INDEX*

With the exception of Allee el al. (1949) and Sverdrup et at. (1942 or 1946), indexed as such, junior authors are indexed to the page on which the senior author is cited although their names may appear only in the list of references to the chapter concerned; all authors in the annotated bibliographies are indexed directly. Certain variants and equivalents in specific and generic names are indicated without reference to their standing in nomenclature. Ship and expedition names are in small capitals. Attention is called to these subindexes: Intertidal ecology, p. 540; geographical summary of bottom communities, pp. 520-521; marine borers (systematic groups and substances attacked), pp. 1033-1034. Inasmuch as final assembly and collation of the index was done without assistance, errors of omis- sion and commission are those of the editor, for which he prays forgiveness.

Abbott, D. P., 1197 Acipenser, 421 Abbs, Cooper, 988 gUldenstUdti, 905

Abe, N.r 1016, 1089, 1120, 1149 ruthenus, 394, 904 Abel, O., 10, 281, 942, 946, 960, 967, 980, 1016 stellatus, 905 Aberystwyth, algae, 1043 Acmaea, 1150 Abestopluma pennatula, 654 limatola, 551, 700, 1148 Abra (= Syndosmya) mitra, 551 alba community, 789 persona, 419 ovata, 846 scabra, 700 Abramis, 867, 868 Acnidosporidia, 418 brama, 795, 904, 905 Acoela, 420 Abundance (Abundanz), 474 Acrhella horrescens, 1096 of vertebrate remains, 968 Acrockordus granulatus, 1215 Abyssal (defined), 21 javanicus, 1215 animals (fig.), 662 Acropora, 437, 615, 618, 622, 627, 1096 clay, 645 acuminata, 619, 622; facing 621 community, 652-654 arbuscula, 624 fauna, distribution, 664 brueggemmani, 618, 627, 1090 fishes, distribution (fig.)» 667 cuneata, 615 species, age of, 668 conifera, 620 A byssocucumis ingolfi, 1193 corymbosa 431, 618, 620, 622, 627 Abyssopelagic zone, 643 association, 623 Acanella eburnea, 1105 zone, 620; facing, 621, 626 Ac&ntharia, 1069 digitifera, 618, 620 A cantharia, 450 zone, 618; facing 620 Acanthaster, 622 echinata, 622, 624 A canthobdella peledina, 423 exilis, 622 Acanthobdellida, 423 formosa, 624 Acanthocephala, 422, 1118 zone, 623, 624; facing 627 Acanthodoris pilosa, 350 hebes, 620, 627; facing 626 Acanthonus, 665, 667 humilis, 618, 620, 622, 623 distribution (fig.), 667 humilis-digitifera, 619 Acanthozoslera, 618 implicata, 624 gemmata, 928, 929 nasuta, 622 Acarina, 424 nobilis, 624 Acartia, 1168 palifera, 618, 619, 622, 623 Acartia bifilosa, 781, 792, 793 zone, 618 clausi, 833, 834, 856, 1166 rambleri, 624 longiretnis, 792, 1167 rayneri, 615, 624 tonsa, 716, 787 reticulata, 623, 624 Acclimatization, 143, 166-168 association, 623 in Caspian Sea, 904, 906-912 zone, facing 621 A centropus niveus, 779 reticulata-hyacinthus-cytherea, 619 Acer a bullata, 494, 495, 497 rosaria, 622 Acerina cermta, 987 rotumana, 618, 620 Acetabularia, 261, 262, 263 squamosa, 618, 627 Acid digestion in Holothurians, 280 striata, 622

* The index is a joint contribution of University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Pacific Marine Station, College of the Pacific.

1227

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Acropora—(cont'd) Aix-en-Provence shales, 966 surculosa, 618, 620 Akashiwo mortality, 981 teres, 624 Akers, W. H., 1076 Acteon candens, 716 Aksiray, F., 865 Actiarctus doryphorus, 424 Alaria, 552 Actinia equina, 400, 437, 501 esculenta, 1048 Actinians, commensal, 399 Aland Sea, 753 life span, 501 Alaska, Gulf of, oxygen, 230 Actinicola percula, 622 mortality, 976 Actinocyclus, 901, 914 Albacore, 1209 ehrenbergi, 914 ALBATROSS, 112, 223, 224 Actinodendron, 623 ALBATROSS III, 199 Actinomyxidia, 419 Albatrosses, 1219, 1220, 1221 Actinotkoe pugna, 400 Alberni Inlet, 689 Acrothoracida, 426 Albert I, Prince of Monaco, 654 Adacna minima, 914 Albunea, 1154 plicata, 804, 806 Alburnus tarichi, 977 Adam, W., 1139 Alcidae, 1219 Adams, C. C., 1 Alciopa, 1121 Aiamsia, 399 cantrainii, 1121 palliata, 402 Alcippe lampas, 426 sociabilis, 402 Alcock, A. A., 394 Aden, Gulf, coral reefs, 1095 Alcyonacea, 1106 oxygen, 224 zooxanthellae in, 433 Adeney, W. E., 190 Alcyonaria, 1105 Adolph, E. F., 148, 1211 calcite in, 264 Adriatic mortality, 978 Alcyanidium polyormm, 787 oyster pests, 1130 Alcyonium, 433, 620 temp, and salinity, 1130 Alderia modesta, 781 Aedes argenleus, 1182 Alébion glaber, 425 dorsalis, 1179 Aleem, A. A., 550, 573, 724, 1047, 1051, 1059 mariae, 148, 1180 Aleev, Y. G., 866 sollicitans, 1179 Alepas, 426 taeniorhynchus, 1179 Aletes, 637 Aega ventrosa, 1151 Aleutian Islands, 333 Aegean Sea, 2 Ridge, 230 Aegidae, 426 Aleutian copepods, 1165 Aeolidiella, (Ealidina) alderi, 432 Alexander, James E., 983 Aeolis glauca, 432 Alexander, W. B., 677, 678, 701, 702, 703, 1219 Aeoliscus slrigatus, 622 Alexeterion parfaiti, 654 Aepophilus, 1178 Algae, 1041 bonairei, 1178 calcareous, 261-263 Aepus, 1178 in estuaries, 707, 1024 Aetolikon mortality, 986 osmotic pressure, 140 Affinity groups, 470 Algal borers, 279, 1030 Afognak mortality, 974 cushions, 846 Agar-digesting bacteria, 1039 mats, 280 Agassiz, A., 10, 257, 280, 650, 654, 1090, 1191 ridge, 615; facing 620 Agassiz, Louis, 5, 946, 980, 987 Algerian coast, fauna, 1017 Agassiz trawl, 75 Al-Hussaini, A. H., 1206 Ageciras, 728 Alikunhi, K. H., 1120 Aggregata eberlhi, 418 Alinat, J., 55 Aglaopheniai?) galatheae, 656 Alkalinity, Black Sea, 821 Agnatha, 1203 deep sea, 647 Ago Bay, Foraminifera, 1078 Alkmaria romijni, 780 mortality, 981 Allan, J. R. H., 67 Agulhas Bank, 946, 963 Allan, Joyce, 1135 Current, 327, 949, 951 Allan, P. F., 1052 Ahermatypic corals, 1089 Allan, R. S., 1113 Ahlmann, H. W., 88 Allantactis parasitica, 403 Ahlstom, E. H., 376, 1205 Allee, W. C., 5, 19, 20, 148, 177, 370, 463, 465, 537, 550, 611, Ahrens, L. H., 245 728, 1012, 1013, 1188 Ahrens, L. W., 355 Allee et al., 1, 36, 43, 146, 149, 160, 161, 166, 415, 471, 1012 Aikawa, H., 957, 958 Aiptasia, 436 Allee's principle, 47 Aiptasiomorpha Ittciae, 704 Allen, Esther C., 1040 Air, bacteria, 1039 Allen, E. J., 730 Aiyar, R. Gopala, 928, 986, 1120 Allen, F. E., 698,1027

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Allen, J. A., 497, 517, 1143 Amphiroa, 261, 624 Allen, J. Frances, 1143 aticeps, 1017 Allen, N. T., 54, 73 Amphiscolops langerhansii, 437 Allen, W. E., 9, 298, 447, 449, 535, 956, 970, 981, 1061, 1062 Amphisile heinrichi, 942 Alligator mississipiensis, 1213 Amphistegina, 276 Alloecoela, 420 Amphitrite robusta, 407 Allogromia laticollaris, 1076 rubra, 494 Alloposus mollis, 988 Amphiura, 472, 477, 487, 488, 495, 847 Aloyidis {¿Ma, 1149 aesluarii community, 512 Alpheids, freshwater, 1157 chiajei, 845, 1188 Alpkeopsis haugi, 1157 Amphiura communities, 485, 510; (fig.), 512, 513 monodi, 1157 filiformis, 488 Aiveolinella quoyi, 1077 -Amphiura chiajei community, 511 Alveopora, 619 fiorifera community, 512 Alyar, R. G., 449 rosea community, 512 Amansia glomerala, 1049 Anabaena, 792 Amaroucium, 418 tallica, 782, 786, 792 constellatum, 1199 Anacropora, 624 pellucidum, 1198, 1199 Anaerobic glycolysis, 281 Amazon tides, 681 Anaerobic respiration in molluscs, 267 Ambassis natalensis, 394 Anal papillae, 150 Amblyrkynckus cristatus, 1213, 1214 Anarrhichas, 979 Ambroz, A. P., 866, 867 Anaspiies, 696 Amemiya, I., 1029, 1129 Anastrophe, 941 Amia, 1206 Anatolia, fish fauna, 862 calm, 421 Anchialo Lagoon, 853 Amison, J. M., 956 Anchoa hepselus, 709 Ammocoete, 1204 mitchelli, 709 Ammodyles, 646, 846 Ancient deposits, 734 Ammophila armaria, 1057 Ancylus ftuviatilis, 769 baltica, 1057 Ancylus Lake, 769, 771 -Lathyrus maritimus, 1052 Anderson, C., 1139 Ammonia, Baltic, 320 Anderson, C. T., 250 Black Sea, 822 Anderson, D. Q., 194, 306, 1040 Gulf of Maine, 313, 314 Anderson, E. C., 243 and nitrogen, Pacific, 308 Anderson, W. W., 151 Ammotrypane galalheae, 657 Andersson, Charles W., 983 Amoebina, 418 Andersson, K. A., 1219 Ampelisca, 495,1153 André, M., 424, 1031, 1175 community, 516 Andrée, K., 681, 729, 960 Amphibians, 1211 Andreitcheva-Vankova, M., 818 Amphibiontic, zone, 546 Andrewartha, H. G., 33, 41, 42, 47, 1012 Amphtiesma, 595 Andrews, E. A., 150, 395, 1143 subtriangulatum, 597 Andrews, Harry L., 1041 veniricosum, 594, 597 Andriashev, A. P., 363, 1206 Amphidinium fusiforme, 982 Andros Island, 628 Ampkilepis norvegica-Pecten vitreus community, 518 Andrusov, N. I., (or Andrussow, Nicolaus), 802, 803, 804, Amphilina foliacea, 421 824, 969, 977 Amphilinidea, 421 Anelasma squalicola, 425 Amphiodia-Amphioplus communities, 513 Anemones, 1108 cratoderma-Turritella fenestrala community, 513 and fishes, 403 occidentale community, 513 Anemonia sargassensis, 368 sp.-Schizaster sp. community, 514 sulcata, 437 Amphiophiura bullala, 653, 654 Angas, G. F., 1139 convexa, 654 Angelescu, V., 35, 691, 692 Amphioplus macraspis community, 514 Angelier, E., 596, 1175 Amphioxus, 848, 849 Anglers, 643 Anglesey, intertidal, 1018, 1019 sands, 846 Angstrom, A., 110 Amphipod communities, 516 Anguilla, 144 Amphipoda, 426, 1153 vulgaris, 795 Skagerak, 1154 Angulus exiguus, 846 Isle of Man, 1155 Animals in Baltic (fig.), 773 Amphineura, 424 Animal production, (defined), 500 Amphiprion, 403, 427 Anisakis, 422 bicinctus, 622 Anisus (Planorbis) vortex, 779 and Stoichactis (fig.), 403 Ankel, W. E., 393, 1149

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Annandale, N., 11,146,501, 693,1029, 1084,1090,1172, Apodida, 426 Annelida, 423 Apogonichthys, 1206 carbonate deposition by, 264 strombi, 404 Japan, 1121 Aporidea, 422 Annenkova, N., 1121 Aporrhais, 472 Annual cycle of nutrients, 311 pespelecani, 495, 805 Annual rhythm, 918, 921 Apostomea, 419 Anodonta cygnea, 267 Applegate, V. C., 1203 piscinalis, 779 Appelof, A., 19, 20, 168, 169 Anolis agassizii, 1215 Apstein, C., 768, 1121, 1162 carolinensis, 1213 Apulyont, Lake, 862 Anomalocardia cuneimeris, 716 Aqualung, 55 Anopheles albimanus, 1177,1180 Arabian Sea, algae, 1043 atroparvus, 1179 mortality, 977, 985 atropos, 1179 Arachnida, 424 curcians bradleyi, 1179 Arachnoides placenta community, 520 elulus, 1179 Araeolaimoidea, 422 labranchiae, 1179 Aragonite, 239, 250, 264 maculipennis, 1179 in algae, 261 Anophrys elongata, 419 Bahama Bank, 256 Anopla, 422 -calcite relations, 272 Anraku, Masateru, 1165 ecological aspects, 269-273 Ansistrosytlis constricla, 657 in foraminifera, 263 Antarctic Bottom Water, 217 isotope ratios, 257 Convergence, 216, 324, 325 needles, 257 Intermediate Water, 197, 217, 225 precipitation of, 256 Ocean, algae, 1048 solubility, 252, 265 circulation, 325 Aral Sea, 131, 913-915 nutrients, 310, 324-330 benthos, 915 oxygen content, 216 Biota, 915 Radiolaria, 1072 composition, 914 Antedon, 1183 Arbacia, 1192 Antennal glands, 138 Arbuthudt, C. R., 980 Gammarus (fig.), 138 Area, 280, 595, 623, 803 Antholoba, 399 glacialis, 466 achates, 400 glacialis-Astarte crenata community, 518 Anthony, R., 397 Areata mortality, 987 Anthopleura elegantissima, 550 Arcella, 176 xanthogrammica, 351, 636 Archaeolithothamnion, 615 Anthoplexaura dimorpha, 392 Archangelski, (see Arkhangel'sky), Anthozoa, 420, 1108 Archer, J. G., 559, 561 Anthuridea, 426 Archiannelida, 423, 1126 Anlias hirsutus, 374 Archibathyal, 21 unirameus, 374 Archibenthal, 21 Antigone spissa, 595 Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 1143 An tipa, G., 11, 729, 819, 865, 959, 983 Arctic algae, 1042 Antipathes, 426 bacteria, 1036 Antitropicality, 378 communities (fig.), 519 Antonio-Murgoci, A., 865 complex in Caspian, 895 Anuraea aculeata, 856 copepods, 1165 cochlearis, 856 immigrants in Caspian, 900 Anurida, 849 polychaetes, 1121 maritima, 1178, 1179, 1180 species at depth, 466 Anvrosporidium pelseneeri, 419 tidal zones, 461 Apex size, Natica (fig.), 179 Arctic Mediterranean, oxygen, 221-222 Aphanius dispar, 712 Arctonoe fragilis, 405 fasciatiti, 712 hosts of (table), 406 Aphanizomenon, 792, 855, 856, 901 Arctophila fulva, 783 fit« aquae, 792, 1049 distribution, 785 Aphelocheirus, 1177 Arenicola, 688, 722, 847, 1122 Aphrodite aculeata, 494, 495 assimilis, 1122 Aphotic zone, 23, 120 claparedii, 1125, 1126 Aplacophora, 424 cristata, 1125, 1126 Aplodinotus grunniens, 420 loveni, 1122 Aplysia, 624 marina, 472, 494, 498, 978, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1127 punctata, 497 Argobuccinum oregonense, 1114 Apoda, 1193 Argonauta, egg case, 267

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Arguloidea, 425 montagui, 477, 495 Argulus, 425 sulcata, 495 funduli, 425 Asteracantkion rubens, 419 megalops, 425 Asterias, 265, 487 Argyropelecus, 653 forbesi, 487, 1189 Argyrotheca, 1114 glacialis, 494 cordata, 1114 rubens, 480, 494, 495, 498, 776, 777, 1189 Aricia armiger, 978 Asterionella japónica, 351, 1062 foetida, 494 Asterocheres, 425 Arita, Keizo, 1175 Asteroids, 1187 Arkell, W. J., 47 Asterope mariae, 1162 Arkhangel'sky, A. D., (or Archangelski, A. D.), 802, 803, oblonga, 1162 804, 806, 807, 823, 824, 827, 828, 829, 959, 969 Astomata, 419 Arkona Sea, 753 A sfrangia, 636 ARMATJER HANSEN, 219 Astreopora, 619, 622, 623, 628 Armstrong, F. A. J., 303, 351 Astropectens 595 Arndt, W., 1084, 1152 aranciacus, 1190 Arno Atoll, 1103 marginatus, 1192 Arnold, D. C., 404 Astrosphaeridae, 1071 Arnold, Edgar L., 60 Athanas, 847 Arnold, J. R., 243 Atherina, 868, 899, 903, 908 Arnold, Zach M., 1076 mochon, 861, 863 Arnoldi, L. V., 869 requeti, 1051 Aroe basin, 229 Atkins, W. R. G., 109, 110, 111, 118, 119, 297, 310, 311, 313, Arrhenius, G., 244, 282, 283, 447, 450 351, 1041 Arrhenius, Svante, 159, 160, 926 Atkinson, G. T., 947, 978 Arriola, F. J., 1152 Atlantic copepods, deep water, 219, 1165 Artemia, 146, 150, 700, 711, 712, 716 Foraminifera, 1078 gracilis, 1176 Atlantic, North, oxygen changes in, 201 salina, 853, 854, 1176, 1177 oxygen consumption, 195 Arthropoda, 424 zooplankton, 1168 carbonate deposition by, 269 oxygen, 219 fauna of algae, 1154 oxygen consumption, 194 Arts, L. des., 1188 oxygen-minimum zone, 220 Asabellides sibirica-Nucula tenuis community, 520 phosphates, 321 Asane, Nagao, 1041 Radiolaria, 1070 Ascaroidea, 422 reefs, 627-628 Aschelminthes, 422 South, Radiolaria, 1071 Ascidia, 1199 ATLANTIS, 196, 199, 215, 219, 320 atra, 1198 Atlantis (the lost one), 1019 callosa, 394 Atlas of Sea Surface Temperatures, 376 ceratodes, 349, 1198 Atoda, K., 1090 uptake, 350 Atoll, cross section (fig.)/ 616-617; plate, facing 620 paralropa, 394 Atoll Reefs, 614 samea, 1199 Atolls, 614 Ascidiella aspersa, 847, 1199 A triplex, 725, 1057 Asclepios, 1179 arenaria, 1056 Ascophylla nodosa (or Ascophyllum nodosum), 371,564,788, Attractive substances and larvae, 483-484 1043, 1045, 1047 Atya africana, 1152 Ascothoracida, 426 Atyidae, 142, 696, 1152 Asellota, 426 Audouin, V., 1, 9 Asellus aquaticus, 779, 783 Audouinia tentaculata, 494 Ashworth, J. H., 432, 501, 1090, 1113, 1117, 1122 Augener, H., 1122 Aspidobothria, 421 Aughtry, Robert H., 988 Aspidobranchia, 1149 Auks, 1221 Aspidocotylea, 421 Aulacanthidae, 1071 Aspidogastraea, 421 Aulorhynchus flavidus, 635 Aspidosiphon, 1091 Aurelia (=Aurellia), 142 Asplanchna, 856 aurita, 757, 777, 778, 794, 833 Assal Lake, mortality, 978 in Baltic, 762 Association, 47 Austin, Lynn H., 230 Astacus, blood, 269 Austin, T. S., 449, 573, 575, 576, 577, 612, 951, 952, 1020, 1100 leptodactylus, 898 Australia, algae, 1046 pachypus, 898 echinoderms, 1188 A starte, 785 estuaries, 680 borealis, 476, 477, 495, 783, 789 fishes, 1209 elliptica, 477 Autecology, 9

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Avagina incola, 420 Baker, M., 383, 384 Avicennia, 624, 728 Baker, S. M., 560 alba, 1056 Balaena mysticetus, 1223 nilida, 1053 Balaenoptera borealis, 1225 Avrainvillea, 623, 1046 Balance sheet, marine, 38-39 Awati, P. R., 1129 Balanoglossus, 472, 623 Ax, P., 595 Balanoid zone, 542, 550 Axelrod, D. I., 10, 729 Balanomorpha, 426 Axinus, 655, 659 Balanus, 542, 857, 1158 Axinopsis sericalvs, 393 amphitrite, 373, 697, 713, 1024 Azoic region, 969 communis, 1028 Azoic zone, 959 balanoides, 373, 376, 480, 1020, 1148, 1158, 1159 Azores mortality, 988 cariosus, 567 Azov, Sea of, 713, 801, 854-861, 947, 957 crenatus, 1019, 1158 biocoenotic classification, 860-861 eburneus, 716, 908 benthic associations (fig.), 859 gianduia, 550, 567 benthos, 857-860 improvisus, 790, 793, 843, 845, 847, 853, 908, 1024 biomass, 857 -Mytilus-Littorina community, 1053 communities, 857-861 Baldwin, E., 142, 145 fisheries, 865 Baldwin, F. M., 688 fish fauna, 865, 867 Balikpapan, mortality, 982 mortality, 983, 986 Balls, plant, 1054, 1055 phytoplankton, 855-856 Balss, H., 392, 399, 402, 1151, 1152 plankton, 856 Baltic Ice Lake, 769 productivity, 865 Baltic Sea, 221, 751-800 salinity, 855 archipelagos, facing 782 zoobenthos, 858 bottom fauna of, 789; facing 783 zooplankton, 856 brackish-water organisms in, 780 Baardseth, E., 571, 1041 chart, 753 Baas-Becking, A. V., 263 distribution limits in, 775 Bass-Becking, L. G. M., 711, 1035 endemics, 785 Bacci, G., 509, 512 fishes, 1208 Bachmayer, F., 1156 geography of, 752, 753 Backlund, HelgeO., 1175 geomorphology of, 768 Bacteria, 1035-1040 glacial relicts in, 782 in Black Sea, 826 history of, 769 in beaches, 593 hydroclimagraphs (fig.), 761 in carbonate precipitation, 259 immigrants, 785 and diatoms, 1066 insects in, 776, 779 deep-sea, 503 lacustrine organisms in, 779 decomposition, 305-308 marine organisms in, 775 in estuaries, 711 molluscs in, 779 in nutrient decomposition, 309 mortality, 983, 986 and phosphate, 304 nutrients, 316, 766 productivity, 503 oxygen, 765 in sediment, 733 pH, 766 and red water, 958 plants in, 780, 788 Bacterium calcis, 260 plankton, 792 Bactranophorus tkoraciles, 1032 relicts in, 771 Baculogypsinoides spinosus, 1077 reproduction in, 777 Baer, Jean G., 408, 417, 424, 426 salinity, 149, 757, 758 Baerends, G. P., 42, 1210 sediments of, 768 Baffin Bay (Greenland), 222 temperature, 764 Baffin Bay (Texas), 716 water level in, 767 Bagenal, T. B., 78, 1219 zonation in, 767 Baggerman, B., 1143 Baltzer, F., 1120 Bagnold, R. A., 587 Banda Trench, animals (fig.), 665 Bahama Bank, aragonite, 256 Bandy, O. L., 263, 1076 Bahamas, corals, 1102 Bangia, 845 Bahamite, 285 Bangs, O., 165, 979 Baier, C. R., 260, 1035 Banka Strait mortality, 982 Baikal, Lake, 900, 901 Bankia, 1029, 1030 mortality, 976 gonidi, 1033 Bailey, B. E., 164 setacea, 1030 Bainbridge, R., 480, 1166 Banner, A. H., 700, 1090, 1153 Baird, Spencer F., 3, 4 Bannerman, David A., 1219 Baker, H., 1090 Bannwarth, 1090

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Basse, K., 480 Bathytrochus hexagonus, 654 Banyuls sur Mer, 1028 Batillaria minima, 576 Baranov, F. I., 42, 1210 Batjan Basin, 229 Barbour, Thomas, 1213 Balrachium, 782 Bardsey Id., intertidal, 1020 Battey, T. F., 1172 Barents Sea, 221 Batum, plankton, 831 copepods, 1165, 1169 Baturin, V. P., 803 nutrients, 316 Baudoin, R., 1178 polychaetes, 1124 Bauer, V., 1052, 1188 Barentsia discreta, 395 Baughman, J. L., 949, 964, 968, 978, 984, 1129 Barghoorn, E. S., 1036 Bavendam, W., 178, 260, 1036 Barker, H. A., 121 Bay shores, 718 Barkey, Kenneth T., 209 Bayer, Frederick M., 1105 Barnacles, 1158 Bayliss, W. M., 135, 141, 143 Barnacles and zonation, 566-567 Bazikalova, A., 498 Barnard, K. H., 1152 Bdelloidea, 422 Bamea, 1029, 1030 Bdellomorpha, 422 costata, 1143 Bdellonemertini, 422 Barnes, C. A., 185, 209, 212, 229, 230 Bdellostoma, 1203 Barnes, H., 53, 55, 78, 101, 102, 231, 297, 378, 1027, 1158 Bdelloura, 420 Barnes, T. C., 160 Beach Erosion Board, 676, 731 Barnstable, Mass., Foraminifera, 1079 Beach rock, 258, 285 Barrel, Joseph, 145 Beach slope, 588 Barren zones, 562 Beaches, 587-608 Barrett, O. W., 1224 ecological zones, 599 Barrier reef, 624-625; facing 627 paleoecology, 604-605 Barrios, Theod, 977 populations, 597, 935-939 Barrows, Albert L., 1029 seasonal changes, 587 Bartlett, H. H., 1052 temperature in, 588 Bartlett. J. R., 978 terminology, 588 Bartholomew, J. W., 1036 water table, 588 Bartsch, Paul, 1029 width, temperature and waves (fig.), 590 Bary, Brian McK., 957, 980, 982 Beadle, L. C., 135, 136, 137 Bascom, W. N., 55, 587, 588, 591 Beak, T. W„ 73 Bassett-Smith, P. W., 1091 Beales, F. W., 285 Bassindale, R., 150, 677, 678, 685, 701, 702, 703, 1016, 1023, Beam trawl, 75; (fig.), 75, 76 1153 Beanland, F. L„ 1023 Bassler, R. S., 1110 de Beauchamp, P. M., 9 Bassogigas, 661 Beauchamp, R. S. A., 73 (Bythites) crassus, 654 Beaufort, N. C„ 1026 Bassozetus, 653 sessile fauna, 1019 Batavia, Bay of, 625 Beauge, L., 1206 coral growth, 1091 Beaven, G. Francis, 946 reefs, 1102, 1103 Becher, S., 1193 Batchelder, C. N., 554 Becker, H. G., 190 Bateson, W., 150 Beddard, F. E., 1219 Batham, Elizabeth J., 1158 Beebe, William, 54, 1213 Bathothauma, 643 Beeby Thompson A., 980, 985 Bathyal, 21 Beerstecher, Ernest, 963 Baihydactylus kroghi, 656 Beggiatoa roseo-persicana, 986 Bathycrinus, 661 Behrens, Gerda F., 872 aldrichianui, 653 Belchenko, K., 818 australis, 658 Belemnites, 967 sp., 658 Bellinghausen Sea, 951 Bathymetric zones, 2, 18-23, 27 mortality, 979 Bathymetry of deep sea (fig.), 644 Bellini, R., 258 Bathymicrops, distribution, 667 Bellotti, C., 977 regius, 665 Belt Sea, 753 Baihynomus giganteus, 1152 Belyaev, G. M., 654 Bathyopsurus nybelini, 660 Bembidium varium, 846 Bathypelagic fauna, 368 van Bemmelen, R. W., 974, 976 zone, 643 Benecke, W., 1036 Bathyporeia, 1153 van Beneden, P. J., 3 • pilosa, 781 Benguela Current, 447, 964 Bathypterois, 653 Benham, W. B. 1122 Bathyscaphe, 54 Bennett, A. G., 1219 Bathysphere, 54 Bennett, George, 1139

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Bennett, Isobel, 362, 1016, 1017, 1175 Bigenerina irregularis, 264 Bent, A. C., 1219 Biggardia bermudense, 419 van Benthem Jutting, W. S. S., 898, 1144 Bikini, algae, 1048 Benthesicymus longipes, 654 carbonate deposition, 273 Benthic associations, Sea of Azov (fig-), 859 plankton, 1167 Benthic classification and terminology, 18-23, 27 reef flat, erosion, 277 complexes, Black Sea (fig.), 844 reefs, 1097, 1101 Benthodytes, 652, 654 Billiard, G., 1213 sanguinolenta, 658 Biochemical cycle, 384 Benthograph, 56 Biocoenosis, 5, 40, 470, 722, 1131 Benlhophilus, 862, 895, 899 Sebastopol (fig.), 844 Benthos, Aral Sea, 915 classification, Black Sea, 848-849 Black Sea, 839-851 Sea of Azov, 860-861 of canyons, 637 principles, 42 Caspian Sea, 905, 906, 910, 912 Biofacies, 707 deep sea, 651-669 Bioherm structures, 285 Sea of Azov, 857-860 Bio-index, 478 waddens (fig.), 723 Biological Abstracts, 1011 Benzer, P., 266 Bioluminescence, 645 Berdichevsky, L. S., 865 Biomass, 35; (defined), 489; 869 Berg, L. S„ 378, 1203 bacteria, 1036, 1038 Berger, Josef, 983 Caspian Sea, 907 Bergmann, A., 1219 plankton, Black Sea, 837-838 Bering Sea, 332 Plymouth, 38 oxygen, 229 salinity gradient (Table), 704 fishes, 1206 Sea of Azov, 857 plankton, 1166 Sivash, 713 Berkeley, C., 260, 429, 1122 Biome, 43 Berkeley, E., 1122 Biospace, 535 Berlese, A., 73 Biosphere, divisions, 361 Berm, 587 Biota, Aral Sea, 915 Bermuda mortality, 978 La Jolla canyons, 635 reefs, 1090 Biotic factors and communities, 471 sponges, 1085 Biotope, 40 Bernard, F., 663 versus biocoenoses, 473

Bernatowicz, Albert J., 1052 Biopolarityt 176, 377-378 Bemdtia purpurea, 1033 Birch, L. C., 33, 41, 47, 1012 Berner, L. D., 1201 Birds, 1219 Bernstein, T., 1070 Caspian Sea, 912 Beroe abyssicola, 429 mortality, 980, 987 cucumis, 792 Birge, E. A., 67 Berosus spinosus, 776 Birge-Ekman grab, 67 Berrili, N. J., 497, 1197 Birket el Gessabaia, 697 von Bertalanflfy, Ludwig, 33 Birkett, L., 65, 509 Bertel, R., 110 Birshtein, J. A., 654, 861, 865 Bertelsen, E., 505, 508, 517, 518 Biryuzova, V. I., 823, 824, 825 Bertram, G. C. L„ 280, 281, 1091, 1224 Biscay, Bay of, fauna, 653 Bertrand, Didier, 1198 Bishop, David W., 212 Beth, K., 1027 Bishop, L. M., 951, 953 Bethe, H., 136 Bithynia tenlaculata, 779 Bevelander, G., 266, 267, 351 botlmca, 779 Beveridge, A. E., 554, 557 Bilhynis, 622 Beveridge, R. J. G., 43, 45 Bituminous rocks, 961 Beveridge, W. A., 1041 shales, 962 Beverton. R. J. H., 42, 1210 Bitter Lakes, 713 Bhimachar, B. S„ 953, 957, 958, 985 Bivalve Reefs, Black Sea, 847 Bidder, George, 1084 Bjerrum, Jannik, 347 Biddulphia, 851 Bjerrum Niels, 231 aurita, 1059 Black, E. C., 1029 mobiliensis, 121, 123 Black, M., 257, 260, 261 regia, 122, 123 Black, Virginia S., 144 sinensis, 1064 Black, W. A. P., 352, 353, 354, 1042 Biebl, R., 1042 Black layer, 592 Biederman, W., 266 Black Sea, 11, 131, 801-889, 957, 971 Bieri, R., 75 alkalinity, 821 Bigelow, H. B., 173, 185, 186, 452, 960, 979, 982, 1203, 1206 ammonia, 822 Bigelow, R. P., 436 bacteria, 826

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benthic complexes (fig.), 844 Blue crab, 146, 147, 1153 benthos of, 839-851 Blue-green algae, 261, 957, 1049 bivalve reefs, 847 Blum, H. F., 1030 carbonate precipitation in, 821 Blum, John L., 1042 carbonates, 821, 830 Blomquist, H. L., 1042 coastal lagoons, 849-861 Blüthgen, J., 762 coastal zone, 846 Böcher, T. W., 1052 currents (fig.), 816 Bock, S., 1120 deep-sea deposits, 829 Boden, B. P., 301, 453, 454, 481, 611, 1060 density gradient (figs.), 809, 812 Bodenheimer, F. S„ 23, 99 fish fauna, 865 Boeroe Basin, oxygen, 228 fisheries, 865-868 Boettger, C. R., 150, 151, 786, 1144 flora of, 840 Bogachev, V. V., 803 glacial history, 804 Bogdanova, I. V., 1036 history of, 802; (figs.), 802, 805, 806 B0ggild, O. B., 266, 273, 280, 968 hydrogen sulfide, 193, 809, 812, 815, 820-822 Bogorov, V., 1165 hydrography, 808 Bogucki, M., 269 limans, 849-861 Bohling, M. H., 560 micro-organisms, 825, 826; (fig.), 827 Böhnecke, G., 956 mortality, 983, 989 Bohr, C., 244 mud zones, 847 Bolin, R. L., 558, 568, 577 Mytilus-Ostrea banks, 848 von Bonde, Cecil, 56, 69, 959, 969 nitrate, 822 Bonellia, 423, 482 nutrients, 822, 869 Bones in marine sediments, 968 organic cycle, 823-826 Bonnet Carré Spillway, 946 oxygen, 193, 221, 809, 821 Bonnot, Paul, 981 oysters, 1132 Boobies, 1219 phosphate, 822, 823 Boodlea, 623 phytopiankton, 831, 832 Boomer Beach, La Jolla, 587 phytoplankton biomass (fig.), 837 Bopyroidea, 426 cycle, 869 Borcea, I., 507, 508, 510, 512, 840, 846, 847, 848, 865, 947 plankton, 455, 823, 830, 836, 839 Borchert, H., 246 biomass, 838, 841, 870 Borgert, A., 1070, 1073 productivity, 870 B0rgesen, F., 1042, 1052 plants (fig.), 841 Borgstrom, Georg A., 955 productivity, 865-872 Boring algae, 279, 1030 salinity, 809, 813 Boring animals, 280, 1029-33 Sarda sarda in, 867 Boring sponges, 1132 sediments, 827-830; (figs.), 807, 828 Borings, on reefs, 629 shelf deposits, 828 Borlasia vivipara, 846 shore community, 849 Bornholm Sea, 753 stability relations (fig.), 815 Borophryne apogon, 643; facing 650 strand zone, 845-846 Borradaile, L. A., 171, 400, 1012 sulfate, 821 Borrichia, 726 temperature, 809, 810, 811 Bortuski, E. V., 68 thermocline, 811 Boschma, H., 438, 1091, 1152 trophic relationships, 871 Boshkov, L., 865 water exchange, 819 Bosmina coregoni maritima, 781, 786 zoobenthos, 842 maritima, 768, 793 zooplankton, 832, 833 Bosporus, currents, 818-820 Zostera meadows, 847 plankton, 836 Black shales, 970, 971 Bostrychia, 541, 1046 Blackburn, Kathleen B., 957 lineila, 1049 Blackfordia virginica, 908 Bothnia, Gulf of, 753 Blackwelder, Eliot, 964, 968 Bothnian Bay, 753 Blackwelder, R. E., 1178 Bothnian Sea, 753 Blanc, A. C., 804, 805 Bothriocephalus scorpii, 422 Blastoderma, 1037 Botryocladia, 1046 Blaslodinium spinulosum, 418 Botryococcus, 901 Blegvad, H., 6, 165, 467, 483, 493, 497 , 499, 505, 509, 510, braunii, 914, 957 512, 516, 935, 947, 968, 978, 1206 Botryllus, 846 Blennius, 843 schlosseri, til, 1199 jluviatillis, 862 Bott, R„ 898 vulgaris, 863 Bottom associations in Varna Lake (fig.), 852 Blidingia minima, 1044 Bottom communities, 7, 45, 461-534 Bligh's passage, facing 627 Black Sea, 845-849 Blinks, L. R., 36, 124, 125, 140, 141, 262, 263 Varna Bay (fig.), 859

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Bottom deposits, Radioaria in, 1069 Brattström, H., 521, 732, 752, 753, 757, 764, 777, 1110, 1122, Bottom fauna of Baltic, 789; facing 783 1152, 1188 Bottom grabs (fig.), 62 Braun-BIanquet, J., 469, 477 Bottom invertebrates, depth of occurrence, 503 Brazil, Bryozoa, 1110 Bottom layer, oxygen in, 215 corals, 1095 Bottom samplers, fresh water, 67 reefs, 1091 Bottom waters, oxygen, 213-216 zonation, 1047 Boubier, Maurice, 1219 Breakwater, zonation on, 564 Boucot, A. J., 42, 417 Brebeck, C., 1037 Bougis, P., 1044 Breder, C. M., 141 Boulenger, G. A., 1211, 1215 Breeding, in tropics, 170 Bourcart, J., 634, 730, 731 Brennecke, W., 187, 219, 230 Bourdillon, A., 407 Bresslau, E., 1119 Bourlifcre, F., 1219 Brett, J. R., 166 Bourn, W. S., 727, 1052 Brevoortia gunteri, 709 Bourne, G., 266 lyramms, 709 Bourne, G. C., 264,1091 Brian, M. V., 1144 Boutan, L., 55 Bridge, T. W., 1203 Bouvier, E. L„ 407, 1091 Bridgeman, P. W., 646 Bowen, R. L. B., 1188 Brinkley, S. R., Jr., 254 Bowen, V. T., 302, 352, 353, 354 Brine shrimp, 146, 150 Bower, Ward T., 960, 974, 987 Brines, bacteria in, 1037 Bowman, H. H., 1052 composition, 712 Box boops, 418, 419 Brisou, J., 1036 Boyce, S. G., 727, 1052 Brissofsis, 472, 477 Boycott, A. E., 687 lyrifera, 495, 1192 Boyd, D. W., 263, 355 Bristol Channel, fauna, 1023 Boyd, W. L., 951, 953, 958 British Guiana, estuaries, 1023 Boyle, Marie, 1043 British Isles, echinoderms, 1194 Boysen-Jensen, (see Jensen, P. B.) Broch, Hjalmar, 68, 468, 1106, 1107, 1108 Braarud, T., 121, 169, 171, 192, 300, 305, 444, 446, 447, 448, Brock, J., 434 453, 953, 983 Brock, V. E., 974 Brachiata, 1197 Brocklesby, H. N., 164 Brachidontes, 272 Brockmann, C., 693, 710, 731, 734 minimus, 697 Broderip, W. J., 1113 Brachiopod shells, 266 Broekema, M. M., 139 Brachiopoda, 424, 1113 Broekhuysen, G. J., 139, 162, 163, 497, 536, 541, 560, 688, carbonate deposition by, 266 713, 1023, 1144, 1153, 1219 Brachionus, 700 Brogmus, W., 88-90, 91, 92 bakeri, 856 Brongersma-Sanders, M. (also, Sanders, M., 1934), 449, mülleri, 856 941,951,955,956,957,959,962,968, 969, 970, 979 , 981, Brachyura, 1152, 1153 983, 984 Brackish water, 11, 23, 131, 764 Brooks, H. K., 1175 fauna, 705 Brooks, J. L., 901 Foraminifera, 1077, 1078 Brooks, S. C., 1219 organisms in Baltic, 780 Brooks, W. K., 266, 1129 species (fig.), 703 Bronnimann, Paul, 1076 sponges, 1085 Brosmius brosme, 960 terminology 23-25 Brotskaya, V. A., 489, 491, 493, 505, 515, 518 Branchellion raveneli, 423 Brouardel, Jean, 215, 647 Branchiomma vesicutosum, 494 Brown, E. S., 1178 Branchiopoda, 425 Brown, H. H., 497 Branchiostoma, 596, 848 Brown, L. B., 573 lanceolata, 846 Brown, R. S., 1123 Branchiura, 425 Brown, Roland W., 1051 Brachynotus lucasi, 847 Bruce, J. R., 588, 589, 592, 593, 596, 689 Brackett, F. S., 231 Brueggemann, F., 1091 Bradley, J. S., 257, 628, 1100 Bruevich, S. V., 869 Bradley, P. S., 1162 Bruguiera, 624 Bradshaw, J. S., 75, 264 Brundin, L., 766 Brady, F., 1016 Bruins, H. R., 196 Brady, H. R., 1076 Bruneau, L., 204, 214, 215, 223, 226, 647 Bramlette, M. N., 261. 283 von Brand, T., 306, 492, 494, 1012 Bruneiii, G., 400, 401, 925 Brandt, K., 143, 151, 311, 431, 432, 1070, 1073, 1207 Bruno, A., 141 Branner, J. C„ 1091 Brust, H. F., 688, 689, 690 Brant, James, 977 Bruun, Anton F., 21, 64, 501, 503, 507, 641, 650, 663, 1144

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Bryan, J., 1029 Buxton, P. A., 148, 1178 Bryozoa, 423, 1109-1110 Bythinia tentaculata, 783 carbonate deposition by, 266 Bytinski-Salz, H., 1130 as epizoics, 395 C" technique (photosynthesis), 79-80, 193 Brotulidae, 667 Ca/Mg ratio modern sediments, 240 Bubyr caucasicus, 862 Precambrian rocks, 240 Buccinum, 803, 1146 Cabasso, V., 957, 986 undatum, 494, 495, 498, 1150 Cable, Louella E., 166 Bucephalidae, 421 Caddis flies, in Caspian Sea, 914 von Buch, L., 974 Cadenat, J., 983 Buch, K., 187, 243, 254, 320, 766, 794 Caecijaera, 426 Bucher, W. H., 10, 734 Cajtus, 846 Buchholz, H., 787 xantholoma, 848 , Büchner, P., 429, 430, 432, 438 Caithness, intertidal, 1019 Buchinsky, P. N., 854 Cakile marítima, 1057 Bude, K., 980 -Salsola, 1052 Budget, water, 99 Calamagrostis epigeios, 1057 Buehrer, T. F., 255 Calanipeda aquaedulcis, 856, 901 Bufo boreas halophilus, 1212 Calanoida, 425 bufo, 1211 Calanus cristalus, Í165 calamita, 1211 finmarchicus, 452, 792, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169 marinus, 1211 helgolandicus, 833, 834, 1168 melanosticlus, 1211 hyperboreus, 452 raddei, 1212 plumchrus, 1165, 1167 viridis, 1211, 1212 Calappa, 1154 Bugula, 658, 846 Calcareous skeletons, 275 neritina, 1028 sponges, 264 Buitendijk, A. M., 787 Calcarina, 618, 619, 276 Bujor, P., 853, 854 Calcispongea, 1083 Bulgarian lagoons, 853 Calcite, 239, 250 Limans, 851 algae, 261 Salt Works, 853 -aragonite relations, 272 Bulk density of mud, 727 precipitation, 259 Bull, H. 0., 498 solubility, 252 Bulla hydatis, 497 Calcium geoeconomy, 240 Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, 587 equilibrium, 241 Bullis, Harvey R., 75 and permeability, 137, 141 Bullock, T. H., 166, 168, 377, 477, 522 uptake, 351 Bulminia, 1079 Calcium carbonate, ionic products, 265 Bumpus, D. F., 57, 446, 1118, 1168 isotope content, 276 Bumpus, Hermon C., 979 precipitation, 1036, 1037, 1038 Bunge, G., 142 in sediments, 244, 731 Bunodactis, 400 solution of, 277 Bunodeopsis, 400 Calcium oxalite, in algae, 263 Buoys, fouling, 1027 Caldwell, L. T„ 731 Burdon-Jones, C., 1197 California, coast, ecology, 1018 Bürger, O., 399, 400, 1119 nutrients, 335 Burgess shales, 967 Current, 332 Burma mortality, 989 Foraminifera, 1076 Burke, V., 1036 mortality, 987 Burkenroad, M. D., 7, 42, 602, 937, 1210 province, 364 Burr, J. G., 977, 978 Gulf of, algae, 1044 Burris, R. H., 1049 mortality, 981 Burrowing crabs, 721, 1154, 1156, 1157 oysters, 1130 crustacea, 1153 Caligoida, 425 Burrows, Elsie M., 1043 Caligus, 421 Burt, Wayne B., 113 rapax, 425 Burton, Maurice, 1084 Callao mortality, 976, 981 Burtt, J. L., 980 Call en dar, G. S., 244 Busk, George, 1110 Calliactis, 399 Busycon, 1144, 1146 algoaensis, 401 carica, 1147 armillatus, 401 Butkevich, V, S., 1036 japónica, 401 Butler, E. A., 1178 miriam, 401 Butler, M. R., 309, 1066 parasitica, 401 Butler, Philip A., 174, 946, 1129 tricolor, 400 Bütschli, O., 273 variegata, 401

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Callianassa, 396, 409, 721, 847, 1025 characteristics, 270-271 commensals, 397 concentration, 253, 254 Callianassidae, 1157 cycle, 245 Callinectes danae, 152 deposition at Bikini, 273 sapidus, 146, 147, 422, 426, 985, 1025, 1151, 1153 precipitation by bacteria, 259 Calliopus laeviuscukts, 777 sediment types, 285 Calliostoma, 636 solubility, 250, 251, 254 Callithamnion, 841 solubility products, 250, 255 Callizona, 1121 solution, inorganic, 278 Callorhynchus milii, 421 organic, 279 Caiman, W. T., 1030, 1152 Carcinides [or Carcinus] maenas, 136, 137, 139, 419, 426, Calocalanus, 833 494, 497, 987, 1153 Calocaris mc'andreae, 495 Carcinonemertes carcinophila, 422 Calothrix, 261, 541, 549 , 550 Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, 1172, 1173 crustacea, 549, 1044 Cardiophilus, 864 parietina, 1049 Cardisoma, 602, 721, 1156 pilosa, 549 armatum, 147 pulvinata, 549 guanhumi, 1156 scopulerum, 549, 1044, 1045 Cardium, 150, 594, 595, 623, 803, 846, 853, 857, 899, 908, 987 vivipara, 549, 1044 corbis, 498, 1148 Calvin, J:, 505, 542, 556, 567, 1015 crass-urn, 987 Calyptraea chinensis, 805, 846, 847 edule, 420, 435, 477, 495, 497, 601, 680, 697, 713, 777, 783, Camargue, 729, 1026 789, 790, 804, 805, 807, 847, 852, 895, 914, 978, 1050, Cameras, underwater, 56 1143, 1144, 1146; fig., 594 CAMBRIDGE SUEZ CANAI Expedition, 713 communities, Sea of Azov, 858, 860 Cameron, M. L., 302 -Syndosmya ovata community 858-860 Campeche, Gulf of, 1018 exiguum, 846, 847, 848 Van Campen, W. G., 1209 fasciatum, 494, 495, 497 Cancer, 637, 1156 groenlandicum, 477, 498 Cancrincola, 425 simile, 845, 847, 848 Candiru, 427 tuberculatum, 805 Canet Marshes, 1052 Caretta carelta, 846 Cannon, H. G., 147, 1162 Carey, C. L., 306, 309, 1039 Cannon, W. B., 34 Caribbean, oxygen, 220 Cantoria, 1215 Carillo, D. C. N., 981 Canu, F., 1110 Carinosoma, 900 Cape Ann, Masachusetts, communities, 1017 Carl, G. CliSord, 1023 Capelin mortality, 987 Carlgren, Oskar, 399, 400, 401, 402, 653 Capillary level, beaches (fig.), 589 Carlisle, A. J., 399 Capitella capitaia, 847 Carnahan, J. A., 557 CAPRICORN Expedition, 280 CARNEGIE, 212, 225, 226, 227, 330, 333, 335 Capsizing, 301 Carnivora, 1223 Caranx, 403 symbiosis in, 430 Carapus, 404, 427, 622 Carolina coast, biota, 1020, 1021 Carbon, abundance, 241 Carotenes, 963 cycle, 30, 32 Carotenoids, 121, 124, 963 fixation, 38 Carpenter, G. H., 1178 isotopes, ratios, 244 Carpenter, P. Herbert, 1183 juvenile, 246 Carpenter, S. J., 1178 origin,of, 245 Carpenter, W. L., 185 -oxygen isotopic relationships, 274 Carpophyllum, 542 partition, 241 Carr, Archie, 1213 ratios, in algae, 262 Carrigy, M. A., 258, 279 from volcanoes, 246 Carriker, M. R., 679, 1130, 1144 Carbon dioxide, 133, 239-285 Carritt, D. E., 187, 189, 231 abundance, 241 Carter, H. J., 983, 985 increase, 244 Carteria, 121, 430, 593 concentration, 247, 253 Cary, Lewis, R., 1105 cycle, 241, 688 Caryophyllia, 636 deep sea, 647 arcuata, 1095 exchange, 244 claims, 1093, 1095 equilibrium, 241, 248 Cascading, 301 fluxes, 242 Caspers, H., 45,47,469,470, 473,474,504,505, 507,508, 509, interstitial water, 592 510, 515, 517, 520, 553, 596, 691, 702, 713, 801, 818, system, 246 828, 832, 840, 841, 843 , 845, 846, 848, 849, 850, 851, Carbonates, 239-295 852, 853, 865, 866, 867, 868, 922 , 987, 1023, 1027, 1179 Black Sea, 821, 830 Caspia, 806

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Caspialosa, 866, 868, 895, 899, 904 Ceramium, 707, 788, 845 maeotica, 862 ciliatum, 1047 tanaica, 862 iliaphanum, 839, 857 Caspian basin, 803 pacificum, 575 Caspian Sea, 131, 891-913, 947 rubrum, 839 acclimatization in, 904, 906-912 tenuicorne, 782, 1045 benthos, 906, 910 Ceraplectana trachyderma, 658 birds, 912 Ceratias, 427 colonization in, 908 Ceratioidea, 643 and Aral seas composition, 914 Ceratium, 831 currents (fig.), 893 furca, 851 element, in Black Sea, 863 /usus, 123 endemics, 897, 899 tripos, 123 fauna, 863-865, 895, 900, 903 tripos balticum, 792 and Mediterranean fauna, 898 Ceratocephale osawai, 922, 1125 fishes, 903-904 Ceratomyxa hopkinsi, 419 flora, 895 mesospora, 419 herrings, 904 Cerataulina, 870 hydrogen sulfide, 895 bergonii, 830, 831 nutrients, 895 Cerberus, 1215 oxygen, 895 phytoplankton, 901 rhynchops, 1214 phytobenthos, 902 Cercopages, 856 plankton, 902 pengoi, 856 salinity, 894 Cercopagis gracillima, 901 seal, 900 Cercyra papulosa, 846 temperature, 894 Cerianthus vestitus, 845 vertical migrations in, 902 Ceriops, 624 zoobenthos, 903 Cerithiohim, 848 zooplankton, 901, 902 Cerithium, 803 Caspiosoma, 862 community (fig.), 515 Cassidulina, 1077 pfejferi community, 514 Cassiopea, 436, 437, 438 reticulatum, 805 Castanellidae, 1072 Cerruti, A., 393, 1191 Castillo, L., 1130 Cestoda, 421 Castle, W. E., 164 Cestus veneris, 419 Castracane degli Antelminelli, A. F., 1060 Cetacea, 1223 Casuarina, 725 in freshwater, 1223 Catala, R., 622, 1091 Cetotherium, 803 Catapagurus skarreri, 402 Ceylon, reefs, 1100 Cwudina, 1193 Chabanand, P., 1206 Caulastrea furcaia, 1090 Chabry, L., 265 Caulerpa, 618, 623, 1046 Chace, F. A., 453, 1152, 1153 verticilata, 1046 Chacko, P. I., 957, 986 Caullery, M., 408, 417, 947, 1123 Chadwick, H. C„ 1183 Causey, D., 1152 Ckaetoceras, 792, 830, 855, 870, 1060 Cayeux, L., 963, 966 curvisetus, 1060 Cayman Basin, oxygen, 220 danicum, 792 Celan, M., 839, 841 decipiens, 1060 Celestus hancocki, 1214 fusus, 792 Cell-lineage studies, 5 radians, 831 Cellulose acetate filters, 384 subtilis, 782 Celtic province, 360 wighami, 782, 792 Celtis occidentalism 1151, 1155 Chaetogammarus ischnus, 865 Centipedes, 1175 Chaetognatha, 424, 1118 Central Pacific, sponges, 1085 Chaetomorpha, 707 Centrechinus setosus, 622 chlorotica, 839 Centrifuge, plankton research, 4 Chaetophora, 717 Centriscus heinrichi, 942 Chaetopleura apiculata, 928 scutatus, 942, 989 Ckaetopterus, 397, 472 Centrocorone, 847 norvegicus, 494 Centropages hamatus, 792, 1166, 1168 variopedatus, 494 kroyeri, 833, 834, 856 Chalcaburneus chalcoides, 862 typicus, 1165, 1168 CHALLENGER, 2, 3, 5, 6, 74, 185, 653, 664, 698, 964, 96 Cepède, C., 1123 Foraminifera, 1076 Cephalocarida, 1175 Radiolaria, 1070 Cephaloidophora olivia, 418 Challengerid-zone, 1070

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Chama, 1027 Chokhuri, N. I., 834 pellucida, 636 Chondracaitihus merluccii, 425 Chamaecyparis thyoides, 1052 Chondrilla, 1084 Chamberlin, J. C., 1179 nucula, 352, 353 Chamberlin, T. C., 145 Choniroclaiia guiteli, 654 Chamberlin, R. W., 1178 Chondrus, 349, 1047 Chamisso, A., 1091 crispas, 1048 Champia, 707 Chorda filum, 788 Champion, A. R., 69 Chordata, 427, 1197 Chaney, Ralph W., 10 Chow, T. J., 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270 Channels, tidal, 678 Christensen, E. H., 12, 306 Chanos chanos, 141, 144 Christensen, R. J., 454 Chapman, F., 259 Chromadoroidea, 422 Chapman, G., 588, 1123 Chrysaora, 403 Chapman, James, 980, 983 Chrysidella schaudinni, 418 Chapman, R. N., 159,161 Chthamalus, 564, 848, 1158 Chapman, V. J., 43, 45, 536, 537, 541, 547, 550, 552, 553, 554, stellatus, 564, 845, 1159 557, 726, 727, 732, 1041, 1043 Chubb, L. J., 1091 Chappuis, P. A., 596 Chugunov, N. L., 729 Chara, 853 Chugunova, N. I., 865 aspera, 788, 789 Chukchi Sea, 229 baltica, 782 plankton, 1166 canescenes, 782 Chumley, James, 1017 crinita, 782 Chun, C., 176, 178 tomentosa, 788, 789 Churchill, E. P., 139, 1084, 1153 Characterizing species, 475, 476; (defined), 477 Cicindela, 1177 Chatham Islands, 379 Cidaris papillata, 1192 Chatton, E., 395 Cienfugos, M., 980, 981 Chauda stage, 804 Ciladi, M., 109 Chauliodus, 369, 643 Ciliata, 419, 1069 sloani, 1207 Ciliate red water, 957 Chave, K. E., 257, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, Ciliophora, 419 270, 273, 354 Cimmerian Epoch, 803 Chelonia imbricata, 1217 Ciocárdel, R., 817, 818 mydas, 1217 Ciona, 407, 1199 Chelura, 1030 inlestinalis, 349, 351, 847, 1198, 1199 Chelyosoma siboja, 1199 Circalittoral, 27 Chemical abundances, (table), 346 Circular causal systems, 30 Cherbonnier, G., 1193 Circulation, oí nutrients, 337 Chernev, S., 818, 847, 853 ocean 90, 97 Chemovksy, A. A., 854 S. Atlantic (fig.), 325 Chesapeake Bay, 11, 683, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 693, 730, Cirripidia, 425 732, 946 Cirroteuthis umbellala, 654 bryozoa, 1111 Cirsium arvense, 1057 fishes, 1208 Civilization and Climate, 568 Chew, Frank, 956, 984 Cladophora, 619, 707, 713, 839, 857 Chichester Harbour, 1028 acgagropila, 788 Chidambaram, K., 951, 957, 986 cristallina, 854 Chigirin, N. I., 810, 820, 821, 822, 823 glaucescens, 1046 Chile mortality, 981 gtomerata, 788, 853, 854, 1045; facing 783 oysters, 1130 Cladophoropsis, 619 Chilingar, G. V., 240 Claparéde, E., 1117 Chilka Lake, 11, 1157 Clark, Ailsa M., 1183 sponges, 1084 Clark, Austin H.. 951, 956, 984, 1183, 1188, 1191 Chimaera, 23 Clark, Frances N., 919, 953, 981 Chinese mitten crab, 786 Clark, Hubert Lyman, 1184, 1188, 1191, 1193 Chironomidae, 1177, 1179, 1181 Clark, L. B., 930, 931 Chironomus halophilus, 853 Clarke, F. W., 131, 240, 242, 244, 261, 262, 264, 269, 273, 354, oceanicus, 1180 686, 687, 693, 712 salinarius, 713, 852, 853 Clarke, G. L., 11, 17, 57, 58, 69, 109, 110, 116, 122, 123, 192, Chitin-digesting bacteria, 1037, 1040 212, 213, 443, 446, 453, 1012, 1118, 1165 Chilonanthus abyssorum, 654 Clarke, John M., 971, 1114 Chlamydomonas, 430, 1166 Clarke, W. E., 1219 Chiarella, 123, 124, 125, 429, 430 Clarke-Bumpus sampler, 57-59 Chlorinity, carbonate solubility and, 251 Classen, Th., 980, 983, 984 Chlorohydra viridissima, 430 Classification, benthic, 17-23, 27 Chlorphyll, 121, 124 estuaries, 679-680, 683

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chlorinity, 23 Coelenterata, 420 salinity, 23 carbonate deposition by, 264 shore line, 25 Coelodendridae, 1072 Clausocalanus pergens, 1165, 1167 Coeloplatta, 420 Clavularia hantra, 1106 Coenobita, 602 Cleaning, by fishes, 404 clypealus, 147 Clemens, W. A., 980, 1203, 1206 Coffin, C. C., 302 Clements, F. E., 10, 43, 359, 468, 485, 505, 518 Coiling direction in Foraminifera, 1077 Clench, W. J., 1030, 1135 Coker, R. E., 981, 1219 Cleoti, 1181 Cold, resistance, 165 Cleve, P. T., 178 Cold spells, Florida, 949 Cleve-Euler, Astrid, 1060 Cold Spring Harbor sand spit, 599 Cleveloudia ios, 396, 409 Cole, J. P., 916 Clibanarius, 624 Cole, L. C., 43, 1012 misanthropus, 401 Cole, L. J., 5 striolaius, 728 Cole, W. H., 141, 265, 269, 1172 Cliona, 150, 847, 1030, 1084 Cole, W. Storrs, 1075 celata, 419 Colefax, A. N., 320, 982 truilti, 419 Coleoptera, 1181 i astifica, 1033 Colidoiea, 426 viridis, 1033 Collet, Leon W., 963 Clionidae, 419 Collembola, 599 Climatic change and fishes, 1208 Collid-zone, 1070 Climatic optimum, 808 Collier, A., 352, 567, 713, 949, 977, 978 Climatic zones, land, 97 Collier, F. C., 982 Climax, 43, 44 Collingwood, C., 403 Cloud, P. E., Jr., 257, 285, 576, 618, 1092 Collins, Grenold, 1224 Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L., 1175 Collins, J. W., 949, 978, 979, 987, 988 Clowes, A. J., 223, 325, 326-327, 328-329 Collip, J. B., 267, 281 Clunio, 1181 Collodaria, 1069, 1070 marinus, 846, 1179 Colman, J., 536, 541, 555, 562, 564, 1017, 1023 periodicity, 922-924 Colonization of estuaries, 693 breeding (fig.). 923 Colorimetric methods, 297 Clunionine midges, 846, 924, 1179, 1182 Colorado River, bore, 682 Clupea karengus membras, 794 Colpomenia sinuosa, 1017 pallasii, 987 Columbella lunata, 421 sprottus, 794 Colymbidae, 1219 Clupeonella, 868, 904 Commensalism (defined), 391; 391-419, 1123 muhlisi, 862 Commensals and associates of corals, 622, 1091 Clyde Sea area, 1017 in crustacea, 1152 Clymenella iorquata, 418, 419 origin of, 408 Clylia, 445, 595 Commensals (fig.), 398 bakeri, 393, 395; facing 394 Commercial Fisheries Abstracts, 1205 Cnidosporidia, 419 Commission zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen d. Coastal lagoons, Black Sea, 849-861 Deutschen Meere, 3 Coastal regions, oceanography, 101 Committee on Marine Ecology, 10 nutrients, 311-320 Community, 30, 40, 47; (defined), 471 Coastal Zone. Black Sea, 846 name, 478 Coccidia, 418 origin of, 479 Coccochloris peniocystis, 1049 -bottom linkage, 472 stagnina, 1049 Danish (fig.), 31 Coccolithophores, 120, 263, 282, 444 deep sea, 651-666 Coccoliths, 261, 444 description of, 473 Coccolobo- manchineel, 1052 division, 469 Cocos-Keeling Islands, coral reefs, 1095, 1096 as ecological units, 470 Cod, eggs, 161 as faunistic units, 470 Codakia, 622, 623 Sea of Azov, 857-860 Codiaceae, 261 as statistical units, 467 Cadium adkaerens, 1044 and substrate, 473 cuneatum, 1044 Tomales Bay (fig.), 719 dichotomum, 1044 Compensation depth (defined), 122; 123, 192, 446 fragile, 1044 English Channel, 123 Oslo Fjord, 123 Coe, W. R., 9, 171, 173, 267, 268, 368, 386, 487, 597, 935, 938, Sargasso Sea, 123 1030, 1119, 1144, 1194 Compensation intensity, 122, 446 Coefficient of dispersion, 68 marine algae, 125 Coelambus parallelogrammus, 780 diatoms, 123

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Compensation point (defined), 122 associated organisms, 622 Composition of estuarine environments (fig.), 703 competition, 612 Composition, Caspian and Aral Seas, 131, 914 distribution factors (fig.), 610, 1088 Comrie, L., 1225 food, 1087 Concepcion mortality, 976 growth rate, 1098 Coitchoecia, 1162 and lunar cycles, 1097 Concholepas, 426 physiology, 1096 Conchophthirius mytili, 419 reef, 172 Condorelli-Francaviglia, Mario, 977 solitary, 1095 Conger, P. S., 310, 1060 Corbis, 623 Congeria, 803 Corbula, 803, 848, 857 cochleata, 786 gibba, 495, 498 Connilembus caeci, 419 gracilis, 1029 Conocarpus, 1052 maeotica, 860 erecta, 1053 community, 860 Conover, John T., 1042 variation, 861 Conn, Jean E., 1040 mediterranea, 846, 860 Conel, J. L., 1203 Corcoran, E. F., 79, 383, 593, 1027 Connell, Cecil H., 953, 985 Corculum cardissa, 432 Conrad, H. S., 1052 Cordylophora, 864, 895 Conservation of plankton, 453 caspia (=lacustris), 703, 706, 780, Constancy, in community (defined), 474 Corella parallelogramma, 1199 Constancy, of estuary (fig.), 695 Coretkra (=Chaoborus), 794 Constructive forces on reefs, 613 Coregonus albula, 795 Consumption, (defined), 499 lavaretus, 795 Continental slope, 21 Cori, Carl J., 958 Coniracaecum incurvum, 422 Coriolis effect, in Baltic, 761 spiculigerum, 422 in estuaries, 683-684, 685, 686 Conns, 622, 803 Cormorants, 1219, 1220 Convection currents, 447, 955 Corney, B. G., 925 Convergence, 447 Cornua, 1073 Antarctic, 216, 324, 325 Cornwall, I. E., 1158 Western Atlantic, 321 Coronilla diadema, 426 Convoluta, 433, 436, 593 Coropkium, 795, 857, 865, 897, 1157 movements (fig.), 436 acherusicum, 704, 706 paradoxa, 430, 436, 438 bonelli, 845 roscojfenis, 430, 433, 436, 437, 438 ckelicorne, 898 Conway, E. J., 11, 132-133, 142, 143, 169, 245, 246 curvispinum, 898 Cook, G. H., 1172 lacustre, 781 Cooke, C. Wythe, 1191 mobile, 898 Cooper, G. A., 1113 robustum, 863, 864 Cooper, L. H. N., 205, 297, 298, 301, 303, 304, 305, 309, volutalor, 497, 777, 783, 790, 1155 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 338, 453, 1023 variation, 861 Cooper, W. S., 1052 Corréa, D. D., 601 Cope, E. D., 989 Correns, Carl W., 215, 352 Copenhagen, L. D., 1060 Corpus Christi (Texas), mortality, 949 Copenhagen, W. J., 732, 954, 955, 959, 968, 970, 980, 983, Corycaeus anglicus, 1165 984, 1060 furcifer, 833 Copepoda, 425, 1165-69 Corynactis californica, 636 Copepods in beach (fig.), 601 Corynosoma semerme, 422 efficiency, 36 strumosum, 422 Copper, 347 Corystes cassivelaunus, 1154 Coquina and calcareous breccias, 285 Coscinaraea, 615, 618, 620; facing 620 Coral-algal zone, 618 Coscinodiscus, 830, 855 Coral gall (fig.), 407 excentricus, 122, 123, 1064 Coral knolls, facing 626, 627 wailsii, 1062 Coral reefs, 10, 45, 609-631; facing 630 Cossura longocirrata, 1126 balance, 39 Cotronei, G., 1203 distribution, 609 Cott, H. B., 603 controversy, 629 Cottam, C., 727, 1052 problem, 628-629 Cotton, B. C., 1139, 1141 trophic structure, 39 Cottus, 784 Corallian fades, 1093 quadricornis, 771, 783, 794 Coralline, 262, 567, 845, 1017 scorpio, 422 squamata, 261 Counting methods, bacteria, 1037 Coralline algae, 261 Cousteau, J. Y., 54, 55 Corals, 1087-1104 Cousteau-Gagnan, apparatus, 638

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Couthouy, J. P., 1092 Cryptomonadina, 418 Coward, W. E., 392 Cryptomonas, 121, 448 Cowles, R. P., 399, 401, 602, 683, 686, 710 Cryptomya californica, 396, 1149 Cox, D. C., 258 Cryptonemiales, 261 Cox, L. R., 1130 Cryptophialus minutus, 426 Crab communities, 518; (fig.), 519 Crystal structure of carbonates, 250 Crabs and actinians, 399 Ctenophora, 420, 1108 Japan, 1157 Cucullanus cirratus, 422 zonation (fig.), 722 Cucumaria, 405, 1124 Craig, Gordon, 40, 47 glacialis, 1194 Craig, H., 244, 246, 257, 262, 264, 265, 267, 270-271, 274, 276 Cu6not, L., 1144, 1184 Crambe maritima, 1057 Culcita, 622, 404 Crambessa, 403 Culeolus, 653 Crane, J., 603, 721, 1153 Culex bahamensis, 1179 Crane, S. C., 387 elevator, 1182 Crangott (—Alpheus), 166 opisthopus, 1182 Crangon crangon, 775, 847 salinarius, 1179 vulgaris, 139, 494, 777, 1156 Culicoides, 1177 Crania anomala, 1114 furens, 1180 Cranwell, L. M., 549, 551 phlebotomus, 1180 Craspedacusta, 148, 898 Cultellus pellucidus, 494, 495, 497, 500 sowerbyi, 897 Cumaceans, 1154 Crassatellites meliwus, 355 Cumings, E. R., 285 Crassostrea, 1129, 1144 Cummingia tellinoides, 497 angulata, 1129, 1132 Cumopsis goodsir, 1154 laperousi, 1133 Cunina proboscidea, 420 gigas, 938, 980 Cupp, Easter E., 1060 virginica, 135, 168, 169, 172, 174, 350, 420, 423, 503, 724, Currents, Black Sea (fig.), 816 938, 946, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1133 Caspian Sea, 891; (fig.), 893 Crawford, G. I., 898, 1153 in estuaries, 682 Crawshay, L. R., 928 longshore, 677 Crayfishes, origin in Caspian, 897 and mortality, 960 Creaser, C. W., 1203 surface, 90 Crenaster semispinosus, 654 and sponges, 1084 spinolosus, 654 surface, 97 Crenildbrus, 843 tidal, 100 Crepidula, 419, 1115, 1144, 1189 Currie, R., 298, 955, 956, 959, 962, 983, 984 fornicala, 1145 Cushing, D. H., 39, 454 Crevice faunas, 1020 Cushions, of algae, 846 Crickard, R. G., 231 Cushman, Joseph A., 1076 Crickmay, G. W-, 276 Cuspidaria, 653, 660, 1149 Crinoid galls, 408 Cusps, 590-591 Crinoids, 667, 1183 Cussans, Margaret, 1155 Crisp, D. J., 370, 376, 378, 483, 1021, 1158, 1175 Cuvier's hypothesis, 941, 961 Crist, Raymond E., 1049 Cyanea, 403 Critical levels, 541 capillata, 352 Crocodylus acutus, 1213 Cyanophyceae in Baltic, 792 cataphr actus, 1214 Cyathura carinata, 781, 782 niloticus, 1214 Cycles, in sea, 917 porosus, 1214, 1215 Cycloclypeus carpenteri, 1077 rhombifer, 1213 guembelianus, 1077 Crofts, D. R., 266 Cyclograpsus punctatus, 1153 Cromwell, T., 226, 227 Cyclomyaria, 1201 Cross, Joy Barnes, 953, 985 Cyclonassa brisinai, 841 Cross bedding, 733 Cyclones, 1022 Crossland, C., 258, 1092 Cyclopoida, 425 Crowell, S. A., 393 Cyclops, 794 Crozet Islands, 327 Cyclopterus lumpus, 979 Crozier, W. J., 280, 1194 Cycloseris, 615, 624 Crustacea, 425, 1151 Cyclostomes, 1203, 1204 burrowers (fig.), 722 Cyclothone, 1207 carbonate deposition by, 268 vertical migration, 454 Cyclotrichium tneumeri, 957, 980, 982 Crustose algae, 615 Cyema, 643 Cryptobia grobbeni, 418 Cylindrical sampler, 65 Cryptochirus, 408 Cymbalopora bulloides, 1077 Cryptofauna, 1018 lobagoensis, 1076

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Cymodocea, 623, 724 Darwin, C., 10, 277, 629, 957, 1093, 1211, 1213 inanatorum, 1052 Darwin's hypothesis, 629 Cymopolia, 261 Dassow, J., 78 Cynwlhoa, 426 Dasybranckus caducus, 494 Cymothoidae, 426 Dasycladaceae, 261 Cytwscion arenarius, 709 Datsko, V. G., 826, 871, 872 nothus, 709 Davenport, C. B., 164, 599, 1144 Cyphastrea, 618, 624, 1093 Davenport, Demorest, 395, 405, 406, 40'' Cypraea, 622 David, H. M., 1043 Cypridina castanea, 1162 David, Lore Rose, 970 Cyprideis littoralis, 781, 914, 915 Davidson, T., 1113 Cyprina, 477 Davidson, V., 309 islaniica, 484, 495, 498 Davidson, V. M., 1162 Cyprinodon fascialus, 862 Davidson Current, 315 variegatus, 143, 716 Davies, J. L., 1224 Cyprimts, 867, 868 Davies, P. A., 376 carpio, 853 Davis, B. M., 5 Cyprindontes-Palaemonetes community, 721 Davis, C. A., 1053 Cyrena coaxattus, 728 Davis, C. C., 449, 953 , 984 Cyrtellaria, 1070 Davis, F. M., 63, 64, 68, 477, 484, 485, 487, 497, 503, 509 Cytheridae, 1162 Davis, H. C., 169, 473, 479 Cystobia irregularis, 418 Davis, J. H., 718, 727, 728, 1053 Cystophora, 541, 542 Davis Strait, 222 Cystoseira, 846, 1048 Davison, Charles, 976, 977 barbata, 839 Davy de Virville, A., 571 Cytkerella africana, 1162 Dawes, Ben, 421 Cylheromorpha fuscata, 781 Dawson, C. E., 1131, 1154 Cytherura gibba, 781 Dawson, E. Y., 262, 370, 1044 Cyltarocelis ehrenbergi, 833 Dawson, J. W., 989 helix, 833 Dawydoff, C., 1197 Dabelow, A., 1219 Day, J. H., 680, 694, 700, 713, 1023 Dahl Erik, 24, 514,521,596, 599, 602 690, 702,763, 764, 1154 Deacon, G. E. R., 217, 223, 224, 325, 330, 338 Dahl, Frederich, 6, 9, 11 Dead Sea, bacteria, 1037 Dahl, Knut, 986 mortality, 977 Daily rhythm, 918, 921 salinity, 129 Dakar mortality, 983 Dean, Bashford, 1130, 1139, 1203 zonation, 1020 Dean, Laura M. I., 1107 Dakin, W. J., 320, 498, 982, 1012, 1017, 1175 Death, cold, 165 Dalamatella, 261 heat, 163, 164 Dales, R. Phillips, 391, 497, 601 spawning, 960 Dall, W. H., 1113 Deboutteville, (see Delamare Deboutteville, C.) Daly, R. A., 240, 629 Debyser, J., 281, 733 Dalyellia riridis, 429, 430 Decapod crustaceans, 426, 1152 Damboviceanu, A., 269 Deckert, Kurt, 651, 1207 Dammerman, Karel W., 974 Decomposition in Black Sea, 824 Damour, A., 273 of experimental cultures, 309 Damsel fish, 403 of nutrients, 302 Dana, J. D., 10, 360, 1093 Deecke, W., 970, 971 DANA, 203, 219, 221, 223, 225, 226, 320, 330 Deem, A. W., 958 D'Ancona, Umberto, 1023 Deep scattering layer, 454 Danil'chenko, P. T., 820, 821, 822, 823 Deep Sea, 641-672 Danish Biological Station, 6, 7 animals, adaptations of, 666-667 Danish West Indies, coastal flora, 1052 illustrations of, 642, 655, 662, 665 Dannevig, Alf, 947, 978 benthos, 369, 651-667 le Danois, E., 208, 651, 653,1093 bacteria, 503 Dansereau, P., 359, 721, 727, 728 communities, 46, 651-667 Dantan, J. L., 1124 deposits, Black Sea, 829 Danube mortality, 983 eels, 663 sediments, 828 fishes, 1207 Danzig (see Gdinsk) fauna, origin of, 667-669 Daontesia mielchei, 656 productivity, 501 Daphnia, 794 sedimentation, 282, 645 Dapples, E. C., 734 zonation (fig-)» 642 Dardanus as per, 401 Deep water corals, 1095 dejormis, 401 Deems, W. M., 958 Dark bottle and C" methods, 193 Deevey, E. S., 42, 43, 44, 492, 497,1053, 1107 Dartevelle, E., 1191 Deevey, G. B., 1165

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Defant, A., 447, 810, 814, 960 Dexter, Ralph W., 45, 53, 718, 935, 1017, 1053, 1145, 1179 Deflandre, G., 1073 Deyrolle, Theophile, 977 Defretin, R., 1123 Diadumene luciae, 938 Degoutin, M., 978 Diamysis bahirensis, 708 Dehnel, Paul A., 1144 pengoi, 708 Deichmann, Elisabeth, 1187, 1193, 1194 Dianova, E., 1039 Deima, 652 Diaptomus salinus, 914 Deinocerites, 1177, 1179 Diastylis rathkei, 495

Delamare Deboutteville, C.f 79, 393, 596, 1044, 1152, 1175 Diatomaceous shales, 970 1176 ooze, 449 Delesseria, 125, 841 Diatoms, 120, 443, 449, 1059-69

Delff, C.t 494 decomposition, 306 Dell, R. K., 74, 512, 513 fouling, 1027 Dellow, V., 536, 549, 551, 554, 557, 567, 1044 grazing, 106 Delphinus delphis, 868, 1225 littoral, 1060 Delsman, H. C., 982 photosynthesis of, 121 Deltas, 729 resting spores, 170 Demel, K., 780 tests, 310 Demir, M., 820, 833, 841 Dioctophymoidea, 423 Demoll, B., 490 Dice, Lee R., 29 Demond, J., 447, 452, 1167 Dictiosphaerium, 901 Demospongea, 1083 Dictyocha, 1073 Dendraster, 595 Dictyosiphon, 788 excentricus, 636, 1191 chordaria, 1045 Dendritina-Alveolinella fades, 1078 foeniculaceus, 788, 1045 Dendrochirota, 1194 Dictyosphaeria, 619, 623 Dendrodoa grossularia, 1199 Dictyota, 841, 853, 1046 Dendrogaster astericola, 426 dichotoma, 1017 Dendronotus frondo sus, 497 Dictyotaceae, 261 Dendrophyllia, 1093, 1096, 1100 Dicyema tyPus, 419 cornigera, 1093 Dicyemida, 419 ratnea, 1095 Didacna, 803 Dendy, Arthur, 1085 baeri crassa, 804 Dendy, Jack S., 1024 crassa, 804 Denison, M., 573 pontocaspia, 804 Denison, W., 946, 980, 985 pseudocaspia, 804 Denitrifying bacteria, 260 tschaudae, 804 Denmark mortality, 978 Didemnum viridae, 429 Density, Black Sea (fig.), 809 Diener, C., 20 Density gradient, Black Sea (fig.). 812 Dietrich, G., 202, 203, 208, 759, 951, 964 Dentalium attenuatum, 355 Dietz, Robert S., 964, 965, 966 facies, 1093 Dieuzeide, R., 23, 1017 Dentex vulgaris, 949, 978 Diez del Valle, Juan Blanco, 983 Deplanthera wighti, 1052 Digby, P. S. B., 1165 Depth, of bottom invertebrates, 503 Digenea, 421 in Black Sea, 843, 845 Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, 863 Deraniyagala, P. E. P., 986, 1217 villosus, 865 Derjugin, K. M., 20, 505, 508, 513, 514, 515, 516, 520 Dimon, A. C., 497 Dermochelys coriacea, 1217 Dinoflagellates, 120, 123, 418, 444, 448, 935 Dermocystidium, 416 migration, 123 Derocheilocaris remanei, 1176 mortality, 979 Deronectes cerisyi, 853 Dinophilus, 1126 Desis crosslandi, 1175 Dinophysis, 792, 831 Desidiopsis racovilzai, 1175 sacculus, 851 Desmarestia, 263 Diodon hystrix, 986 ligulata, 1048 Diogenes, 847 Desmomyaria, 1201 Pugilator, 846 Desmophyllum cristagalli, 636, 1095 varians, 846 Desmoscolecoidea, 422 Diomedea chlororhynchos, 1221 Destructive forces on reefs, 613 Diopatra neapolitana, 494 Desulfovibrio, 820, 895 ornata, 1047 aestuarii, 820, 855 Diphyllidea, 421 Detling, L. E., 535 Diplocystis aeruginosa, 1049 Detritus, 6, 383 Diploglossus kancocki, 1214 Devil's Stream, 818 miUepunctatus, 1214 Devila, F., 55 Diplosoma, 624, 1199 Devillers, C., 505, 515, 518 listerianum, 1199

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Discinisca, 1114, 1115 Donax, 419, 596, 597, 803 lamellosa, 1113 fluctuations, 937 summigii, 1113 fossor, 600 Discontinuous distribution (fig.), 372, 375 gouldi, 393, 395, 600; facing 394 Discorbis, 264, 1078 migration, 600 Discosoma, 618 movements (fig.), 600 DISCOVERY, 219, 224, 225 and parasitism, 415 DISCOVERY Committee, 324 semigranosus, 599 Disintegration of calcareous skeletons, 275 variabilis, 171 Disoma multisetosum, 1126 vittatus, 395 Disphotic, 23 Dons, Carl, 1093, 1123, 1188, 1194 Dispersal of estuarine organisms, 697 Doridoedes gardineri, 432 of larvae, 452 Dorn, Paul, 971 Dissolved oxygen, determinations, 231 Doropygus pulex, 425 Dissolved salts (tables of), Dorosoma cepedianum, 152 Aral Sea, 131, 914 Dorsey, N. Ernest, 190 Baltic Sea, 130 Dorylaimoidea, 422 Bear River (Utah), 130 Dosidicus gigas, 960, 981 Black Sea, 131 Dosinia, 803 Caspian Sea, 131, 914 discus, 1147 Dead Sea, 130 Doss, B., 732 fresh waters, 130 Dosse, Gustav, 1085 Great Salt Lake, 130 Dotterweich, H., 266 Jordan River, 130 Doty, M. S., 29, 535, 539, 549, 550, 551, 552, 558, 559, 561, Kara Bugaz Gulf, 914 562, 565, 569, 572, 612, 622,707, 1024, 1041,1043, 1044, Mediterranean, 131 1093 ocean,130 Double tide, 551 Distephanus speculum, 1073 Doudoroff, P., 167, 947 Distichlidetum, 1054 Dove, W. H., 1030 Dislichlis, 726 Dovey estuary, 1023 spicala, 727, 1054 Downing, A. L., 186 Distichopora, 615 Doyle, M. M., 430, 431, 438 Dislomus, 1019 Doyle, W. L., 430, 431, 438 Distribution, in estuaries (fig.), 701, 702, 703 Drach, P., 3, 55 , 74, 269, 635, 638 limits in Baltic, 775 Dracunculoidea, 422 longitudinal, 563 Draggendorff, O., 728 and salinity, 149 Dragonfly nymphs, 148, 1182 Dittmar, H., 73 Drake Passage, 216 Dittmar, William, 185, 186, 187 Draper, J. W., 503 Ditrupa subulata community, 519 Dredge, CHALLENGER (fig.), 74 Ditylum brightwelli, 1063 criticized by Forbes (fig.), 6 Diurnal migration, 453 epibenthic, 75 Caspian Sea, 902 Dredges, 73-74 Diurnal tides, 550 Dredging, 1 Divaricella divaricata, 846 Dreissena(.=Dreissensia), 696, 803, 857, 899, 915 Divergence, 299, 447 -Monodacna-unionid variation, 861 Diving helmet, 55 polymorpha, 786, 806, 807, 863, 897, 898, 914, 1145 Diving spheres, 54 and Monodacna colorala community, 857 Dixon, A. Y., 1154 pontocaspica, 806, 807 Djakonov, A., 1188 rostriformis, 806, 807 Djevinski Liman, 851 Drensky, P., 865 Dodecaceria, 1030 Drepanacladus, 789 fewkesi, 1122 Drevermann, Fritz, 966, 967 DGderlein, Ludwig, 1184 Drew, G. H., 257, 260, 285, 1037 Dogger Bank, patchiness, 484 Drew, K. M., 261 nutrients, 315 Drewite, 257, 285 Dohrn, Anton, 4 Dromia vulgaris, 399 Doldrums, 91 Dry organic matter, percentage, 493 Dole, Malcolm, 209 Dry weights, 492 Doliolida, 1201 Dry: wet weight ratios, 493 Doliolum denticulaium, 833 Dry Tortugas, sponges, 1085 Dolomite, 239 Dryden, Lincoln, 1093 Dolomitization, 274 DuBois, H. M„ 1113 Dominance, 474 Dubovsky, N., 1162 Domogalla, B. P., 305 Dudich, E., 250, 269 Domantay, J. S., 1194, 1195 Duerden, J. E., 264, 279, 400, 1030 Donacilla, 599, 846 Dufiey, E. A. G., 1221

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Dufour, J., 982 Echiurida, 423, 1120 Dugal, L. P., 267, 281 Echiurus echiurus, 1120 Den Dulk, A., Jr., 1163 Eckart, Carl, 54 Dumas, D., 452 Eckernford mortality, 986 Dumas, F., 55 Ecklonia, 1017 Dunaliella, 140, 572, 712 Ecological equivalents, of corals, 628 Dunbar, C. 0., 131 gradients, 176-179 Duncker, Georg, 974, 989 twins, 704 Dunn, E. R., 1215 Ecology, applied, 3 Dunn, Mary D., 1044 concepts, 29 Durchon, M., 494 course in, 5 Durham, J. Wyatt, 379, 380, 1093 dynamic, 11 Du Rietz, G. E., 18, 542, 543, 546, S47, 548, 549, 550, 552, estuarine, 11 767, 1044, 1048 Economy of reefs, 1100 Durvillae anlarciica, 1048 Ecoystem, 30; (defined), 32-33 Dutch East Indies, oxygen, 228 Ecotones, 42 Dutch wadden sea, 721 Ecotype, 700 Dutton, H., J., 121 Ectocarpus, 841 Duval, M., 269 conjervoides, 782, 1042 van Dyke, E. C„ 1181 duckassaingianus, 1042 Dymond, J. R., 1206 siliculosus, 1042 Dynamic computations, Black Sea, 814 Ectrocrine substances, 46, 409, 484 Dytaster spinosus, 654 Ectoprocta, 423 Dytilium brightwelli, 855 Eddy system, Black Sea, 814 Dysidea crawshayi, 352, 353 Eddy diffusion, 300 etkeria, 352, 353 Edge effect, 42 Dysponetus pyamaeus, 1121 Edgerton, H. E., 650 Eales, N. B., 497, 1012 Edmonds, C. H., 542, 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553 Earland, Arthur, 1077 Edmonds, S. J., 1017 Earthquakes and mortality, 945 Edmondson, C. H., 142, 555, 1030, 1093, 1094, 1152 East Africa, Corals, 1103 Edwards, D. J., 503 East Greeland Current, 338 Edwards, F. E., 1139 East Indies, copepods, 1168 Edwards, F. W., 1179 deep water, 229 Edwards, G., 668 East London mortality, 979 Edwards, Vinal N„ 982 Easter Island, temperatures, 1092 Edwardsia, 623 Eastman, C. R., 968 Eelgrass, 168 Ebbecke, U., 646, 647 Eelgrass Disease, 7, 417, 1021, 1039 Ebling, F. J., 1016 Eels, deep-sea, 663 Eckeneis, 427 Efficiency, 35 remora, 404; (fig.), 405 of Littorina, 387 Echinaster, 622 of mussels, 386 Echiniscoides sigismundi, 1175 Egler, Frank E., 725, 727, 1053, 1055 Echinobothrium iypus, 421 Eggs, fresh water vs. marine, 147 Eckinocardium, 472, 595 Egorova, A. A., 820 cordatum, 477, 49S, 497, 1192 Egregia, 551, 562 fiavescens, 1192 menziesii, 551 Eckinocephalus, 422 Eguchi, M., 1090, 1093 Echinocyamus pusillus, 424, 494, 805, 1192 Egypt, oysters, 1133 Echinodermata, 427 Ehrenbaum, E., 139, 151, 1014 carbonate deposition by, 264-265 Ehrenberg, C. G., 1073, 1094 distribution, 1189 Ehrenberg, Kurt, 969 of Oresund, 1188 Eimeria clupearum, 418 pigments, 1189 gaii, 418 Echinoids, 1190, 1191 sardinae, 418 Eckinomelra, 280, 618, 624 Eimeridia, 418 matkaei, 1191 Einarsson, H., 468, 471, 495, 505, 509, 512 Echinopkyllia, 615 Eisenia arborea, 635 zone, 619, 624 Eisig, H., 1123 Echinopora, 622, 1097 Eklund, C. R., 1219 Eckinorhynchus salmonis, 783 Ekman, S., 20, 21, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 101,146,149,177, Echinosigra paradoxa, facing 651 178, 360, 361, 364, 368, 373, 377, 445, 451, 468, 649, Echinostomatidae, 421 651, 663 , 664, 703, 753, 763, 765 , 774, 784, 900, 1012, Echinostrephus, 280 1189, 1194 Echinothrix turca, 407 Ekman grab, 67, 70 Echinus esculenlus, 493, 494, 495 , 498, 1192 Ekman-Lenz Grab, 67 norvegicus, 1192 Elachista fucicola, 788

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Elaphe quadrivittata deckerli, 1213 Engraulis, 866, 867, 868 Elasmobranchs, 143 encrasicholus, 908 Elazari-Volcani, B., 103V mordax mordax, 709 Elbe estuary, 703, 1023 nanus, 709 Elect™ angulala, 1028 Enhalus acoroides, 1046 Elements of Physical Biology, 34 Enhydris bennetti, 1215 El Hadd, 956 Eniwetok reef, Odum version, 39 Eliason, Anders, 653, 1123 Ennis, C. C., 226, 330 Elittoral, 19 Enochrus bicolor, 776, 853 Elkhorn Slough (Calif.), 1025 melanocephalus, 780 Elliott, F. E., 97, 101 nebula sus, 1182 Ellis, David, 957 Enoploidea, 422 Ellis, W. G., 135 Ensis, 1146 Ellison, S. P., 17 ensis, 805 Ellobiophrya donacis, 395 Entamoeba coli, 413 Ellson, J. G., 78 histolytica, 413 Elmhirst, R., 269, 498, 557, 558, 567, 1013 Entelurus atquoreus, 942, 988-989 Elminius modestus, 376, 378, 379, 698, 898, 1158 Enteracola fulgens, 425 El Nifio, 163, 953 Enterormrpha, 560. 707 . 788, 841, 845, 848, 853, 857, 1017 mortality, 979 association, 1047 Elofson, Olof, 1162 fi.exv.osti, 1042 Elpidia, 659, 661 inteslinalis, 573, 839 glaciatis, 664 linza-Spirulina subsalsa, community, 1046 sundaensis, 654, 658 marginata, 573 solomonensis, 658 plumosa, 1042 kermadecensis, 659 proliféra, 1044 Elphidium, 1075, 1079 Enteromorphetum compressât, 1046 crispum, 1078 Entodesma saxicola, 1149 Elsey, G. R., 1029 Entocolax ludvngi, 424 Elssner, E., 266 Entoconcha mirabilis, 424 Elton, C., 34, 40, 149, 466, 468, 474, 475, 476, 477, 484, 485, Entophysalis, 279, 549 488, 1013 granulosa, 1042, 1044 Eltonian pyramid, 34 Entoprocta, 395, 423 Ely, Charles A., 1189,1211 Entorhipidiidae, 419 Elymus arenarius, 1057 Entorhipidium echini, 419 Emerita, 452, 593, 594, 596, 599 Entosphenus tridentalus, 1203 analog a, 597, 601 Entovalva perrieri, 397 Emerson, Alfred E., 34, 1012 semperi, 397; (fig.), 398 Emerson, Robert, 124 Environment, of estuary (fig.), 695 Emery, K. O., 56, 69, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 271, 273, Environmental constancy of estuaries, 695 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 285, 573, 574, 576, 588. 590, factors, 684 673, 688, 689, 729, 730, 964, 965, 966, 1097 restriction of estuaries, 695 Emigration from the sea, 147 Environments, classified (fig.), 18, 22 Emiliani, C., 246, 282, 283, 284, 379, 668 Eoacanthocephala, 422 Emmel, Victor, 186, 187 Eocene Paleogeography (fig.), 379 Emoia atrocostatum, 1213,1214 Eolianite, 285 nigra, 1214 Ephinoë serrata, 860 Emplectonema gracilis, 846 Ephydatia fluviatilis, 429, 780, 790 Encrinus, 667 Ephydra, 711, 853 Endemics, Baltic, 785 macellaria, 853 Caspian, 897, 899 millbrae, 1180 Endeodes, 1178 Epi, (prefix), 21 Enders, H. E., 397 Epibathyal, 27 Endoctadia viridis, 1048 Epibenthic dredge, 75; (fig.), 77 Endocrypla huntsmani, 394 Epibioses, Gullmarfjord, 469 Endogenous senescence, 497, 499 Epicaridea, 426 Endopachys, 1096 Epifauna, 461; (figs.), 462, 464 Endospkaera engelmanni, 419 in Arctic, 461 Enequist, Paul, 70, 71, 786, 1154 in tropics, 463 Enequist sampler, 70 Epilittoral, 21 Energy, computation of in sea, 1964 Epipelagic (defined), 21; 641 cycles (fig.), 33 Epitonium pachypleura, 355 flow, 34 Eponidella, 1076 incident (fig.), 119,120 Epontdes, 1079 Engelmann, T. W., 124, 125 Epstein, S., 268, 27S Engle, J. B., 946, 960, 987, 1125, 1145 Equilibrium, 34 English Channel, nutrients, 311 ErcegoviC, A., 553

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Ertmicaster, 658 Euncmertes gracilis (see also Eplectonema gracilis), 846 pacificus, 653, 658, 662 Eunice fucala, 497, 929-932 Ericson, D. B., 633, 1077 gigantea, 494 Erikson, H., 186 harassi, 1124 Eriksson, E., 249 siciliensis, 494 Eriocheir sinensis, 698, 786, 898 viridis, 171, 924, 926 Eriphia spinifrons, 845 Eupagurus, 401, 1156 Erislalis, 853 bemhardus, 392, 399, 401, 403, 494 Erosa erosa, 394 conslans, 392 Erosion at Bikini, 277 excavalus, 392, 401, 402 Errantia, 423 gracilipes, 392 Emilia, 803 prideauxi, 402 Eryonidae, 663, 667 pubescens, 393 Erythrodiplax berenice, 148, 1182 Eupharynx, 643 Esaki, T., 1179 Eupkausia superha, 310, 1224 Escher, B. G., 945 Euphausiacea, 1153 Esox lucius, 795 Euphronides, 652 Essenberg, Christine E., 1201 kerhevei, 653 Essig, E. L„ 1054 verrucosa, 659 Esterly, C. O., 1154 Euphyllia glabrescens, 1096 Estuaries, 42, 673-749, 1022-27 Euplana takeuiakii, 420 Australian, 11, 680 Eupleura, 1144 borders 718 caudata, 1147 classification, 680, 683 Euplotes, 711, 733 faunal components of, 694 Eupoterion pernix, 419 North America, 11 Euryalidae, 1187 physiography, 673 Eurybathy, 663 sequence, 676 Eurychilum actinae, 419 study of, 10 Eurycope galatkeae, 660 South Africa, 11, 1023-24 madseni, 660 species in, 703 nodifrons, 660 types, 682 Euryhalinity, 696 Estuarine (term), 23 Eurytemora aßnis, 708, 781 deposits, 734 hirundo, 792 environment (fig.), 695 hirundoides, 708, 781, 792, 793 facies, 700 lacinulala, 149 fauna, origin, 698 Euslrongylides, 423 organisms (distribution) (fig.), 706 Euzonus arcticus, 1121 Estuary (defined), 673 Evadne nordmanni, 792, 793, 794, 833 streamlines (fig.), 679 spinifera, 833 zonation (fig.), 674 trigona, 856, 901 É tangs, 1026 Evans, Francis C.; 33 Eieone arctica, 680 Evans, L. T., 725, 727 Etkmodiscus, 1062 Evans, R. G., 162, 163, 564, 1017, 1145, 1149 rex, 1067 Evaporation, oceanic, 91, 92, 93, 98 Etkusa, 653 Evasterias troschelii, 405 Eucalanus bungii bttngii, 1165 Everglades, 946 Eucestoda, 421 Evermann, B. W., 1224 Euchaeta norvegica, 1168 Evermannichthys, 427 Euciliata, 419 Evolution and plankton, 455 Eucopia australis, 643 Swing, M., 46, 56, 69, 633 grim aldi, 643 Exchange in Black Sea, 820 Eucypris reptans, 1163 in Bosporus, 819 Eudesme, 788 of carbon dioxide, 242 Eudorella, 495 Excretion, 298 Eugeobiontic zone, 546 Excretory organs, 138 Eugorgia rubens, 636 Exosphaeroma, 1156 Eugregarinina, 418 Expeditions, 6 Eugymnanthea inquilina, 393 Experimental fertilization, 11 ostrearum, 393 Experimental colonization of Caspian Sea, 909-912 polimantii, 393 Exposure time and zonation, 558 Eugyra adriatica, 845, 847 External metabolites, 46, 409, 484 Euhydrobiontic zone, 546 Extinction coefficient (defined), 114; 109, 115 Eulalia, 846 Exuviella coriata, 831, 855, 901 Eulittoral, 19 Eyring, C. F., 454 Eumendon convictor, 407 Faber, Friedrich, 960, 987 Eumenia crassa, 495 Patricia, 899, 908

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Fabriciola, 848 Filter feeders, efficiency, 36 Fabricius, Otto, 960 Finckh, A. E„ 280, 1094 Facies, 707 Finch, R. H., 165, 979 Factors, of communities, 471 Finland, Gulf of, 753 limiting, estuary (fig.), 694 nutrients, 320 Faganelli, A., 1023 salinity fluctuations, 760 Fage, Louis, 215, 647, 651, 664, 922, 951, 1123, 1162, 1175 Fischer, E., 1024 Fahey, E. M., 559, 561, 562, 569, 577 Fischer, B., 1037 Fairbridge, R. W., 239, 240, 257, 258, 262, 274, 277, 278, Fischer, P., 1114 281, 283, 285, 379, 1094 Fischer, P. H., 1130, 1145 Fairy shrimps, 696 Fischer-Piette, E., 9, 537, 1124, 1149 Falke, Horst, 941, 959, 962, 969, 981 . . Fish, C. J., 173, 982 Falkland Ids. polychaetes, 1123 Fish Commission, 5 Falla, R. A., 1219 Fish tagging, 6 Faouzi, Hussein, 729 Fisher, James, 1220 Far eastern fishes, 1208 Fisher, Walter K., 396, 1107, 1117, 1120, 1189, 1194, 1220 Faria, Jose Gomes de, 984 Fisheries, Black Sea, 865-868 Farmer, Harlow, 680, 683 Caspian Sea, 904 Faroe Bank, 316 investigations, 4, 11, 77 Faroe Islands-Iceland Ridge, 221 records, 938 Faroe Shetland Channel, 316 Sea of Azov, 865-868 Farran, G. P., 1165 populations, 1210 Fassbinder, K., 269 Fishes, 1205 Fassett, Harry Clifford, 960, 974, 987 and anemones, 403 Fassett, Norman C., 1054 Aral Sea, 915 Fauna, Aral Sea, 914 in Baltic, 794 Caspian Sea, 895 in canyon, 637 components of estuaries (table), 694 Caspian Sea, 903, 904 deep sea, 653 deep sea, 653 of estuaries, 700 euryhaline, 146 penetration (fig.), 686 inquiline, 1206 S. Africa (fig.), 362 microflora, 1037 Fauré-Fremiet, E., 593, 596, 1061 and salinity (fig.), 152 Faurot, L., 401, 402, 1094 salt tolerance, 698 Faustino, L. A., 1094, 1141 Sarmatian, 862-863 Fauvel, P., 1117, 1123 Sea of Azov, 867 Fama, 618, 619, 620, 622, 1097 - . and sponges, 1206 speciosa, 627 in sulfur, 712 Favites, 618, 619, 620, 622, 1090 temperature modifications, 175 Favorinus alius, 432 Fisk, H. N., 729 Fecampia, 420 Fitch, C. P., 951, 953, 958 Federighi, Henry, 1145 Fitch, J. E., 592 Feeding adaptations in beaches, 594 Fjords, 688 of corals, 1103 tides in, 100 Feinstein, Anita, 956 Flabellifera, 426 Feldmann, J., 9, 537, 542, 551, 552, 553, 573, 958, 1.045 . Flabellum rubrunt, 1090 Feltham. C. B., 305, 690, 710, 732 , 733, 1040 Flagg, F., 167 Fenton, C. L., 1114 Flagg, W., 186 Ferguson, F. F., 1017 Flattely, F. W., 568, 1013 Ferris, G. F., 1179 Fleming, C. A., 512, 513, 514, 1220 Ferronnière, G., 11, 560, 712 Fleming, J. A., 191, 226, 330 Fertilization, experimental, 303 Fleming, R. H., 87, 90, 97, 100, 102, 103, 187, 192, 194, 195, Festuca rubra, 1054, 1056, 1057 204, 215, 251, 257, 447, 1015, 1061 Fewkes, J. W., 393, 394, 1030 Flora, Aral Sea, 914 Feyling-Hanssen, Rolf W., 1158 Black Sea, 840 Fibulia notlitangere, 1085 Caspian Sea, 895 Fick's law, 134 estuaries, 707 Ficopomatus macrodon, 1024 Florentin, R., 712 Fiddler crabs, 147, 721, 1155, 1156, 1157 Florida, corals, 1101, U02 Field, Neil C., 916 inland waters, 1025 Field, R. M., 258, 285 keys, intertidal, 1021 Pierasfer, 404, 427 mortality, 978, 984 Fiji, corals, 1094 oysters, 1131, 1132 Filarioidea, 423 red tides, 946 Filice, Francis P., 1024 reefs, 1090 Filters, 79

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Florida Current-Guli Stream System, 220 Freshwater element, Baltic, 779-780, 1026 Straits of 220 Fresh-water fishes, 143 Florideae, 261 fauna in Caspian, 895 Flounders, 1208 Fresh water samplers, 67 Fluctuations of populations (fig.), 481 Fretter, Vera, 349, 350, 408 Fluctuations, of year classes, 936 Frey, David G., 1130 Flux equilibrium 34 von Freyberg, B., 946, 977 Fogg, G. E., 1013 Freyella mortenseni, 658 Fol, H., 109 sexradiata, 654 Folliculinids, 395, 1069 tuberculata, 653 Fontaine, M., 646 Friedlander, B., 924, 925, 926 Fontinalis, 789 Friedmann, Herbert, 1219 dolecorlica, 779 Friedrich, H., 47, 1119, 1124 Food chain, 36, 298 Friesian Islands, 721 deep sea, 650 Fringing reef, 624-625; facing 627 herring (fig.), 37 Fritsch, F. E., 261, 262, 263, 429, 431, 432, 566 ilyophagous fishes (fig.), 692 Fritillaria borealis, 792 of Ocypode, facing 587 Fritz, Sigmund, 113 sand fauna (fig.), 597 Frogs, 1211 Food, in deep sea, 649 Fröhlicher, Hugo, 942, 971, 989, 1013 Food of reef-corals, 1091 Fryer, J. C. F., 281 Foraminifera, 282, 450, 1075-81 Fuchs, C. W. C., 974, 986 calcification, 263 Fucoid zone, 369, 542 Foraminifera communities, 515; (fig.), 516 Fucoxanthin, 121, 124 living, recognition, 1081 Fucus, 550, 721, 1027 marshes, 727 fauna, 790 zooxanthellae in, 431 furcalus, 556 Forbes, C., 980 microfauna, (fig.), 41 Forbes, Edward, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 20, 359, 360, 370, 542 serratus, 124, 348, 369, 779, 788, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047 Forchhammer, G., 273 , 946, 977 spiralis, 564, 1043, 1045 Ford, E., 488, 497, 509, 512 vesiculosus, 369, 564, 767, 774, 783, 788, 790, 1043, 1045, Fordonia leucobalia, 1214 1046, 1047 Forel, F. A., 109 Fulda, Ernst, 977, 978 Formica rufibarbis, 846 Fuller, J. L„ 206 Forsman, B., 751, 780, 782, 787, 1151, 1154 Fulmar, 1220 Forster, G. R., 55, 74, 635 Funafuti, 1094 Fortnightly rhythm, 919 Fundulus, 144, 167, 423, 425 Fosberg, F. R., 1054 parvipinnis, 153 Foster, J. F., 588 Fundy, Bay of, 681, 703 Fossil floras, 10 mortality, 982 fuels, 244 nutrient cycle, 300 waters, 208 Fungi, marine, 1036, 1039, 1040, 1051 Fossilisation of crabs, 1157 Fungia, 438, 615, 618, 619, 622 Fouling communities, 43 actiniformis, 1089, 1090, 1097 Fouling organisms, 9, 1027-28 danai, (fig.), 438 Fowler, J. B., 1188 fungites, facing 626 Fox, C. J. J., 186, 187 repanda, 1096 Fox, D. L., 12, 79, 267, 268, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 456, 592, Furcellaria fastigiala, 788 593, 963, 1027, 1125, 1189, Furnestin, J., 983 Fox, H. M., 167, 168, 713, 1191 Fusejima, R., 1077 Fôyn, B., 305 Gaarder, K. R., 444, 453, 953 Francis, E. T. B., 1203 Gaarder, T„ 79, 186, 192, 219, 446, 685 Francis, George, 958 Gadaut Bank, 1132 Francis-Boeuf, €., 690, 731 Gadus aeglefinus, 757 Franck, J., 121, 124, 125 brosme, 987 Franckiewicz, J., 1050 callarias, 979 Fraser, J. H., 1024 morrhtta, 161, 422, 794 Franz, H., 474 mustela, 987 Fraser, C., 487, 498 polaris, 969, 988 Fraser, C. M., 393, 394, 922 Gage, S. H., 1204 Fraser, J. H., 59, 449, 453 Gail, F. W., 110, 689 Fraser River, 691, 693 Gaimard, Paul, 989 Freeman, J. A., 266 Galaine, C., 1124 Freezing-point depression, 134, 139, 140 Galadyiev, M. A., 869, 871 Freimann, S. J., 1224 Galapagos, corals, 1092 Fremy, P., 958 temperatures, 1091 Frenguelli, Joaquin, 1061 Galathea, 1156

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GALATHEA, 11, 64, 446, 650, 653, 652, 654, 663, 664, 665, Gemeinhardt, Konrad, 1073 666, 955, 959 Geminate species and salinity, 704; (table), 708-709 Galatheanthemum, (fig.), 652 Gemmill, J. F., 1189 pro/undale, 656 Geoamphibiontic zone, 18, 546 hadale, 656 Geobiontic zone, 546 Galatheathauma, facing 651 Geodia mesotriaena, 636 Galalheathuria, 643 George, P. C., 953, 957, 958, 985 Galaxaura, 261 Geography, Black Sea, 801 Galaxea, 618, 1096 Geomorphology of Baltic, 768 aspera, 1090 Georges Bank, 300 Galeolaria, 1017 Zooplankton, 1168 caespitosa, 1017 GENERAL GREEN, 209, 222 Gall, M. H. W„ 109 Geotria australis, 1204 Gall crabs, 407 Gerardia, 1215 Gallichthys, 409 Gerasimov, I. P., 803 Galligar, G. C., 1052 Gerlach, Sebastian Adam., 1118 Galliher, G., 263 Gersbacher, W. M., 573 Gallionella reticulesa, 1036 Gerris thoracicus, 780 tortuosa, 1036 Geryon tridens, 654 Galloway, J. C., 979 Geryonia, 420 Galloway, T. W., 928 Gessner, F., 766, 767, 794, 971, 1013 Galstoff, P. S., 102, 267, 268, 941, 951, 957, 981, 982, 984, Gex, M., 265 1013, 1017, 1085, 1191 Ghost crab, 602 Galveston Bay, oysters, 1130 Gibb, Dorothy C., 1045 Gamble, F. W., 430, 433, 436, 438 Gibbard, J., 982 Gammaracanthus lacustris, 771 Gibbons, N. E., 1037 Gammarus, 136, 490, 795, 1155 Gibbons, S. G., 56, 59, 69 duebeni, 680, 781, 782 Gibbula albida, 805 locusla, 138, 494, 708, 713, 777, 853, 854 cineraria, 494 pule-.c, 138, 708 Gibraltar, Straits of, 221 zaddachi, 704 Gibson, R. E., 252 oceanicus, 708, 760, 775, 777, 778, 782, 790 Gibson-Hill, C. A., 1220 salinus, 760, 775, 781, 790 Gigantocypris mülleri, 1162 zaddachi, 708, 760, 775, 781, 790 Giganlura, 653 Ganong, W. F., 1054 Gigcrtina, 349, 552, 635, 1048 Ganges, 11 canaliculata, 551 Ganges delta, 1024, 1025, 1211 corymibifera, 552 Garbarini, P., 922 spinosa, 552 Gardiner, A. C., 205, 298 volans, 552 Gardiner, J. S., 279, 280, 281, 622, 1094 Giglioli, Henry H., 977, 988 Garstang, W., 595, 1062, 1154 Gignoux, M., 1191 Garth, John S., 364 Giguere, P. A., 231 Gasterosteus aculeatus gymnurus, 145 Gilbert, C. H., 1130 trachurus, 145 Gilbert, Grove Karl, 680 Gaslerosiphon deimalis, 424 Gilbert, J. Y„ 956, 970, 981, 1062 Gastrodes, 420 Gilbert, O., 41 Gastropoda, 424 Gilchrist, J. D. F., 946, 951, 979, 980, 983, 984 Gastropods, in Baltic, 779 Gillespie, T. H., 1220 Gastrosaccus dissimilis, 708 Gillner, V., 727, 1054 johnsoni, 708 Gills, crabs, 138 mexicana, 708 Gilson, H. C., 205, 207, 1018 sanctus, 843 Ginsburg-Karagicheva, T. L., 1037 Gastrotrichs, 422, 1118 Ginsburg, R. N„ 257, 258, 279, 280, 285 Gauld, D. T„ 11, 1166, 1168 Giorgio, B„ 1206 Gause, G. F., 41, 42 Gislén, T., 1, 9, 19, 20, 55, 369, 469, 470, 493, 494, 505, 537, Cause's hypothesis, 41 541, 542, 550, 551, 552, 558 , 563, 565, 571, 573, 603, Gaviidae, 1219 638, 653, 729, 976, 1013, 1018, 1120, 1183, 1184 Gavrilescu, N. 818 Gizzard-shad, 152 Gayevskaya, N. S., (ed.), 1013 Glacial history, Black Sea, 804 Gdansk, algae, 1046, 1050 relicts 785 Gecarcinidae, 1156 in Baltic, 782 Gecarcinus, 602 stages in Black Sea, 805 Gee, H., 257 stages and sedimentation, 284 Gehenio, P. M., 165 and surface temperatures, 284 Gehringer, J. H., 60 Glaessner, M. F., 1135 Geikie, Archibald, 946, 980 Glaser, O. C., 489 Gelidium pusillum, 1046

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Glasnerova, E., 261 Gordiacea, 423 Glauconite sands, 971 Gordioidea, 423 Glaux maritima, 1057 Gorgonia fiabellum, 1105 Glazier, W. C. W„ 984 Gorgonians, 1105 Glennan, A. H., 984 in canyons, 636 Glenodinium, 831, 955 Goreau, T. F., 264 fliaceum, 983 Gorgonocephalus, 423 trochoideum, 984 Gortner, R. A., 951, 953, 958 Globicephala, 1224 Gosline, W. A., 974 Globigerina ooze, 263, 645, Gosse, E., 3 Globigerinidae, 450 Gosse, P. H., 3, 392, 395, 399 Globorotalia truncatulinoides, 1077 Gotland Sea, 753 Glochidia, 424 Gould, H. A., 69 Glock, Waldo S., 1045 Gould, H. R., 730 Gloeocapsa dimidiata, 1049 Gouldia minima, 846, 847 membranina, 1049 Gowanloch, J. Nelson, 1149 Glomus, 655, 659 Grabs (fig.), 62 Gloitidia, 1114 Grabau, A. W., 20 Glover, R. S., 60, 61 Gracilaria, 707 Glueckauf, E. 186 confervoides, 707, 721, 1047 Glycera, 846, 847, 1125 von Graff, L., 1119 robusta, 395 Graffilla 420 siphonostoma, 494 gamellipara, 420 Glycinde, 1126 Grafflin, A. L„ 144 Glynne-Williams, J., 638,1018 Graham, A., 408, 432 Gmelina pusilta, 864 Graham, Herbert W„ 212, 226, 330, 333, 444, 452, 956, 981 Gnamamuthu, C. P., 1152 Graham, M„ 11, 315, 316, 1206 Gnathodbellida, 423 Graham-Smith, G. S., 175 Gnathiidea, 426 Grahmann, R., 804, 806 Gnathophausia gigas, 643 Grain sizes in estuaries, 729 ingens, 643 Gran, H. H., 79, 169, 171, 192, 300, 446, 447, 1062, 1073 Gneri, F. S., 691, 692 Le Grand, Yves., 109 Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis lutea, 708 Grand Banks, 198 oregonensis, 708 Grandidierella bonnieroides, 716 Gobiesocidae, 1192 Granqvist, G., 765 Gobius flmiatilis, 862, 864 Grant, C. W., 385 melanostomus, 862, 863, 864 Grant, U. S. IV, 1114 minutus, 646 de Grass«, P., 1069 platyrostris, 862 Grave, B. H., 497, 928, 1159 Godfrey, F. L., 1139 Grave, Caswell, 724, 1130, 1189, 1198 GODTHAAB, 219, 222 Gravier, C., 612, 926, 1095, 1124 Godwin-Austen, Robert, 2, 359 Gray, Ellen, H., 1151, 1155 Van Goethem, Charles, 955, 959 Gray, James, 1013 Goetsch, W., 430 Gray, R. W., 1225 Goetz filter, 79 Grayce, R. L„ 1220 Gohar, H. A. F., 404, 431, 432, 433, 438, 1106 Grazing, by copepods, 1166 Goldberg, E. D., 257, 267, 345, 346, 349, 351, 383, 384, 1198 of diatoms, 1061 Golenchenko, A. P., 869 Great Belt, 752 Gomontia, 279, 622 Great Barrier reef (see also Low Isles), 1096, 1098, 1100, Gompel, M., 921 1103; facing 627 Goniasler, 652 Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 10 Goniaslrea, 618, 620, 628, 1090 Great Pond, Foraminifera, 1080 aspera, 1096, 1097, 1099 Great Salt Lake, bacteria, 1039 peciinata, 627 Grebes, 1221 Goniolithon, 615 Greeley, A. W„ 1095 Goniopora, 622, 624, 628 Green J., 424 Gönner, 0., 258 Green glands, 138 Gonospora minchini, 418 Green muds, 970 Gonyaulax, 449, 831, 985 Greenberg, D. M., 257 catanella, 1062 Greenfield, Leonard J., 1030 polyedra, 122, 123, 831, 851, 855, 981, 983 Greenland mortality, 979 tamarensis, 982, 983 polychaetes, 1127 tricantha, 855 Greenwald, I., 266 Goodchild, J. G., 1095 Greenshields, F., 1225 Goodhart, C. B., 1154 Gregarinida, 418 Goodwin, T. W., 963 Gregariousness problem, 483 Gordan, Joan, 1155

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Griel, J. V., 351 Gymnodinium, 431, 449, 956, 984, 1096 Griffin, L. E., 1139 brems, 351, 953 Griffiths, F. P., 1037 sangiuneum, 982 Grimaldichlhys, 653 splendens, 980 Grimpe, G., 1179 Gymnogongrus norvegtcus, 1048 Gripenberg, S., 254, 766 Gymnostomata, 419 Groebbels, Franz, 1220 Gyrals, current, 97 Groningen, Geologisch Institut, 722 Gyrocotylidea, 421 Gr^ntvedt, Jul., 444, 453, 953 Gyttja, 962 Grosev, G., 865 H/V ratio, 119 Gross, Fabius, 11, 1206 Haarl0v, N., 23 Gross, A. O., 1220 Haas, F., 261, 266, 1145 Grove, Brandon H., 145 Habe, T., 504, 514, 515,680,688, 689, 731 Grover, R. S., 453 Habitat selection, 1022 Growth, in Arctic, 498 Hackett, L. W., 1179 of ahermatypic corals, 1089 Hada, Y., 264, 1077, 1095, 1101 of corals, 1088 Hadal, 21, 27; (defined), 645 Growth form, of corals, 1088 animals (fig.), 662 Growth increment, (defined), 499 community, 654-661 Growth rates, various seas, 499 fauna, 654, 666; table, 656-661 in Arctic, 498 zone, 369 bottom animals, 495-497 Eadalanthus knudseni, 656 of reef corals, 1101 Hadalothuria woljß, 658 Growth temperatures, mollusks (fig.), 268 Haeckel, E., 4, 19, 609, 1070, 1073 Grubb, V. M., 557 Haecker, V., 1070 Gruben clavata, 845 Haemocerca danae, 425 Grunion, 595, 918, 919; facing 919 Eaemonia mutica, 781 Grutterink, J. A., 963 pubipennis, 781 Gruvel, J., 1095 Haferkorn, H. E., 587 Gryphaea (see Crassostrea) Hafiner, R. E., 369 Guam mortality, 976 Hagerup, O., 1220 Guanabara, Bay of, 956, 1025 Hagfishes, 143, 1203, 1204 mortality, 984 Hagg, W., 522 Guano birds, 1220 Hagmeier, A., 63, 64, 66, 67 , 484, 505, 508, 509, 510, 516, Guano deposits, 11 523, 1014 Guberlet, J. E., 212 Halacaridae, 424, 1175, 1176 Gudger, E. W., 165, 394, 395, 949, 978, 979, 1189, 1206 Halacarus verrilli, 424 Guirin-Ganivet, J., 1213 Ealammohydra community, 791 Gueydon, A., 818 Ealarachtte, 424 Guilcher, A., 277 Halechiniscus guiteli, 424 Guiler, E. 44, 541, 547, 549, 557, 564, 1018 Halichoerus grypus, 1224 Guillemard, F. H. H., 974 Halichondria, 352, 846, 1019 Guillemots, 1221 Halicline, in pools, 573 Guinea, Gulf of, polychaetes, 1123 Halicryptus, 785 Gulf Coast (U. S. A.), 946 spinulosus, 774, 783, 789, 1120 Gulf of Mexico, (see Mexico, Gulf of) Halicystis, 140 Gulf Stream, oxygen, 197 Ealimeda, 261, 262, 272, 276, 552, 615, 618, 622, 624, 1046 Gulf Stream System, 198 opuntia, 1049 Gulfweed, 445 Haliotis, 280, 424, 426, 1029 Gullmarfjord, epibioses, 9, 469 Haliplus flavicollis, 780 Gunda (see Procerodes), 136 immaculatus, 780, 781 Gunnerus, J. E., 960 obliquus, 780 Gunter, G., 11, 29, 73, 129, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 148, 149, Ealisiphonia galalheae, 656 151, 152, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 416, 449, Ealitholus cirratus, 783, 792 590, 696, 702, 709, 721, 729, 935 , 941, 945, 946, 949, Hall, J., 1114 953, 964, 968, 977, 978, 984, 985, 987, 1024, 1130, 1205, Kalla partkenopeia, 494, 1125 1207 Haller, B., 1139 Günther, A. C. L. G., 175, 977, 1207 Halliella, 853 Günther, E. R., 163, 226, 298, 335, 447, 981 caspersi, 853 Günther, K., 47, 651, 1207 taurica, 854 Günther, R. T., 977 Halme, E., 766, 767 Guppy, H. B., 1095 Haimos, Dorothy, 1117 Gurney, R., 700 Halobales, 148, 1178, 1182 Guryanova, E., 505, 555, 560, 567-568, 680, 685, 720, 947, hawaiiensis, 1181 1155 mariannarum, 1181 Gustafson, G., 74, 509, 947, 1155, 1204 micans, 1178, 1181 Gutsell, James, S., 1145 sericeus, 1178, 1181, 1182

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Halocynthia aurantium, 394 Hastings, Anna B., 1110 igaboja, 394 Hatai, K., 1114, 1115 Halodule wrigktii, 1181 Hatai, S., 1095 Halomilra, 622 Hatanaka, M., 1194 Balophila, 552, 623, 1178, 1179 Hathaway, E. S., 727, 729 Halophytes, 726, 727, 1058 Hatt, Robert T., 1225 Balosalda lateralis, 1178 Haswell, W. A., 1071 Halospkaera, 444 Haubrich, R., 646 Halosydna brevisetosa, 407 Hauenschild. C., 929 Halovelia, 1178, 1179 Haug, Emile, 966 marianarum, 1181 Hausding, B., 501 maritima, 1179 Haurwitz, B., 112, 684 Hamano, S., 164 Havinga, B., 139, 151, 497, 505 Hamilton, J. H., 1225 Hawaii, corals, 1102 Hamm, R. E., 187, 230 insects, 1182 Hanavan, Mitchell G., 1207 mortality, 974 Hancock, D. A., 1183 reefs, 1094 Hand, C., 40, 392, 393, 1175 Hawaiian Islands, 335 Hanley, S., 17, 20 Hawley, J. W., 1139 Hann, C. S., 1203 Haxo, Francis T., 122, 124, 125, 963 Hanna, G. Dallas, 1073 Hayasaki, I., 604, 978 Hansen, B., 664, 665 Hayashi, K., 264 Hansen, Paul M., 949, 960, 979 Hayes, F. N., 243 Hanskov, B., 665 Hayes, F. R., 302, 1149, 1150 Hantschia amphioxys, 1061 Hayes, H. L., 449, 951, 952, 985, 989 Häntzschel, W., 732, 734 Häyren, E., 751, 767, 768, 788, 957 Hanzawa, Shoshiro, 1062, 1077 Heat exchange, 93 Baplobothrium, 421 transport, 97 Haplobranchus balticus, 780 Heath, H., 394 Haplocarcinus marsupialis, 407 Hecht, F., 281, 688 Haploops community (fig.), 517 Hecht, Günther, 1213 tubicola, 476 Hecht, Selig, 1198 community, 516 Hedgpeth, J. W., 17, 25, 29, 53, 359, 364, 373, 376, 400, 401, Baplophragmoides-Haplophragium facies, 1078 461, 508, 545, 563, 565, 567 , 568, 577, 587, 600, 602, Haplosporidia, 418 687, 693, 695, 697, 712, 713, 716, 718, 721, 729, 775, Haplosporidium chitonis, 418 891, 946, 949, 977, 978, 985, 1015, 1018, 1130, 1143,1175 nemertis, 418 Hediger, Heini, 1213 Haplozoon clymenellae, 418 Heding, G. S., 1194 Hara, T., 1189 Hedley, C., 1095 Harant, Herve, 1198 Hedling, Svend, 664 Hardenberg, J. D. F., 957, 982 Bedopkyllum, 551 Hardin, G., 121, 537 sessile, 551 Hardy, A. C., 1, 11, 60, 61, 449, 453, 480, 958, 1013, 1166 Heegaard, P. E., 1152, 1207 Hardy, Eric, 1211 Heezen, B. C., 46, 633 Hardy plankton recorder (fig.), 58 Hegner, R. W., 176 Barengula, 866, 868 Heilbrunn, L. V., 160, 164, 165, 1013 Harmer, S. F., 1110, 1117 Heiden, Heinrich, 1063 HarmothoS, 792 Heilprin, A., 716, 1096 imbricata, 789 Heincke, F., 175 coeliaca, 399 Heidt, Jeanne H„ 957, 986 sarsi, 777, 783, 1125 Helfer, Hermann, 425, 1176 Harms, J. W., 728 Heliactis bellis, 432 Harpacticoida, 425 Heliophiles, 125 Harper, E. L., 230 Heliopora, 264, 272, 615, 622, 628, 1094 Harris, John E., 1013 coerulea, 619 Harrison, A. D., 1023, 1024 zone, 619; facing 621 Hart, T. J., 298, 955, 957, 983, 984, 1155 Heiland-Hansen, B., 110, 119, 201, 204, 231, 300, 452 Hartman, Olga, 46, 63, 69, 1117 Hellefjord mortality, 986 Hartmeyer, Robert, 1198 Helmcke, J. G., 1114 den Hartog, C., 378, 1158 Bemectyon hyle, 636 Hartt, C. F., 1095 Bemigrapsus nudus, 1155 Harvey, Ethel Browne, 1192 oregonensis, 1155 Harvey, H. W., 36, 38-39, 192 , 247, 262, 297, 303, 305, 311, Hemmingsen, A. M., 73 314, 315, 338, 446, 1063 Henderson, G. J. D., 449 Hase, A., 1179 Henderson, Jean T., 1145 Hashimoto, Yoshiro, 981 Hendey, N. Ingram, 1027, 1063, 1067 Hasle, G. R., 123 Hendrickson, John R., 392

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Hendrix, W. C., 226 Biattrochota, 1085 Henkel, I., 571 Hickock, J. F., 405 Henning, Willi, 1179 Hickson, S. J., 1096, 1106 Hensen, V., 4, 5, 56 Hidaka, Koji, 90 Henson, Bennette E., 784 Hidalgo, J. W., 1139 Hentschel, E„ 298, 447, 1085 Higgins, Elmer, 978 Bepatus, 399 High latitudes, reproduction in, 170 chilensis, 400 Highs, polar, 90 epheliticus, 400 subtropical, 90 Herbivores, symbiosis in, 430 High-speed samplers, 60 Herbst, C., 265 Hildebrand, H. H., 78, 949, 978, 1018 Herdman, W. A., 7, 8 Hildebrand, S. F., 165, 166, 1207 Hermatobates kaddonii, 1179 Hilditch, T. P., 164 Hermatypic Corals, 1087 Hill, C. L., 1030 Bermella alveolala, 1124 Hill, Leonard, 1225 Hermione hystrix, 494 Hill, T. G., 261 Heron Island, facing 627 Hills, E. S., 278 Heron Id., Foraminifera, 1077 Hiltermann, H., 23, 702, 734 Heron-Allen, E., 263 Bimanthalia lorea, 564 Herpobdellida, 423 Hinde, H. P., 1054 Berpolitha, 619, 622 Hindman, J. C., 205, 251, 687 Herre, A. W. C. T., 143, 1207, 1214 Binnites multriugosus, 636, 1149 Herring, Jon L., 1180 Hinrichs, J., 509 Herring, food of, 36, 1166; (fig.), 37 Hinton, M. A. C., 1225 Herrings, Caspian, 904 Bippasteria phrygiana, 494 Herrington, W. C., 11 Bippocampus, 843, 853 Hersey, J. B., 213, 454 Bippolyte varions, 846 Herter, K., 1124 Bippopus, 432, 622, 623, 624, 628 Hertlein, L. G., 1114 maculalus, facing 621 Hertling, Helmuth, 1013 Hirabayashi, K., 265 Hertwig, R., 1074 Hirasaka, Kyosuke, 981, 1225 HSrubel, M. A., 1120 Hiro, Fugio, {later, Utinomi, Huzio), 408, 1090 Besperonoe adventor, 396 Hirosaki, Yishitsugu, 1028 Hess, E., 1037 Hirschmann, N., 791, 1162 Hesse, Paul, 1214 Hirudinea, 423, 1124 Hesse, R., 19, 20, 148, 177 , 463, 465, 466, 611, 728, 1013 Hishida, K., 730, 731 Hesselberg, T., 814 History of Black Sea, 802; (figs.), 802, 805, 806 Hessland, I., 786, 787 Bistrio histrio, 368 Hessle, C„ 496, 505, 516, 758, 766, 767, 774, 777, 790, 794 Bistriophoca groenlandica, 1224 Heteranomia, 419 Hjort, Johan, 6, 19, 63, 67, 110, 119, 174, 1014 Heterenchelys micropkthalmus, 667 Hjort-Ruud bottom sampler, 71 Heterocapsa Iriquetra, 983 Hobart, J., 41, 638, 1018, 1175 Heterocentrotus, 615; facing 620 Höber, R., (ed.), 135 mammilalus, 1191, 1192 Hock, C. W., 1037, 1172 Beterocineta, 395 Hock, R. J., 186 Beterocope, 856 Hoek, P. P. C., 724 caspia, 856 Hof, T., 1037 Beterocyatkus, 1098 Höfer, H., 980, 985 Beteropsammia, 1098 van't Hoff, T. H., 159 cochlea, 1091 Hoffman, C., 786 Heteroptera, 1181 Hoffmann, Friedrich, 974 Beterotanais oerstedi, 781, 782 Hoffmann, H., 1145, 1148 Beteropanope tridentatus, 787 Hoffmeister, J. E„ 576, 618, 1096, 1101 Heteroxenia, 433 Hofker, J„ 1077 Van Heurck, Henri, 1064 Högbom, A. G., 273 Heuts, J. M., 63, 145 Höglund, Hans, 1077 Hewatt, W. G., 43, 44, 53, 536, 541, 550, 551, 552, 556, 557, Hollaender, A., 305 564, 569, 1143 Holland, oysters, 1131 Hewitt, C. G., 1156 Holly, M., 1204 Bexagrammus otalii, 978 Holm, Esther Aberdeen, 1069 Bexamita, 418 Holme, N. A., 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 493, 1145 salmonis, 418 Holme sampler, 65 Heydemann, F., 1179 Holme suction corer, 72 Heyerdahl, Thor, 230 Holmes, R. W„ 109 Hiatt, R. W., 1155 Holmes, S. J., 34 Biatella, 1030 Bolocentrus sanguineus, 987 arctica, 1030 Boloconops kerlesii, 1181 gallicana, 1030 Bolopus rangii, 667

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Bolotkuria, 623, 1195 Huvé, Pierre, 44, 1028 surinamensis, 1194 Huxley, T. H„ 4, 7 Holothurians, 1193 Eyalaea trispinosa, 393 commensals, 397 Hyale prevosti, 845 deep sea, 652 Hyaline organs of Tridacna, 435 Holotricha, 419 Byalinoecia tubicola, 1127 Holthuis, L. B., 709, 787, 1152 Byaloklossia pelseneeri, 418 Holzmaden shales, 966, 967, 971 Byalonema, 652, 653 Bomarus, 138, 142 lusitanicum, 654 blood, 269 Hyalospongea, 1083 Eomotrema rubrum, 264 Hyatt, Alpheus, 1085 Honjo, Kojio, 1167 Hydnophora, 618, 619, 628 Hoover, Grace, 1117 exesa, 622 Hopkins, A. E., 168, 169, 451, 1130 Bydraciinia echinata, 392 Hopkins, Hoyt S., 1201 epiconcha, 392 Hopkins, Sewell H., 413, 1129 sodalis, 392 Hopkins Marine Station, 558, 562 Bydrichthella epigorgia, 392 Hopkinson, John, 1198 Hydrichthys boycei, 394 Boplochromis coeruleus, 619 mirus, 394 Hoplonemertini, 422 Hydroamphibiontic zone, 18, 546 Boploplana inquilina, 420 Bydrobia, 792, 803, 806, 857 Hora, Sunder Lai, 1024 jenkinsi, 786 Horizontal scattering, 118 ulnae, 476, 497 Hormathonema, 261 ventrosa, 713, 781 ilormidium fiaccidum, 125 variation, 861 Bormosira, 541, 567 Hydrobiontic zone, 546 Home, W. A., 687, 688, 689, 690 Hydroclimagraphs, Baltic, 761 Hornell, James, 957, 985, 986, 1217 Key West, 25 Horseshoe crab, 173, 1171-1173 Laguna Madre, 716 Horton, F. M., 1203 Hydrocorals, 1107 Hotchkiss, M., 309, 1037, 1039, 1040 Hydrogen, oxidation, 1040 Hough, J. L., 730 Hydrogen sulfide in Black Sea, 193, 809, 811, 812, 815, 820- Houlbert, C., 1124 822 Houot, Georges, 54, 650 Caspian Sea, 895 Hovasebria, 1073 in fjords, 688 Hovasse, 432 Kaoe Bay, 229 Howes, N. H., 687, 689, 691 and mortality, 959 Hoyle, W. E., 1139 in sediments, 733 Hubbs, C. L., 175, 176, 378, 409, 709, 712, 1203, 1204, 1208 Hydrographie climates, 25 Bubbsiella sarelina, 920 Hydrographie traps, 193 Hubendick, B., 779, 1150 Hydrography, Black Sea, 808 Hudson River, 682 Hydroids, 395, 420, 1107 Hult, Joran, 1155 Bydrophis semperi, 1215 Hulten, E., 785 Bydrophorus, 1182 Humboldt Current, 447 Hydroschendyla submarina, 1175 Humes, A. G., 1118, 1152 Bydrosoma luculenlum, 650 Humm, H. J., 593, 595, 596, 599, 956, 1042, 1177 Hydrostatic apparatus, Radiolaria, 1070 Humphrey, R. R., 575 pressure, 645 Humphreys, W. J., 186 Hydrozoa, 420, 1107 Humus, in Baltic, 767 Byella, 261, 279 Hunsriick fossils, 967 Hygrobatidae, 424 Hunsruck shales, 734, 967, 969, 971 Hyman, L. H., 420, 421, 422, 423, 1117 Hunt, 0. D.. 63, 72, 1194 Bymenaster blegvadi, 658 Hunt vacuum sampler, 72 Bypania, 864, 1121 Hunter, J. F., 732 Bypaniola, 857, 864, 1121 Hunter, W. R., 1030 Byperia galba, 792 Huntington, Ellsworth, 568 Hypersaline (term), 25 Huntsman, A. G., 173, 703, 707 fauna, origin of, 717 Hurlbut, H. S., 1180 lagoon (defined), 711 Hurley, D. E., 44, 1028 lagoons, 686, 689, 711 Huso huso, 864, 904 composition of, 711 Hustedt, Friedrich, 1064 Bypockarassus, 1177 Hutchins, L. W., 370, 373, 376 Bypomesus olidus, 709 Hutchinson, G. E., 11, 41, 68, 143, 241, 242, 245, 246, 302, pretiosus, 709 935, 980, 1180 Bypolrichina, 420 Hutchinson, T. J., 980 Bypsagonus quadricornis, 394 Hutton, W. E., 1037 Iais, 426 Huus, Johan, 1198 Ice in Baltic, 760, 765

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Ice Chart of the Baltic, 762 Inner neritic, 19 Iceland, 960 Innominate zone, 615 mortality, 982, 987 Inorganic carbonate solution, 278 Ichthyobdellidae, 423 Inorganic sediments, 731 Ichthyocodium sarcotretis, 393 Inoue, K., 54 Ichthyomyzon, 1204 Inoue, N., 650 Tchthyophonus, 415 Inquiline fishes, 1206 Ichthyosporidium, 415 Inquilinism (defined), 391 giganteum, 419 Insects, 148, 1177-82 herlivigi, 419 in Baltic, 776, 779 hoferi, 419 Inshore regions, characteristics of, 99-101 Ichthyotomus sanguinarius, 1123 Inshore waters, nutrients, 311-320 sanguineus, 423 Insolation (fig.), 112 Idelson, M. S., 491, 493, 501, 505, 518 Instrument, ideal, 53 Idiacanthus, 643 Intercotidale, 18 Idjen crater mortality, 974 Interdependency, in sea, 30 Idoiea (or Idothea), 795, 846, 848, 849, 1156 Interface in Black Sea, 811 algerica, 833 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 8 Mica, 775, 777, 790, 853 International Fisheries Exhibition, 7 granulosa, 775, 777, 790 Interstitial fauna, 79, 596, 598, 601-602, 791 neglecta, 497 Interstitial water, carbon dioxide, 592 viridis, 781, 790 chemical characteristics, 592 zone, 848 oxygen,592 Iguana, 1213 pH, 592 Von Ihering, H., 946, 947, 977 in sediments, 732 Ihle, J. E. W., 1201 In ter tidal, 18, 19 Ilg, 985 crabs, 1153 Ilgaz, O., 808, 817, 819 ecology, viewpoints, 536 irin, B. S., 868 erosion, 277 Illing, L. V., 257, 285 species in estuaries, 700 Illumination, 122 zonation, 9, 535-570; (figs)., 538-539 Ilyarachna antarctica, 660 Introduced species, 938 Tlyanassa obsolela, 393 Invertebrates, organic content of (table), 494 Ilyophagous fish, 691 Ionic antagonism, 141 food chain (fig.)» 692 Ionic balance, 140-143 Ilyophagus bythincola, 657 Ionic products, calcium carbonate (table), 265 Imamura, Akitune, 976 Ionic selection, 136 Immergentiidae, 423 Iotrochota birotulata, 1084 Immermann, F., 1071 Ipnops, 653 Immigrants, Baltic, 785 Ipomoea pescaprae, 1052 Imms, A. D., 1180 Ippen, A. T., 230 Incident radiation, 113 Iranian Gulf, polychaetes, 1127 India, corals, 1101 Iredale, Tom, 1031, 1140 oysters, 1129 Iridaea cordata, 374-375 Indian Ocean, deep waters, 214 Iridophycus, 1048 nutrients, 327, 330 coriaceum, 550 oxygen-minimum zone, 223 flaceidum, 550 Indicator concept, 1065 Iron, 348 Indicators, 60, 453 colloidal, 351 of zones, 541 and diatoms, 1063 Indochina, polychaetes, 1124 -oxidizing bacteria, 1036 Indo-Pacific Acanthometrida, 1071 Iron-titanium ratio, algae, 352 Indo-Pacific reefs, 625-627 sponges, 352, 353 Induration, 258 Irvine, R., 250, 1071 Infauna, 461-464; (figs)., 463, 464 Irving, L., 167, 186, 522 conditions for life, 466 Irwin, M., 1030 Infection by algae, 432 Isaac, W. E., 542, 550, 560, 1045 Infrabathyal, 27 Isaacs, John D., 53, 54, 60, 73, 78, 89, 383, 588, 593, 1027 Infralittoral, 19, 27 Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl, 78 fringe, 547 Isachenko, B. L., 820, 824, 981, 1037 Inge, C. H., 985 lsadamsia cancrisocia, 402 Ingersoll, Ernest, 984 Isancistrum loliginis, 421 Ingerson, E., 629 Ischnomesus bruuni, 660 Ingle, Robert M., 1131 spdrcki, 660 Inia, 1223 Ischnura ramburii, 1182 Inlets, tidal, 676 Isefjord, plankton, 1166 Inman, D. L., 591 Iselin, C. O'D., 53, 54, 88, 103

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Isham, L. B., 1031 Joensuu, Oiva, 273 Ishiwada, Yasufumi, 1077 Johansen, A. C., 63, 66, 165, 166, 775, 947, 978 Island reptiles, 1214 John, D. Dilwyn, 1185 Isobenths, 491 JOHN MURRAY Expedition, 969 Iso-community, (defined), 504 Johnsen, P., 570, 571, 572 Isohalines, estuary (fig.), 682, 684 Johnson, F. H., 1040 Isopoda, 426, 1153 Johnson, D. S., 538, 541, 550, 564, 575, 1055 Isotope ratios, 244 Johnson, D. W., 675, 676, 681 aragonite, 257 Johnson, M. W., 146, 173, 443, 447, 449, 452, 453, 454, 597, Isotopes, in CaCOs (fig.), 276 611, 612, 1015, 1031, 1165, 1166 Issel, R., 988, 1054 Johnson, N. G., (after 1951, Jerlov, N. G.), 110, 111, 118,123 Isoachyla parasitica, 1051 Johnson, R. A., 1031 Tsobactrus, 1176 Johnson, S. H., 978 Isliophorus, 404 Johnson, W. H„ 537 Ito, Koichi, 228 Johnsonia, 1143 Ivanov, A. V., 665, 666, 1197 Johnston, E. C., 683, 684 Ives, J. E., 1172 Johnston, J., 250, 255 Ivlev, V. S., 35 Johnstone, J., 4, 6, 8, 177, 1014 Iyengar, M. O. P., 261 Johsson, Helgi, 1042 Iznik, Lake, 862, 865 Jones, B. J., 1180 Izuka, A., 922 Jones, E. R., Jr., 1017 Jackson, H. G., 1156 Jones, Meredith, 1175 Jacob, P. K., 985 Jones, N. S., 43, 65, 469, 471, 485, 504, 509, 510, 512, 1155 Jacobi, A., 1220 Jones, T. Rupert, 946, 980, 987 Jacobs, M. H., 160 Jordan, D. S., 175, 178, 970, 974, 987, 1208 Jacobs, W. C., 93, 97 Jordan, H. J., 1014 Jacobsen, J. P., 202, 208, 221, 230, 231 Jordan Valley, 957 Jacobsen, V. P., 231 J0rgensen, C. B., 29, 36, 1199 Jacobson, M. K., 600 Jouannetia, 1029 Jacquet, Jean, 726, 727, 1054 Joubin, L., 1096 Jade Bay, 690 Journal of the Marine Biological Association, 1143 Jaeckel, S., 775, 779, 786, 860, 987 Journal de Conchyliogie, 1143 Jaera albifrons, 777, 790, 1151, 1154 Journal du Conseil, 1011, 1205 marina, 777 Juday, C., 305 Jagersten, G„ 473, 1125, 1197 Juncus, 725, 726 Jakhelln, Anton, 222 gerardi, 1055 James, N. R., 116 maritimus, 1057 James, Thomas W., 1148 Jungerson, H. F. E., 393, 1106 James River, 686 Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm, 974 Jamieson, J. C., 276 * Jungst, H., 987 Jania, 618 Jurva, R., 755, 756 Japan and California, (compared), 1018 Just, E. E., 928 Japan, corals, 1093 Kaburaki, Tokio, 976 crabs, 1157 Kaehne, Kurt, 977 marine relicts, 1025 Kairasuo, I., 786 mortality, 981 Kairies, W., 494 oysters, 1129, 1133 Kaiser, Erich, 987 polychaetes, 1124 Kalantarian, P., 259 Japan Current, 332 Kaiinenko, V. O., 1038 Japan Sea, oxygen, 228 Kalle, Kurt, 116, 187, 315, 316, 338, 1014 Jargon of ecology, 47 Kaltwassersphare, 641 Jarnefelt, H., 535, 572 Kames Bay, 1026 Jarvi, T. H„ 774 sand fauna, 1022 Jasmineira, 657 Kampa, E. M., 301, 481, 611 Java Sea, Foraminifera, 1076 Kanda, Chiyoichi, 1045 Jefferson, P., 984 Kandler, R., 63, 64, 523, 757, 792, 1208 Jenkin, Penelope M., 121, 122, 123, 192, 446, 1064 Kane, J., 1077 Jensen, A. J. C., 757, 792 Kangaroo Id. (Austr.) algae, 1050 Jensen, Ad. S., 949, 979, 1146, 1208 fauna, 1017 Jensen, P. B., 6, 69, 489, 490, 491, 492, 497, 498, 499, 510 Kanter, Helmuth, 977 Jepps, M. W., 1069, 1077 Kaoe Bay, hydrogen sulfide, 229 Jerlov, N. G., (before 1951, Johnson, N. G.), 110, 111, 112, oxygen, 229 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 204, 208, 214, 215, 223, Kara Sea, radiolaria, 1070 226, 647 Kara Bugaz, 683 , 686, 947 Jespersen, P., 988, 1166, 1220 mortality, 977 Jetties, zonation on, 564 Karangat mollusks, 805 Jodrey, L. H., 266, 267, 302, 350, 1133 Karangat stage, 805

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Karl, O., 1179 King, W. V., 148 Karling, T. G., 596, 791 Kinne, O., 787 Karpevich, A. F., 696, 864 Kinorhyncha, 422, 1118 Karsten, George, 1064 Kiralis, Elisabeth Shanesy, 953 Karstens, W. K. H„ 261 Kirkegaard, J. B., 666 Kathiawar mortality, 985 Kirsop, F. M„ 505 Katmai volcano mortality, 974 Kitazaki, U., 1077 Kattegat, 752 Kitching, J. A., 564, 646, 1016, 1018, 1159 Kawaguti, M., 689 Kittredge, J. S., 385, 963 Kawaguti, S., 431, 432, 436, 437, 1096 Kjellberg, G., 282 Kazakov, A. V., 965 Kjellman, F. R., 19, 20 Keeble, F., 430, 433, 436, 438 Kjennerud, J., 497 Keen, J., 956 Klassen sampler, 68 Keen, Myra A., 364, 365, 367 Klauber, L. M., 1214 Keijzer, C. J., 1078 Klawak mortality, 987 Kellerman, K. F., 260 Kleinenberg, S. E„ 868 Kelletia, 636, 637 Klie, Walter, 1162 Kelley, K. K., 250 Klippel, J., 733 Kellia laperousit, 1149 Klugh, A. B., 573 Kelliella, 659 Klunzinger, C. B., 1097 Kellogg, J. L., 590 Knake, B., 78 Kellogg, Remington, 1223, 1225 Knebel, G. M., 962 Kelvin's laws, 54 Knight, J. B., 727, 1055 Kemmerer, G., 305 Knight, M., 369, 541, 1046 Kemp, S„ 1024, 1157 Knight, Paul, 1152 Kendall, Henry, 55, 56 Knight-Jones, E. W., 483, 921, 922 Kenk, R„ 1192 Knipovich, N. M., 131, 808, 810, 811, 815, 854, 855, 856, Kent, P., 259 869, 977, 983, 1014 Kenyon, K. W., 1220 Knipowitschia, 862 Keratella, 792, 793 Knolls, reef, 623 cochlearis recurvispina, 780, 786, 793 Knowles, Herbert M., 982 cruciformis eichwaldi, 780 Knox, G. A., 379, 1019 quadrata platei, 780, 785, 793 Knudsen, M„ 23, 63, 65, 67, 110, 221, 231 Kerguelen, 327 Knudsen sampler, 65, 67 Kerr, P. F., 259 Knudsen's tables, 129 Kersten, J. A. H., 121, 122 Knülle, Willi, 1176 Kessel, E., 266 Knysna mortality, 979 Kessler, H., 150, 1147 Kobayashi, Sataro, 1199 Kessels, H„ 985 Kobayashi, Sumiko, 1028 Kesun abyssorum, 657 Kocegiz mortality, 986 Ketchum, B. H., 11, 191, 210, 231, 303, 367, 446, 447, 673, Koch, G., 264 680, 689, 956 Koch, H. J., 145, 953 Keulegan, G. H„ 589 Kochlorine hamata, 426 Key West hydroclimates, 25 Koczy, F. F., 110, 204, 214, 215, 223, 226, 352, 647, 648, 649 Keys, A., 306, 309, 313 Kodata, H., 1038 Keys, A. B„ 144, 153 Koehler, R., 1194 Keys, E. H., 12 von Koenigswald, Ralph, 967, 971 Khvalynski Sea, 891 Koepcke, H. W., 601, 602, 603 Kidd, Lewis W., 60, 78 Koepcke, M., 596, 602, 603 Kidney, of fish, 144 Kofoid, C. A., 3, 4, 175, 951, 953, 981, 1030 origin of, 146 Koinocystis tvaerminnensis, 780 Kiel Bay, 707 Kokubo, S., 267 fauna, 703, 710 Kolbe, R. W., 1063 plankton, 1073 Kolsoväry, G., 1158 mortality, 986 Komai, T., 394 Kiel planktologists, 4 Komarovsky, B„ 953, 957, 958 Kiilerich, A., 647 KON TIKI, 230,404 Killifish, 153 Koning, A., 730 Koningsberger, J. C., 1194 Kikuchi, Kanzaemon, 1146 Konoplev, G. I., 838 Kimball, Herbert H., 113 Kophobolemnon macrospinosum, 654 Kincaid, T„ 980 Kopstein, Felix, 1214 Kindle, E. M., 1055 Koptschenowa, E. W., 969 Kinetocodium danae, 393 Korea, corals, 1093 King, C. A. M., 590 Korinek, J., 1038 King, E. J., 309 Kornäs, A., 1046, 1050 King, J. E., 78, 447, 452, 868, 1167 Koror, algae, 1045

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Korringa, P., 11, 45, 349, 724, 917, 922, 926, 946, 951, 980, Lacustrine organisms in Baltic, 774, 779 1131 Lactmonice filicornis, 654 Kosswig, C., 820, 861, 862, 863 , 865, 986 Ladd, H. S., 17, 146, 150, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 271, 273, Kosyakina, E. G., 834, 869 275, 276, 285, 576, 618, 629, 707, 1097, 1101, 1152 Kotzebue, O., 1091 Laddell, W. R. S., 73 Kozloff, E. N., 395 Laevastu, T., 103 Krakatoa, 1101, 1102 Lafon, M., 494 mortality, 974 Lagenidium cntopkytum, 1051 Krämer, A., 925, 926, 1097 Lagenorhynchus, 1224 Kramp, P, L., 393 Lagoa dos Patos, 946 Krassil'nikov, N. A., 1038 mortality, 977 Kravchenko, A. S., 868 Lagoon (defined), 673 Kreger, D„ 497, 1146 Lagoon reefs, 621-624; facing 626 Krejci-Graf, K„ 604, 734, 961, 971 Lagoon slope, 624 Krempf, A., 1097 Lagoonal deposits, 734 Kreps, E., 192, 316, 319 Lagoons, origin of, 277 Kriss, A. E„ 823, 824, 825, 827, 958, 959, 1038 physiography, 675 Kristensen, Ingvar, 953, 958 sequence, 676 Krogh, A., 9, 12, 71, 135, 159, 160, 190 306, 792, 1014 Laguna Madre (Texas), 686, 711, 712, 713, 716, 731, 946, Krogh-Spärck chandelier sampler, 71 947; figs., 687, 714, 716 Kromhout, G. A., 138 mortality, 977 Krotov, A. V., 865, 868, 869 productivity of, 716 Krumbach, Thilo, 1108 salinity, 129 Krumbein, W. C., 591, 730, 731, 734 Laguncutaria racemosa, 1053 Krusadai Island mortality, 986 Lahille, F„ 989 Kudo, R. R., 419 Lahn, E., 863 Kuenen, D. J., 146, 150, 712, 723, 1176 La Jolla Canyon, 633-634; facing 633 , 638 Kuenen, Ph. H., 20, 215, 245, 277, 278, 282, 283 , 633, 645, Lakes, bacteria in, 103S 1014 Lambis, 622 Kühl, W., 1118 Lamellisabella zachsi, 666 Kühnelt, W„ 267, 1031 Laminaria, 18, 141, 150, 541, 764, 788, 1019, 1046 Kükenthal, Willy, 1106 cloustoni, 566, 1042, 1049 Kullenberg, B., 105, 110 digilata, 369, 560, 1042, 1046, 1048 Kulp, J. L., 195, 196, 259, 263, 355 lejdisii, 418 Kumerow, E., 1163 saccharina, 566, 799, 1042, 1046, 1049 Künne, C., 1014 Laminarian zone, 18, 542 Kuntz, Jacob, 110 Laminations, 733 Kupferschiefer, 942, 966, 971 Lamont, A., 1114 Kurile-Kamchatka trench, 369, 654-655 Lamouroux, J. V. F., 369, 537, 541, 555, 569 Kurisches Haff mortality, 987 Lampreys, 1203 Kuroshio, 228 Lamy, Edouard, 424, 1031, 1175 Kuroshio, diving chamber, 54 Land crabs, 147 Kusmorskaya, A. P., 869, 871 Land masses, influences of, 94 Kuroda, Tokubei, 1140, 1146 Landward migration, 602 Kuronuma, Katsuzo, 366 Litngskar, Sweden, algae, 1044 Kusnetzow, S., 977 Lanica conchilega, 494 Kuznetsov, V. V., 1019, 1046 Lanice, 472 Kutscher, Fritz, 967, 969 Lang, K„ 67, 377, 1120, 1152 Kwanto earthquake mortality, 976 Lankester, E. R., 8 Kyle Scotnish (loch), 11 Lantern fishes, 643 Kylin, H., 551 Laomedia lovetU, 777, 790 Kyrtuthrix, 261 Lapemis hardwickii, 1214 L. M. B. C. Memoirs, 1155 Laphystia, 1177 Labidocera brunescens, 856 Lar, 396; facing 394 Labrador mortality, 988 Larsen, K., 67, 957 Labrador Sea, oxygen, 222 Larsen, M., 497 Labrorostratus, 1124 Larsson, P., 662 Labyrinlhomyxa sauvageaui, 418 Larvacea, 1201 Labyrinthuta, 417 Larvae, macrocystis, 418 development, 452 Lacaze-Duthiers, H., 433, 1097 dispersal, 30 Lacazella medilerranea, 1114 ecology, 46, 480 Lacerta muralis, 846, 1213 response to substrate, 482 viridis, 846 settling, 45, 480, 481, 483 Laccobius decorus, 781 swarms, 481 Lack, David L., 42 Larval stage, of corals, 1088 Lacuna divaricata, 497

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Laticauda colubrina, 1214 Leptocylindrus, 870 laticaudata, 1214 danicus, 830, 855 semifasciata, 1214 Leptodora, 794, 856 Laticaudinae, 1215 Leptopel, 383 De Latil, Pierre, 55 Leptoria, 618, 619 Latimeria, 667 Leptoseris, 624 Latitudinal discontinuity, 373, 377 zone, 615 Latitudinal submergences (fig.)» 370 Leptotrobidium, 1179 Latitudinal value, 366 Lepralia, 847 Latreules fucorum, 368 Leprotintinnus boltnicus, 780, 793, 856 deLaubenfels, Max W., 1083, 1084 Lernaepodoida, 425 Laurencia, 623 LeRoy, L. W., 1078 association, 1047 Leschenault de la Tour, J. B. L. C.-T., 974 obtusa, 839 Lernaeenicus radiatus, 425 Lauzier, L., 231 Lernanthroptis pomatomi, 425 Lavalle y Garcia, J. A. de, 981, 1220 Lessoniopsis, 552 Layering, of nutrients, 337 Lethal level, 541 Lazier, E. L., 680, 688, 1030 Lethal temperatures, (table) 162-163 Leading species (Leitformen), 474 Lethrinus, 978 Leander, 908 Leucochlamys. 653 adspersus, 494 Leucochlamys cryptophthalmus, 654 fabricii, 777, 790 Leuresthes tenuis, 919; facing 919 squilla, 846 Leutwein, Friedrich, 959 elegans, 846 Levander, K. M., 572, 777, 780 Learnea, 1155 Level-bottom areas, 466 Leatherman, K., 1220 Level-bottom environments, 463 Leathesia, 567 Level, of Caspian, 893-894 Lebedev, M. N., 826 Levick, G. M., 1220 Lebedev, N. V., 865, 869 Levring, T., 123, 1046 Lebedintsev, A. A., 820 Lewes, G. H., 3 Lecanicephaloidea, 421 Lewis, C., 124 LeCompte, M., 1098 Lewis, H. F., 1220 Lecythorhynckus hilgendorfi, 1125 Lewis, J. R., 541, 553, 555, 1019 Leda, 803 Liagora, 261 Pernula, 495 californica, 262 Von Ledebuhr, Joachim F., 212 Libby, W. F., 282 Ledingham, Isabel C., 150 Lichens, metabolic rates, 167 Lee, A. J., 301 Lichomolgidae, 425 Lee, R. E., 63, 65, 508, 510, 520 Licnophora, 419 Lee's grab, 65 Liebert, F., 958 Leeward lagoon reefs, 622 Life, origin of, 385 Leeward reefs, 619-621; facing 621 Life assemblages, idealized, 43 Legendre, R„ 19, 20, 922, 1123, 1125 Life cycles, 496, 497 Le Gentil, W., 981 Life expectancies (invertebrates), 497 Lehenbauer, P. H., 176 Life span, actinians, 501 Lehmann, W. M., 967, 971 Light bottle, 79 Lehninger, A. L., 348 Light, abyssal zone, 645 Leim, A. H., 982 and corals, 1088, 1099, 1103 Leitformen, 474 effect on bacteria, 1040 Lemanea fucina, 1050 penetration and zonation, 565 Lemche, Henning, 1146 Ligia, 269, 1156 Lemmermann, E., 1074 exotica, 549 Lemoinc, P., 261 italica, 845 Lemon, J., McW., 938 occidentalis, 549 von Lengerken, H., 1179, 1180 oceanica, 1157 Lenz, F., 67 Pallasi, 549 Leopold, A., 42 Liljequist, G., Ill, 118 Lepadomorpha, 425 Lillebaelt, 752 Lepas, 654 Lilly, Sylvia J., 1016 Lepeophtheirus, 1155 Lima, 472, 619, 623 Leptanthura hendili, 660 Leptasterias, 1188 loscombi, 495 Leptaslrea, 618, 619, 620, 624 Limacina helicoides, 643 Leplocephalus, 650 Limans, Black Sea, 849-861 Leptocera, 1182 Rumanian, 853 Leptocheirus pilosus, 781 Russian, 854 Leptoconops, 1177, 1180 Limbaugh, C., 405, 633

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Limsstone, deposition, 132,133 Liltorina, 150, 272, 278, 549, 564, 1149, 1150 weathering, 245 aggregation, U50 Limiting factors in an estuary (figs.), 694, 695 efficiency, 387 Limfjord, 946 erosion by, 387 mortality, 977 irrorala, 721 productivity, 500 lillorea, 494, 495, 770, 773, 1150 Limnocalanus, 900 neritoides, 845 grimaliii, 767, 771, 783, 784 (fig.), 792, 793, 794 planaxis, 385, 387, 576, 1150 macrurus, 771, 784 rudis, 554 Limnocardium, 803 scutulata, 550, 575, 576, 1150 Limnocnida, 148 sitchana (or sitkana), 267, 575 Limnomysis, 864 -Ligia, variation, 848 Limnoria, 379, 395, 846, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1033 Littorina Sea, 769, 772 lignorum, 1031, 1033 Littorines, 549, 1149 quadripunclata, 372, 374-375, 376 Living fossils, 667, 1113, 1137, 1146 Limonium, 726 Livingstone, D. A., 302 carolinianum, 1054 Lloyd, A. J., 1156 Limpets, 1149 Lloyd, R., 394 Limulus, 142, 163, 173, 420, 696 Lobatostoma, 421 blood, 269 Lo Bianco, Salvatore, 974 moluccanus, 1172 Lobophyllia, 618, 622 polyphemus, 1171-73 Lobophyton, 620 Linch, G., 257 Lobophytum, 433 Linckia, 618, 637 Lobster, European, 168 Lindberg, H., 571, 776, 780, 1179, 1177, 1180 Lobster pot, 79 Lindeman, R. L., 35, 36 Loch Long, mortality, 983 Lindemann, E., 951, 983 Loch Scotnish, 682 Linder, D. H., 1036 Loch Striven, copepods, 1167 Lindner, M. J., 151 Lockley, R. M., 1220 Li neus bilineatus, 418 Lodge, Sheila, 1016, 1043 lacleus, 846 Loeb, J., 144, 167 Lindroth, A., 63, 68, 69, 70, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 474, 495 Lohammar, G., 733 Linguatulida, 424 Lohman, Kenneth E., 1059 Lingula, 23, 1113, 1114, 1115 Lohmann, H., 4, 61, 424, 449, 960, 989, 1201 lepidttla, 1115 Loligo, 1143 Linke, 0., 505, 678, 722, 730, 732, 1146 media, 421 Linnaeus, 1152 opalescens, 637, 960, 967, 1146 Lint, G. M. de, 1163 pealei, 967 Linloniella adhaerans, 421 vulgaris, 1148 Liomia medusa-Sabellaria spinulosa community, 520 Lolligunculus brevis, 152 Liopathes, 1091 Longhurst, A. R., 65, 485 Liothyrella anlarclica, 1114 Longitudinal discontinuity, 373 Liparocephalus, 1178, 1179 disribution, 563 Lipman, C. B., 260, 1038 Longshore bars, 589 Lipotes, 1223 Longshore currents, 591, 677 Lisbon mortality, 976 Loomis, W. E., 37, 121, 124, 125, 230 Lischke, C. E., 1140 Loosanoff, V. L. 169, 451, 1125, 1131, 1145, 1189 Lithocystis brackycercus, 418 Lappen thin, B., 521 Lithodomus, 1031 Lophelia, 1093, 1096, 1100 Lithoglyptes indicus, 1033 pertusa, 1093 Lithophaga, 280, 1029, 1030, 1033 Prolifera, 1093, 1095 nasula, 976 Lophogorgia chilensis, 636 Litkophyllum, 261, 615 Lopholatilus chamaleonticeps, 979 Lithothamnion ridge, 614 Lophotaspis, 421 Lilholhamnium (=Lithothamnion), 261, 262, 276, 615, 1017 Lord, Russell, 978 polymorphum, 778 Lorenz, J. R., 3, 17, 542, 552 Lithotrya, 615 Loripes, 623, 803, 846, 847 Litiopa melanostoma, 368 Lortet, L., 972, 977 Little Belt, 752 Lost Lagoon, 1023 Litoral, 3 Lotlia gigantia, 551 Littoral, 17; (defined), 19 Lotka, A. J., 34 (and comb, forms), 18 Lotze, Franz, 977, 978 currents, 591 Louderback, G. D., 683, 684, 730 pools, 573 Loukashkin, A. S. 891 populations, 935 Lovén, P. M., 498 provinces (map), facing 359 Lovén, Sven, 1 zone, 547, 550

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Low Isles, 1099, 1101 icallum's theory, 142, 143 reef 1098, 1100 Macan, T. T., 1018 Lowden, G. F. 186 MacBride, E. W., 1194 Lowe, Homer, 1181 MacDonald, J. D., U40 Lowe, P. R., 1220 MacDougal, D. T., 712 Lowenstam, H. A., 257, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, Macellicephala, 657 270, 272, 273, 277 abyssicola, 656 Lowman, Shepard, W., 1019 hadalis, 656 Lows, subpolar, 90 mirabilis, 656 Lough lue (rapids), 1016 zenkevitchi, 656 Loxoconcha pusilla, 1163 Macellicephaloides grandicirra, 656 Loxorhynckus grandis, 637 verrucosa, 656 Loxosoma minuta, 395 vitiazi, 657 saltans, 423 MacFarlane, Constance, 1046 Loxosomatidae, 423 MacFarlane, John Muirhead, 961, 966, 967, 970 Loxothylocus texanus, 426 MacFayden, A., 35, 869 L0yning, P., 497 Macfayden, W. A., 277 Lübbert, H., 1014 MacGinitie, George E., 9, 12, 63, 74, 396, 456, 466, 467, 469, Lubomirskia, 900 471, 483, 497 , 501, 505, 518, 599, 601, 603, 935, 1014, Lubyanov, I. P., 854 1025, 1189, 1199 Lucas, C. C., 689, 691 MacGinitie, N., 483, 1014 Lucas, C. E., 46, 409, 449, 484, 1064 Machilis maritima, 1178 Lucas, Frederic A., 979 MacKay, A. H., 1055 Lucífuga, 667 Mackay, D. C. G., 1156, 1192 Lucina, 803 Macnae, W., 1023, 1219 lactea, 425 Macoma, 477, 478, 792, 795 spinifera, 495 baltica, 476, 477, 494, 495, 497, 774, 775 , 777, 783, 789, Lucinoma acutilineata community, 520 793, 978, 1143 Lucioperca, 868 community, 505, 722, 789, 790 lucioperca, 904 calcarea, 495, 498, 789 sandra, 853 community, 505 volgensis, 904 communities, 505; (figs)., 506, 507 Lucke, J. B., 675, 731 fluctuations (fig.), 481 LUders, K., 678, 730, 734 incongrua community, 505 Ludwig, D„ 160, 161 nasuta-Macoma secta community, 505 Ludwig, H., 1189 Macovel, Georges, 979 Luidia ciliaris, 497, 1188 Macrobrachium, 148, 696 Lumbrinereis, 495 distribution (fig.), 697 impatiens, 494 machrobrachion, 1157 Lumby, J. R., 947, 968, 978, 1147 Uacrocystis, 372, 374-375, 376, 637 Van Lummel, L. A. E., 928 beds, 637 Lumar periodicity, 918, 921 pyrifera, 373, 635, 1048 corals, 1090, 1097 -Pugetlia fasciation, 1041 Lund, E. J., 34, 136, 985 -Nereocystis-Nereis fasciation, 1041 Lund, S., 779 Macronesia, 1019 Lundbeck, Johannes, 703, 704 Macropsis slabberi, 856 Lundblad, 0„ 1019 Macrostylis galatkeae, 660 Luther, A., 765, 766, 791 hadalis, 660 Luther, H., 751, 761, 765, 768, 775 , 780, 787, 789, 1055 sp., 655 Luyet, B. ]., 165 Macrotripylea, 1071 Lwoff, A., 395 Macrouridae, 663 Lytle, M. A., 255, 257 Macrouriodes, 643 Lybia, 399 Mactra, 622, 623, 803 tesselata, 400 corallina, 805 Lycastis longicirris, 1126 stullorum, 497 Lymnaea, 795 subtruncata, 846 paluslt is, 779 Macy, R. W., 575 peregra, 770, 775, 779, 790 Madagascar, oysters, 1132 stagnalis, 779, 782; facing 782 Madracis, 615 Lymnaea Sea, 770 Madras mortality, 986 Lyngbya aestuarii, 725, 1049 Madras oysters, 1132 majuscula, 1046 Madrepora, 1093, 1096, 1100 semiplena, 1042 oculata, 1093, 1095 Ma, Ting Ying H., 264, 1098 Madsen, F. Jensenius, 369, 652, 653, 663, 1106 Maas Geesteranus, R. A., 724 Madsen, H. 461, 947, 1020 Maas, O., 264 Maeandra areolata, 1103 Macallum, A. B., 142 Maeda, H., 1208

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Magalhaes, Hulda, 1146 Manx Shearwater, 1220 Magdefrau, F., 262 Manyas-Apolyont depression, 805 Magilus antigues, 1096 Manyas, Lake, 862 Magnaghi, G. B., 818 Manzanillo mortality, 976 Magnesium, 348 Maoricolpus roseus community, 514 in marine shells, 273 Mar Chiquita mortality, 977 in organisms, 354 Marchand, J. M., 56, 69, 951, 959, 962, 969, 980 Magnesium/calcite ratios, 273 Marchesoni, V., 1023 Magnesium-calcium ratio, 355 Marcus, Ernesto, 424, 595, 1031, 1110 Magnesium carbonate, 239 Marcus, E. du B.-R., 525 in algae, 261 Margalef, R., 47, 148, 1180 in crustacea, 269 Margirtopora, 618; facing 621 in foraminifera, 264 Mariguana, 1215 in molluscs, 268 agassizii, 1214 in organisms, 273 Mariinsky canal system, 897 Magnesium geoeconomy, 240 Marinauris, 280 Maia, 399 Marine Biological Association, 7 Maine, Gulf of, copepods, 1168 Marine Biological Laboratory, 562 oxygen, 189 Marine environments, descriptions of, 102 nutrients, 300, 312 organisms in Baltic, 775, 777 fishes, 1206 in Caspian, 897 Maine mortality, 982 station, Concarneau, 3 Mainx, Felix, 33 Marine Research Committee, 447, 1208 Makarov, S. O., 808, 818, 819 Marini, L., 960 Makijama, J., 1098 Marion, M. A.-F., 1098 Maksimov, N., 865 Markelor concretions, 972 Malabar Coast, 946 Markov, K. K., 803 Malabar mortality, 985 Marlier, G., 63, 65, 67 Malaclemmys centrata, 1213 Marmara, Sea of, 819, 862 pileata, 1213 Marmer, H. A., 681, 682 macro spilota, 1213 Marphysa gravelyi, 1120 Malacobdella, 422 sanguinea, 494, 1125 Ualacostcus niger, 643 Mars, P., 150 Malacostraca, 426 Marsden, C., 3 Maldane community (fig.), 515 Marsden, William, 989 sarsi-Ophiura sarsi community, 514 Marseille, Gulf of, corals, 1098 Maldanclla harai, 657 Marsh, crabs, 721 Maldanidae, 495 gas, in sediments, 733 Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1094 succession, 726 Malblus villosus, 942, 943, 960, 969, 973, 987 vegetation (figs.), 725, 726 Mal'm, E., 830, 834 Marshall Islands, atolls, 614 Malone, Thomas F., 113 Marshlands, 724 Malyatsky, S. M., 831, 837, 865, 866, 867, 869, 870, 871 Marsipobranchii, 1204 Mammals, 1223 Mariesia, 150 Man, Isle of, algae, 1045 fiuminalis, 1029 ecology, 1021 funisicola, 1029 isopods, 1155 smithii, 424, 1029 Manatees, mortality, 979 Marshall, E. K., 138, 144 Mamyunkia, 900 Marshall, Nelson, 43, 454, 651, 1014 aestuarina, 780 Marshall, P. 1098 Mandra Lagoon, 853 Von Martens, E., 698 Mangrove communities (fig.), 728 Martin, Lawrence, 976 crabs, 1157 Martin, G. W., 982 facies, 728 Marston, H. F., 676 swamps, 281, 624, 728 Marshall, S. M., 192, 281, 303, 311, 431, 437, 446, 983, 1013, zone, 548 1065, 1098, 1167 Mangroves, 718, 1054 Marubashi, M., 1077 age of, 729 Marvin, K. T., 956 Florida, 1053 Maskell, F. G., 1204 Manigault, P., 266 Masking crabs, 399 Mann, Albert, 1065 Mass mortality, 448, 935, 941-1010 Mann, F. Guillermo, 1208 and parasitism, 414, 415 Mann, G., 175, 360 in Baltic, 794 Mannar, Gulf of, mortality, 986 Mast, H., 1071 Manning, W. M., 121, 231 Mast, S. 0., 1199 Mansour, K., 435 Mastigocoleus, 279 Manton, S. M., 1098 Mastigophora, 418

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Mastogloia braunii, 769 Melobesia, 261, 1017 Mastogloia Sea, 769 Melosira, 830 Masui, T., 515 Melville, J. C. 1140 Matawari, Shizuo, 1028 Membranes, 134 Matsui, I., 151, 1208 Membranipora, 704, 792, 846, 847 Matter and energy (fig.), 33 crustulenta, 781, 782, 790, 793 Matthai, G., 264, 1098 pilosa, 853 Matthews, L. Harrison, 1225 Menidia beryllina peninsulae, 716 Mattox, N. T., 393, 1131 Menilite shales, 971 Maucha, R., 571, 573 Menon, M. A. S., 1020 Mauna Loa mortality, 974 Menon, M. Devidas, 985 Maury, M. F., 3 Menzel, R. Winston, 1131 Mawatari, Sh., 1111 Menzies, Robert J., 46, 373, 709, 1029, 1032, 1156 Maximum density, 131 Meotic Basin, 803 Mayeda, T. K., 275 Mercenaria, 1144 Mayer, A. G. (after 1918, Mayor, A. G.), 10, 163, 264, 279 mercenaria, 451, 1143 280, 437, 611, 929, 931, 1098-99, 1108, 1172 Mercierella enigmata, 704, 1024, 1028, 1124 Mazarelli, G., 988 distribution, 706 McAtee, W. L., 727 Meredith, Sheila Stoppford, 1156 McBlair, William, 349, 1198 Mereschkowsky, M. C., 393 McCarter, J. A., 302 Merethrix rudis, 846, 847 McCaughey, Margaret B., 953 Mermithoidea, 422 McConnaughey, B. H., 387, 456, 1125 Merocystis kathae, 418 McConnel, J. P. S., 984 Merogregarina amaroucii, 418 McCoy, E., 259 Merriman, D., 5, 78, 1086, 1208, 1209 McDougall, K. D., 561, 1019 Merrin, S., 258 McEwen, G. F., 300, 1040 Mersey estuary, 1023, 1024 McGowan, John A., 637, 960, 967, 1146 Mertens, Robert, 1211, 1213, 1214 Mcintosh, W. C., 8, 1117 Merwin, H. E., 250, 255 Mclntyre, A. D., 65 Merz, A., 808, 818, 819 McKelvey, V. E., 965 Mesidotea, 784, 795, 900, 1155 McKernan, D. L., 980 entomon, 771, 783, 789 McLachlan, R., 1180 Mesobathyal, 27 McLeod, James Archie, 422 Mesochra heldli, 845 McMfflin, H. C., 174, 1148 Mesodinium, 957 McNab, J. A., 514 pulex, 957 McNeill, F. A., 1031 rubrum, 957, 980 Mead, A. D., 487, 982 Mesogobius gymnolrachelus, 862 Medcof, J. C., 982, 1131 Mesolittoral, 27 Mediterranean, algae, 1045, 1047 Mesomysis, 863 complex in Caspian, 895 Mesomysis helleri, 856 immigrants, Black Sea, 843, 861 kowalewskyi, 856, 864 oxygen 221 Mesopelagic zone, 641, 643 plankton in Black Sea, 833 Mesopsammon fauna, 596, 791 Medusae, 1108 Mesothuria murrayi, 659 Medwecka-Kornas, A., 1046 Mesozoa, 419 Meek, A., 1204 Messina, Straits of, 956, 960 Megadenus, 424 mortality, 977, 988 Megadyptes antipodes, 1221 Metabolic processes in the sea, 387 Megaptera nodosa, 1225 Metabolic rates, 167 Meier, K., 840 of Mytilidae (fig.), 478 Meigen, W., 261, 264, 266 Metabolism of the sea, 384 Melaluca, 725 and pressure, 504 Melampus cojfeus, 721 Metabolites and setting, 483-484 Melanella, 424 Metahaline, 25 Melanocetus murrayi, 643 Metallic ions, 347 Melaraphe, 549 Metapenaeus monoceros, 138 Melibe rangii, 432 Metarhombognathus, 1176 Melinna, 848, 849, 853 Metcalf, M. M„ 150, 1201 biocoenosis, 861 Metcalf, Z. P. 1180 cristata, 495 METEOR, 199, 214, 219, 320 palmata, 845, 847 Metering device, 75 Melila palmata, 781 Methane, in sediments, 733 Melilodes, 621 Methane-oxidizing bacteria 1037 Mellita, 595 Melopus circumlabens, 419 lata, 1192 Metridia longa, 1169 quinquiesperforata, 602 lucens, 1166 Melo, 622

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Metridium senile, 636 plaiyphylla, 615, 620, 622; facing 620 Melrobales, 1178 tenera, 622 Metscknikovia, 900 Miller, W. R., 725, 727, 1055 Meunier, K., 1125 Miller, W. S., 451 Mexico, Gulf of, 220, 1018 Millipedes, 1175 bio-facies, 1019 Milne, A., 150, 685, 686, 699 corals, 1100 Milne, L. J., 603 Foraminifera, 1080 Milne, M. J., 603 lithofacies, 1019 Milne-Edwards, H., 1, 3, 7, 9, 55 mortality, 987 Minchin, E. A., 264, 1085 oyster biocoenosis, 1130 Mineralization in Black Sea, 823 Meyer, H., 1189 Minkiewicz, Romauld, 399 Meyer, H. A., 4 Minous inermis, 394 Meyer, J. A., 494 Minuartia peploides, 1057 Meyer, K., 1071 Minuca, 1156 Meyer, P. F., 315, 987, 1208 Mirinov, G. N., 871 Michael, E. L., 535, 1201 Mission Bay, 688, 690, 711 Michael, R., 974 Missiroli, A., 1179 MICHAEL SARS Expedition, 1014 Mississippi Delta, 692, 693, 729 Michaux, C., 346 Mississippi River, 691, 946,1130 Microatoll zone, 618, facing 621 Mistakidis, M. M., 505, 510 Microbenthos, 791 Mitchell, R. L., 352, 353, 354 Microcalanus pusillus, 1168 Milella, 976 pygmaeus, 1167 polymerus, 550 Microcoleus, 707 Mites, marine, 1175 chthonoplastes, 725, 1042, 1049 Mitsukuri, K., 497, 560, 981, 1189, 1194 Microcoiyle, 420 Mitten crab, 698 Microcystis, 855 Mixed tides, 551 aeruginosa, 955 Miyadi, D„ 67, 504, 505, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 518, 520, Microfauna, of Fucus (fig.), 41 688, 689, 731, 1025 and salinity (fig.), 710 Miyake, Y., 204, 251 samplers, 71 Mnesira parasites, 393 sorting, 73 Moberg, Erik, 211, 226, 257, 298, 330, 333, 688 Microfilters, 384 Möbius, K. (also as Moebius, K.), 4, 5, 7, 11, 174, 175, 400, Microlene, 653 497, 849; 1131 Micromelania, 803, 307 Modiola (= Modiolus), 803, 1144 Micromelaniidae, 899 adriatica, 847 Micronesia, algae, 1048 modiolus, 494 Microorganisms, biomass, 1038 phasiolina, 808, 829, 845, 848 Micro-organisms in Black Sea, 825-827 striata, 1029 Micropharynx, 420 Modiolaria, 407 Microserpula inflata, 1122,1123 discors, 497 Microspio theeli, 680 nigra, 495 Microspira, 820, 895 Modiolicola insignis, 425 Microsporidia, 419 Moerisia pailasi, 895 Microtripylea, 1071 Möhler, W. A., 982 Microvelia, 1178 Mohr, Erna, 989 Middle neritic, 19 Moiseev, P. A., 1208 Middlekauff, W. W„ 1178 Mokievskii, O. B., 599, 601, 846 Midlittoral zone, 547 Mola, 404 Midwater trawl, Isaacs-Kidd, 78-79 Molander, A. R., 63, 67, 470, 485, 495, 512, 515 Mielck, W., 1071 Mold, James D., 953 Migration routes, of whales, 1223 Moldenke, Harold N., 1055 Mikkelsen, V., 727 Mölder, Karl, 1065 Milk fish, 141, 144 Molds, 1035 Millar, R. H., 1199 Mole crickets, 603 Millard, A. H., 1023, 1024 Molgula, 425, 1199 Millard, Naomi, 1028 Molina, J. J., 981 Millepora, 615, 619, 622, 1091, 1094 Molinier, Roger. 724, 1055 Miller, A. K., 1140 Molisch, H., 260, 1038 Miller, Arthur R., 230 Mollusca, 424, 1143 Miller, E. M., 165 in Baltic, 779 Miller, D. N., 1078 carbonate deposition by, 266 Miller, E. Morton, 979 deep sea, 653 Miller, Milton A., 1028 growth temperatures (fig.), 268 Miller, R. C., 212, 230, 680, 688, 1030 Molpadia rorelzi, 1194 Miller, R. S., 40 Molpadonia, 1193

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Moll, Friedr., 1032 Mosby, O., 210, 222 Mailer, L., 808, 818, 819 Moseley, H. N., 1141 Monhysteroidea, 422 Moser, Fanny, 1108 Monogenea, 420 Moskvin, B. S., 865 Monogononta, 422 Mossel Bay mortality, 979 Monorhina, 1203 Motas, C., 847 Monstrilloida, 425 Motoda, S., 57, 60, 454, 575, 610, 612, 1099,1167 Monterey Bay, silicates, 315 Motile species in estuaries, 702 Monterey, Calif., algae, 1047 Motomoura, Isao 1150 Monterey shales, 966, 970 Mouchet, Simone, 438, 1156 Moody, C. L., 69 Moul, Edwin T., 1051 Moore, Hilary B., 213,303, 377, 454, 484, 557, 559, 564, 567, Moulting in crustacea, 269 596, 683, 694, 700, 956, 1031, 1150, 1158, 1192, 1220 Moynier de Villepois, R., 266 Moore, H. F., 1131 Mu flagellates, 120 Moore, H. L., 974 Mucous feeding nets, 12, 350 Moore, L. B., 549, 551, 1044 Mud, bacteria in, 1035 Moore, M., 984 community, Sea of Azov, 861 Moorea, reefs, 1092 cracks, 733 Moorehouse, F. W., 611, 687, 1099, 1100 zones, Black Sea, 847 Monaghan, P. H., 255, 257 nutrients released from, 302 Monackus, 1223 phosphate in, 303 monachus, 868 Muggiaea koncki, 833 Moniez, R., 1180 Mugglin, Franz, 1140 Monilia candida, 1037 Mugil, 394, 866, 867, 986 Monobrachium parasitum, 393 auratus, 853, 908 Monobryozoon, 595 cephalus, 716 Uonocanthus tomentosus, 394 saliens, 908 Monod, Th„ 9, 54, 696 Muir, John, 1055 Monodacna, 803, 857, 864 Muir-Wood, H„ 379 colorata, 806 Mulder, A., 704 ponlica, 806 Mulinia lateralis, 716 pseudocardium, 804 Müller, G. W., 1163 Monnier, R. P., 953 Müller, J., 1, 4, 1195 Monoslroma balticum, 786 Müller, Siemon W., 17, 20 Monstrilla helgolandica, 425 Mullus, 866 Montgomery, Raymond B., 197, 200, 202 barbatus, 908 Uontipora, 615, 618, 619, 620, 624, 628 Münk, Walter H., 90, 380 composita, 624 Murex, 803 foveolata, 620 Murman, communities, 1019 gaimardi, facing 626 mortality, 988 socialis, 620 Murman Current, 316 venosa, 620 Murphy, A. L., 982 verrucosa, 622 Murphy, Robert Cushman, 378, 980,981, 1220 Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F, D., 855, 837, 861, 863, 865 Murray, John, 6, 19, 110, 119, 131, 174, 177, 178, 250, 277, Morell, Benjamin, 984 963, 966, 969, 988, 1014, 1071 Moret, L., 280, 942 Murray Island, coral reef, 1098 Morgulis, S. M., 385 Murray's hypothesis, 949, 963 Mori, S., 599, 600 Murres, 1221 Mori, Takajiro, 981 Musper, K. A. F. R., 967 Morishima, Masao, 1078 Mussett, Rene, 1055 Morita, R. Y., 1039 Mustelus vulgaris, 421 Morotai Basin, oxygen, 228 Mutualism (defined), 391; 430 Morov, T., 865 Mussel beds, 722 Morozova-Vodyanitskaya, N. V., 824, 826, 830, 831, 832, Mussels, metabolism of, 386 838, 839, 840, 869, 870, 872 Mya, 150, 151, 472, 482, 1144 Morrison, J. P. E., 622, 1093 arenaria, 419, 425, 485, 494, 495, 498, 590, 680, 770, 777, Morse, E. S., 1114 787, 789, 938, 978, 1143, 1144, 1147, 1148 Mortality of Eurytemora kirwncloides, 794 truncata, 495, 498 oysters, 946 Mya Sea, 770 Mortensen, Th., 73, 497 , 5%, 598-599, 650, 1189, 1192,1194 Mycedium, 615, 624 Mortimer, C. H., 302 Myctophids, 643, 653 Morton, J. E., 542, 1020 Myers, Earl H„ 1075, 1078 Moruloidea, 419 Myers, G. S., 143, 148, 698, 945 Mosquitoes, 148, 1178, 1181 Myicola melissiensis, 425 Morzhov, B„ 818 Myriacladus, 426 Mosby, Hakon, 217 Myriapoda, 1175

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Myriochele, 657 Natland, Manley L., 1079 Myriophyllum, 780, 782 Natrix nalrix nalrix, 1213 spicatum, 780, 789 sipedon clarkii, 1213 Myriospora trophoniae, 418 compressicauda, 1213, 1215 Myriotrochus, 501, 655, 659, 661 lessatala, 846 brutmi, 659 The Natural History of European Seas, 2, 359 Myrmecocystis viaticus, 846 Naturalist's dredge, 73 Mysidacea, 1153 Naubert, }., 982 Mysis, 795, 900 Naucrates ductor, 404 mixta, 70S, 774, 783 Nautilus, 1135-1141 oculala, 700, 704, 708 alumnus, 1140 relicia, 700, 704, 708, 767, 771, 783, 784, 793, 794 macromphaXus, 1135, 1136 stenolepis, 708 pompilius, 1135, 1136 repertus, 1140 Mystacocarida, 596, 1175, 1176 scrobiculatus, 1140 Mytilaster, 857, 908 slencmphalus, 1136 lineatus, 713 umbilicatus, 1136 monterosatoi, 804, 807 NAUTILUS, 222 Mytilicola intestinalis, 425 The Nautilus (journal), 1143 Mytilidae, metabolic rates (fig.), 478 Nautilus, paper, 267 Mytilimeria nuttallii, 1149 Navalkar, B. S., 1056 Mytilus, 43, 150, 566, 795, 828, 829, 846, 848, 853, 908, ¡132, Navicula, 725 1189 ammopkila, 1059 califomianus, 267, 268, 273, 385, 536, 550, 1147, 1148 cancellata, 1059 edulis, 137, 267, 349, 351, 373, 419, 425, 480, 494, 495, 723, digito-radiata, 1059 770, 777, 782, 790, 978, 1020, 1028, 1144, 1145, 1148; Naville, A., 432 facing 782 Nayudu, Ramaswami M., 985 diegensis, 938 Neaera abbreviata, 495 galloprovincialis, 393, 425, 828, 845, 846, 847, 852, 987 Neanthes, 1117 muds, 848 lighti, 700 -Ostrea banks, Black Sea, 848 virens, 135 zone, 845 Nebalia, 420 Myxicola injundibulum, 494 Nechaev, A., 818, 847, 853, 865, 866 Myxine glutinosa, 1203, 1204 Nectonema agile, 423 Myxini, 1203 Nectonematoidea, 423 Myxophyceae, 1049 Nectonemertes, 1119 Myxosporidia, 419 Needle Fish, mortality, 988 Myzocylium proliferum, 1051 Needier, Alfreda B., 982 Myzostomida, 408, 417, 423 Needier, A. W. H., 982 Nadson, S., 259, 279 Needham, J., 698 Nagahama, Masaho, 1079 Neel, J. K., 602 Nais elinguis, 790 Negative characteristics, Caspian fauna, 898 Najas marina, 780, 782 Nekton, 21 Nakai, Zinziro, 1167 Nektoplanktonic, 21 Nakazime, Masao, 1147 Nelson, T. C., 170, 683, 687, 688, 982, 1020 NAMIB, 955 Nemalion, 841 Nani, Alberto, 951, 979 Nemalionales, 261 Nansen, F., 221, 301, 452 Nemalalycus nematoides, 1176 Naples, Bay of, Acantharia, 1072 Nematoda, 422,1118 Ostracods, 1163 Nematomorpha, 423 Zoological Station, 4, 7 Nemalopsis oslreum, 418 Nardoa, 622 prytkerchi, 418 Narragansett Bay, Foraminifera, 1080 legeri, 418 mortality, 982 Nemertina, 422, 1119 Nash, C. B., 687, 707 Nemertopsis actinophila, 403 Neobalaena marginata, 1223 Nasr, A. H., 550, 573, 1047 Neomeris, 261, 1223 Nassellaria, 1069, 1072 Neopilina galathea, 1146 Nastase, G. J., 806 Neothyris lenticularis, 1113 Nassa, 487, 803, 847 Nephrops norvegicus, 494 neritea, 846 Nephthys, 495, 846, 847 obsoleta, 421, 497 elamellata, 657 reticulata, 494, 846, 847 Natica, 803, 805 hombergi, 494, 497, 713, 845, 853 size of apex (fig.), 179 scolopendroides, 494 groenlandica, 466 Neptunea, 1146

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Nereis, 421, 495, 847, 857, 1117 Nicol, E. A. T., 688, 689 in Caspian Sea, 910-912 Nielsen, E. Steeman, (see Steeman Nielsen) diversicolor, 135, 137, 138, 494, 497, 777, 790, 843, 978, Nieburger, M., 113 1016, 1026, 1123, 1126 Nielsen, J. N., 221 and Ostracoda community, 858 Nightingale, H. W., 980 fucata, 399, 403, 1126 Niino, Hiroshi, 730 irrorata, 1123 Nikitin, V. N., (or Nikitine, W. N.), 193, 455, 808, 815, 823, japonica, 1125 827, 830, 831, 833, 834, 836, 838, 841, 844, 847, 865, oxypoda, 1125 869, 909, 916, 1125, 1132 pelagica, 494,1123 Nikolsky, George, 360 occidentalis, 716 Ninoefusca, 657 profundi, 657 Niphon spinosus, 978 succinea, 853, 909-912, 1125 Nippotaeniidae, 422 community, 858 Nishikawa, T., 951, 981 virens, 494 Nitrate, Baltic (fig.), 320 zonata, 713 Barents Sea (fig.), 318 Nereocystis-Amphilhoe fasciation, 1041 North Sea (fig.), 318 Nerilla, 1126 Gulf of Maine (fig.), 312 Nerine, 846, 848 Indian Ocean (fig.), 331 cirratulus, 494, 1016 Sumatra (fig.), 332 Nerinides, 848 Weddell Sea (fig.), 330 tridentata, 846 Nitrite, Gulf of Maine (fig.), 312, 313 Nerita picea, 554 Nitrobacter flora, 307 plicata, 554 Nilrocra typica, 845 Neritacea, 696 Nitrogen and ammonia, Pacific (fig.), 308 Neritic (defined), 19; 21 Nitrogen cycle, 305-309 benthos, 19 Nitrogen in estuaries, 692 sediments, 284 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 1036, 1040 Neritina, 150, 803, 806 Nitzschia, 122, 349 reclivata, 709 closterium, 446, 1059, 1063 virginea, 150, 709, 1126 Noctiluca, 449, 871, 953, 957, 984 Nerophis, 989 miliaris, 449, 792, 833, 958, 986 Nesippus alatus, 425 scintillans, 981 Nesterofi, W., 258, 261, 280, 614, 1099 Noddack, I., 352, 353 Netherlands mortality, 987 Noddack, W., 352, 353 Net rates of oxygen change, 200 Nodularia, 792 Nets, burning of, 959 spumigena, 792 quantitative, 56 Nomejko, C. A., 169 standardized, 57 Nomeus grononi, 403 Neu, W., 863, 1159, 1220 Nomura, S., 1115 Neumann, G., 681, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, Noodt, E., 88-90, 91, 92 816, 817 Nordenskiöld, Eric, 4, 791, 988 Neumann, Gunther, 1201 Nordli, E., 444, 953, 983 New England algae, 1048 Norman, J. R., 166, 404, 1208 fishes, 1209 Nortis, R. M., 724 marshes, 726 North, W. J., 278, 387, 576, 1150 New Hebrides, reef, 1090 North Atlantic Deep water, 201 New South Wales, intertidal, 1017, 1020 North Atlantic Intermediate water, 222 oysters, 1132 North Carolina, algae, 1049 New Zealand, 379 fishes, 1209 algae, 1044 mortality, 982 intertidal, 1019 oysters, 1130 mortality, 982 North Equatorial Current, 228 Newcombe, C. L., 150, 498, 596, 687, 688, 689, 690, 1147 North Polar Sea, 221, 338 Newell, G. E., 472, 1123, 1125 North Sea, 221 Newell, Irwin M., 364, 1176 Acantharia, 1071 Newell, N. D., 257, 626, 628, 1100 copepods, 1168 Newhouse, J., 565, 572, 707, 1024 mortality, 978 Newport Bay, (Calif.), 689, 727, 732, 1025 nutrients, 316 Niche (defined), 40 phosphates, 315 Nicholas, H. M., 432 Northcraft, R. D., 542, 551, 561, 562, 569, 1047 Nicholls, A. G., 212, 436, 437, 438 Northrop, J., 69 Nicholls, G. E., 1056, 1190 Norton, Richard D., 1079 Nichols, H. W., 273 Norton, Oswald, 1147 Nichols, R. L., 676 Norway, coral reefs, 1093 Nicholson, A. J., 42 mortality, 983 Nicholson, E. M.; 1220 zooplankton, 1168

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Norwegian Sea, 221 Octocorals, 1105 zooplankton, 1167 Octopus, 419, 978 Nosema, 419 vulgaris, 946, 1147 notabilis, 419 Ocypode, 422, 602, 1156 Nostoc muscorum, 1049 albicans, 603; fig., 602 Noterus clavicornis, 780 ceratophthalma, 603 Notodelphoidea, 425 gaudichaudi, 603; facing 587 Notomastus, 657, 1126 food chain, facing 587 Noumea, coral reefs, 1091 occidentalis, 603 Nova Scotia, intertidal, 1021 Ocypodidae, 1156 Novorossiisk Bay, zooplankton, 834 Odessa, limans, 854 Nucella lapillus, 564 Odobenus divergens, 1224 Nucula, 45, 472, 655, 659 Odontosyllis, 928 nítida, 494, 495 enopla, 928 nucleus, 393, 494, 805 hyalina, 928 túmida, 393 phosphorea, 922 Nuculana pustulosa, 393 Odostomia, 424, 659, 662 Nudiclava monacanthi, 394 rissoides, 425 Nueces River, 946 scalaris, 425 Nullipores, 1101 Odum, E. P., 17, 29, 40, 47, 261, 279, 612, 1014 Nümann, W., 866, 867, 868, 986 Odum, Howard T., 34, 39, 141, 261, 263, 279, 355, 612, 1025 Numanoi, H., 269 Oehlert, D. P., 1114 Nuñez Ortega, D. A., 978, 985 Oekiocolax plagiostomorum, 420 Nunnemacher, R. F., 453 Offatts Bayou mortality, 953, 985 Nunes, L. P., 393 Offshore bars, 589 Nupsammidae, 1093 Ohle, Waldemar, 231 Nutman, S. R., 11, 682 Ohshima, H., 397, 398 Nutrient cycle, 298-310 Oikopleura dioica, 833, 834 of estuaries, 690 Oil bacteria, 1037 in Artie waters, 319 Oinomikado, T., 1079 Nutrient salts, 297-343 Oilhona nana, 792, 833, 856, 1156 Nutrients, coastal waters, 311-320 plumifera, 1167 circulation of, 337 similis, 792, 833, 834, 1165, 1167, 1168 in estuaries, 690 Okada, Y., 1111 inshore waters, 311-320 Okhotsk Sea, copepods, 1165 layering of, 337 fishes, 1209 and oxygen (fig.), 206 Okuda, S., 392, 1125, 1176 and productivity, 314-316 Okul, A. V., 856, 857 regeneration of, 302 Old, M. C., 420, 1032, 1132 release of, 302 Oligocene temperatures, 246, 668 Nutting, C. C., 1106 Oligochaeta, 423 Nybelin, O., 653, 654, 664 Oliva, 622 Nyctiphanes, 453 de Oliveira, Lejeune P. H., 707, 984, 1025, 1156 australis, 372, 374-375 Olivetta, 395, 595 capensis, 372, 374 Oliver, W. R. B., 508, 595, 1140 couchit 372, 374, 792 Olivier, G., 1120 simplex, 372, 374 Olofson, Ossian, 700 Nyholm, K. G., 70, 74 Olson, E. C., 42, 43 Nylon, in nets, 56 Olson, R. A., 231, 690 Nymphaea alba, 789 Oltmann, (theory), 125 Nymphon procerum, 664 Omer-Cooper, J., 697 Nymphonella tapetis, 1175 Ommaslrepkes sloani pacijicus, 1148 018/016 ratio and oxygen minimum, 209 Oncea mediterranea, 833 Oaki, R., 54, 650 venusta, 1165 Oakley, K. P., 379 Oncopkora neglecta, 423 Ob, estuary, 680 Oncorhynchus keta, 164 Obelia, 445 O'Neill, Ted, 727, 729 Ocean, Pleistocene, 105 Oneirophanta, 654 Oceanic, 19 Oolites, 257, 261 Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa, 1220 Oosting, Henry, J., 727, 1056 Oceans, latitudinal features, 87, 88 Oozes, 450 Ochrida, Lake, 900 Oparin, A. I., 33, 385 Ochridospongia, 900 Operculina-Ozawaia facies, 1078 Ochthebius, 853, 1177 Ophelia, 482, 599, 846, 1127 marinus, 781 cluthensis, 1123 qaudricollis, 1179 larvae, 484 Octalasmis mulleri, 425 Ophicthus, 1214

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Opkioderma brevispina, 1188, 1189 and temperature, 139 Opkiomusium planum, 654 fishes, 144 Ophiopholis aculeala, 494 vertebrates, 143-145 Ophiothrix, 623 Osmerids, distribution (fig.), 363 echinata, 841 Osmerus eperlanus, 987 fragilis, 489, 494 Osmosis, (defined), 133 Ophiura, 487, 488 Osmotic pressure, 134 albida, 488, 489, 493, 494, 495, 497, 776, 777 Osphyolax pellucidus, 989 brevispina, 489 Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen, 1065 loveni, 658, 662 Oster, R. H., 122, 123, 192 texlurata, 488, 494, 495, 497 Ostracoda, 425, 1161 Ophiurespira weilli, 419 Ostrea, 803, 828, 848, 1029, 1129 Ophiuroids, 1187 adriatica, 1132 deep sea, 652 angasi, 1132 Ophyolrocha, 1124 ariakensis, 1133 Opophorchynchus parfaiti, 654 chiloensis, 1130 Oppenheimer, C. H., 385, 647, 1039 circumpicta, 1133 Opsanus, 419,1206 commercialis, 1132 Optimal intensities (phytoplankton), 121 crista-galli, 1130 Orange-peel bucket, 69 cucullata, 1129, 1130, 1132 d'Orbigny, Alcide, 1, 537, 981 denselamellosa, 1133 Orbitolites, 430, 431, 438 edulis, 172, 435, 722, 922, 1124, 1129, 1130, 1132 Orcaella, 1223 periodicity (fig.), 920 Orcheslia, 601, 848 sublamellosa, 847 bottae, 846 taurica, 847 gammarella, 846 equestris, 1131 littore a, 494, 854 forskalli, 1130 montagui, 846 gigas (see also Crassostrea gigas), 1130, 1133 ochotensis, 601 multistriata, 1133 variation, 848 rhizophorae, 1131 Orchilophyra stellarum, 419 taurica, 805, 1132 Oreaster, 622 vitrefacta, 1132 Oregon, algae, 1044 Ostreobium, 279, 622 Oresund, 30, 752, 1022 Ostroumov, A. A., 841 arthropods, 1154 Oslroumovia, 864 echinoderms, 1188 Ostvedt, Ole-Johan, 1167 polychaetes, 1123 Otaria byronia, 1225 Organic carbonate, precipitation, 259 Otocelis chirodotae, 420 Organic content of invertebrates (table), 494, 495, 496 Ototyphlonemerles, 595, 601 Organic cycle, Black Sea, 823-826 Otter, G. W., 280, 622, 1032 Organic matter, in beaches, 593 Otter trawl, 75, 78; fig., 76 Black Sea, 824, 825 Otterstr0m, C. V., 953, 957, 958 decomposition, 205 Ourozeutes, 426 in sea, 388 Outer neritic, 19 of sediments, 730 Van Overbeek, J., 1049 Organic mechanisms of carbonate solution, 279 Overgaard, C., 73 precipitation, 259 Ovey, C. D., 1081 production, 445, 446 Owen, B. B., 254, 266 substances, 12, 383-389 Owen, D. M„ 56 Organisms and sediment types, Murmansk (fig.), 720 Owen, G., 1144 Orr, A. P., 192, 303, 311, 446, 611, 687, 983, 1013, 1065, 1098, Owenia fusiformis, 494 1100, 1167 lobopygididitata(?), 657 Orr, S. P., 281 Owens Lake, 712 Orthonectida, 419 Oxidative ratios, 206, 207 Ortmann, A. E., 20, 23, 142, 360, 696, 1100 Oxygen, annual changes, 189 Orton, J. H., 63, 167, 169, 173, 267, 487, 497, 564, 1115, 1132 in atmosphere, 186 Orton's rule, 169 biological consumption, 193-196 Osadchih, M., 319 changes in, 206 Osborn, H., 1180 and corals (fig.), 439 Osburn, R. C., 5, 1019, 1109, 1111 -chlorinity correlations, 204 Oscillatoria, 261 consumption, 193 Osgood, Wilfred. H., 1225 Atlantic Ocean, 194 Oshima mortality, 974 California Coast, 194, 195 Oslo Fjord, 953 North Atlantic, 195 zooplankton, 1168 osmoregulation, 135 Osmoregulation, 135, 136, 138, 1022 and temperature, 167

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cycle, in estuaries, 687 Eastern, oxygen, 227 deep sea, 647 oxygen-minimum zone, 226 deficit, in Pacific, 211 North, Plankton, 1167 -density correlation, 201 Northeast, oxygen, 229 in estuaries, 688 South, oxygen, 224 of interstitial water, 592, 732 Southwestern North, oxygen, 228 minimum, 200, 209, 211 Packard, A. S„ 979, 1180 -minimum zone, 207-211 Packard, E. L., 69, 505, 1147 Atlantic, 220 Padang Highlands shales, 966 Indian Ocean, 223 Paiina, 261, 262, 541 mixing, 197 pavonia, 841,1017, 1047 lack and mortality, 959 Paessler, R., 1221 nutrients (fig.)> 206 Pagurid crabs, 1155 photosynthetic production, 190 Pagurisles oculatus, 400, 1156 percentage saturation, 186 Pagurus, 392 and plankton, 455 arrow, 392, 401 and populations, 211-213 jloridanus, 401 production, 192 granosimarms, 550 by symbiotic alagae, 437 granosus, 575 and at (fig.), 203 pubescens, 426 and salinity (fig.), 202 samuelensis, 575 -salinity correlation, 211, 202 Painter, R. H., 1180 above sediments, 215 Palacky, Joh., 988 in sediments, Gulf of Mexico (fig.), 216 Palaemon serratus, 646 solubility, 186, 187 squilla, 843 and temperature (fig.), 203 Palaemonetes, 696, 704, 721 transport of, 197 antennarius, 709 vertical distribution (fig.), 188, 191 intermedins, 709 vertical mixing, 198 kadiakensis, 709 and zonation, 566 paludosus, 709 Oxypora, 615, 624 pugio, 709 Oxyuroidea, 422 varians, 709, 781, 782 Oyster banks, 45 vulgaris, 709 Oyster biology, 11,1132 Palaemonidae, 142, 148, 696 crab, 407 Palao (or Palau), 1016, 1099 culture, 1131,1132 algae, 1045 community, 416 corals, 1089 drills, 1144 ecology, 1016 reefs, 45, 722, 724; facing 725 Paleacanthocephala, 422 Oysters, 150, 168, 172, 451, 696, 1129 Paleoecology, 2, 9, 10 carbonate deposition by, 268 Paleobiologica, 10 mortality of, 946 Paleogeography, Eocene (fig.), 379 and parasitism, 416 Pallasea, 784 and sponges, 1084 quadrispinosa, 771, 783 pH in Baltic, 766 Palolo worm, 171, 918, 924, 926 deep sea, 647 Atlantic, 929-930 in estuaries, 689 Palmatier, E. A., 707 of interstitial water, 592 Palmer, R. H., 1100 in pools, 572 Palmipes membranaceus, 1188 of sea water, 249 Palombi, A., 393 of sediments, 733 Panama Bay, corals, 1092 cycle in tidepools, 573 Panama Canal and fishes, 1207 Pachygrapsus, 843, 849 Panama, Gulf of, 1017 biocoenosis, 848 oxygen, 226 crassipes, 550, 1155 Pandalidae, 172 marmoratus, 845, 846 Pandalus borealis, 168 Pachymenia, 1048 montagui, 168 Pachyptila turtur, 1221 Pandora inaequivalvis, 1143 vittata, 1221 pinna, 1143 Pacific coast, Bryozoa, 1111 Panicum virgalum, 726, 1055 shore crabs, 1155 Panikkar, N. K., 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 694, 698, 928, 1025, Pacific Grove, zonation, 551 1209 Pacific Marine Biological Laboratory, 558 Panning, A., 698, 1195 Pacific Ocean, nutrients, 330 Pantin, C. F. A., 137, 264 oxygen, 224 Pantopoda, 1175 zooplankton, 1167 Panulirus interruplus, 636, 637

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Papenfuss, G. F., 261 Patellina, 1075 Papkia (—Tapes) corrugata, 1078 philippinarum, 938 Patrick, Ruth, 1065 slaminea, 498 < Patterson, H., 110 undulata, 497 Patton, R. T., 727 Papp, A., 1156 Pauca, Mircea, 971 Paracalanus parvus, 792, 833, 834, 1165, 1167, 1168 Paul, H. D., 1132 Paracalliactis michaelsarsi, 402 Paul, J. H„ 269 stephensoni, 401 Pauli, V. L., 856, 867 validiviae, 401 Paulsen, Ove, 983 Paracarlia latisetosa, 856 Pavona, 615, 618, 620 Paracentrolus lividvs, 1021, 1191 clams, 622 Parachaenia myae, 419 Pax, F., 1108 Parachute net, 61 Payne, F., 898 Paraclinus mormoratus, 1207 Pchelina, Z. M., 869 Paracyamus boopis, 426, 1158 Peacock, A. D., 1225 Paracyathus, 636 Peairs, L. M„ 160 Paracymus aeneus, 853 Pearl fish, 404 Paracyprideis fermica, 783 Pearl formation, 421 Paradice, W. E. J., 1100 Pearse, A. S., 129, 139, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 166, 167, Parahalomitra, 619 171, 177, 417, 576, 593, 595, 596, 599, 603, 693, 1020, Paralabrax clathratus, 637 1025, 1085, 1132, 1172, 1177, 1180, 1211 Parallel communities, 470, 521 Pearson, J. C., 147, 1209 Paramecium bursaria, 429 Pearson, Joseph, 1156 Paramoeba pigmenti/era, 418 Pebble Beach, mortality, 988 Paramysis, 863, 864, 865 Pechuel-Loesche, Eduard, 983 Paranzella, 78 Peckham, S. F., 981 Parapagurus, 653 Pecten, 472, 803 andersoni, 401 glaber, 805, 846 armatus, 402 groenlandicus, 466 bicristalus, 401 irradians, 1145 pilosimanus, 401 madisonius, 355 Parapholas, 1029 opercularis, 1144 Parasites, of fishes, 421 ponticus, 847 role in ecology, 413 septemradiatus, 495, 497 Parasitic castration, 414 varius, 805 snails, 424 yessonensis, 170, 498 Parasitism (defined), 391, 413 Pectinaria, 857 Parastenhelia forficula litoralis, 845 auricoma, 480 Parat, M., 505, 515, 518 koreni, 494, 495, 497, 1127 Paravortex cardii, 420 Pectinia, 622 Paravorticella clymenellae, 419 Peclunculus, 803 Paredwardsia abyssorum, 653 Pedalion oxyuris, 856 lemchei, 656 Peel, J. L., 1013 Park, 0., 917, 1012 Peirson, Jean F., 707, 1079 Park, Thomas, 1012 Pelagic (defined), 21 Parke, Mary, 1046 fauna, 367, 368 Parker, F. L., 707, 1079 realms, 367 Parker, G. H., 501, 1195, 1225 sediments, 283, 645 Parker, J. R„ 161 Pelagodiscus, 1113 Parker, T. J., 1071 Pelagonemertes, 1119 Paroriza grevei, 659 Pelagophycus porra, 637 Parorchis avitus, 421 Pelagosite, 258 Parr, A. E., 208, 209, 210, 445, 956 Pelagothuria, 643 Particle transport (fig.), 591 Pelamis platurus, 1214 Pascher, A., 957 Pelecanoides urinalrix, 1221 Pasley, G. G., 232 Pelecus, 867, 868 Paspalev, G. V., 818, 832, 851, 865, 987 cultratus, 772, 774 Passive period, of predators, 489 Pelecypoda, 424 Past environments, reconstruction of, 103-105 Pelicans, 1219 Patapsco River, 690 Pellegrin, J., 403 Patch reefs, 623 Pelmatohydra oligactis, 780, 790 Patella, 280, 564, 1144, 1149 Pelogloea, 44, 385 caerulea, 1149 Pelseneer, Paul, 9, 1143, 1147 pontica, 845 Peltogaster paguri, 426 vulgata, 1149 Pelvetia, 550

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canaliculate, 560, 1045 467,468,470, 477, 488, 489, 494, 495,496, 497, 505, 508, fastigiata, 556 509, 510, 512, 514, 516, 518, 523, 722, 774, 789 Pemba Island, coral reefs, 1092 Petersen, W. H., 305 Pembrokeshire, intertidal, 1017 Petersen communities, validity of, 467 Peneidae, 172 Petersen's community concept, 467 Penaeus, 166 Petersen grab, 6, 61-64 aztecus, 139, 1018 Petersen methods, expanded, 471 -Paracentropristes pomospillus community, 1018 Petit, G., 47, 1026, 1051 -Pitar cordala-Syacium gunleri community, 1018 Petkow, S., 839 -Prionotus rubio community, 1018 Petrels, 1219 setiferus, 139, 147, 151, 171 Petricola, 280, 1030 Peneroplis pertusus, 281, 418 pkoladiformis, 1032 Penetrantiidae, 423 Pelrochirus bahamensis, 401 Penetration, in Caspian, 899 Petroleum, bacteria, 1040 in various estuaries (figs.), 686, 699, 701, 702 origin of, 961 Penfound, W. T., 727, 729, 1056 Petromyzon, 1203 Penquins, 1219, 1220, 1221 marinus, 1203, 1204 Penikese, 5 Petrosia, 847 algae, 1044 Petrossian, A., 259 Peniagone lugubris, 653 Petrunkevitch, A., 1197 Peniagone vedeli, 659, sp., 659 Pettersson, Hans, 110 Penicillus, 261, 262 Pettersson, O., 67, 149 Pennak, R. W., 592, 596, 598, 601 Pettersson sampler, 61, 71 Pennatulacea, 1106 Pfaff, J. R., 1192 Pennella, 425 Pfannenstiel, M., 802, 804, 805, 806, 807, 862 filosa, 425 Pfeffer, Georg, 981 Pentastomida, 424 Pfeiffer, H., 1056 Peraclis bispinosa, 643 Phaeocystis, 958 Perca fluviatilis, 795 Phagocytic cell in Tridacna, 435 Percarina, 862 Phalanisus, 1178 Percival, E., 146, 148, 1115 Phaleria bimaculata, 846 Pérès, J., 27, 638 Phascolosoma, 646 Periamma naresi, 659 fiagrijerum, 654 Pericaryon Gesticola, 416 Phaseolina Muds, 848 Periclimenes, 404, 622 Phelps, A., 315 Peridinium, 121, 792, 830, 831 Phifer, L. D., 692, 1065 divergens, 851 Philippi, E., 963, 966 knipowitscki, 855 Philippine Trench, animals (fig.), 655 triquetrum, 121, 983 Philippines, bryozoa 1110 Perigonimus abyssi, 393 coral reefs 1094 cirratus, 783 Foraminifera, 1076, 1077 pugetensis, 394 mortality, 981 Perinereis brevicirris, 1125 oysters, 1133 cultrijera, 494 Philips, J. B., 981 Periodicity, 917 Pkilometra globiceps, 422 of red water, 935 grayi, 422 of starfish, 937 Philine aperta, 494, 495, 497 Periophthalmus, 624 Philomedes interpuncta, 1162 koelreuteri, 728 Phleger, Fred B, 71, 707, 728, 1079 Perissopus communis, 425 Phleger bottom sampler, 71 Peritricha, 419 Pkoca, 784, 1223 Perkins, E. J., 592 hispida, 771, 783 Perraton, Christopher, 726, 727, 1056 Phocaena communis, 978 Perrier, Edmond, 668 phocaena, 868 Perrier, Rémy, 664 relicta, 868 Persian Gulf, productivity, 501 Pholadidea, 1029 Peruvian coast, oxygen, 226 parva, 424 Peruvian Current, 335, 953 P kolas, 1030 Peru mortality, 953, 979, 981 Phormidium tenue, 1049 Pescadores Islands mortality, 949, 978 Phoronida, 424 Petaloproclus cirratusQ), 657 Pkoronis, 845, 847 Petalostoma minuium, 419 ovalis, 424, 1031 Peter, K., 161 Phosphates, Antarctic (fig.), 328-329 Peters, Hans M., 1156 Atlantic, 321 Peters, N., 1071 Baltic (fig.), 320 Petersen, C. G. J., 5, 6, 7, 12, 35, 46, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 461, Barents Sea (fig.), 318

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Phosphates—(con'd.) Phronima, 426 Black Sea, 823 Pia, J., 258, 261, 1032 estuarine mud, 1027 Picard, J., 151, 638, 724, 1055 cycles in estuaries, 691 Pickford, G. E., 369, 1117, 1147 deep sea, 647 Pieh, Sylvia, 136 Indian Ocean (fig.), 328-329, 331 Pierce, L. E., 1118 of mud, 303 Piersig, R,, 424 North Sea, 315; (fig.), 316, 317 Pigments, 121 NW Atlantic (fig.), 322, 323 accessory, 125 Pacific (fig.), 333 algae, (table) 124 Pacific Equatorial (fig.), 299 diatom, 121 Sargasso Sea, 320 echinoderms, 1189 S. Atlantic (fig.), 326-327, 328 littoral algae, 124 Sumatra (fig.), 332 Piha, N. Z., zonation, 1041 Phosphatic deposits, 967 Pike, R. B., 1156 Phosphorite, 936-965 Pilema pulmo, 833 Phosphorus, Black Sea, 822 Pillsbury, R. W., 1047 cycle, 303-305, 1039 Pilot fish, 404 estuary (fig.), 691 Pilumtiopeus Iridenlaius, 787 regeneration of, 302 Pioneer plants, of marshes, 725 in sediment, 731 Pipefishes, 144 Photic zone, 23, 120, 446, 641 Pipe rocks, 604 Photocell, 110 Pinckard, J. H., 121, 963 Photographic measurement of light, 109 Pinctada, 620, 623 Photography, deep-sea, 56 margaritifera, 1126 as ecological method, 69 Pinkerton, Richard C., 34, 40 underwater, 55 Pinna, 622, 623 Photometers, 110-111; (fig.), Ill carnea, 1149 Photosynthesis, 120, 122, 123, 445, 446 Pinnixa, 397, 477 efficiency of, 35 rathbmi community, 518 light bottle technique, 190 Pinnotheres oslreum. 407. 427 measurements, 193 Pirrie, M. E., 596 Phragmites communis, 780, 782, 789 Pisaster, 405 Phycobilins, 124 giganieus, 637 Phycomycetes, 1039 Piscicola rapax, 423 Phyllirrhoe, 432 Piscicolidae, 1125 bucephala, 393 Piston strokes, in Baltic, 757 Phyllobothrioidea, 421 Pismo clam, 395, 592, 597, 936-937 Phyllobothrium lactuca, 421 Pitelka, Frank A., 719 Phyllodoce, 846 Pitsyk, G. K., 870 maculaia, 1016 Placobranchus ocellatus, 432 Phyllophora, 847, 848, 849 Plagiostomum, 420 biomass, 840 Planaria, 790 brodiaei, 788 Planes minutus, 445 rubens, 829, 839, 840 PLANET, 230 Phyllophora Meadows, 848 Plankton, 4, 11, 21, 443 Phyllophora Sea, 840 abundances, Black Sea, 839 Phyllospadix, 552, 724 abundance, Sea of Azov, 856 torreyi, 633 and bacteria, 1039 Phyllospera, 1017 Baltic, 792, 794 Phyllospongia foliascens, 623 Batum, 831 Physa, 355 Black Sea, 830-839, 841, 870 fontinalis, 779 Bosporus (fig.), 836 Physalia, 403, 602 Caspian Sea, 902 Physeler catodon, 1225 complexes, 46 Phytobenthos, Black Sea, 839-841 conservation on reefs, 453, 611-612 Caspian Sea, 902 distribution (fig.), 367 Phytomastigina, 418 and evolution, 455 Phytoplankton, 120, 124, 443 -Expedition, 4 Phytoplankton, Black Sea, 830-832, 869 Isefjord, 1166 Caspian Sea, 901 net, 1, 56 in estuaries, 707 net, high speed (fig.), 60 Gulf of Varna, 832 North Pacific, 1167 outbursts, 448 and oil, 961 Sea of Azov, 855-856 production in Baltic, 794 Varna Bay, 832 N. Europe, 1073 Varna Lake, 851 Black Sea, 870

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recorder, 57 Polydora, 419, 1030, 1125 research, 4 tigni, 716 significance of, 456 pacifica, 1126 Sea of Azov, 856 •websieri, 150, 423 Planktonic biota, 368 Polygordius, 848, 849 Pla.nla.go, 726 sands, 846 marítima, 1054, 1057 ponticus, 846, 848 Plass, G. N., 244, 249 Polykrikos schwarlzi, 981 Platanista, 1223 Polymastigina, 418 Plate, L., 404, 1100 Polymesoda fioridana, 716 Platydon cancellatus, 1033, 1149 Polynoid commensals, 405 Platygyra, 615, 618, 619, 622 Polyopisthocotylea, 420 lamellina, 627 Polyorchis, 1176 Platymonas, 1047 Polypodium, 420 Plalynereis, 928 hydriforme, 394 dumerilii, 368, 922, 927, 929 Polysiphonia elongata, 839 megalops, 928 fastigiata, 1013 Plectonema, 279, 491 nigrescens, 779, 788, 1042 calothrichoides, 1044 opaca, 839, 857 norvegicum, 1044 spinosa, 857 nostocorum, 1049 subulijera, 839 Plesiastrea, 620, 1090 variegata, 839 Pleurobrachia, 871 Polystomella crispa, 1077 pileus, 792, 833 Polyzoa (see Bryozoa), 1109, 1110 Plmrogramma, antarcticum, 942, 951, 979 Pomacentrus, 1206 Pleuronectes Jlesus, 795, 908 Pomaioceros, 847 limanda, 795 triqueter, 264, 480, 1123 platessa, 646, 794 Pomatomus, 866 Pleurosigma aestuarii, 1059 Pomatoschistus, 899, 908 balticum, 1059 Pomerat, C. M., 566, 567 Pleurotomia, 803 Pontarachna punclulum, 424 Plexaura fiexuosa, 1105 Pontic basin, 804 Pocillopora, 615, 618, 622, 628, 1090, 1092,1093, 1096; facing Pontic relicts in Caspian, 895 620 Pontic Sea, 803 bulbosa, 924 Ponlogammarus, 599, 846, 857 caespitosa, 407, 1095 aralensis, 914 damicornis, 622, 623, 627, 1090, 1096, 1097 maeoticus, 843, 864 danae, 615, 620 community, 858 elegans, 615, 620 variation, 861 eydouxi, 622, 623 Pontomyia, 1178, 1182 meandrina, 615, 620 natans, 1177, 1179 verrucosa, 615, 620, 627 Pontoporeia, 495, 795, 900 Poiabacia, 619, 622 affinis, 496, 497, 708, 771, 777, 783, 784, 789 Podarke pugettensis, facing 394 community, 516 Podocerus brasiliensis, 716 ¡emorata, 497, 708, 764, 774, 777, 783, 785, 789, 790 falcatus, 494 -Mesidotea community, 790 Poiocorclla mimi, 394 Pontosphaera huxleyi, 444 Podocoryne carnea, 393 Poole, H. H., 109, 110, 111, 118, 119 Podon, 792 Pools, variation (fig.), 574, 575 polyphemoides, 793, 833, 856 Pope, Clifford H„ 1217 Podophora airata, 1192 Pope, E. C., 362, 981, 1016, 1017, 1020, 1175 Poggendorff, J. C., 974 Popofsky, A., 175, 1071 Pogonophora, 369, 665, 1197 Popovici, Zaharia, 35, 818, 846, 847, 865, 951, 979, 987, 989 Poisson, Henri, 1132 Population dynamics, 2, 42, 1210 Polinices, 595, 622 Populations, fisheries, 1210 Polistotrema stouti, 1203 fluctuations, 935 Pollen (for oysters), 685 resurgent, 935-937 pollicipes spinosus, 1158 Pora, E. A., 843 Pollock, J. B„ 1100 Pora, M., 843 Polycelis nigra, 790 Porania pulvillus, 1189 Polychaetes, 423, 1120 Porcellana, 847 commensal, 405 Porcellanaster coeruleus, 653 Polycirrus arenivorus, 425 Porcellia labellatus, 846 Polycladida, 420 PORCUPINE, 185 Polycopidae, 1162 Porifera, 419, 1083-1086 Polydactylus, 399 carbonate deposition by, 264 cupulifer, 400

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Porites, 264, 615, 618, 619, 624, 627, 1096 Pourtalesia(?) aurorae, 658 anirewsi, 619, 622, 623 Powell, A. W. B., 74, 508, 512, 513, 514, 520, 1140 association, 623 Powell, D. E., 78 zone, 622; facing 626 Powers, E. B., 689 annae, 627 Powers, Philip B. A., 982 astreoides, 1091 Prasiola meridionalis, 549 clavaria, 1091 rni.exicana 549 lichen, 620, 627 Prat, S., 261 lobaia, 620 Pratje, A., 982 lutea, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 627; facing 621 Pratje, O., 941, 970, 1014, 1100 Porolithon, 261, 615 Pratt, D. M., 303, 707 Poromya, 1149 Pratt, E. M., 432 Porospora gigantea, 418 Pratt, Henry S., 424 Porphyra umbilicalis, 1047 Pratt, M. D., 54, 73 Porpoise, food of, 868 Praunus Jlexuosus, 790 mortality, 978 inermis, 790 Porrocaecum, 422 Preble, Edward A., 1225 Porsild, Morten Pedersen, 960, 969, 972, 987 Precipitation (chemical), of aragonite, 256 Port Elizabeth mortality, 979 of calcite, 259 Port Erin Bay, 689 of calcium carbonate, 255 beach, 588 organic carbonate, 259 laboratory, 8 Precipitation (meteorological), 91, 92 Port Jackson mortality, 982 Predator-prey relations, 487-488 Porter, Joseph Y., 984 Predators, as productivity index, 500 Porterinema fiuviatile, 782 and young, balance, 486-489 Portier, P., 269, 1039 Prefixes, 19 Porllandia, 655, 659 Premnas, 403 arctica community, 517 Prenant, M., 264, 266, 269 Portsmouth, N. H., 1080 Prescott, G. W., 951, 958 Foraminifera, 1080 Presence or absence factors, 536 Portugal mortality, 983 Pressure, effect on bacteria, 1040 Portuguese man-of-war fish, 403 and carbonate solubility, 251 Portunus, 847 deep sea, 645 arcuatus, 846, 848 physiological effect, 646 depurator, 418, 847 and metabolism, 503 holsalus, 846 Priapulida, 422, 1120 nasutus, 1154 Priapulus, 655, 658 sayi, 368 caudatus, 377, 789, 1120 lubercalatus, 1189 distribution, 377 Poseidon (fig.), 12 tuber culaio-spirto sits, 377 Posidonia, 552, 724, 1052, 1054, 1055 Price, W. A., 675, 676 associations, 1047 Priele, 678 oceanica, 724 Primary production in the sea, 36 Posodacna, 803 Primary productivity, 35 Post, Rita J., 1080 Prince Edward Island, intertidal, 1021 Post-glacial sediments, 1036 Prionospio japonicus, 1126 Postelsia, 566 pinnata community, 520 paltnaeformis, 539, 551 Pringle, J., 979 Posthill, B. N., 230 Prichard, D., 679, 680, 683, 684, 686, 730 Postma, H., 683, 1026 Proboscidactyla circumsabella, 392 ; facing 394 . Potomac River, oyster bars, 1130 flavicirrata, 392 Polamilla, 1030 occidenlalis, 392 myriops, 392 siellata, 392 reniformis, 418 Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 1143 torelli, 392 Procerodes, 137, 141 Potamogeton, 853, 780, 782, 789, 902 distribution, 136 marinus, 857 lobata, 846 panormitanus, 780 ulnae, 136 peclinalus, 780, 1052 volume, 137 vaginatus, 783 Production, 35, 443; (defined), 491 Fotamopyrgus crystallinus, 786 annual, 388, 499 jenkinsi, 786 Black Sea, 871 Pottier, Jacques, 958 level-bottom, 489-492 Potts, F. A., 407, 922, 1185 Limfjord (fig.), 500 Potts, W. T. W., 265, 266, 267 oceanic, 122 Pouchet, G., 265, 989 organic, 445 Poulsen, E. M., 7 in sea, 446

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Productivity, 35, 493; defined, 491 Pseudoklossia pectinis, 418 atoll, 1020 Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis, 661 bacterial, 503 Pseudophyllidea, 421 Black Sea, 865-872 Pseudomonas calcis, 260 deep sea, 501 calciprecipitans, 260 at depths, 503 Pseudorca, 1224 of Laguna Madre, 716 Pseudopotamilla intermedia, 392 Limfjord, 500 ocellata, 392 and nutrients, 314-316 Pseudosarcus, 1032 of oceans, Í02-103; (fig-). 104 Pseudoscorpions, 1176 Persian Gulf, 501 PseudostichoPus villosus, 659 on reefs, 612 Pseudovermis, 595 researches in, 11 Psychropotes, 652, 654; facing 651 Scoresby Sound, 501 Psychrosphere, 21, 641, 643 and sedimentation, 284 Pterocera, 1149 Sivash, 714 Pterodina, 856 proleptus, 422 Pteropods, 282, 450 Promesostoma balitea, 780 Pterospora maldaneorum, 418 cochlearis, 780 Ptilocodium repens, 392 lugubra, 780 Ptilosarcus sinuosus, 392 Propeamusium, 655, 659 Puccinellia maritima, 1054 Prorocentrum gracile, 121 Puerto Rico Deep, 654 micans, 121, 123, 831, 851, 855, 963, 981, 983 Puerto Rico, oysters, 1131 Prosobranchs and latitude (fig.), 465 Puffins, 1221 Prosser, C. Ladd, (ed), 135, 136, 141, 142, 1014 Puget Sound, nutrients, 315 Prostoma obscurum, 780, 783 Pungitus, 864 Protankyra, 654 platygaster, 862 bidentata, 397 Purasjoki, K. J., 751, 757, 791, 1120 Proteocephaloidea, 421 Purchon, R. D., 1016,1032 Proteolepas bivincta, 426 Purer, E. A., 727, 1056 Proteomyxa, 418 Puri, H. S., 17 Proleorkinus mar mor alus, 862 Purpura (see Thais) Protociliata, 419 lapillus, 1150 Protocystris, 643 Pütter, August, 12, 436 ProtodrUus, 848 Pycnodonte, 1129 flavocapitatus, 846 Pycnogonida, 424, 1175, 1176 rubropharyngeus, 1125 Pyefinch, K. A., 1020, 1028 Protohydra leuckarti, 595, 780 Pygoscelis adeliae, 1220 Protomonadina, 418 Pygospio, 722 Protoopalina satumalis, 419 elegans, 480, 497, 777 Prolomyzostomum polynephris, 423 Pylaiella, 788 Protozoa, 418, 1069 fulvescens, 1042 Proirickomonas legeri, 418 rupincola, 779, 782, 788, 1045 Protula protula, 494 Pyramidellidae, 408, 424 Prunus marítima, 1057 Pyramids, ecological, 34 Pruthi, Hem Singh, 1181 of mass and number (fig.)» 35 Provinces, 2, 172, 360-367 Pyra&us, 281, 624 Pruvot, G., 20, 172 palustris, 728 Pruvot-Fol, Alice, 1141 Pyron, J. H., 1042 Prymnesium parvum, 953 Pyrosoma, 1201 Pryanishnikov, N. G., 1037 Pyura haustor, 636 Psammathiomyia pectinata, 1178 stolonifera, 946 Psammechinus microtuberculatus, 1191 Pyxinoides balani, 418 miliaris, 427, 968, 1191 Qio , 159, 160, 166 Psammocora, 618 Quantitative methods in ecology, 474 gonagra, 438 Quarnero, Gulf of, 3 Psammohydra nanna, 595 Quatrefages, A. de, 3, 55 Pseudackorutes esakii, 1179 Quayle, D. B., 498 Pseudaliidae, 422 Queensland, reef, destroyed, 1095 Pseudalius inflexus, 422 Quenstedt, W., 282 Pseudemys fioridana, 1213 Quick, H. E., 497 Pseudicyema truncatum, 419 Quigley, J. P., 141 Pseudocalawus elongatus, 792, 833, 834, 1165, 1167, 1168 Quinqueloculina, 1079 minutus, 1166, 1167 Quoy, Jean René, 989 Pseudockama exogyra, 636 Rabaud, E., 1126 Pseudocladochonus hicksoni, 1107 Rabinowitch, E. I., 35, 36, 121, 123, 125 Pseudodiaptomus euryhalinus, 146 Rabor, D. S., 1214

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Rackycentron, 152 Red Sea, annelids, 1124 Radiation, solar, 112-114 coral reefs, 1092, 1094, 1097, 1099 Radiolaria, 131, 450, 643, 1069-72 fishes, 1206 zooxanthellae in, 431 Foraminifera, 1080 Radiorotula orbi cuius, 1191 mortality, 985 Rae, K. M., 1168 oxygen 223 Rafter, T. A., 243 oysters, 1130 Rahm, Gilbert, 981 Red tide, 35, 448, 935 Rai, H. S., 1129 Red water, 448, 935, 951, 953, 958 Raitt, R. W., 454 in California, 965 Raja clavata, 421 Redeke, H. C., 11, 23, 24, 146, 694, 703, 705, 707, 722, 763; Rajcevic, B„ 731 1163 Rakestraw, N. W., 186, 187, 189, 190, 194, 209, 211, 220,305, Redfield, A. C., 43, 44, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 197, 306, 309, 312, 313 201, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 215, 231, 303, 309, 313, Ralf sia, 845 324, 367, 447, 452, 456, 1168 Ralph, P. M., 44, 1028 Reduction of size in Baltic, 777 Ramage, W. D., 680, 688 Reed, John F., 1056 Ramsden, Charles, T., 1213 Reef flat, 618 Rana cancrivora, 1211, 1212 pools, 279 cyanophlyctis, 1211 Reefs, worm, 1126 esculenta, 1211 Rees, C. B., 1168 ridibunda, 1211, 1212 Rees, Kenneth T., 1047 sphenocephaly, 1212 Rees, W. J., 1147 temporaria, 1211 Reflectivity, 113 tigrina, 1211 Regan, C. T., 177, 373 Ranee, estuary, 1024 Regenerative processes, 298 Rand, R. W., 984 Regnard, Paul, 110, 646 Randall, J. E., 1090 Rehder, H. A., 1029 Randers Fjord, 700, 775 Reibisch, J., 161 Raney, Edward C., 1203 Reid, M. E., 173 Rangia ninnala, 150, 709 Reijne, A., 535, 572 flexuosa, 709 Reimers, H., 1126 Rankama, K., 131 Reinhard, E. G., 395, 1152 Rankin, M. N., 1221 Reiner, E. R., 566 Ranson, G., 258, 1100, 1132 Reisch, Donald J., 1026 Ranunculus, 780 Reitemeier, R. F., 255 obtusiflorus, 789 Relicts, in Baltic, 771 Ranzi, S., 927, 928 Black Sea, 861-865 Ranzoli, F., 1023 in estuaries, 700 Rao, H. S., 1209 living fossils, 667, 1113, 1137, 1146 Rao, K. Pampapathi, 166, 167, 267, 268, 351, 1147, 1148 Remane, Adolf, 11, 24, 73, 149, 468, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474, Rapean, J. C., 1028 490, 510, 595, 596, 597, 700, 702, 703, 751, 763, 774, 777 Rapson, A. M., 597, 601 779, 781, 789, 790, 791, 792, 1014, 1026, 1118, 1126 Raroia, reefs, 1100 Remanetierchen, 790-791 Rarotonga, reefs, 1092 Remora, 405 (fig.); 404, 427 von Rath, G., 986 Renard, A. F., 963, 968 Rathbun, R., 1100 Reniera, 847 Ratios, of isotopes, 244 Renn, Charles E., 194, 305, 306, 1039 von Raupach, F., 827, 829 Renouf, L. P. W., 497, 1199 Rauther, M., 1118 Reproduction in Baltic, 777 Rauzer-Chernousova, D. M., 829 Reproductive stenotherms, 376 Ravich-Shcherbo, J. A., 823 Reptiles, 1213 Rawitscher, Felix K., 1047 insular, 1214 Rawson, D. S., 143 Respiration, copepods, 1166 Rawson, Rawson W., 989 dark bottle technique, 191 Raymond, Percy E., 132 Resurgent populations, 935, 937 Rawitz, B., 266 Retusa, 848 Raymont, J. E. G., 11, 688, 707, 1166, 1168 truncatula, 805 Rebikoff, Dimitri, 55 Reuning, E., 984 Recent carbonate sediments, 282 Reuszer, H. W., 309, 1039 Rechnitzer, A., 920 Revelle, Roger, 55, 100, 187, 215, 239, 242, 243, 244,251, 252, Reconstruction of Caspian basin, 906-912 257, 263, 264, 277, 279, 283, 449, 970 Recrystallization at Bikini, 277 Reynoldson, T. B., 41 of calcareous skeletons, 275 Rhabdiasoidea, 422 Recurring mortality, 942 Rhabditis ocypodis, 422 Red alga zone, 618 Rhabditoidea, 422 Red clay, 645 Rhabdocoela, 420

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Rhabdoliths, 444 Ringer's solution, 141 Rhabdopleura normani, 1197 Rio Grande Ridge, 327 Rhagovelia, 1178 Ripple marks, 590 Rheumobates crinitus, 1180 Risbec, J., 1100 Rhincalanus nasutus, 833 Riss glaciation, 804 Rhinoptera bomasus, 421 Rissoa, 846 Rhipocephalus, 261 inconspicua, 497 Rhithropanopeus harrisi, 787 membranacea, 497 Rhizocaryum concavum, 419 Ritchie, James, 2 Rhizocephala, 426 Ritchie, J. A., 393 abyssal, 663 Rittenberg, S. C., 260, 1036, 1039, 1040 Rhizoclonium, 125, 707 Ritter, Wm. E., 1201 riparium, 725 River flow to Black Sea, 819 Rhizocrinus lofotensis, 667 Rivers, tides in, 681 Rhizophora, 624, 728, 1053 Riviera mortality, 976 . harrisoni, 1057 Rivoire, Jean, 55 mangle, 1053, 1057 Rivularia, 261, 1048 racemosa, 1057 atra, 539 Rhizophydium conchii, 1051 Roberts, B., 558 Rhizopoda, 418 Robertson, Alice, 1111 Rhizopsammia minuta, 1089 Robertson, G. M., 1203 Rkizosolenia, 316, 792, 830, 870, 901 Robinson, J. D„ 231, 239, 263, 264, 266, 269 alata, 1067 Robinson, R. J., 305, 308, 309, 315, 351 calcar-avis, 855, 908 Robson, G. C., 694 styliformis, 1062, 1064, 1067 Roch, Felix, 1032 Rhodochorton rolhii, 1048 Le Roche, S., 151 Rhodomela subfusca, 779, 788 Rochford, D. J., 674, 680, 690, 691 Rhombus maximus, 908 Rodionova, K. E., 1037 Rhopalura granosa, 419 Rogali, E., 310 ophiocomae, 419 Rogers, C. F., 951, 953, 958 Rhodymenia, 349 Rogers, C. G., 142 aßnis, 551 Rogers, F. L., 697 pacifica, 635 Rogers, H. M., 679 palmata, 564 Rogers, Rosalie, 147 Rhone delta, 1026 Romania (also as Roumania and Rumania) Rhumbler, L„ 174 Romanov, N. S., 865, 872, 916 Rhynchobdellida, 423 Romer, Alfred S., 145 Rhynchobolus, 847 Roonwal, M. L., 1032 Rhynchocoela, 422 Rosanov, A., 963 Rhynchonerella, 1121 del Rosario, F., 148 Rhythm, 917 Rosea, D. I., 843 Rhytina, 1223 Rose, Walter, 1212 Rice, L., 567 Rosenberg, F. T., 1221 Rich, John Lyon, 966 Rosene, H. F., 568 Rich, W. H., 174 Rosenvingea stellata, 1042 Richards A. G., 269 Rossby, C.-G., 194, 201, 202, 447 Richards, F. A., 185, 215 Rotalia, 1079 Richards, F. T., 727 Rotatoria, 422, 1118 Richards, P. W„ 537 Rothe, F., 766, 794 Richardson, W. D., 1049 Rothpletz, A., 261 Richdale, Lancelot Eric, 1221 Rothschild, Miriam, 421 Richter, Rudolf, 10, 281, 734, 941, 967, 969, 1126 Rothwell, W. T., Jr., 1163 Ricker, William E., 42,1210 Rotschi, Henry, 280 Ricketts, E. F., 366, 505, 542, 556, 558, 567,1015 Rottgardt, Dietrich, 24, 707, 710, 728 Ridley, Henry N., 1056 Rotthauwe, H. W., 787 Riddle, A. R., 1141 Rotula augusti, 1191 Riedel, W. R„ 283, 1069 Roughley, T. C., 401,1132,1209 Riedl, R., 77 Roumania mortality, 987 Riegel, Byron, 953 Rounsefell, George A., 987 Van Riel, P. M., 215, 228, 229 Roussel, H. Essai, 957, 986 Riga, Gulf of, 753 Routh, M., 1221 Rigby, J. K., 257, 628, 1100 Rowan, M. K., 1221 Riley, G. A., 11, 36, 38, 122, 123, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, Royal Commission to Investigate Fisheries Problems, 4 198, 200, 204, 207, 210, 219, 242, 337, 446, 691, 692, 957, Royce, W. F., 1204 1066, 1168 Rozeboom, L. E., 1181 Ring-dredge, 1155 Rozhdestvensky, A.f 818 Ringer, Sidney, 141 Rubey, W. W„ 133, 143, 241, 245, 247, 712

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Rudd, DeForestP., 209 Saliccrnia, 707, 725, 1052 Rudolph, E., 943, 945, 974, 976 ambigua, 1054 Ruedemann, Rudolf, 971 australis, 727 Ruivo, Mario, 1051 europaea, 727, 1057 Rukina, E. A., 823, 824, 825, 958, 959, 1038 herbaceae, 1054 Rumanian Limans, 853 Salinity, (defined), 129 Rumex crispus, 1057 in the abyss, 647 Runnstrom, S., 169, 451 Aral Sea, 913 Ruppia, 707, 725, 789, 902 adaptation in Black Sea, 843 maritima, 1052, 1054, 1057 annual (fig.), 90 Russell, C. R., 1118 average, 129 Russell, E. S., 151, 173, 1210 Baltic, 754, 756, 757, 758 Russell, F. S., 8, 212, 898, 1108 Black Sea, 809, 812, 813 Russell, M., 629 and bryozoa, 1110 Russell, P. F., 1181 Caspian Sea, 894 Russell, R. D., 681, 730 classifications, 24, 763 Russell, R. J., 681, 693, 729, 730 and corals, 1088 Russian Limans, 854 deep sea, 647 Russian translation, 8 and distribution, 146 Rustad, Einar, 123 Sivish (fig.), 715 Rutilus frisii, 862 of estuaries, 685 rutilus caspicus, 903, 911 fluctuations, Gulf of Finland, 760 Ruttner, Franz, 1015 gradient, biomass, 704 Ruud, J. T., 63, 67, 71 and species, 148, 704 Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, 1205 interstitial water, 732 Ryther, J. H., 80, 192 Laguna Madre, 687, 716 Rytiphlaea tincloria, 1132 as limiting factor, 150 Sabella penicillus, 494 on marshes, 727 Sabellaria, 848 and mass mortality, 945 alveolata, 1126 and microfauna (fig.), 710 spinulosa, 1126 of mud, 677 Sabellarifex, 1126 and phytoplankton, 447 Saccocirrus, 848, 849 and plankton, 455 papillocercus, 846, 848 profile, Laguna Madre (fig.), 687 sands, 846 Sea of Azov, 855 Saccopharynx, 643 Skagerrak, 755 Sacculina, 1158 of substrate, 677 carcini, 426 and size, 151, 152, 153, 777 Sadowsty, A. A., 959 and species (fig.), 701, 702 Saelen, O. H., 688, 689 tolerances, 717 Safir, S. R., 1157 of Caspian fauna, 864 Sagami Bay mortality, 976 Varna Lake (fig.), 850, 851 Sagartia parasitica, 419 and zonation, 568 troglodytes, 501, 1090 Salmo salar, 795 Sagarliogeton califomica, 402 trutta caspius, 900 Sagitta, 792 Salmon, intertidal spawning, 1207 elegans, 315, 792, 1118 Salomon Atoll, coral reefs, 1094 area, 1064 Salomon-Calvi, W., 805 euxina, 833, 834 Salomonsen, Finn., 1221 setosa, 315, 833, 834, 1118 Salpa, 420 area, 1064 democratica, 1201 Sahama, T. G., 131 Salpida, 1201 Said, Rusdi, 257, 1080 Salsola kali, 1057 Sakai, Tune, 1157 Salterns, 712 Sakumato, D., 1097 Bulgaria, 853 Salamanders, 1211 organisms, 712 Salarius (Tstiblennius) zebra, 575 Salton Sea, 697, 712 Salda, 1177 Salt effect, 205 lateralis, 1178 Salt tolerance, fishes, 148 littoralis, 1178 Salts, proportion, 129 opacula, 1178 Samoa, 335 pallipes, 1178 alcyonarians, 1106 pilosa, 1178 reefs, 1097, 1099 pilosella, 1178 Samolus valerandi, 1057 setulosa, 1178 Samplers, manufacturers of, 73 Saldidae, 1178 Samples, handling, 68 Saliula pallipes, 1178 weighing, 69

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Sampling techniques, 68 Sawaya, P., 603 Samuel, Mary, 518, 520 Sawoe Basin, 229 Samuelsson, G., 780 Saxidomus giganteus, 498 San Ferdinandea mortality, 974 Sayle, M. H., 167 San Francisco Bay, 682, 684, 687, 1024, 1030 Sayles, R. W., 285 tides, 680 Scaccini, A., 1209 San Diego Bay, 690 Scalibregma inßatum, 497 San Diego, marsh, 1056 Scalpellum, 653, 660, 661, 662 San Pedro Bay, 690, 732 Scaphandre autonome, 55 , 638 Sanders, H. L., 1175 Scaphula deliae, 1029 Sanders, M. (after 1934, Brongersma-Sanders), 967 Scalella sexnolata, 1182 Sanderson, E. D., 160 Scattergood, L. W., 1209 Sandon, H., 1080 Scattering layer and oxygen, 213 Sandoz, Mildred, 147 Scattering, light, 118 Sanibel Island, 949 Scavenging, chemical, 347, 351 Sanidal, 19 Schachter, Denise, 687, 729, 1026 Sand community, Sea of Azov, 861 Schaefer, Milner B., 1210 Sand flats, of reefs, 623 Schäfer, Wilhelm, 734, 1020, 1157 Sand fauna, food chain (fig.)» 597 Scheer, B. T., 44, 136, 1189 Sand-living animals, 592 Scheffer, V. B., 980 Sandy beaches, 587 Schenck, H. G., 55, 56, 364, 365, 367, 1080 Santa Lucia estuary, 713 Scheuring, Ludwig, 960, 979 Santos-Pinto, Jaime Dos, 983 Schewiakoff, W., 1072 Sapa, 979 Schijfsma, K., 392 Sapanca, Lake, 862 Schizamoeba salmonis, 418 Sapper, Karl, 945, 974 Schizobranckia insignis, 392 Sapropelium, 962 Schizogregarinina, 418 Sarasin, Ed., 109 Schizopoda, 1153, 1154 Sarcina ureae, 1040 Sckizotkaerus, 1025 Sarcodina, 418, 1069 nuttali, 637 Sarcopkyton, 620 Schlanger, S. O., 274 Sarcophytum, 622, 627 Schlienz, W., 146 Sarcotretes scopeli, 393 Schlieper, C., 136, 137, 138, 776 Sarda, 866, 867 Schlottke, E., 425, 1126 sarda, 866, 867 (fig.) Schmidt, Johannes, 203, 211, 224 Sardina, 866 Schmidt, K. P., 19, 20, 148, 177, 463, 465, 611, 728, pilckardus, 372, 374 1012, 1013, 1211, 1213, 1214 Sardine, spawning temp., 376 Schmidt, P. J., 363, 1209 Sardinops caerulea, 372, 374 Schmidt, W., 114 ocellata, 372, 374 Schmidt, W. J., 266, 1072 melanosticla, 372, 375 Schmitt, W. L., 683, 684, 1151 neopilckardus, 372, 374-375 Schnakenbeck, W., 778, 984 sagax, 372, 374 Schneider, Carlos Oliver, 981 Sargasso Sea, 220, 444 Schneider, G., 791, 1132 oxygen, 222 Schoener, H., 925 phosphate, 320 Scholander, P. F., 156, 167, 522 Sargassum, 623, 644 Schnoor, H., 947 fiuitans, 444 Schott, G., 90, 97, 101, 102, 163, 225, 230, 970, 988, 989 natans, 444 Schott, Wolfgang, 284, 970 Sargassum fauna, 367; (fig.), 368 Schouteden, H., 1191 Sargent, M. C., 205, 576, 612, 687, 1020, 1100 Schreiber, E., 305 Sarmatian Basin, 803 Schreiber, S., 121, 123 Sarmatian Fauna, 861 Schröder, O., 1072 Sarmatian fishes, 862-863 Schroeder, W. C., 1203, 1206, 1208 Sarmatic relicts in Caspian, 895 Schuchert, C., 131, 1115 Sars, Georg O., 1163 Schultz, Alfred Reginald, 961 Sars, Michael, 1 Schultz, L. P., 403 Saruhashi, K„ 251 Schultze, Leonhard, 984 Sasaki, T., 54, 650 Schulz, B., 757, 758, 791 Sasic liman, 853 Schulz, E., 595, 596, 599 Sato, S., 1167 Schumacher, Arnold A., 219 Saunders, L. G., 1181 Schütte, H., 733 Sauramo, M., 769 Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H., Jr., 1118 Savage, R. E., 958 Schwabe, G. H., 981 Savory, H. J., 1056 Schwartz, B., 1157 Saville-Kent, W., 724, 1100, 1141 Schwarz, A., 734 Savilov, A. N., 1147 Schweigger, Erwin, 980, 981

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Sciacchitano, I., 712 Black Sea, 807, 827-830 Sciaenids, 1209 and corals, 1088 Scilly Islands mortality, 987 Danube, 828 Scirpus, 707, 725, 780, 789 in estuaries, 677, 729 martimus, 1057 fauna, 1020 parvulus, 782 in marshes, 729 tabernaemontani, 1057 of mass mortality regions. 969 Sclar, Ruth, S., 1208 and Pleistocene stages, 283 Scleractinia, 1103 in tidal flats, 729 Scleropkytum, 433 oceanic, facing 668 Scleroplax granúlala, 396 origin of, 731 Scofield, W. L., 75 and organisms (fig.), 720 Scolecolepis fuliginosa, 494 reworking, 732 Scoliopleura laiestriata, 1059 Sea of Azov, 855 Scolitkus, 1126 solution in, 281 Scoloplos armiger, 774, 790 Segal, Earl 1148 Scomber, 866, 867, 868 Segerstrâle, S. G., 149,496, 497, 699, 704, 709, 730, 732, 751, scombrus, 866 757, 758, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 769, 777, 778, Scoop grab, 65 780,782,785,790 Scoresby Sound, productivity, 501 Sei whale, 1225 Scorpaenichlhys marmoratus, 637 Seibert, G., 1039 Scotland, algae, 1045, 1049 Seiches, 681 Scotoplanes, 659, 661 Seilacher, A., 520, 595, 604 galatheae, 659 Seisonacea, 422 globosa, 659 Seiwell, Gladys Eddy, 209, 324 Scotoanassa, 654 Seiwell, H. R., 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 200, 202, 204, 208, 209, translúcida, 653 219, 220, 221, 300, 313, 316, 320, 322, 323, 324 Scott, A., 1155 Selenidium potamillae, 418 Scott, K. M. F., 1023, 1024 Selenium tubes, 110 Scripps canyon, 633; facing 633 , 638 Selenococcidium intermedium, 418 biota, 635 Semon, Richard, 1141 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9, 10, 225, 226, 232 Semper, K., 163, 170, 174 Scrobicularia, 420 Senckenberg-am-Meer, 10, 722, 734 plana, 495, 805 Senckenbergiana, 10 SCUBA, 55 Sénégal, intertidal, 1020 Scylla, 624 mortality, 983 serrata, 1152 Senez, J., 1039 Scyllaea pelagica, 368, 445 Sepia, 978 Scyphozoa, 420, 1108 officinalis, 418, 419, 949, 978, 1144 Scytosiphon, 845 Seres, 43 lamenlarius, 839 Serialopora, 618, 619, 628, 1097 Sea and land, compared, 29 angulata, 624, 625 Sea of Azov (see Azov, Sea of) hystrix, 622, 627, 1090, 1096 Sea snakes, 1214 Seriatoporidae, 1090 Sea spiders, 1175 Seriola zonata, 394 Sea water, composition of, 129-133 Sernander, R., 20 Seal, in Caspian, 900 Serpulidae, aragonite in, 265 Sealing layer, 814 Serpuloid reefs, 716 Seaquakes and mortality, 945 Serrivomer sector, 643 Sears, Mary, 226, 231 Sertularia, 445 Seashore study, 3 polyzonias, 847 Seaside station, 3 Sesarma, 721 Seasonal changes, beach, 587 Setchell, W. A., 168, 172, 373, 573, 1057, 1101 Sea ton, S. L., 226 Setipinna breviceps, 709 Seaward reefs, 614-619 melanochir, 709 Sebasles marinus, 960, 979, 987 taty, 709 norvegicus, 979 Settling, of barnacles, 1158 Sébastodes atrovirens, 637 Seurat, L. G., 407, 721 Sebastopol, biocoenoses near (fig.), 844 Sewell, R. B. S., 1101, 1201 mortality, 989 Seydel, Emil, 983 Secchi, P. A., 109 Shaler, N. S., 5, 587, 725, 946, 980, 1057 Secchi disk, 109, 111 Shales, origin of, 961, 971 Sedentaria, 423 Shark teeth, 968 Sediments, abyssal region, 645 Sharpe, J. S., 269 bacteria in, 1036 Shaw, Napier, 29 carbonates, 282 Shaw, Tsen-Hwang, 1212 Baltic, 768 Shchapova, T. F., 1047

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Shearwaters, 1219, 1220, 1221 Size, of corals, 1089 Sheldon, R. P., 965 of diatoms, 1064 Shelf, 21 distribution, in beaches, 601 communities, 461 of mollusks, 151 deposits, Black Sea, 828 reduction in Baltic, facing 782 Shelford, V. E., 5, 10, 43, 46, 110, 147, 161, 166, 172, 359, 467, and salinity, 777, 779; (fig.), 152 468, 470, 471, 472, 485, 505, 514, 518 Sjostedt, Gunnar, 983 Shell, of brachiopods, 266 Sjôstedt, Ingve, 1214 mollusks, 266-267 Skager Rak, isopods, 1155 pigment and salinity, 150 ostracods, 1162 thickness and salinity, 150 Skeletonema, 901 Shelubsky, M„ 953, 958 costatum, 123, 830, 831, 855 Shepard, F. P., 69, 485, 591, 588, 589, 633, 675, 730, 732, 734, Skellam, J. G., 41 964, 965, 966 Skogsberg, Tage, 315, 1163 Sherwood, George H., 982 Skopintsev, B., 824 Shipley, A. E., 1117 Skottsberg, C., 1048 Shokal'sky, J. M., 808, 810, 815, 969 Skud, Bernard Einar, 1207 Shore community, Black Sea, 849 Skutch, A. F., 541, 550, 564, 575 Sea of Azov, 861 Skvortsov, E. F., 808, 815, 817, 830 Shore ponds, salinity, 129 Slastenenko, E. P., 865 Shotwell, J. A., 569, 575, 1150 Sleggs, G. F., 960 Shrock, R. R., 20 Slevin, Joseph, R., 1214 Shufeldt, R. W„ 1221 Slime eels, 1203 Shuster, C rl N., Jr., 1171, 1172 Slime film, 44, 1027, 1028 Shvetsov, M. S., 260 in sea, 958 Siberian Shelf, 222 Sloane, J. F., 1016 Siboglinum ekmani, 1197 Slobodkin, L. Basil, 946, 953, 956, 957, 984 Sideraslrea, 437, 1104 van Slooten J., 982 radians, 1095 Sloss, L. L., 734 von Sieberg, August, 945, 976 Sluiter, C. P., 974, 1101 Siegel, Sidney, 48 van Slyke, E., 1030 Sigalion squamatum, 494 Slump structures, 733 Sigara stagnalis, 776 Smallwood, Mabel E., 1157 Sigerfoos, C. P., 393, 1032 Smidt, E. L. B., 71, 73, 165, 482, 497 , 505, 722, 947 Sigsbee trawl, 75; (fig.), 76 Smirnov, A. N., 865 Silica, in estuaries, 693 Smith, C. L., 257, 260, 265, 278 re-solution, 310 Smith, Ed. H., 210, 220, 222 Silicate, deep sea, 647 Smith, Essie M„ 1162, 1163 Monterey Bay, 315 Smith, F. G. Walton, 449, 567, 953, 956, 984, 1031, 1101 equilibrium, 245 Smith, G. M., 569, 1015, 1048 Siliceous oozes, 645 Smith, Geoffrey, 1152 Silicoflagellates, 444, 1073 Smith, H. G., 429, 436, 437, 438, 1101, 1199 Silicon cycle, 309-310 Smith, H. M., 981 Siliqua patula, 498, 1148, 1149 Smith, H. P., 303, 498, 539 Simmons, S. W., 1177, 1181 Smith, H. W., 138, 144, 145 Simpson, Don G., 143 Smith, J. E., 63, 498 Simpson, G. G., 695 Smith, J. L. B., 712, 947, 951, 964, 979, 1209 Simroth, H., 1148 Smith, James H. C., 121 Singer, Charles, 1 Smith, L. M„ 1181 Sinking particles, 209 Smith, Malcolm A., 1215 Sinularia, 620, 622; facing 626 Smith, N. R., 251, 260 Sipho curtus, 403 Smith, P. B., 451, 1131 Siphonales, 261 Smith, R. I., 700, 843, 1026, 1126 Siphonaria alternata, 1149 Smith, S. I., 4, 5 japónica, 1149 Smith, W., 65 Siphonariidae, 1150 Smith, W. W., 1039 Siphonocladus, 279 Smith bottom sampler, 65 Siphonophora, 1108 SNELLIUS expedition, 228 Sipunculids, 423, 1120 Snezhinskii, V. A., 53 symbiotic with corals, 1089 Snodgrass, R. E., 594 Société de Biogéographie, 1015 Sirenia, 1223 Soeda, Jansuke, 1148 Sivash, 691, 713-716, 947 Sokolov, N., 802 biomass, 713 Solar constant, (defined), 112 productivity, 714 energy, 112 salinity, 129 radiation, 112-120, 445 Sivickis, P. B., 1195 Solea vulgaris, 978

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Solenogastres, 424 Spawining, of bottom invertebrates, 473 Solenosmilia variabilis, 1095 of grunion, 919-920 Solentia, 261 Spawning runs, mortality, 960 Solitary corals, 1095 Species and latitude (fig.)» 464 Sollas, W. J., 697, 731 Species, numbers of, 465 Sollaud, E., 1152, 1157 Spectrophotometer, 110 Solomon M. E. 115 O I en* iflti «Spumellaria, 1069 Spathipora, 423 Spurilla neopolitana, 432 ditrupae, 1031 Spurway, Helen, 1211 serlum, 1031 Spyridia, 707

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Squalus acanthias, 315, 352 Stichopus, 405, 623, 637 suckleyi, 141 chlorontus, 1195 Squid, in canyons, 637 japonicus, 497, 1194 mortalities, 967 moebi, 1194 Srednyaya Guba (fig.), 720 parvimmsis, 1195 Stability, of Black Sea, 814, 815 Stickleback, 145 ocean waters, 94 Stictyosiphon tortilis, 788 Stach, L. W., 1079 Stiglich, Germán, 981 Staesche, K., 959 Stitifer, 424 Steinforth, R. M., 1080 Stock, J. H., 704, 1157 Stalin Lake, 8S1 Stock, (defined), 499 Stammer, H. J., 782 Stohler R., 953 Stamp, W. R., 55 Stoichactis, 403, 618, 622, 624 Stanbury, R. A., 121 Stokes, J. L., 309, 1066 Standard units of bottom areas, 475 Stomatopods, 1153 Standen, Robert, 1140 Slomias, 643 Standing crop, 35, 388, 490; (defined), 489 Stommei, Henry, 231, 446, 680, 683, 1168 in deep sea, 503 Stomoxys calcitrans, 1177, 1181 parallel (fig.), 502 Stone, Alan, 1181 Stanger, D. Warren, 953 Storebaelt, 752 Stanier, R. Y., 1039 Storer, Tracy, I., 1212 Stanmore Bay, New Zealand, intertidal, 1043 Storey, Margaret, 165, 166, 949, 979 Stapff, F. M., 984 Storms, mortality, 960 Staphylinids, 1177, 1179 Storrow, B., 1133 Statistics in ecology, 48 Storthyngura benli, 660 Stauber, L. A., 407, 427, 1133 furcata, 660 Staufier, Robert C., 1021 pulchra, 660 Slaurocephalus rudolphi, 494 van Straaten, L. M. J. U., 678, 732, 733 Stauroneis salina, 1059 Strain, H. H., 121, 125 Steady state, 34 Strakhov, N. M., 802, 803, 804, 806, 821, 822, 823, 824, 827, Stearns, S., 980 828, 829, 830 Stebbing, T. R. R., 1151 Strand and dune flora, 1052 Stechow, E., 392, 394 Strand Zone, Black Sea, 845-846 Steeman Nielsen, E., 11, 37, 80, 103, 110, 122, 123, 192, 193, Stranding, of Cetaceans, 1224 445, 446, 953, 955, 958, 983, 984 mortality, 960 Stefan, Nitu, 843 Stratification in Black Sea, 810 Steinbeck, John, 366 Stratosphere, 21 Stejneger, Leonhard, 1215 (in Black Sea), 810 Stclleltinopus, 1085 Strauch, Alexander, 1215 Slenella, 1224 Straughan, Jeannette, 707, 1050 Slenocuma lenuicanda, 864 Streamlines in estuary (fig.), 679 Stenodus leucichthys, 900 Streblospio dekhuyzeni, 780, 782 Stenzel, H. B., 1135 Streets, T. H., 981 Stephen, A. C„ 497, 498, 508, 509, 512, 515, 519, 601, 1013, Strenzke, Karl, 1176 1120, 1192 Stroikina, V. G., 870 Stephanoscyphus, 656 Str0m, Kaare Munster, 491, 688, 689, 732, 986 Stephanoseris, 1098 Stromateus cinereus, 709 Stephens, Edith L., 951, 958 niger, 709 Stephenson, Anne, 9, 170, 537, 541, 543, 547, 548, 549, Strombus, 622 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 568, 599, 628, 728, 928, 1019, bubonius, 805 1021, 1101 gigas, 404 Stephenson, H. K., 629 Stromer von Reichenbach, E., 980 Stephenson, J. P., 483 Strongylocentrotus, 280 Stephenson, T. A., 9, 362, 364, 401, 402, 537, 541, 543, 547, drobrachensis, 1030 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 563, 568, 577, 599, franciscanus, 637 623, 628, 728, 1013, 1019, 1021, 1098, 1101, 1108 lividus, 1030 Stephenson, W., 303, 690, 1027 Strongyloidea, 422 Sternaspis sculala, 841 Strontium, 348 Sternoptyx, 653 in algae, 262, 349 Steubing, Eleonore, 1057 in Foraminifera, 264 Steuer, Adolf, 7, 171, 173, 175, 367, 957, 958, 1133, 1192 in Mytilus, 349 Steven, G. A., 63 Strontium/calcium ratio, 277, 355 Stevens, Belle, A., 1157 Strontium carbonate, in molluscs, 268 Stevenson, R. E., 673, 727, 729, 730, 733 in warm waters, 273 Steyn, Douw G., 951, 958 Struve, K., 494 Stiasny, S., 378 Stubbings, H. G., 956, 962, 969, 985, 1028, 1064, 1209 Stichocotyle nephrops, 421 Stuckey, R. G., 957, 980, 982

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Studer, Théophile, 1107 Suomalainen, G., 786 Stumpnose Bay mortality, 984 Super-oceanic deeps (term), 21 Stundl, K., 851 Super-ozeanische Tiefen, 645 Stunkard, H. L., 419 Supralittoral, 17, 18, 19, 27 Sturany, R., 1141 fringe, 547 Sturgeons, benthos, 912 pools, 572 Stutzer, O., 946, 980 zone. 547, 549 Stuart, T. A., 1181 Supratidal, 18 Styela monter eyensis, 351 Surface currents, Black Sea, 815-818 Slygicola, 667 Surface salinity, ocean, 89, 129 Stylactis hooperi, 393 Surface temperature, average ocean, 89 Stylaria lacustris, 790 Surge channels, 615 Stylasler, 619 Sursalee, 25 asper, 624 Suspended matter, 383 Stylatula elongata, 636 Suspension feeders, 385 Siylephorus, 653 Susquehanna River, 946 Slylochoplana parasitica, 420 Sutton, Doris, 352, 353, 354 Stylochus ellipticus, 420 Suyehiro, Yasuo, 1209 frontalis, 420 Svedelius, N., 779 inimicus, 1132 Svenonius, B., 791 pilidium, 1130 Sverdrup, H. U., 90, 93, 97, 186, 192, 194, 195, 204, 208, zebra, 420 209, 222, 226, 298, 299, 330, 335, 447, 814, 956, 970, Stylocoeniella, 618 1015 Slylophora, 618, 619, 628, 1997 Sverdrup et al., 19, 20, 89, 92, 94, 100, 113, 114, 116, 119, mordax, 622 123, 129, 172, 174, 186, 205 , 207 , 211, 221, 223, 225, pistillata, 622, 1090 226, 227, 230, 241, 243, 247, 299, 334, 336, 337, 443, Slylotella agminata, 1085 447, 491, 610, 681, 682, 947 , 951, 955, 977, 979, 981 Styracaster, 652, 658 1015 horridus, 653, 654 Swamps, S. E. United States, 1057 Suaedia linearis, 1054 Swan, E. F., 485 maritima, 1054 Swansea, algal growth, 1047 Subantarctic algae, 1048 Swanson, J. H., 505 Subantarctic Intermediate layer, 217 Swanson, Paul L., 1215 Suberites domuncvlus, 399, 845 Swanson, R. W., 965 Sublittoral, 17, 19 Swash bars, 590 benthos, 19 Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 213, 215, 223, 226, 227, communities, 461 653, 654, 664 fringe, 552 Sweeney, Beatrice M., 122 pools, 576 Swennen, C. Van de C. S., 960, 987 zone, 551 Sydney harbour, 1031 Submarine canyons, 633-639 Sykes, G., 681 Submarine daylight, 120 Symbiosis, (defined), 391; 429, 1089, 1091 Subsurface salinities, Baltic, 763 in carnivores, 430 Substrate, 677 in herbivores, 430 choice of, 482 origin of, 430 and communities, 473 and sponges, 1086 Subtropical Convergence, 216, 223 Symbiotic hydroids (table), 392-394 Succession, 43, 44 Symonds, Ralph F., 75 marshes, 726 Symonds, W. S., 989 North Sea, 1159 Symphyllia, 619, 622 Suctoria, 419 Synagoga mira, 426 Sudry, L., 730, 733 Synaphobranchus, 650, 664, 666, 667 Suess, H., 242, 243, 244 Synapta, 846 Suez Canal, 223, 711-714 digitala, 1195 Suez, Gulf of, reefs, 1090 minuia, 1193 Sukkertoppen mortality, 949, 979 Synapticula reciprocans, 713 Sulcatoxanthin, 121 Synchaeta, 792, 793, 856 Sulfate, Black Sea, 821 baltica, 793 Sulfate-reducing bacteria, 1037, 1040 fennica, 780 Sulfate reduction, 260, 1036 monopus, 780, 792 , 793 Sulfide in sand, 592 Syncoelidium pellucidum, 420 Sulfur bacteria, 1035, 1036 Syncoryne exiwia, 374-375 Sulfur cycle in beach (fig.), 593 Syndosmya, 477, 478, 803, 846, 847, 857 Sulfur, fish in, 712 alba, 488, 494, 495, 497, 845, 848 Sumatra mortality, 989 Sumner, F. B., 5, 167, 683, 684 community, 510 communities, 510; figs., 509, 511

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fluctuations (fig.), 481 Taylor, Clyde, C., 78 ovata, 713, 804, 807, 908 Taylor, H. F., 984, 1209 community, 860 Taylor, Kenneth, M., 349, 1198 profundorum, 654 Taylor, W. P., 173 Synecology, 9 Taylor, Wm. Randolph, 711, 725, 727, 1048 Synedra acus, 851 Taylor, T. G., 1096 pulchella, 782 Tchernavin, V. V., 1207 labulala, 782 Tealia lofotensis, 636 Syngnathidae, 144 Tebble, N., 1028 Syngnalhus, 899, 903 Tectus niloticus, 1041 abaster, 863 Tegula, 1033 anguineus, 945, 974, 989 funebralis, 550 nigricollis, 843 brunnea, 550 nigrolinealus, 861, 862 Teichert, C., 258, 278, 281, 1135 caspius, 908 Teichmuller, R., 959 typhla, 843 Tekirghiol liman, 853 Synidotea laticauda, 708 Telescopium, 624 macginiliei, 708 lelescopium, 728 •Syracospkaera carterae, 448 Telesto, 1105 Systema Naturae, 1152 Television, underwater, 55 Systematic zoology, 5, 7 Tellina, 622, 623 Szidat, Lothar, 987 communities, 507 Table Bay, fouling, 1028 dislorla-Tellina donacina community, 508 mortality, 984 fabula, 497 Tackypleus gigas, 1172, 1173 lilaeina community, 508 tridentaius, 1173 nilida, 805 Taenioidea, 422 lenera community, 508 Taganrog, Bay of, 854 tenuis, 497, 498, 594 (fig.), 601, 1145, 1148 Tagelus plebius, 1143 -Tellina fabula community, 507 Tahiti, corals, 1092 Tellinacea, 1149 Tailliez P., 55 Telmatogeton, 1182 Taimyr mortality, 988 Temora longicomis, 792, 793, 1165, 1166, 1168 Tait, J., 338, 1157 Tenarea tortuosa, 1044 Takahashi, K., 1126 Telosporidia, 418 Takahasi, S-, 603, 604 Temnocephalids, 420 Takai, T., 151 Temperate regions, growth in, 171 Takatsuki, S., 435 Temperature, Aral Sea, 914 Talavera, Florencio, 1141 and bryozoa, 1109 Talilrus, 602 in beaches, 588 Talorchestia, 601 Baltic, 764 brito, 846 Black Sea, 869-811 longicomis, 1157 carbonate solubility and, 251 Tamar estuary, 685 Caspian Sea, 894 Tamura, T., 264, 1101 coefficients, 159 Tanada, T., 121 compensations, 168 Tan Sin Hok, 261 and corals, 1088, 1099 Tandy, G., 623, 728, 1101 of deep sea, 647 Tining, A. Vedel, 988 and deep-sea species, 669 Tanna Volcano mortality, 974 Temperature and distribution, 172-174, 369 Tanner, Z. L., 965, 980, 981 in estuaries, 684 Tansley, A. G., 33 effect on bacteria, 1036, 1037, 1040 Tapes (see also Paphia), 803, 847 gradients and structure, 178 calverti, 805 and growth and form, 174-176 decussatus, 393, 1148 and mortality, 947 pullaslra, 498 N. Hemisphere, 89 proclivis, 846 ocean, 88 rugatus, 847 Oligocene, 379, 668 Tapes terrace, 808 optimum, 161 Tapkus keies, 1121 and periodicity, 171-172 Tanystylum orbiculare, 368 and phytoplankton, 447 Tardigrada, 424, 1175 and plankton, 451, 452 Tarkhov, S., 818 patterns (fig.), 375 Tarletonbeania crenularis, 988 ranges (fig.), 96, 160 Taskin, George A., 894 and reef distribution, 626 Tasmania, intertidai, 1018 regions, 362 Tauber, A. F., 1156 Tay, Firth of, fauna, 703 and reproduction, 168-171, 451

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Temperature, S. Hemisphere, 89 Thalassina anomala, 728 and size, 175 Thalassinidea, 1155 and structure, 176 Thalassionema nitzsckioides, 830, 831, 832, 855 surface (fig.), 89 Thalassomyia frauenfeldi, 846 tolerance, 947 setosipennis, 1182 and tides (fig.), 569 Thalassiosira baliica, 782, 792 variations, 88 nana, 855 \ NO. . ... 11.V UOI.C OOi Thaliacea, 1201 zonal types, 371 Thamdrup, H. M., 63, 64, 498, 505, 523, 722, 723, 732 and zonation, 568 Thanatocoenosis, 40 zones, characteristics, 362 Tharyx multifilis, 657 Temporary plankton, 450 Thau Lagoon, 730 Temrjuk mortality, 983 Theel, Hj., 377, 1195 Teodoresco, E. C., 841 Thelepus cincinnatus, 494 Terebella lapidaria, 494 Tkelohania maenadis, 419 nebulosa, 494 Thiodoridis, Jean, 1051 Terebellides, 848 Theodoxus fimiatilis, 779, 780, 783, 790 eurystethus, 657 litoralis, 779 stroemi, 476, 777, 789, 790, 845, 847 Thermal death point, 163 Terebra, 595, 622 Thermocline, Black Sea, 811 Terebrataiia obsoleta, 1113 Thermosphere, 21, 641 transversa, 636 Thiel, M. E., 1101 caurina, 1114 Thiele, Johannes, 1148 Terebratella inconspicua, 1113, 1115 Thiemann, Karl, 957 Terebralttla, 266 Thienemann, A., 42, 477, 491, 786, 787, 1181 Terebratulina, 1114 Thigmotricha, 419 cailleli, 1113 Thomas, B. D., 185, 209, 212, 229, 230 Terebripora, 423 Thomas, H. G., 79 fiskeri, 1031 Thompson, D. Q., 1221 orbigeryana, 1031 Thompson, D'Arcy W., 377 ramosa, 1031 Thompson, E. F., 194, 223 Teredo, 482, 846, 1029, 1030 Thompson, Harold, 1201 diegensis, 1030 Thompson, J. Vaughan, 1 mirajlora, 1029 Thompson, T. G., 185, 187, 209, 212, 229, 230, 231, 262, navalis, 1030, 1032 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 315, 446, 692 pedicellata, 1031 Thompson, S. H., 174, 498, 1148 pulchella, 1032 Thompson, Sarah J., 1147 utriculus, 1032 Thompson, W. F., 919 Termier, Geneviève, 1015 Thomsen, H., 211, 224, 226, 316, 317, 318, 320, 330, 331, 332 Termier, Henri, 1015 Thomson, C. Wyville, 2, 185 Terminology, 17, 20, 47 Thomson, J. Arthur, 1107, 1115 of beaches, 587 Thoracida, 425 Ter pros Jugax, 352, 353 Thoracophelia, 594 seleki, 352, 353 biomass, 386 Tesch, P., 898 cycling of beach sand, 386 Test, Avery Ransome (Grant), 1150 furcifera, 1121 Test net, 75 mucronata, 385, 592, 601, 1125 Test squares, 9 yasudai, 1125 Tethya aurantia, 636 Thorcaster, 658 Tethys, 379 Thome, R. F., 728, 1057 Tetraclinomyxon intermedium, 419 Thorp, E. M., 257, 260, 285, 1066 Tetrakentron synaplae, 424 Thorp, Frank, 958 Tetraphyllidea, 421 Thorpe, W. H., 1177, 1181 Tetrarhynochoidea, 421 Thorson, Gunnar, 61, 64, 68, 69, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, Tetraspora explanata, 853 178, 359, 452, 461, 466, 472, 475, 477, 480, 483, 487, Texas coast, 171, 1024 488, 496, 497, 498, 501, 504, 505, 508, 515, 517, 518, fishes, 149, 1207, 1209 522, 536, 1021, 1123 mortalities, 949, 978 Thorson's Christmas cards (fig.), 403 Thais (see also Purpura) Thracia papyracea, 495, 805 emarginata, 550, 551 Thrailkill, J. R., 60 fioridana, 421, 1032 Thulin, G., 1126 lapillus, 421 Thunnus, 866 Thalamita, 623 Thyca, 424 Thalassema, 655, 657 Thynnus vulgaris, 423 lankesleri, 1120 Thysanote pomacanthi, 425 Thalassia, 552, 623, 724, 728 Tiara pileala, 783 testudinum, 721, 1052, 1181 Tibicen veridifascia, 1180

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Tichonenko, A., 825 planktonis, 1122 Tidal belts, 677 septentrionalis, 1122 bore, 681 Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la, 1177, 1181 channels, 678 Torrey, H. B., 393, 981 currents, 683 Tortonese, Enrico, 713, 977, 1190 flats, 677, 718 Tortugas, corals, 1103 inequalities, 551 Foraminifera, 1076 inlets, 676 reefs, 1090, 1098 marshes, 724, 726 Torula, 1037 types and zonation, 550 Tourneforlia, 1052 rhythm, 921 Towler, E. D., 485, 505 variations, 544-545 Townes, H. K., Jr., 1173 velocity and zonation, 567 Townsend, R. C., 629 Tide curves (fig.), 544 Toyama Bay, Foraminfera, 1077 factors, 559 Molluscs, 1146 Sitka, Alaska (fig.), 558 Trace metals, 345 Tidepools, 570, 572 Tracey, J. I., 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 271, 273, 275 , 276, eroded by snails, 576 285, 576, 618, 629, 1097, 1101 fauna of, 575 Trachurus, 867 pH in, 572, 573 mediterraneus, 866-867 Tides, 100, 543 Trachylina, 420 in estuaries, 679 Trades, Northeast, 90 San Francisco (fig.), 556, 557, 559 Southeast, 90 and temperature (fig.), 569 Trailside dominance, 562 types of (chart), facing 535 Traité de Zoologie, 1069 and upstream dispersal, 679 Transeau, E. N., 1057 and zonation (fig.), 545 , 546 Transition to land, 603 Tierney, J. Q., 1031 Transition zones, 42 Tigriopus, 572 Transmission (tables), 115, 117, 118 Tilden, J. E., 951, 953, 958 Transmission, coastal water, 117-118 Tilefish disaster, 949, 979 Transmission, ocean water, 115-117 Timm, Richard W., 1118 Transparency, blue and green light, 116 Timmermann, E., 251, 255, 265, 445 coastal water, 116 Tinbergen, L., 1148 oceanic water, 116 Tintinnopsis, 793 Transparency meter, 110 brandii, 780, 793 Traps, 79 campanula, 833 Trask, Parker D., 215, 216, 730, 731 /«SMS, 792 Trautman, M. B., 1204 menneri, 856 Travisia, 655, 657, 665 parmtla, 856 Profundi, 657 tubulosa, 780, 793, 833, 856 Trawls, 73-78 venlricosa, 833, 834 Treadwell, A. L., 930, 931 Tintinnum mediterranea, 833, 834 Trebius tenuifurcatus, 425 subulaius, 833 Trefiletti, Francesco, 974 Tisbe dilatata, 845 Trégouboff, G., 1072 Tischler, W., 468, 469, 470, 473, 474, 504 Trematoda, 420 Titanium, in diatoms, 351 Trenches, fauna of, 666; table, 656-661 in red tides, 352 Tressler, D. K., 938 Tivela stultorum, 393, 395, 498, 592, 594, 597 Tressler, W. L., 688, 690, 1161, 1162, 1163 fluctuations, 937, 938 Tretomphalus, 1079 Tizard, T. H„ 1141 Trevarthen, C. B., 541, 547, 550, 552, 553 Toads, 1211 Triaenodon obesus, facing 621 Tobago mortality, 989 Triarthra longisetosa, 856 Tochockeres cylindracus, 425 Tricellaria occidentalis, 1028 Todd, R. A., 730 Trichechus lalirostris, 979 Tokara Islands, 1022 Trichiuroidea, 423 Tokioka, Takasi, 1022, 1066 Trichocorixa, 1177 Tokita, Shun, 1048 blackburni, 1182 Tolypella nidifica, 782 verticalis, 1180 Tolypothrix, 1048 wallengreni, 1189 Tomales Bay (Calif.), 700 Trichodesmium, 956 communities (fig.), 719 erythraeum, 982, 986 Tomazo, G. I., 865 Trichodina sphaeroides, 419 Tomlinson, Jack T., 1033 Trichocladius vitripennis, 846 Tomopteris helgolandica, 1122 Trichostomata, 419 kefersteini, 1122 Tricladida, 420 Tridachia crispata, 432

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Tridacna, 280, 432, 622, 624, 628 Turbulence, 447 crocea, 437, 618, 1033; fig., 434 and nutrients, 300 gigas, 268, 619; facing 621 Turekian, Karl, 263, 355 squamosus, 623 Turner, H. J., 484, 590 Tridacnidae, 433, 434, 1149 Turner, Ruth D., 1030, 1033 Tridochin maritima, 1057 Turnover, (defined), 491 Trillotia erinaceus, 421 Turpaeva, E. P., 30 Tripiea, 1069, 1070 Turritella, 472, 803 Tripneustes esculenlus, 419 and Cerithum communities, 514 Tristan da Cunha, algae, 1041 communis, 477 , 495 Triticum junceum, 1057 Tursiops truncatus, 868 Triturus helveticus, 1211 Turtle grass, 721, 724 palmatus, 1211 Turtles, 603, 1217 vulgaris, 1211 Tuscarettia, 643 Trivandrum, India, plankton, 1020 Tuscarora-zone, 1070 Trochopus, 1178 Tussilago farjara, 1057 marinus, 1178 Tuxen, Reinhold, 1057 Trochosloma, 654 Tyarminne, 730, 1026 Trochus, 615, 620, 623, 803, 846 Twenhofel, W., 20, 245, 683, 686, 729, 734 Troglophaeus, 846 Tydeman, M.-G. F., 1107 Trombidiformes, 1176 Tylocephalum, 421 Trophon breviaius, 848 pingue, 421 Trophonia, 418 Typhlogobius, 409 ajfrnis-V enericardia borealis community, 520 TypUonus, 667 Traphonopsis, 848 Vca, 721, 1156 Trophic levels, 36 minax, 147, 1155 Trophic relationships, 34 pugilalor, 1157 Black Sea, 871 pugnax, 1157 Tropidoneis vitrae, 1059 Uchida, T., 392 Tropidonotus natrix, 1213 Vcides, 721, 1156 Tropiomelra carinala, 1184 cordalus, 1156 Troposphere, 21 Udonella, 421 in Black Sea, 810 Udolea, 261 Troughs, in beaches, 589-590 Ullyott, P., 808, 817, 819, 833 Trout eggs, 141 Ullyott hypothesis, 820 Trudy Instituta Okeanologiia, 1011 Vlothrix flacca, 1044, 1048 Trueman, E. R., 266, 1148 Ulrich, W., 1159 Truesdale, G. A., 186 Ultrahaline, 25 Trusheim, Ferdinand, 1159 Viva, 846, 1648 Try net, 75 association, 1047 Trypanorchyncha, 421 lactuca, 125, 839, 1017 Trypanosoma giganleum, 418 Umbellula, 652 granulosum, 418 Umbgrove, J. H., 623, 1102 rajae, 418 Umbrophiles, 125 Trypelesa lateralis, 1033 Underway bottom sampler, 69 Tsalkin, V. I., 868, 869 Undinula vulgaris, 1167 Tschermak, G., 258 Unicapsula muscuiaris, 419 Tseu, W. S. L., 576 Uniform oxygen layer, 189 Tsientang River, bore, 681 Unio, 779 Tsubata, Fumitaka, 1066 United States Bureau of Fisheries, 7 Tubastrea, 615, 1093 Fish Commission, 3, 4 Tubipora, 618, 628, 1094 Fish and Wildlife Service, 227 Tucker, G. H., 454 Union List of Serials, 872 Tullgren, A., 73 Unionidae, 424 Tully, J. P., 187, 680, 689 Unny, M. Mukundan, 951, 957, 986 Tuna fishery, 1209 Upgrowth, (defined), 499 Tundra drainage, 338 Uphof, J. C. T., 718, 726, 727 Tunicata, 1201 Uphof, J. E., 1058 Tunis mortality, 986 XJpogebia, 395, 396, 721, 848, 849, 853 Turbanella hyalina community, 791 commensals (fig.), 397 Turbellaria, 420, 1119 littoralis, 847, 987 Baltic, 791 -Melinna palmata community, 520 Turbidity, in estuaries, 690 Upper neritic, 19 and zonation, 566 Upwelling, 97, 299, 301, 366, 370, 447, 956, 970 Turbinaria, 615, 624; facing 620 on California coast, 298 Turbo, 615, 1029 and nutrients, 298, 299

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Urea-fermenting bacteria, 1040 Vegetation of Baltic, 788 Urechis, 482, 1025 Vegetation, marsh (fig.), 725 caupo, 396, 1120 Velasquez, Gregorio T., 1049 commensals (fig.) 396, 397 Venema, G. F., 977 Urey, H. C., 245 Venerupis, 803 Urmia Lake mortality, 977 Venice, lagoon, 1023 Urnatella, 423 Venezuela Basin, oxygen, 220 Urosalpinx, 1144 Venezuela mortality, 984 cinerea, 421, 1145, 1147 Venus (see also Mercenaria), 472, 477, 803 Urospora, 418 community, 485, 508; (fig.), 509 mirabilis, 1048 -Corbula biocoenosis, 861 Ursin, E., 63 , 65, 67, 509 fasciatum-Spisula-elliplica-Branchiostoma community, Usachev, P. I., 830, 855, 856, 871, 1066 509 Ushakov, P., 505, 508, 555, 560, 567-568, 680, 685, 720, 947 fluctuosa community, 508 Usinger, R. L., 1177,1181 gallina, 495, 846, 847, 848 Utinomi, Huzio, {formerly, Hiro, Fugio), 1033, 1090 community, 508 Utterback, C. L., 110, 116 mercenaria, 169, 281, 1147 Utricularia neglecla, 780 ovata, 494 Uvarov, B. P., 166 slriatula, 987 Uzunlar stage, 804 verrucosa, 805 Vaccaro, R. F., 80, 192 community, 509 Vachon, Max, 1176 Venus (journal), 1143 Vahlkamphia patuxent, 418 Vera Cruz mortality, 985 Vaillant, L., 435 Verbeek, Reinier, 974 Valente, D., 141 Vercelli, Francesco, 223 Valentin, H., 25 Verco, I. C., 1141 Välikangas, I., 24, 763 , 767 Verduin, lacob., 35 Valkanov, A., 850, 851 Vergara, Z., 1130 Vallacerta, 1073 Verjbinskaya, N., 192, 313, 319 Vallin, S., 758, 767, 794 Vermetus, 1149 Valonia, 140 Vermilia, 847 Valparaiso mortality, 976 Vernon, H. M., 560 Valparaiso Bay, plankton, 1022 Verrill, A. E., 4, 5, 7, 165, 402, 968, 978, 979, 1103 Valvifera, 426 Verrucaria, 1048 Van, Lake, mortality, 977 maura, 1045 Vanadis, 1121 Versluys, I-, 1107 Vanadium, 1199 Vertebrate accumulations, 969 Vanadium in tunicates, 349, 1198 Vertebrate blood and sea water, 143 Vanadium uptake, 350 Vertebrate remains, abundance of, 968 Vanadocytes, 1199 and castastrophes, 967 Van Dam, L., 230 Vertebrates, origin of, 145-146 Van Name, Willard Gibbs, 1199 Vertical circulation, 93, 446 van't Hoff's rule, 159, 451 Vertical convection, 301 Van Veen, J., 678, 730 Vertical displacement in canyons, 638 van Veen grab, 64 Vertical distribution, 537 Vampyroteulhis, 369 Vertical migration, 454 infernalis, 1147; facing 650 Vertical migrations, Caspian Sea, 902 Varna Bay, 691 copepods, 1166 bottom communities in, 850 Vertical mixing, 301 mortality, 987 Vertical transport, 447 phytoplankton, 832 Vervoort, W., 1168 salinity, 818 Verwey, }., 403, 437, 472, 683, 721, 722, 724, 968, 1022, Varna Lake, 851 1102, 1103, 1148, 1157 bottom associations in, 852 Vesuvius mortality, 974 hydrography, 851 Vevers, H. G., 69, 486 oxygen, 851 Vibe, Chr., 64, 498, 505, 517 profile, 852 Vibrio desulfuricans, 986 salinity, 850, 851 Victorella pavida, 781, 782, 1110 Vartiovaara, Unto, 1040 Victoria, zonation, 1016 Vaterite, 250 Vilela, H., 507, 508, 1148 Vatova, A., 8, 64, 169, 467, 470, 471, 478 , 507, 508, 509, Villaluz, D. K., 1133 510, 512, 520, 949, 978 Vimbra, 867, 868 Vaucheriae, 1042 Vine, A. C., 56, 69 Vaughan, Thomas Wayland, 9, 10, 186, 212, 257, 264, Vinogradov, A. P., 261, 274 364, 1102 Viosca, P., 151 Vaux, D., 301, 453 Virgularía mirabilis, 841

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Viscosity, 448 Waters, A. W., 1111 Visher, Stephen S., 1022 Watkin, E. E„ 1022 Viswanathan, R., 138 Watson, A. T., 1126 Vizcaino Bay, upwelling, 1044 Wattenberg, Herman, 186, 189, 198, 208, 214, 218, 219, Vlfcs, F„ 265 220, 222, 223, 251, 252, 254, 255, 265, 320, 753, 757, Vodyanitsky, V. A., 817, 826, 840, 865, 868, 869, 870, 871 792 Voeltzkow, A., 257 Wave action and zonation, 546, 565-566 "vogt, Cari, 3 Wave lengths of light, colors, 109 Vogt, Wm., 1221 Waves in estuaries, 681 Volga basin, 900 Webb, D. A., 1199 Volga River, 891 Weber, Alois, 1141 Volga Delta, 729 Weber, Max, 1086 Volkov, L. I., 840 Weber van Bosse, A., 279,1086 Volterra, V., 42 Weddell Sea, oxygen, 216, 217 Valuta, 622 Radiolaria, 1071 Volz, Peter, 1033 Weed, A. C., 717 van Voorthuysen, J. H., 1080 Weese, A. O., 514 Vorob'ev, V. P., 713, 857, 858, 859 Weigelt, Johannes, 941, 942, 943, 945, 946, 960, 967, 974, Voroshilova, A., 1039 980, 984 Vorstman, A. G., 787 Weighing, procedure, 492 Vosmaer, G. C. J., 1085 Weil, E., 137 Vorticellids, 395 Weiler, Wilhelm, 942, 971, 989 Wachner, H., 819, 828 Weiss, C. M., 566, 567 Wadden Sea, 1026 Welander, P., 249 Wadden skimmer, 73 Welch, Paul. S., 53, 54, 73, 928 Waddens, 721; facing 673, 724 Weldon, W. F. R., 1152 DeWaele, A., 266 Wellington, New Zealand, fouling, 1028 Wa;rn, M.. 751, 765, 767, 774, 779, 788 Wells, G. P., 150, 1127 Wagler, E., 1179 Wells, J. W., 285, 609, 611, 1087, 1097, 1103 Wagner, H., 1158 Welsh, M., 437 Wahlenberg, G., 1, 538 Welsh, W. W., 960, 979, 1206 Waikiya, Y., 1133 Wembury, intertidal, 1019, 1020 Wakasa Bay, Foraminifera, 1078 Wentworth, C. K., 278 Wake Stream, 447 Werth, E., 1103 Waksman, Selman A., 194, 306, 309, 1037, 1039, 1066 Werner, Franz., 1212 Wald, G., 140, 142 Wesenberg-Lund, C., 176, 1182 Waldichuck, M., 101 Wesenberg-Lund, E., 1120, 1127 Walker, B. W., 919 West Africa, corals, 1101 Walker, F. T., 566, 1049 polychaetes, 1122 Walker, S. T., 984 West Indies, algae, 1042 Walrus feeding, 498 echinoderms, 1188 Walsh, G. B., 1181 Westerlies, 90 Walters, V., 167, 522 Western Atlantic, convergences, 321 Walther, Johannes, 10, 20, 132, 941, 942, 974, 980, 986, Western North Atlantic, nutrients, 320 1103 Western Pacific, 335 Walton, C. L., 568, 707, 728, 1013 Wet: dry weight ratios, 493 Walton, William R., 1079, 1081 Wet weights, 492 Walvis Bay, 954, 955, 956, 959, 970 Weymouth, F. W., 151, 170, 174, 498, 601, 1148, 1156 mortality, 955, 983; (fig.), 954 Whales, migration routes of, 1223 Wanless, H. R., 734 Wharton, G. W., 166, 593, 595, 596, 599, 1132, 1177 Wardle, Robert., 422 Wharton, W. J. L., 281, 818 Warfel, H. E., 78, 1086, 1208, 1209 Whedon, W. Forest, 953, 1028 Warmwassersphare, 641 Wheeler, J. F. G., 61, 1119 Warren, E., 394 Wheeler, W. C., 261, 262, 264, 269, 273, 354 Warming, E., 7, 115, 174, 177 Whipple, Melville C„ 186, 187, Wassink, E. L., 121, 122 White, David, 1058 Wasteneys, Hardolph, 144, 167 White, F. B., 1182 Water currents and plankton, 451 White Sea, copepods, 1165 Water level, in Baltic, 767 White zone, 548 Water movement, and corals, 1087 Whitelegge, Thomas, 982 Water, properties (fig.), 132 Whiteman, A. J., 257, 628, 1100 Water surface, albedo of, 113 Whiteway, S. G., 302 Water table in beaches, 588 Whitley, G. P., 973, 1204 Water transparency, 109 Whitmore, Frank, C., Jr., 1223 Water vapor exchange, 93 Whitney, David D., 700 Waterbloom, 951 Whitten, H. L., 568 Waterman, T. H., 453, 1173 Whyte, E. F., 982

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Wiborg, K. F., 60, 1168 Wood-Jones, F., 613, 1096, 1215 Widrig, T. M., 1210 Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 5 Wieser, W., 1118 Woodward, S. P., 360 Wigglesworth, V. B., 150, 1182 Woodward's index, 362 Wikgren, Bo-Jungar, 1022 Woodworth, W. McM., 925 Wikholm, Donald, 953 Woo lard, G. P., 56 Wilbur, K. M., 266, 267, 1133 Wooster, Warren S., 212, 225, 232 Wilby, G. V., 1203, 1206 Wooten, William A., 987 Wilhelm, G. Ottmar, 981 World List of Scientific Periodicals, 872 Willcox, Norman Richard, 965, 979 World Fisheries Abstracts, 1205 Wille, N., 958 Worm reefs, 1126 Willer, A., 1014 Worms, 1117 Willey, Arthur, 1141 Worthington, L. V., 201 wrixrAM SCORESBV, 225, 226, 230, 955, 959 Worzel, J. L., 56, 69 Williams, A., 257, 266 Woudstra, H. W., 974 Williams, A. E., 1049 Wrack fauna, 1175 Williams, F. T., 259 Wrangel, F., 808, 815 Williams, F. X., 1182 Wray, J., 255, 273 Williams, G., 1159 Wright, Edward Perceval, 1107 Williams, L. G., 1020, 1049 Wright, Mike, 1182 Williams, R. H„ 953, 984 Wright, M. A., 148 Williams, R. J. P., 348 Würm glacial, 805 Williams, R. W., 449 Wüst, Georg, 88-90, 91, 92, 196, 202, 208, 221, 222, 641 Williams, W. W., 590 Wynne-Edwards, V. C., 1221 Williamson, E. D., 250, 255 Wyville Thomson Ridge, 221, 316 Willm, Pierre, 54, 650 Xantho rivulosus, 846 Wilson, C. B., 596 Xanthophylls, 121 Wilson, Douglas P., 407 , 473, 482, 483, 484, 536, 558, 1015, Xenophthalamus pinnotheroides community, 518 1127 Xenopus laevis, 1212 Wilson, M. S., 1152 Xiphosura, 1171-1173 Wiman, C., 946 Xyne grex, 970 Wimpenny, R. W., 175, 178, 179, 958, 1067 layer, 966 Winckworth, R., 497 Xenia, 433, 620, 624 Windssystems, 90 Xenobalanus globiciptis, 426 Windward Passage, 220 Xenocoeloma brumpti, 425 Windward lagoon reels, 622-623 Xenophthalamus, 477 Windward reefs, 614-619; facing 620 Xiphias, 404 Winds, schematic (fig.), 91, 95 Xylophaga dorsalis, 1032 Wingfield, C. A., 168 Yeasts, 1035, 1037. Winkler method, 230, 231 Yakubova, L. I., 840, 845 Winsor, C. P., 58 Yellow substance, 116, 117 Winter, Howard A., 1026 in rivers, 116 Winther, P., 403 , 655, 662 Yoldia Sea, 769, 770 Wintsell, J., 489 Yamaguchi, Y., 974 Wirth, H. E., 305, 308, 309 Yamamoto, Gotaro, 67, 146, 170, 504, 515 Wirth, W. W., 1181, 1182 Yamanouti, T., 1195 Wirzubski, A., 509, 512 Yamazi, I., 689, 1066 Wiseman, J. D. H., 1067, 1081 Yañez, A. P., 1022, 1221 Wismer, N. M., 505 Yashnov, V. A., 1169 Wissemann, W., 815 Yosanaikai Lagoon, 688 Witting, R., 753, 758 Yasuda, J., 679 Wohlenberg, E„ 505, 523, 722 Yasuo, Ohsima, 1029 Wojtussiak, R. J., 1050 Yatsu, Naohide, 976 Wolcott, R. H., 424 Yendo, K., 557, 571 Wollaston method, 68 Yokota, Toru, 151 Wollin, Goesta, 1077 Yokoya, Yu., 1157 Wollin, Janet, 1077 Yoldia arctica, 769 Woloszynska, J., 957 hyperborea community, 518 Womersley, H., 1182 Yonge, C. M., 3, 30, 64, 149, 170, 266, 401, 429, 430, 432, 433, Womersley, H. B. S., 373, 376, 539, 542, 547, 549, 550, 551, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 456, 482 , 555, 558, 552, 553, 1050 594, 626, 686, 698, 728, 1013, 1015, 1033, 1103,. 1143, Wood, Albert Elmer, 1148 1148, 1156 Wood, E. J. Ferguson, 728, 733, 1027, 1028, 1040 York, H. H., 538, 1055 Wood, Horace Elmer 2nd., 1148 Yoseph, R. S., 230 Wood, R. D., 572, 707, 1050 Yoshimura, S., 731 Woodbridge, Helen, 1199 Yttrium, in algae, 349 Woodford, A. O., 633 Young, J. Z., 1204

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Young, R. T., 141 and salinity, 568 Yuasa, H., 1182 in sand, 599 Yucatan Channel, 220 schemes, 546 Yucatan mortality, 985 shore, 8 Zachs, I., 505, 508, 552, 555, 560, 567-568, 680, 685, 720, 947 and temperature, 568 Zanariinula, 552, 573 and tides (figs.), 545, 546; 557, 567 Zangerl, Rainer. 1213, 1217 turhiditv and; -566 Zannichellia, 789 universal (fig.), 548 paluslria, 857 universal scheme, 547 peduncolata, 780, 782 variation of, 552-553 repens, 780 and wave action, 556, 565-566 Zanon, Vito, 958 West Indies, 1043 Zanzibar, Bryozoa, 1111 Zone néritique, 19 coral reefs, 1092 Zones, barren, 562 Zapfe, H., 1156 and exposure, S. Africa (fig.), 563 Zascher, G., 865 indicators, 541 Zechmeister, L., 963 intertidal, 538 Zeitschrift fiir Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere, 1143 temperature (fig.), 364 Zelinkiella synaptae, 422 terminology, 542, 547 Zelizko, J. V., 976 Zoobenthos, Black Sea, 841-845 Zeller, E. J., 255, 273 Caspian Sea, 903 Zenkevich, L. A., 8, 20, 21, 35, 64, 66, 360, 361, 370, 380, Sea of Azov 858 467, 489, 491, 493, 501, 503, 505, 514, 515, 517, 518, 541, Zoochlorellae, 429, 1199 645, 654, 666, 801, 802, 803, 821, 830, 831, 833, 834, 837, Zooganoides laevis, 421 838, 839, 840, 841, 847, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, Zooganus rubellus, 421 867, 891, 915, 947, 957, 959, 986, 1015 Zoogonidae, 421 Zenkovich, V. P., 25, 590, 591 Zoological Record, 1011,1143 Zernov, S. A., 8, 509, 711, 713, 840, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, Zoomastigina, 418 849, 868 Zooplankton, 449-455 Zero of life, 2 Aral Sea, 914 Zeuthen, E., 487 of Baltic, 792-794 Zinc, in algae, 353 Bermuda. 1153 Zinn, D. J., 596 Black Sea, 832-839 Zinova, E., 839 Caspian Sea, 901 Zirconium, in red tides, 352 Georges Bank, 1168 Zirphaea, 1029 Gulf of Maine (fig.), 314 Zoanthidea, 420 Norwegian Sea, 1167 ZoBell, Claude E., 185, 194, 208, 212, 213, 260, 305, 306, 309, in Novorossiisk Bay (fig.), 834 385, 456, 503, 593, 647, 649, 650, 690, 710, 711, 732, 733, Pacific, 1167 962, 1016, 1035, 1037, 1039, 1040 Sea of Azov, 856 Zonal distribution (fig.), 371 Zoorema, 4 Zonal features of estuaries (fig.), 674 Zoothamnium, 395 Zonal typology (fig.), 371 Zostera, 552, 707, 721, 724, 725, 847, 848, 849, 899, 902, 908, Zonaria variegalus, 1017 914, 1053 Zonation, algal, 125, 1043 associations, 1047 Auckland, N. Z. (fig.), 554 marina, 168, 417, 418, 637, 761, 788, 789, 840, 857, 1052, in Baltic, 767 1053, 1057 and barnacles, 566-567 meadows, 853 causes, 543, 555 nana, 840, 857, 1052 of crabs (fig.), 722 Zooxanthellae, 418, 429, 430, 431, 1087, 1089, 1094, deep sea, 641, 642 1096, 1101, 1199 estuarine (fig.), 674 and excretion, 439 and exposure, 556-557 in Foraminifera, 1079 gradient (fig.), 561 of Radiolaria, 1071 hypotheses, 560-563 Zostera Meadows, Black Sea, 847 and inclination of substrate, 566 Zostera Zone, Black Sea, 847 and light penetration, 565 Zuider Zee, 722 on marshes, 727 Zuider Zee Commission, 722 oxygen and, 566 Zwaitkops River, 946 Pacific Grove, 551 INDEX COMPLETED NOVEMBER, 23, 1957, DILLON BEACH, Port Aransas, Texas (fig.), 565 CALIFORNIA.

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/956277/mem67v1-bm.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 CONVERSION TABLE

Nautical Feet Meiers Fathoms Miles Kilometers 1 0.31 0.16 1 1.8 2 0.61 0.33 2 3.7 3 0.91 0.50 3 5.6 4 1.22 0.67 4 7.3 5 1.51 0.82 5 9.2 6 1.83 1.00 r. C. 6 11.1 7 2.14 1.16 ¡IS." jsa 7 13.0 8 2.44 1.33 : ; 8 14.8 9 2.74 1.50 : 200 : 9 16.7 10 3.05 1.66 «0 10 18.5 no- 20 6.10 3.33 20 37.0 30 9.14 5.00 'Z no1 30 55.5 40 12.19 6.66 40 74.1 50 15.24 8.23 170 ~- SO 92.5 60 18.29 10.00 ; 7 60 111.2 70 21.34 11.66 110- LA 70 129.6 80 24.38 13.33 ; 80 148.0 90 27.43 15.00 150" r 90 166.7 100 30.48 16.66 uo- 1t» 100 185.1 200 60.96 33.33 200 370.0 300 91.44 50.00 110- - 300 556.0 400 121.92 66.66 - so 400 741.0 500 152.40 83.33 IZQ- 500 916.0 600 182.88 100.00

IIO- - z*i 100 - Statute Nautical Statute z Miles Kilometers Kilometers Miles Miles : «0 Z 1 1.6 1 0.5 0.6 -3» 2 3.2 2 1.1 1.2 10 1 3 4.8 3 1.6 1.9 ; ^ 4 6.4 4 2.2 2.5 70- ZJÍ 5 8.1 5 2.7 3.1 ; 10" 6 9.7 6 3.2 3.7 r 7 11.3 7 3.8 4.4 Z 50" I0 8 12.9 8 4.3 5.0 9 14.5 9 4.9 5.6 40 " r 10 16.1 10 5.4 6.2 20 32.2 20 10.8 12.0 - 30 48.3 30 16.2 18.6 40 64.4 40 21.6 24.9 - 10 50 80.5 50 27.0 31.1 60 96.6 60 32.4 37.3 q 70 112.7 70 37.8 43.5 0- - 80 128.8 80 43.2 49.7 90 144.8 90 48.6 55.9 100 160.9 100 54.0 62.1 200 321.9 200 107.9 124.3 300 482.8 300 161.9 186.4 400 643.7 400 215.9 249.0 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/956277/mem67v1-bm.pdf500 804.7 500 269.9 310.7 by guest on 29 September 2021