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An Optimal Foraging Perspective on Early Holocene Human Prey Choice on Gotland Affluence Or Starvation?

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An Optimal Foraging Perspective on Early Holocene Human Prey Choice on Gotland Affluence Or Starvation? An Optimal Foraging Perspective on Early Holocene Human Prey Choice on Gotland Affluence or Starvation? Mesolithic cave on the island of Stora Karlsö, Gotland, Sweden. Photo by Ingegärd E. Malmros y Ingegärd E. Malmros University of Gotland Dept. of Archaeology and Osteology 2012/Spring term Master Thesis Author: Ingegärd E. Malmros Supervisor: Jan Apel Abstract An Optimal Foraging Perspective on Early Human Holocene Prey Choice on Gotland. Affluence or Starvation? Ingegärd E. Malmros, Master thesis, 2012/Spring term. Gotland University, De- partment of Archaeology and Osteology The Optimal Foraging Theory, rooted in the processual archaeology, uses a measuring methodology where the foraging strategy that gives the highest pa- yoff measured as the highest ratio of energy gain per time unit is analysed (Mac Arthur & Pianca 1966, Emlen 1966). The theory is a branch of evolutionary eco- logy why much attention is paid to the interdependence of humans and preys and environmental conditions caused by climatologically and geographical changes or by overexploitation or other changes caused by humans. The ana- lysis of Early Mesolithic pioneers on Gotland, who settle in a transforming landscape, leaves indications of a Maglemose culture origin, probably from flo- oded original settlements in the south/southwest Baltic basin. The pioneers have to adapt to a seal-hunting economy dominated by grey seal which give the best cost-benefit outcome as big terrestrial mammals are missing and only mountain hare is available. The diet is narrow and there is a great risk for defi- ciency diseases as well as for acquiring hypervitaminosis and osteoporosis ca- used by excess of seal food. There is a hiatus c. 5000-4500 BC in the archaeological records on Gotland and the south-western Baltic region, and the master thesis hypothesises that Lit- torina Transgression I with a severe cold dip called the “8.2 ka BP cold event” has a delayed, but such a severe impact also on fauna and flora on Gotland, that the ecological system is destroyed. The possibility for humans to survive in a sustainable society is questionable. The extremely cold winters during this c. 400 years cold event, with glaciers moving southwards, delayed the blooming season, diminished the harvest and changed both flora and fauna. When the ecological niche for the grey seal is destroyed with flooded beaches close to the pioneers, human overexploitation is reinforced. With a diminishing population of mountain hare, which eventually gets extinct at the end of the Mesolithic, there are no alternatives but some birds and fish, hard to catch. Probably the pio- neers abandon Gotland or move to a higher level on Gotland but no records are yet found why the period is called a hiatus. Extinction is the worst scenario or survival in such a small number that a sustainable society is lost. If so, new population groups repopulated Gotland after the Littorina transgressions. The origin is still unknown of the Pitted-ware and Funnelbeaker cultures that are populating Gotland after the transgressions. This master thesis can not confirm an affluent life style but rather a suffering starving society flooded by Littorina transgressions and struggling with the severe cold, caused by the “8.2 ka cold event” that makes the environmental conditions even worse. The subsistence economy is successively destroyed which probably causes the hiatus in ar- chaeological records. The Littorina Transgression I with the “8.2 cold event” and the lack of terrestrial big animals are bottle necks. Key words: Gotland, grey seal, Holocene, hunter-gatherer, Mesolithic, Optimal Foraging Theory, OFT, 8.2 ka BP cold event, Zen Road 2 Abstrakt Överflöd eller svält? En studie av optimal födoinsamling och människors val av jaktbyte på Gotland under början av Holocen Ingegärd E. Malmros, Magisteruppsats, 2012. Högskolan på Gotland, Avdel- ningen för arkeologi och osteologi Optimal Foraging Theory, med sina rötter i den processuella arkeologin, använ- der en metodik utgående från mätningar där insamlingsstrategin som ger den högsta avkastningen per tidsenhet analyseras (Mac Arthur & Pianca 1966, Em- len 1966). Teorin är en undergrupp inom den evolutionära ekologin och därför ägnas stor tid åt att uppmärksamma det ömsesidiga beroendet och påverkan som sker i miljön p.g.a. klimatologiska och geologiska orsaker men också p.g.a. mänsklig påverkan som exempelvis överförbrukning. Analysen av tidigmesoli- tiska pionjärbosättare på Gotland, som möter ett landskap i förvandling, lämnar spår efter sig som tyder på ett ursprung i Maglemosekulturen i södra/sydvästra Östersjöregionen. De tvingas bli adapterade till en säljägarekonomi dominerad av gråsäl som ger det bästa energiutbytet, eftersom stora landdäggdjur saknas och endast bergshare finns tillgänglig. Dietvalet är smalt och det föreligger stor risk för både bristsjukdomar och A-vitaminförgiftning och osteoporos p.g.a. överkonsumtion av sälprodukter. Det finns ett uppehåll i de arkeologiska fynden c. 5000-4500 BC på Gotland liksom i södra Östersjöområdet. Magisteruppsatsens hypotes är att den kalla perioden med temperatursänkning som kallas ”8.2 ka BP cold event” under Lit- torinatransgression I har en fördröjd men så kraftigt övergripande effekt, på både djur- och växtliv på Gotland, att den förstör det ekologiska systemet och därmed möjligheten för människor att överleva i ett hållbart samhälle. De my- cket hårda vintrarna under de c. 400 årens ”cold event” medför att glaciärerna dras sig söderut, blomningssäsongen fördröjs, skörden minskar och både fauna och flora förändras. När den ekologiska nischen för gråsälen förstörs av över- svämmade stränder nära bosättarna förstärks överexploateringen, och då det inte finns någon alternativ föda utom en minskande harstam, svårfångade fåglar och fiskar, blir situationen fatal för de tidigmesolitiska bosättarna. Troligtvis flyt- tar de till andra platser inom Östersjönätverket eller till en högre nivå på Got- land, men fynd saknas hittills varför detta tomrum benämns ”hiatus”. Det värsta scenariot är att bosättarna dör ut eller överlever i ett så litet antal att det hållbara samhället går under. Om så är fallet återbefokas Gotland av gropkeramisk kul- tur och trattbägarkultur i anslutning till Littorinatrasgressionernas slut. Denna magisteruppsats kan inte konfirmera en livsstil i överflöd, utan snarare ett lidan- de svältande samhälle som översvämmas av Littorinatransgressioner med mil- jömässiga förhållanden som förvärras av den allvarliga kylan orsakad av ”8.2 ka cold event”. Försörjningsmöjligheterna förstörs succesivt och befolkningen för- svinner vilket troligen orsakar ett hiatus i de arkeologiska fynden. Littorina Transgression I med ”8.2 ka cold event” och bristen på stora landdjur är stora flaskhalsar. Key words: Gotland, grey seal, Holocene, hunter-gatherer, Mesolithic, Optimal Foraging Theory, OFT, 8.2 ka BP cold event Zen Road 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Jan Apel for inspiring me to focus on Early Mesolithic pioneer settlers on Gotland and for letting me be a part of his re- search group in excavation and theoretical analysis. His challenging discus- sions have pushed me forward and his inspiring literature has increased my knowledge within this field. It has been a great adventure to gather information on the ecological system in the Baltic Area facing these Mesolithic hunter- gatherers who made Gotland to their homeland. It has been a thrilling joy when a feeling of cohesiveness has shown up. I also wish to thank my master semi- nar leader Paul Wallin who has been teaching and guiding our group in theo- retical as well as practical matters and always supported a creative thinking in a tolerant manner. Finally I send my thanks to all who have participated in discus- sions on my master thesis and given me good advices. 4 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6 1.1.1 Aim and purpose ................................................................................ 6 1.1.2 Research questions ........................................................................... 7 1.2 Material ......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Source Material .................................................................................. 7 1.2.2 Criticism of source material ................................................................ 9 1.2.3 Criticism of time schedules ................................................................ 9 1.3 Limitations ................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Methods ...................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Dictionary .................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Relevance ................................................................................................... 12 2 Theoretical perspectives ...................................................................................... 12 2.1 OFT as a benchmark for measuring culture ................................................. 13 2.2 Sahlins’s Original Affluent Society - the Zen road ........................................ 19 3 Previous research ................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Colonisation phase
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