him as a beggar.