QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 HAERWA-177 (Queen Anne Stovepipe No

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QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 HAERWA-177 (Queen Anne Stovepipe No. 1) WA-177 1410 First Avenue North Seattle King County Washington

PHOTOGRAPHS

WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

FIELD RECORDS

HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD PACIFIC WEST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1111 Jackson Street, Suite 700 Oakland, CA 94607 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD QUEEN ANNE WATER TANKN0.1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177

Location: 1410 First Avenue North Seattle King County, Washington

U.S.G.S. Quad- Queen Anne, Washington 548448E 5275550N Legal Description: Lots 5-12, Block A, Dunn's Addition, Seattle, Washington

Date of Construction: 1901 (completed)

Engineer: Reginald H. Thomson, City Engineer, architect of record

Builder: · Unknown (riveted steel tank possibly built by American Bridge Company, Toledo, Ohio)

Present Owner: City of Seattle, Public Utilities Department, Seattle, Washington

Historic Use: Municipal (potable) water storage

Present Use: Municipal (potable) water storage

Significance: Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1, completed in 1901, was Seattle's first steel-and concrete standpipe. The water tank operated in conjunction with the tank immediately adjacent, Queen Anne Water Tank No. 2 (built in 1904), and another in Volunteer Park (built in 1906) to provide city residents with clean, pressurized water. From its location on top of Queen Anne Hill, Water Tank No. 1 served as a destination from 1900 until 1934 for Seattle residents and tourists, who could ascend to its roof and view a 360 degree view of the city from the vantage point. Designated a city landmark in 1998, Water Tank No. 1 has served as a prominent and visually striking icon of Seattle's early municipal development.

Report Prepared By: Heather Lee Miller, Ph.D., Historian Historical Research Associates, Inc. 119 Pine Street, Suite 301 Seattle, WA 98101-1592 and John Stamets, Photographer 493 14th Avenue East Seattle, WA 98112

Report Date: August 2006 QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 2

I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

The Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1 (also referred to as Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) comprises two cylindrical structures, one inside the other. The inner, steel water-storage tank stands approximately 64' tall and is approximately 30' 8" diameter. The reinforced-concrete outer cylinder, which encloses the tank, is 12" thick, and approximately 36' in diameter and 68' tall. The approximately 2' wide space between the tank and the concrete wall houses a spiral stairway that winds around the tank, providing access to the water surface at the top of the tank and to the roof.

Historic drawings dating to as early as 1897 exist for Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1. At that time, the Seattle City Engineer was Reginald (R.H.) Thomson (1855-1949), who is famous for advocating for and directing such endeavors as the Denny and Spring Hills regrades, which completely resurfaced what is now downtown Seattle, and the channelization and draining of the Duwamish River, which created what is now the Port of Seattle. Although his name is on the 1900 building plans, Thomson, however, likely was not the designer or engineer of the Queen Anne Water Tanks. The actual builder of the water tank also remains unknown, although the similar construction of the Queen Anne Water Tank No. 2 built in 1904 immediately adjacent to No. 1 indicates that the American "Bridge Company of Toledo, Ohio, may have directed construction for both tanks. 1

As with most nineteenth-century municipal water systems, Seattle's early storage and delivery structures were composed of common and elemental materials, primarily wood and iron. The city's oldest water tanks were constructed of wooden staves, and water was distributed via drilled logs or wooden flumes situated atop heavy timber and wood trestles. Unlike European countries, which continued to use brick and stone masonry to construct water storage devices well into the twentieth century, by the last two decades of the nineteenth century in the United States, improved materials and methods made riveted steel storage tanks and piping the norm in water tank construction.2 Reinforced concrete also came into widespread use during the years between 1880 and 1900 in the United States, and cast-in-place concrete reservoirs and tanks were typically built onsite using small batches of hand-mixed and hand-poured concrete during construction, until truck-delivered premixed concrete became readily available in the early 1920s. Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1 was constructed of the best materials and using the best construction techniques available in 1900/1901. However, the smaller batches of concrete used to construct the shell of such structures as Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1 varied widely in quality, a problem attested to by the ongoing spalling of the structure, which was already occurring by the 1940s.3 Just a few years after it was built, then, the design and engineering were becoming obsolete and the materials of which it was constructed had begun to deteriorate. Steel standpipes are still commonly constructed but the development of welding techniques allowed tank plate seams to be welded instead of riveted as seen in the Queen Anne standpipes.

1 Susan Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," City of Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board, Landmark Nomination Form, prepared by Boyle Wagoner Architects for Seattle Public Utilities, September 8, 1998, 10-11. 2 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 7. 3 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 8; and James Nisbit Hazlehurst, Towers and Tanks for Water-Works: The Theory and Practice of Their Design and Construction (New York: Wiley, 1901). For an interesting pictorial depicting the latest trends in water tank design and engineering, see Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, Elevated Tank Designs-Submitted in a Competition (Chicago: Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, 1931 ). QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 3

The exterior of Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1 is striking, with the bottom half of the structure created of poured-in-place cement cast to resemble rusticated stone masonry, with a single ornamented doorway and eight circular windows. The concrete fa9ade is divided into three general sections: the base is equally divided by a regular pattern of columns or pilasters joined by arches extending slightly beyond the wall surface. Each column bay and arch is articulated with a concrete ashlar pattern. The middle section possesses no architectural detail, except two ornamental projecting bands with four pointed arched windows, located directly above every other circular window below. As built, the tower's parapet featured crenellation, which was filled in and built up after the tower sustained damage in a 1965 earthquake. Today, the upper section has a continuous series of bracketed arches, or machicolation, and the top of the wall is a plain parapet.4 This combination of styles and ornamentation gives the entire structure a mixed gothic revival and Richardsonian Romanesque feel. 5

The original roof possessed eight 18" x 18" vault lights, which illuminated the water tank below, and a 24" x 36" hatch, which provided access to the rooftop. Today, only the hatch remains, with a ladder providing access to the roof from a landing just below the lip of the tank itself. The original tower also had an iron staircase spiraling around the tower to the observation deck above. Anchors for the staircase, which was removed some time after the 1930s, are still visible on the tower's exterior.

The steel structure of the water tank sits on a poured concrete foundation 5' thick and 42" in diameter at the submerged base. The foundation is composed of three tiers that rise in steps: the lowermost tier is 1' 6" tall and is reinforced with%" twisted steel rods placed 5' apart; the middle tier is also 1' 6" tall but contains no reinforcing rods; and the third tier is 2' tall and also contains%" twisted steel rods placed 4' apart. The uppermost portion of the concrete pad is 40' in diameter, with a 9 5/8" lip angling up to the concrete wall. The cylindrical tank is made up of 10 rows of overlapping curved horizontal steel plates, riveted at the seams with steel rivets. 6 The first two rows of plates are triple riveted, while the remainder are double riveted. The plates vary in thickness from 2/3" to 5/16", and the bottom plates vary from 1/8" to 7/8" thick.

A simple steel staircase winds around the tank in the 2' wide annular space between the steel tank and the concrete shell, providing access to the roof of the structure. The stairs are constructed of two steel bars welded to an outer frame that is affixed in turn to the tank and concrete shell. Tying the two structures together are steel bars riveted to the steel plates of the tank, cast into the concrete shell, and then tightened with turnbuckles. As the tank and shell have shifted differently during settling and seismic activities, the steel bars have bent. Additionally, the uncoated steel embedded in the concrete are corroding. The expansion of the corroding steel has resulted in cracking. 7

The water tank possesses three main pipes, which were originally constructed of kalamein. The inflow/outflow system, which connects to the Galer Street pipeline, consists of two 12" kalamein pipes,

4 Rocco Romero and Paul Gaudette, "Limited Investigation for Historic Preservation and Concrete Restoration of Queen Anne Standpipe No. I," WJE No. 1999.3169, report produced for Seattle Public Utilities by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., May 8, 2001. 5 Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses (New York: Knopf, 1994). 6 According to engineer James Nisbit Hazlehurst, who was writing contemporaneously with the design and build of the Queen Anne water tanks, steel rivets were considered to have superior shearing resistance to iron, but iron was serviceable provided that shearing-resistance loads were taken into consideration. Hazlehurst, Towers and Tanks for Water-Works, chap 6, esp. 88. 7 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 10. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page4 with a check valve to regulate outflow. An 8" kalamein pipe provides overflow protection, draining to the sewer; additionally, a small 4" kalamein "waste pipe" also drains to the sewer.

The Queen Anne water tanks are used to provide water storage to the Queen Anne neighborhood. Water is pumped from the Cedar River pipelines into a 24" pipeline-the Galer Street pipeline-that connects Queen Anne with Capitol Hill and the Volunteer Standpipe. The Warren Avenue Pump Station can be used to supplement flows to the Queen Anne area during peak demand periods or as an emergency water source. Because they are hydraulically connected by the Galer Street pipeline, the water elevation in the Queen Anne and Volunteer tanks are the same. During peak demand periods, water generally flows out of the tanks. The tanks are refilled during lower demand periods.

The two Queen Anne tanks provide a combined capacity of 1.2 million gallons, 0.24% of Seattle's total storage capacity of 506,370,000 gallons.

II. IDSTORICAL CONTEXT

In 1883, the City of Seattle annexed Queen Anne Hill (also known as Queen Anne Tome and Galer Hill), which had been cleared for farming in the 1870s and settled by Euroamericans arriving in the area. By the time it was annexed, Queen Anne was the site of a number of large estate homes that had been constructed as a result of the city's late-nineteenth-century economic boom.8 In Queen Anne, in particular, which had gone for several weeks in November 1889 without water due to severe maintenance problems experienced by the private company which was at that time providing its water, and in Seattle, in general, which had just experienced the Great Fire of 1889, it was clear that additional water storage and delivery capacity was essential. At that time, the city was actively searching for an appropriate location on which to build these much-needed facilities. 9

Seattle's earliest water system stored and distributed water from the Cedar River via a system of pipes, reservoirs, and tanks located at both high and low elevations. In 1891, Mayor Robert Moran had asked city engineers to develop a complete water distribution system. City Engineer R. H. Thomson quickly responded with a design and, in 1895, Seattle citizens voted in support of a $1.25 million bond measure to acquire and develop the Cedar River Watershed and establish the Water Department. Still, summer droughts plagued Queen Anne Hill, which was getting its water from a 100,000 gallon wooden reservoir that stored Lake Union water via Yi'' pipes that frequently clogged.

In the midst of these developments toward creating a municipal water system, Albert C. Olsen offered to sell the city a parcel in Dunn's Addition on Queen Anne Hill. At the time, the city had no available funds, despite the Board of Public Works' recommendation that the city buy the site, echoing the Water Department's 1893 suggestion that purchasing the land and buying a tank would be smarter than renting.10 Superintendent of Public Works A. Jackson expressed his concern in May 1894 that summer droughts would once again plague residents living at higher elevations and recommended that the city install two tanks, one on Queen Anne Hill and another in City Park (now Volunteer Park).11 On June

8 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 2-3. 9 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 5. 10 Miscellaneous communications, October 16, 26, 27, December 11, 1893, file 993379, box 24, folder 9; and Albert Olsen, communication, January 11, 1894, file 992058, box 16, folder 4; all at Seattle Municipal Archives (SMA), Seattle, Washington. 11 A. Jackson, communication, May 4, 1894, file 993183, box 23, folder 7, SMA. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 5

4, 1894, the city passed an ordinance appropriating $1,700 for the construction of a water tank on lot 11, block "A" of Dunn's Addition; six year later, under the authority of ordinance 6347, the Board of Public Works was directed additionally to purchase lots 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, block "A."12

Queen Anne citizens' ongoing requests for a reliable water system were granted when the city built atop Queen Anne Hill at a height of 520' the city's first water tank of three that were planned (the others were located on Capitol Hill at Volunteer and Lincoln parks). In 1901, water began flowing into the new tank from Landsburg Dam on the Cedar River through a 28.6-mile-long, 42" diameter pipeline known as the Cedar River Pipeline No. 1. Thus Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1, the city's first steel and concrete standpipe, replaced the old wooden reservoir atop Queen Anne Hill and significantly improved pipe service to the neighborhood.13

City council named the eight-parcel (approximately one acre) property on which the standpipe was erected "Observatory Park" in 1902. 14 At that time, the tower was open to the public, and visitors could ascend the tower via a spiral staircase mounted to the exterior of the structure. Striking photos from 1906 depict the spectacular view of the quickly developing city that residents could gaze at from atop the water tower. The observatory idea must have been popular, as the city erected a similar water tower with observatory deck in 1906 in Volunteer Park. In 1904, to eliminate further the threat of summer water shortages on the hill, the city constructed another, larger water tank (Queen Anne Water Tank No. 2) immediately south of Queen Anne No. 1. 15 In 1907, Fire Department Engine Company Number 8 began service out of a striking building located immediately north of Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1. In 1911, the city Parks Department took over jurisdiction of the Queen Anne property and soon landscaped the lots and planted flowers in the park. 16

Although the exact details remain unknown, by the early 1930s, there were numerous complaints and arrests made related to "nuisances ... and more serious matters" occurring in the stairways and observation galleries at both Volunteer and Observatory parks. The city asked Fire Department personnel to keep an eye on the Queen Anne water tank and surrounding property, which was unsupervised, but either the Fire Department refused or their attempts were unsuccessful because by 1934, the observation gallery at the Queen Anne Water Tank had been closed to the public. 17

In 1939, with $700 financial aid from the Queen Anne High School, the Works Progress Administration constructed on the water tank site two tennis courts and public restrooms attached to the fire department. Thus, although the water tank itself was off-limits to the public, Queen Anne residents continued to interact with the building as an imposing landmark within the park. In 1962, in order to maintain fire protection "especially during the Century 21 Fair," the 1907 firehouse was demolished and a

12 City of Seattle, Ordinance 3411, passed June 4, 1894; and City of Seattle, Ordinance 6347, passed November 5, 1900, SMA. 13 Boyle, "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," 5-6. 14 City of Seattle, Ordinance 7862, passed March 10, 1902, SMA. 15 City of Seattle, Ordinance 10592, passed February 29, 1904, SMA. 16 Donald N. Sherwood, "Observatory Courts," October 28, 1978, in Data on History ofSeattle Park System, compiled April 19, 1960; updated regulary to date, City of Seattle, Department of Parks and Recreation, bound volume on file at Hugh and Jane Ferguson, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library (SPL), Seattle, Washington; and "This Station Served until 1964," Queen Anne News, September 11, 1970, 6, vertical file: Seattle-Districts-Queen Anne, Newspaper Clippings, SPL. 17 Sherwood, "Observatory Courts." QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page6 new building erected on the site of the southeast tennis court. A new tennis court was built on the parcel on which the old firehouse was located (at the northeast comer of the park).18 The park retains this configuration today.

The standpipe's concrete shell apparently had deteriorated significantly by the 1940s. This damage was "not new and was incurred many years ago."19 ill February 1949, Seattle Water Department employee W. A. Herrigel sent a memo to N. R. Mayhew noting the "ideal conditions" for heavy corrosion at the water tank and that "heavy scale has formed on the exterior at the lower edge of the plating where it joins the floor of the Standpipe." Although the interior coal-tar coating and exterior paint were in good condition at that time, "the masonry tower has a number of vertical cracks, some of which extend the full length of the tower and show clear through the wall." Herrigel suggested further investigation was warranted and that "it may be found advisable for safety and better maintenance conditions on the Standpipe to remove [the concrete] enclosure."20

As a stopgap measure, the city decided to repair the structure rather than tear down the shell. ill 1954, City Ordinance 81903 mandated that extensive repairs be completed on the tank. Steel straps were installed around the perimeter of concrete wall's midsection, then tightened at a turnbuckle assembly, welded, and covered with mortar. At the same time, the tower's roof slab was removed and replaced, along with the original crenellated parapet at the top of the standpipe wall. Additionally, a roof drain, overflow, and downspout were installed, and concrete spalling on outer walls was repaired.21

ill the 1980s, further measures were taken to prevent deterioration of Queen Anne Water Tank No. 1 and to ensure public safety, including repair of a broken anchor bolt, replacement of the interior top landing, injection of epoxy into cracks in the concrete wall, painting the steel tank and concrete shell, and delaminating and removing loose concrete, which was done again nine years later. ill 1985, the city installed a chain-link fence to restrict public access; again, nine years, later, the city raised the height of the fence to prevent vandalism and to protect the public from falling concrete.

Today, the two Queen Anne water tanks are seismically vulnerable and in an advanced state of deterioration. ill addition, their storage capacity is insufficient for the city's needs. According to City Council member Peter Steinbrueck, no one disputes the need to replace the iconic but failing towers. Despite an extensive community involvement process, the aesthetics of the replacement's design has been the subject of heated debate in Seattle, but has been little doubt about the functional practicality of the replacement structure. The new 2-million-gallon tank will provide Queen Anne's residents with more reliable and better water service.22

III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Queen Anne Water System Improvements Project includes the construction of a new 2- million-gallon water tank, a belowground pump station, and 14,000' of water mains. Seattle Public

18 Sherwood, "Observatory Courts." 19 W. A. Herrigel to N. R. Mayhew, memorandum, February 18, 1949, on file with Seattle Public Utilities. 20 Herrigel to Mayhew, February 18, 1949. 21 W. E. Parker, City Engineer, "Instruction to Bidders, Proposal Specifications, and Contract, for North Queen Anne Standpipe - By Repairs, as Authorized by Ordinance No. 81903, December 12, 1954, on file with Seattle Public Utilities. 22 Anne Kim, "Water Tower Design Criticized," Seattle Times, July 10, 2006, Bl-2. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 7

Utilities Department is replacing Queen Anne water tanks nos. 1 and 2 to address the deterioration in the physical condition and seismic vulnerability of both tanks, and the need for more water storage capacity in the Queen Anne neighborhood. A single 75' diameter, 79' tall, welded-steel tank will replace the existing tanks, serving approximately 30,000 people.

As part of the Queen Anne Water System Improvement project, a new pressure zone will be established at the top of Queen Anne Hill, where the current water pressure is low. The new pressure zone will increase water pressure at the top of Queen Anne Hill by approximately 24 pounds per square for over 600 residences. Seattle Public Utilities Department will create this new pressure zone by building an underground pump station below the tennis court southwest of the existing tanks and installing 14,000' of new water mains in the Queen Anne neighborhood.

On December 18, 2002, the City of Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board approved a Certificate of Approval to demolish Queen Anne Water Tank (Standpipe) No. 1, which it had designated a city landmark in fall 1998. As part of the approval, the board stipulated (pursuant to SMC.25.12.835A) that the Department of Construction and Land Use could not issue a demolition permit until the landmark was recorded to the standards of the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Report (HABS/HAER) program, which is administered by the National Park Service. Demolition did not occur immediately, and the board renewed the Certificate of Approval on June 2, 2004 and December 21, 2005. In July 2006, the City of Seattle's Public Utilities Department hired Historical Research Associates, Inc. to prepare HABS/HAER documentation of Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1, which is presented in the following report. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 8

IV. CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK No. 1

Date Construction and Maintenance23

1949 SPU memo regarding spalling. 1954 (pursuant to Ordinance 81903) Steel straps (7 Yz " x 3 ") were installed around perimeter of concrete wall's midsection, then tightened at a turnbuckle assembly, welded, and covered with mortar. Roof slab removed and replaced, along with crenellated parapet at the top of the standpipe wall. Roof drain, overflow, and downspout installed. Concrete spalling on concrete walls repaired on outer surface. Possibly repainted. 1965 Earthquake damage reported, including portion of concrete cornice falling off standpipe. 1966 SPU memo regarding spalling of concrete over steel straps. Mortar over steel straps replaced and reinforced with metal lath. Cornice that fell off during 1965 earthquake repaired. Paint removed by scraping and sandblasting and the concrete fa9ade coated with gray Pittsburgh Paint and Glass Company (PPG) Cementhide paint. Anchor bolt and stabilizer replaced (J. Herold noted "at this time about Yz of the anchor bolts have been repaired"). 1979 SPU memo regarding cracks in concrete shell, expressing concern over safety. 1981 Repair broken anchor bolt Replace top landing (interior) at ladder. Weld exterior ladder (unclear whether this happened or iflater removed, as there is presently no exterior ladder). 1982 Cracks in concrete wall injected with epoxy. Steel tank painted. Concrete wall painted with cream-colored paint. 1985 Delaminated and loose concrete removed for public safety. Chain-link fence installed to restrict public access for safety concerns. 1994 Delaminated and loose concrete removed for public safety. Crack in an interior pilaster injected with epoxy. Height of surrounding chain-link fence raised for public safety.

23 Maintenance record adapted from architectural plans on file at the City of Seattle, Department of Engineering; and miscellaneous memos on file at the Seattle Municipal Archives. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 9

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archival Sources

Seattle Department of Land Development, Engineering Vault Architectural and Engineering Plans

Seattle Public Library, Northwest Room Vertical File: Seattle-Districts-Queen Anne, Newspaper Clippings

University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections

Newspapers Consulted

Seattle Times Seattle Post-Intelligencer

Books, Articles, Pamphlets, and Reports

Bemer, Richard C. Seattle Transformed: 1900-1920, From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration Seattle: Charles Press, 1991.

Boyle, Susan. "Queen Anne [Water Tank] No. 1 and No. 2," City of Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board, Landmark Nomination Form. Report prepared by Boyle Wagoner Architects for Seattle Public Utilities, September 8, 1998.

Confer, Peggy. "Seismic Upgrade of Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1," report produced for Seattle Public Utilities by Tetra Tech/KCM, Inc., October 8, 2002.

Hazlehurst, James Nisbit. Towers and Tanks for Water-Works: The Theory and Practice of Their Design and Construction. New York: Wiley, 1901. ·

Romero, Rocco, and Paul Gaudette. "Limited Investigation for Historic Preservation and Concrete Restoration of Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1," WJE No. 1999.3169, report produced for Seattle Public Utilities by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., May 8, 2001.

Sale, Roger. Seattle: Past to Present: An Interpretation of the History of the Foremost City in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976.

Shafer, William L. "Technical Report Memorandum, Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1, Post Earthquake Inspection and Analysis," report produced for Seattle Public Utilities by Tetra Tech/KCM, Inc., May 16, 2001.

Sherwood, Donald N. "Observatory Courts," October 28, 1978. In Data on History of Seattle Park System, compiled April 19, 1960; updated regulary to date. City of Seattle, Department of Parks and Recreation. Bound volume on file at Hugh and Jane Ferguson Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library, Washington. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 10

HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD

INDEX TO FIGURES

Figure 1. Vicinity map for Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1.

Figure 2. Site map of Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1

Figure 3. Laying 12" Forse [sic] Main on E. Harrison Street [from Volunteer Park Reservoir] for Queen Anne Stand Pipe. September 8, 1899. Historic Photo #7292, Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 4. Standpipe Foundation [construction] on Queen Anne Hill. September 13, 1899. Historic Photo #7284, Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 5. Queen Anne Stand Pipe [construction]. January 26, 1900. Historic Photo #7307. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 6. Stand Pipe Queen Anne Hill [construction]. February 22, 1900. Historic Photo #7310. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 7. Official fuspection [of Queen Anne Standpipe] by Seattle City Council. May 1, 1900. Historic Photo #7341. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 8. Panorama of Seattle from Queen Anne Water Tower, n.d., University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Seattle Photograph Collection, UW4117.

Figure 9. View North from Queen Anne Water Tower, 1906. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Warner 203.

Figure 10. View West from Queen Anne Water Tower, 1906. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Warner 204.

Figure 11. Postcard. Water Reservoirs, Queen Anne Hill, Seattle, Wash., n.d. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, SEA1892.

Figure 12. Queen Anne Hill Standpipes. January 10, 1929. Historic Photo #3207. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection.

Figure 13. Riveted Steel Standpipe, St. Augustine, Florida [1900?]. From James Nisbit Hazlehurst, Towers and Tanks for Water-Works: The Theory and Practice of Their Design and Construction. New York: Wiley, 1901, frontispiece.

Figure 14. Tower and Tank, West Tampa, Florida [1900?]. From James Nisbit Hazlehurst, Towers and Tanks for Water-Works: The Theory and Practice of Their Design and Construction. New York: Wiley, 1901, 117. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 11

Figure 15. Anchorage for Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill. 1899. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-A.

Figure 16. Plan Showing Location of Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill. 1899. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-B/4.

Figure 17. Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, 1898. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-1.

Figure 18. Details of Steel Construction for the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, Sheet No. 1, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-10-C.

Figure 19. Openings in Roof Concrete at the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-D.

Figure 20. Details of Columns for the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, Sheet No. 2, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-1 O-B-3.

Figure 21. North Queen Anne Stand-Pipe Repairs, 1954. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #845-24.

Figure 22. Door into annular space and manhold into tank on east side~..49-r-6t,

Figure 23. Stairs and bracing inside tower. View is looking northwest from second landing. Note non uniformity of concrete aggregate. fPm,t~tf:'"WA-1~1'9"'¥'~·

Figure 25. Interior view at top of tank, looking southwest. Shows water in riveted steel tank, reinforced concrete shell and reinforced concrete tank fPfflt't'J•No,.,W~,1,;z,i.,,,9J.

Figure 26. View on top of tower looking east, showing parapet and broadcasting equipment. Former Queen Anne High School is the prominent building in the background~~A"'i"r,~l~). QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 12

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Figure 1. Vicinity map for Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANKN0.1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 13

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Figure 2. Site map of Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1 QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 14

Figure 3. Laying 12" Forse [sic] Main on E. Harrison Str. [from Volunteer Park Reservoir] for Queen Anne Stand Pipe. September 8, 1899. Historic Photo #7292, Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 15

Figure 4. Standpipe Foundation [construction] on Queen Anne Hill. September 13, 1899. Historic Photo #7284, Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 16

Figure 5. Queen Anne Stand Pipe [construction]. January 26, 1900. Historic Photo #7307. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 17

Figure 6. Stand Pipe Queen Anne Hill [construction]. February 22, 1900. Historic Photo #7310. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 18

Figure 7. Official Inspection [of Queen Anne Standpipe] by Seattle City Council. May 1, 1900. Historic Photo #7341. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 19

Figure 8. Panorama of Seattle from Queen Anne Water Tower, n.d., University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Seattle Photograph Collection, UW4117. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK.NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 20

Property of MSCUA 1 University of Washington Libraries. Photo Coll 273 Figure 9. View North from Queen Anne Water Tower, 1906. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Warner 203. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 21

Property of MSCUA 1 University of Washington Libraries. Photo Coll 273 Figure 10. View West from Queen Anne Water Tower, 1906. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Warner 204. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 22

Figure 11. Postcard. Water Reservoirs, Queen Anne Hill, Seattle, Wash., n.d. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, SEA1892. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 23

Figure 12. Queen Anne Hill Standpipes. January 10, 1929. Historic Photo #3207. Seattle Municipal Archives, Photograph Collection. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 24

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Figure 15. Anchorage for Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill. 1899. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-A. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 27

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Figure 16. Plan Showing Location of Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill. 1899. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-B/4. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 28

Figure 17. Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, 1898. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-1. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 29

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Figure 18. Details of Steel Construction for the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, Sheet No. 1, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-10-C. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 30

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Figure 19. Openings in Roof Concrete at the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-13-D. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 31

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Figure 20. Details of Columns for the Stand-Pipe on Queen Anne Hill, Sheet No. 2, 1900. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #72-10-B-3. ~'G·!'""------1------"'~ "I

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'-'""•' ...... ':<~ -:---,.....L.. 4. ii ~~~ ~ ~ trj Figure 21. North Queen Anne Stand-Pipe Repairs, 1954. Seattle Public Utilities, Engineering Branch, #845-24. ~ s- ~ z ::, ,-J 9 'E. ~ '"d ::;(?il ~ ~ >ZZ (1) ,'..... 9 0 ~ ::j -::: ;_. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 33

Figure 22. Door into annular space and manhold into tank on east side (~. QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 34

Figure 23. Stairs and bracing inside tower. View is looking northwest from second landing. Note non uniformity of concrete aggregate(~ QUEEN ANNE WATER TANK NO. 1 (Queen Anne Standpipe No. 1) HAER No. WA-177 Page 35

Figure 24. Supporting ring truss and rod brace as seen looking southeast from third landing~ wt{-:1:'7"!-&). ~ ~ ~ s; g ~ ~g~ ~ ~ tr1 ...... + ::0 r- § ~ .§" S; .., ~-g· ~ Jg> z z Figure 25. Interior view at top of tank, looking southwest. Shows water in riveted steel tank, reinforced concrete shell (1) ~ 9 0 W-..J ,....· and reinforced concrete tank (~0~0 We. W:A .. 177-9+. O'I -..J '-' ...... 1 ~~ g ~ ~~~ >- (1) >-l trJ C/) tr1 ~ pl'" ~ z s.. >-l ~~l~ £ >Zz (1) ~ 9 O Figure 26. View on top of tower looking east, showing parapet and broadcasting equipment. Former Queen Anne High w-.:r,....· School is the prominent building in the backgroundtphete, ·No. WA-1T7 lQ,y. -.:r -.:r '-' ......