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Post-9/11 American Invasion of Afghanistan: Reasons and Motivations

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Post-9/11 American Invasion of Afghanistan: Reasons and Motivations Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research idi University-Oum El Bouaghi Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Post-9/11 American Invasion of Afghanistan: Reasons and Motivations A Mémoire Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anglo-American Studies By: BECHEKAOUI Youcef Board of Examiners: Dr. MAAMERI Fatima, Supervisor BOUDJLIT Amina, member 2016-2017 Abstract The reasons and motivations that led Unites States of America to invade Afghanistan following the 9/11 attacks made a hot debate among many historians and politicians. Thus, this study is significant because it sheds light on the main embedded aims that the United States of America never stated behind its invasion in the aftermath of the 9/11 events. Although the United States of America claimed that the fundamental reason behind the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 is the 9/11 attacks, there are many other reasons that were overlooked. Afghanistan has a very important geo-strategic location in the world; thereby, this feature allows the United States government to accomplish its economic and political interests within Afghanistan and Central Asia. This study has come to the conclusion that the United States of America used 9/11 attacks as a pretext to invade Afghanistan and serve its imperialistic interests in the area. Keywords: Unites States, Afghanistan, 9/11 attacks, invasion of Afghanistan, economic and political interests, pretext Résumé Les raisons et motivations qui mènent les É tats-Unis D Amérique à envahir juste après les attentats du 11 septembre, a éveillé un débat chaleureux au sein des historiens et politiciens. Ainsi, cette étude est signifiante principaux objectifs fixés que les É tats-Unis jamais mentionnés concernant leur invasion suite aux évènements du 11 septembre. Bien que les É tats-Unis affirment que la raison fondamentale de leur invasion en Afghanistan en 2001 est les ignorées. ce qui pousse le gouvernement des É tats-Unis à accomplir leurs intérêts économiques et politiques avec Centrale. En conclusion, cette étude a pour objectif de montrer queles É tats-Unis ont utilisé les attentats du 11 septembre comme et réaliser leurs intérêts impériaux dans la région. Mots clés : les É tats-Unis les attentats du 11 septembre, les intérêts économiques et politiques, le prétexte. ii Dedication I would like to dedicate this humble work to my dearest persons in my life; my Father and my Mother who provided me with everything to achieve this work especially my father. I would like to dedicate this work to all people who have helped me in achieving this work; friends, classmates, and teachers. iii Acknowledgments This work would not have been done without the advice, patience, wisdom, and support of Dr. Fatima Maameri. I owe immense gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. Fatima Maameri for her guidance, instructions, and assistance. I would like to thank all who contributed in this work through encouraging, and supporting me to finish this work. Finally, special thanks go to my best friends Malek, Fateh, Muhammed, and Jahid. iv Acronyms BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation. CIA: Central Intelligence Agency. CNN: Cable News Network. ISI: Inter-Services Intelligence. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. USAID: United States Agency for International Development. USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. UN: United Nations. UNOCAL: Union Oil of California. v Table of Contents Abstract Dedication ii Acknowledgement .................. iii List of iv Table of v General Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Historical Background Introduction 4 I. The US-Afghan Diplomatic Relations before 9/11 Attacks 4 II. II. US-Afghan Partnership and Cooperation .......................................... 6 III. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and its Impact on US-Afghan Relations, 1979-1989 1. The Foundation of Al-Qaeda Network 7 A. The Funding of Al-Qaeda 8 B. Bin Laden 9 2. Pakistan and its Role during the Soviet Invasion 12 IV. Taliban 1. The Emergence of Taliban vi 2. US-Taliban Relations 1994-2001 V. The 9/11 Attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. 2001 18 1. US Reaction to 9/11 Attacks 18 2. The International Response to 9/11 19 VI. Post-9/11 Invasion of Afghanistan, 2001 19 Conclusion ................ 20 Chapter 2: The Explicit and Implicit Reasons and Motivations of the Post-9/11 American Invasion of Afghanistan Introduction ... 24 I. The Political Reasons: 1. The 9/11 Attacks: The American Excuse to Invade Afghanistan 24 2. Humanitarian Intervention 3. The War on Terror 26 4. Democracy Promotion II. The Geo-Political Reasons: The Geo-Strategic Location of Afghanistan 30 III. The Economic Reasons: Gas and Oil Pipelines and Mineral Resources 33 39 Conclusion 40 vii Endnotes 42 List of Works Cited 43 1 General Introduction 9 September 2001 is marked as unforgettable day in the history of the United States. At that day, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were crashed down by terrorist attacks. These attacks resulted in the death and injury of thousands of the American people. The 9/11 attacks were the turning point in United States and , in which the US government accused Al-Qaeda organization of these strikes as well as Taliban who were harboring Bin Laden and his followers. Thus, the Bush government declared war against Afghanistan that was launched one month later after the attacks occurred. Although the United States of America claimed that the fundamental reason behind the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 is the 9/11 attacks, there are many other reasons that were overlooked. This research aims at exploring the direct reasons, which led to the American invasion of Afghanistan in the post-9/11 attacks. Moreover, this study attempts to find out the embedded reasons which drove the Americans to invade the Afghan. Further, it seeks to determine the pull motivations that attracted the US interests in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Besides, this work tries to shed the light on the background of terrorism and its origins as well as the legitimacy of the American invasion of Afghanistan according to international law. This study attempts to find some suitable answers to many questions. Prominent among them is why did United States invade Afghanistan following 9/11 attacks? What 2 are the embedded reasons behind the American invasion of Afghanistan along with the direct ones? Is the US invasion of Afghanistan in the post-9/11 legal according to the international law? Concerning methodology, this Mémoire depends on different methods to achieve i s aim and have a clear understanding of the implicit and explicit reasons which drove United States of America to invade Afghanistan in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks. The first method used is the descriptive method, which helps reviewing the history of the diplomatic relations of Afghanistan and United States from its first contacts until the American invasion of Afghanistan. The second approach is rather analytical. It is used to analyze and scrutinize the various data, literature, and narratives in order to understand the direct reasons used by the American government to wage war against Afghanistan in 2001 as well as the implicit and hidden ones. Finally, in style, this Mémoire depends on the Modern Language Association (MLA), 7th edition. This study has depended on sources and literary materials in order to provide more comprehension and clear analysis to the American occupation of Afghanistan following 9/11 events. These sources consist of books, articles, encyclopedias, interviews, theses and others. The information provided by the Afghan Embassy in Washington, D.C. is very useful in tracing the history of the diplomatic relations of the US and Afghanistan ing creating terrorism during the Soviet-Afghan war to defeat the Soviet troops and oust them out of Afghanistan. 3 This research is made up of two chapters; the first chapter speaks about the historical background. It tackles the history of the US-Afghan diplomatic relations from their first establishment to 2001. Further, it sheds light on the Soviet-Afghan war, 1979- 1989 and the American support provided to the Afghan rebels to fight the Soviet troops in Afghanistan. In addition, it highlights the role of the US in the creation of Al-Qaeda organization and the assistance given to Taliban to take over Kabul in 1996. The second chapter highlights the major reasons provided by the Americans to invade Afghanistan in the wake of 9/11 attacks like war on terrorism, humanitarian intervention, and democracy promotion. Besides, this chapter examines the most important imperialistic objectives, which the American government did not declare to the public. The US hidden aims behind waging war on Afghanistan are most significant mainly the building of an oil pipeline across Afghanistan and the establishment of a permanent military bases in Afghanistan to sustain its imperialistic interests within Afghanistan and the Central Asia area as whole. 4 CHAPTER I: Historical Background Introduction: Historically speaking, the Middle East and Central Asia spheres have been a hotspots, conflictual points, and zones of instability. Afghanistan is one of the nations of this area which, throughout its history, had seen many interventions, wars and conflicts. major occupations of Afghanistan. The US intervention in Afghanistan, particularly, occurred in October 2001 shortly after the attacks on the World Trade Center in New Yo US-Afghan diplomatic relations prior to those attacks may give a better understanding and provide a clear analysis about the post- 9/11 US invasion of Afghanistan. I. The US-Afghan Diplomatic Relations before 9/11 Attacks According to the Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, D.C., the US-Afghan diplomatic relations date back to the first part of the 19th century. The first contact happened in 1830 when Josiah Harlan1, a Pennsylvania political activist, ventured into Afghanistan.
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