Rice Weed Identification Louisiana Agricultural Technology and Management Conference February 8, 2007

Johnny Saichuk Keying Out vs Recognizing Plants

• Taxonomists use floral parts – Least affected by environment – Lots of differences • Agriculturists use vegetative parts – Cannot wait until reproductive state – Fewer and more subtle differences – May be affected by environment – Restricted to fewer plants Typical Grass Spikelet awn of lemma

anthers stamen filament stigmas (2) of pistil

palea Lemma (fertile)

ovary of pistil inner glume outer glume Typical Dicot Flower (1)

stigmas and styles of pistil filaments stamens anthers Typical dicot flower (2)

c o r o l l petals a perianth sepals

calyx Diagnostic Grass Parts

• Ligules • Auricles • Leaf tips • Appearance of youngest leaf • Stolons and/or rhizomes •Seeds Examples of Grass Ligules

none row of membrane short long hairs fringed membrane membrane with hairs auricles blunt leaf tip

tapered leaf tip Appearance of Youngest Leaf

Rolled in bud Folded in bud

Stolon of Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides) Rhizomes of Torpedograss (Panicum repens) Crown buds of Creeping Rivergrass (perennial barnyardgrass) – Echinochloa polystachya

Echinochloa sp. Panicum sp. BarnyardgrassBarnyardgrass EchinochloaEchinochloa crus-gallicrus-galli MannagrassMannagrass GlyceriaGlyceria declinata declinata RiceRice CutgrassCutgrass LeersiaLeersia oryzoides oryzoides NeallyNeally Sprangletop Sprangletop LeptochloaLeptochloa nealleyinealleyi AmazonAmazon oror TightheadTighthead Sprangletop Sprangletop LeptochloaLeptochloa panicoidespanicoides

RedRed SprangletopSprangletop LeptochloaLeptochloa filiformisfiliformis MexicanMexican SprangletopSprangletop LeptochloaLeptochloa uninervauninerva FallFall PanicumPanicum PanicumPanicum dichotomiflorumdichotomiflorum

TorpedograssTorpedograss PanicumPanicum repensrepens

BrookBrook PaspalumPaspalum oror CanoegrassCanoegrass PaspalumPaspalum acuminatumacuminatum

KnotgrassKnotgrass PaspalumPaspalum distichumdistichum

WaterWater PaspalumPaspalum PaspalumPaspalum hydrophilumhydrophilum

Diagnostic Broadleaf Parts

• Leaf margins • Leaf types • Leaf arrangement • Stem properties • Leaf attachment • Flower arrangement • Leaf shape • Specialized parts TexasweedTexasweed CopperleafCopperleaf CaperoniaCaperonia palustris palustris AcalyphaAcalypha ostryifolia ostryifolia

serrateserrate leafleaf marginsmargins AlligatorweedAlligatorweed ToothcupToothcup AlternantheraAlternanthera RotalaRotala ramosior ramosior philoxeroidesphiloxeroides PurplePurple AmmaniaAmmania ToothcupToothcup AmmaniaAmmania coccinea coccinea RotalaRotala ramosior ramosior ArrowheadArrowhead BurheadBurhead SagittariaSagittaria sp.sp. EchinodorusEchinodorus cordifoliuscordifolius DucksaladDucksalad HeterantheraHeteranthera limnosa limnosa

RoundleafRoundleaf Mud Mud PlantainPlantain HeterantheraHeteranthera reniformis reniformis

EcliptaEclipta CreepingCreeping SpotflowerSpotflower EcliptaEclipta prostrata prostrata SpilanthesSpilanthes americana americana

antroseantrose pubescence pubescence sparsesparse pubescencepubescence septateseptate stem stem

ocreaocrea septaeseptae stipulestipule pinnatelypinnately 11stst truetrue compoundcompound cotyledonscotyledons leafleaf leafleaf

22ndnd truetrue leafleaf HedgeHedge HyssopHyssop

GratiolaGratiola neglecta neglecta

pedunclespeduncles

G.G. virginianavirginiana spatulatespatulate floating floating leavesleaves

filiformfiliform submersed submersed leavesleaves

WaterWater StarwortStarwort CallitricheCallitriche heterophylla heterophylla Ducksalad,Ducksalad, HeterantheraHeteranthera limnosa limnosa SmartweedSmartweed JungleJungle Rice,Rice, PolygonumPolygonum sp.sp. EchinochloaEchinochloa colonumcolonum

anthocyaninanthocyanin pigment pigment Red rice Red Bearded sprangletop Ladysthumb smartweed Pennsylvania Large clasping auricles Large No auricles Water paspalum Water Knotgrass Brook paspalum Brook Peruvian watergrass watergrass Southern Broadleaf signalgrass Broadleaf Fall panicum sprangletop Amazon Cutleaf groundcherry Purple ammannia Texasweed Redweed Eclipta Hemp sesbania Indian orrough jointvetch Pale smartweed No purple mark on leaves on mark No purple leaves on marks Purple Creeping river grass (perennial barnyardgrass) Mid-vein prominent Mid-vein glabrous surface leaf prominent Mid-vein prominent not Mid-vein Mid-vein not prominent not Mid-vein pubescent surface leaf Junglerice Barnyardgrass Hollow stem with prominent leaf midvein leaf prominent Hollow stem with Solid hair stem at collarwith region Long slim leaves (8-26 cm) (8-26 leaves slim Long Solid at collar stem region without hair Short leaves (2-3 cm) (2-3 leaves Short true leaf pinnate compound pinnate leaf true true leaf entire leaf true st st 1 1 Leaf serrate with long petiole long serrate with Leaf petiole w/o toothed remotely Leaf Cotyledon tip acute tip Cotyledon obtuse tip Cotyledon Stems and petioles coarsely hairy Seedling reddish and glabrous and reddish Seedling Stems smooth with indented leaves indented with smooth Stems Narrow membrane Narrow hairs with fringed Long membrane Alligatorweed Purple bands on leaves leaves on bands purple No Short membranous ligule membranous Short Long membranousligule Rice flatsedge Annual sedge Purple nutsedge nutsedge Yellow Cotyledons spatulate Cotyledons Cotyledons lanceolate Cotyledons Cotyledons linear to lanceolate linear to Cotyledons oblong Cotyledons Leaves pinnate alternate & Cotyledons lance-shaped Cotyledons Cotyledons orbicular Cotyledons Hollow stems Characteristics drawnby: Ligules absent present Ligules Membranous ligule Membranous ng Weed Identification in Rice (yellow) ligule Hairy Perennial Annual broadleaves broadleaves perennial Annual grasses grasses Green leaf 3-6 mm wide leaf 3-6 mm Green wide mm 1-2 leaf green Dark tapering tip abruptly Leaf tip tapering gradually Leaf Spreading Spreading dayflower Grass-like leaves wide Rhizomes absent Rhizomes Rhizomes present Rhizomes Tuber absent Tuber present Tuber From vegetative parts seeds From Grass-like Common arrowhead Straplike leavesStraplike juice milky &

Monocots Sedges Dicots Wei Zhang and Eric P. Webster Webster P. Eric and Zhang Wei Wide or thick Wide leaves fleshy Leaves grow in in grow Leaves 3 directions Aquatic spp. etc Aquatic spp. Ducksalad A triad of 3 of triad A leaves fleshy Created by: Created Round-leaf plantain Mud Long petioleLong linear leaf & Cotyledons absent or absent Cotyledons parallel veins on leaves or present Cotyledons leaves veins net-like with Long petioleLong ovate leaf& Pickerelweed Seedling Weeds in rice A Schematic Diagram for Seedli Ligules Characteristics of Broadleaves Mid veins Auricles Cotyledon shapesCotyledon Leaf types Characteristics of Grasses Characteristics Characteristics of of Sedges Characteristics Triangular stem Leaves 3-ranked Johnny Saichuk 1373 Caffey Rd. Rayne, LA 70578 [email protected] Office: 337-788-7547 Cell: 337-849-6253 Fax: 337-788-7568