8.5 X12.5 Doublelines.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-50996-1 - The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Second Edition Edited by John P. Smol and Eugene F. Stoermer Index More information

Index

α-mesohaline, 292 Adélie Land/George Vth Coast, 391 α-oligohaline, 292 Adelie penguin, 499 β-carotene, 14 ADIAC project, 25 δ15N, 455, 500, 503, 505, 507 Adirondack Mountains, 102, 108 ∂30Si, 427 Adirondacks, 105, 111 10Be, 277, 415 adnate, 479 134Cs, 302 adnate diatoms, 254 137Cs, 88, 156, 259, 302, 329, 477 Adriatic, 328 13C, 327, 335 aerial habitat, 465–70 13C/12C, 318 aerial photo, 88 14C, 311, 314, 329, 415 aerobiologist, 552 15N, 314, 318, 327, 335 aerophil, 553 15N/14N, 318 aerophilic diatom, 479, 481, 486 1913–18 Canadian Arctic Expedition, aerophilous diatom, 91, 271, 468, 250 488 210Pb, 88, 94, 105, 156, 259, 329, aerosol, 552 364, 477 aeroterrestrial diatom, 465 235U, 600 Afar Rift, 192 34S/32S, 318 AFDM (see also ash-free dry mass), 60, 62 Abbagadasett River, 336 Africa, 175, 177, 189, 190–3, 197, aberrant diatom shape, 70 198, 199, 201, 222, 348, 374, ACC (see also Antarctic Circumpolar 393, 441, 481, 552–3, 554, 556, Current), 438, 445, 446 570 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry African rift lake, 225 (see also AMS), 361 Afrocymbella,211 accumulation rate, 24, 26, 132 agar plate, 552 Achnanthes, 65, 68, 111, 135, 163, agriculture, 103, 134 165, 231, 239, 269, 296, 297, AIES (see also Autecological Index of 350, 468 Environmental Stressor), 482 Achnanthidium, 62, 64, 65, 66, 291, AIR, 575 566 air root, 347 ACID, 70 Akaike Information Criterion, 33 acid deposition, 140 Al (see also aluminum), 108 acid rain, 100–13 Aland˚ Islands, 514 acidification, 23, 98–113, 138, 240 Alaska, 250, 251, 326, 365, 479, acid-mine drainage (see also AMD), 481, 488, 489, 498, 503, 524, 104–5 553 acid neutralizing capacity (see also Alaskan Current, 389 ANC), 111 Albania, 209 acidobiontic, 99 albedo, 232, 276, 442 acidophilous, 99 Alberta, 488, 507 Actinocyclus, 223, 298, 352, 388, 407, Alboran Sea, 389 408, 528, 561, 563 Alert, 252, 253, 257 Actinoptychus, 433, 442 Aleutian Low, 413, 414 active layer, 254 Aleutian Megathrust, 366 Adélie Coast, 393 alewife, 561 Adélie Land, 391–2, 415, 416 alfalfa, 502

655

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-50996-1 - The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Second Edition Edited by John P. Smol and Eugene F. Stoermer Index More information

656 Index

alkalibiontic, 99 Antarctic Circumpolar Current Aulacoseira, 93, 104, 111, 135, 153, BDP, 213, 215 alkalinity, 237, 242 (see also ACC), 438, 445 157, 177, 191, 192, 197, 200, Bear Island, 251 alkaliphilous, 99 Antarctic Cold Reversal, 406 212, 213, 216, 219, 223, 235, Beaufort, 314 Allan Hills, 554 Antarctic Convergence, 275 236, 241, 352, 503, 535, 552, Belcher Islands, 260 allergen, 552 Antarctic Geological Drilling, 424 553, 554, 555 Belgium, 155, 317, 527 allochthonous, 87, 94, 174, 360, ANtarctic geological DRILLing Australia, 91, 93, 127, 142, 161–2, Belridge Diatomite, 525 409 project (ANDRILL), 442 190, 290, 314, 331, 332, 346, Benguela Upwelling System, 386, Alnus, 231 Antarctic Ice Sheet, 277 427, 479, 481, 482, 552, 554, 393, 394, 441 Alosa, 561 Antarctic Intermediate Water, 441 556 Bering Sea, 430, 524, 580 Alpha Ridge, 440 Antarctic Ocean, 456 Austria, 130, 175, 239, 241 Bering Strait, 250 alpine, 231–42, 257, 476, 507, 577 Antarctic Peninsula, 267, 268, 269, Austrian Central Alps, 239 Berkeleya, 296, 348 alpine lake, 175 270, 271, 277, 392–3, 402, Austrian Tyrol, 113 beta-carotene, 504 Alps, 127, 141, 201, 231, 239, 240, 408, 415, 425, 442, 553 Autecological Index of Betula, 231 241 Antarctic Polar Front (see also APF), Environmental Stressors, 482 Bhalme–Mooley Drought Index (see Altiplano, 222 275, 455 autochthonous, 87, 94, 174, 387, also BMDI), 202 altitude, 275 Antarctica, 190, 259, 409, 414, 427, 409 bicarbonate, 189 aluminosilicate, 431 433, 437, 438, 440, 443, 469, automixis, 12 Biddulphiopsis, 350, 353 aluminum (see also Al), 122, 301, 328 499, 501, 505, 554–5 auxospore, 12, 543 Big Crocodile Lake, 352 Amatsu Formation, 431 ANTARES-JGOFS programme, 390 Aveiro,315 Big Moose Lake, 111 Amazon, 431 antelope, 506 Avicennia, 347 bilaterally symmetric, 10 Amazonia, 490 Anthropocene, 258, 401, 613 Avrainvillea, 352 billabong, 91, 479, 482 AMD (see also acid-mine drainage), anticyclones, 554 AWMN, 112 biofilm, 4, 316 104 APF (see also Antarctic Polar Front), Axel Heiberg Island, 252, 259 biogenic silica (see also BSi), 86, 92, ameboid gamete, 10 455, 456, 457, 458, 459 Azov Sea, 563 142, 212, 219, 298, 299, 327, Amery Oasis, 268 apicomplexan, 9 Azpeitia, 352, 389, 394, 395, 405 373, 429, 437, 454–60, 483, ammonia, 310, 499 application, 209 570 ammonia volatilization, 503 aquatic vegetation, 309 Baby Lake, 110 biogeographic distribution, 252 ammonium, 278, 310, 311 Aral Sea, 223, 552 Bacillaria, 350 biogeography, 25, 347–8, 468–9, amphiphilic block copolymers, 598 Araphidineae:Centrales ratio, 127 BackSound,314 544, 560, 612 Amphora, 191, 312, 337, 350, 352, araphids, 62, 65 back-scattered electron imagery, biological pump, 454, 459 353, 358 archeology, 225, 260, 514–19 411 biomass, 16, 70, 104 Amphorotia,211 Archipelago Sea, 299 backwater, 87, 91 biomass assay, 62–3 amplitude, 42 Arctic, 44, 93, 175, 231–42, 268, bacteria, 14, 62, 277, 318, 352, 474, BioMEMS, 591 AMS (see also accelerator mass 277, 297, 402, 406, 408, 426, 542 biomimetic, 596–8 spectrometry), 361 427, 430, 434, 435, 439, 440, bacterial oxidation, 104 bionanotechnology, 596–8 AMS 14C, 88 442, 443, 468, 469, 470, 476, Baffin Island, 113, 251, 252, 253, biotribology, 599 Amu Darya, 223, 225 487, 488–90, 499, 500, 505, 257, 259 bioturbation, 156, 289, 315, 429 anadromous, 498–9 506, 536, 553, 555 Bahamas, 353 biovolume, 24, 26 anaerobic, 311 Arctic Ocean, 435 Baikal Drilling Project, 213 bird, 444–6, 499–501, 502, 504–5 anaphase, 13 Arctocephalus, 501 Baird Inlet, 253 Biscayne Bay, 329, 337–9 Anatolian Plateau, 190 Ardèchec River, 563 Baja California, 468 bison, 506 Anaulus, 435, 540 Ardissonea, 350, 352 Baldeggersee, 27, 141 bivalve, 316, 540 ANC (see also acid neutralizing areolation, 406 Balder, 527 Black Sea, 92, 287, 288, 289, 297, capacity), 111 Arizona, 194 Bali, 99 298, 300, 301, 302–3, 439, 556 anchovy, 547 Arkona Sea, 298 ballast water, 300 Blackwater Draw, 518 ancient lake, 209–25 arsenic, 334 Baltic, 174 Bleakeleya, 350, 352 Ancylus Lake, 293, 514 artificial impoundment, 91–3 Baltic Ice Lake, 293 bloom ecology, 545–6 Andes, 194 artificial neural network (see also Baltic Sea, 104, 287, 288, 289, 290, blue-green algae (see also Andes Mountains, 466 ANN), 36, 40, 329 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, cyanobacteria), 59, 66, 160, ANDRILL, 424, 442, 444 artificial substrata, 60 299, 300–1, 302–3, 309, 312, 267, 298 Androscoggin River, 336 ash-free dry mass (see also AFDM), 329, 334, 411, 514, 561 BMDI (see also Bhalme–Mooley anemonefish, 350 60 Banks Island, 252 Drought Index), 202 Anglo-Saxon period, 133 Asia, 223, 554, 556 Barataria Estuary, 316 Bodélé, 553 Angola, 553 assumptions, 36–7 Barbados, 434, 553 Bodélé Basin, 553 ANN (see also artificial neural Asterionella, 93, 102, 218, 502, 503, bar-built estuary, 325 Bodélé depression, 552, 556 network), 40, 329 563 barcoding, 612 bog, 360, 474, 485, 487 Anomoeoneis, 104, 191, 194, 277 Asterionellopsis, 301, 540 Bare Lake, 498 Bogoria, 199 anoxia, 91, 122, 129, 324 Asterolampra, 428 barnacle, 426 Bolidomonad, 8 anoxic, 326, 440 asymptote, 64 Bartonian, 434 bolidophyte, 9 Anoxic Factor, 142 athalassic, 257 Batchawana Lake, 177 Bolin Billabong, 479 Antarctic, 267–78, 297, 395, 401, Atlantic Coastal Plain, 479 Bathurst Island, 252, 260, 506 Bolivia, 209, 222 402, 406, 408–9, 413, 426, 431, Atlantic Gyre, 386 battery, 598 Bolivian Altiplano, 190, 200 441, 442, 443, 444, 467, 469, atmospheric N deposition, 142 bay, 87 Bolivian Pantanal, 490 470, 487, 544, 570 atmospheric transport, 552–6 Bay of Brest, 317 Bond Cycle, 222, 223 Antarctic Bottom Water, 441 atoll, 347 Bayesian inference method, 46 Boothia Peninsula, 255

Index 657

bootstrap, 37, 131 California Current, 393 CDD, 242 chloroplast, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16 boreal, 231, 488–90 Caloneis, 352, 468, 488, 500 CDOM (see also chromophoric Cholnoky, B. J., 5 Bornholm Basin, 298 Cameroon, 177, 179, 553 (colored) dissolved organic chromalveolate evolutionary group, Bosmina, 502, 503 Campania, 545 matter), 231, 232 8 Boso Peninsula, 431 Campbell Island, 275 cell size, 12, 542 chromium, 334 bostrychietum, 347 Campylodiscus, 199, 237, 255 cell wall, 11 chromalveolate evolutionary group Bothnian Bay, 104, 287, 291, 292, Canada, 44, 87, 88, 92, 93, 98, 105, Cenozoic, 13, 216, 271, 428, 431, 8, 15 297 111, 127, 134, 140, 141, 142, 433–4, 436, 438, 441, 442, chromophoric (colored) dissolved Bothnian Sea, 289, 297 154, 158, 160, 175, 179, 181, 523, 525 organic matter, 231 Bougdouma, 200 189, 196, 209, 234, 236, Central Walvis Ridge, 386 Chrysanthemodiscus, 350 Bouvet Island, 390 249–60, 287, 365, 427, 468, Centrales, 10, 62, 65 chrysolaminarin, 15 box-whisker plot, 26 479, 481, 485, 488, 489, 506, Centrales:Penales ratio, 127 chrysophyte, 110, 298, 477, 537 Brachysira, 104, 105 544, 545, 547, 563, 566 centric diatom, 10, 12 cichlid, 209 brackish, 270, 468, 523 Canadian Arctic, 113 centroid, 32 CIE (see also controlled isotope brackish water, 287–303 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 251 Ceramium,311 exchange), 582, 583 brain, 535 canal construction, 134 Cerastoderma, 316, 318 ciliate, 9 Bransfield Strait, 374, 392, 393, canalization, 88 Cerataulina, 301, 328, 540 Circumpolar Diatom Database, 242 394, 395, 408 Canary Islands, 376 Ceratium, 352 cladistic analysis, 9 Bray and Curtis coefficient, 33 Cannabis,44 Ceratoneis, 540 Cladocera, 161, 502 Brebissonia, 289 Cannon River, 90 cetacean, 426, 445 Cladophora, 67, 88, 89, 165, 352 brine, 187, 414 CANOCO, 33 CF8 lake, 257 classical multidimensional scaling, brine lake, 267, 276 canonical analysis of principal CGO, 45 28 British Columbia, 43, 189, 197, 201, coordinates, 33 CH4 (see also methane), 473, 489 classification, 10–11, 17 387, 401, 413, 498, 504 canonical correspondence analysis Chad, 192 classification and regression tree, broken-stick model, 27, 29 (see also CCA), 23, 25, 31, 65, Chaetoceros, 187, 191, 194, 223, 297, 46, 75 Bronze Age, 103, 133, 159 126, 165, 237, 329, 359 298, 299, 301, 328, 352, 353, Clavularia, 434 Brunh, 215 canonical ordination, 125 376, 386, 387, 388, 389, 392, clay, 200, 431, 477, 553, 580 Brunhes, 218 CAP, 33 393, 394, 395, 402–5, 408, Clean Water Act (see also CWA), 314, bryophilous diatom, 488 Cape Basin, 428 426, 428, 429, 430, 437, 439, 337 bryophyte, 275, 487 Cape Blanc, 376, 393 440, 442, 457, 458, 540, 546, cleavage plasmalemma, 14 bryophytic diatom, 467 Cape Breton Highlands, 111 548 Climaconeis, 348, 353 BSEI (see also back-scattered Cape Herschel, 253, 254 Chaetoceros resting spores, 402–5 Climacosphenia, 350 electron imagery), 411 Cape Roberts Project, 442, 443 Chaetoceros vegetative cells, 415 climate change, 102, 113 BSi (see also biogenic silica), 92, 214, Cape Vera, 500, 505 Chalk Hills, 528 closed data, 24 215, 220, 327, 332, 335, 336, Cape Verde Islands, 388 channel, 87 clothing, 536–7 337, 373, 393, 394, 396, carbon, 62, 318, 327, 454, 473, 483, channel abandonment, 91 cloud cover, 253 454–60 499, 584 channelization, 324 Clovis Paleo-Indian site, 518 BSi/C (biogenic silica to carbon carbon isotope, 579–80 charcoal, 487 cluster analysis, 23, 65 ratio), 457, 459 carbon:nitrogen ratio (see also C/N), Chatwin Lake, 507 clustering, 27–30, 65 Buguldeika Saddle, 221 503, 584 Chernaya River Estuary, 317 Clyde River, 257 Bunger Hills, 268 carbonate, 189 Chernobyl, 156, 302 cnidarian, 346 buoyancy, 175 carcass, 499 Cherry Point Marine Air Station, 332 CO2 (see also carbon dioxide), 257, Burundi, 209 Cariaco Basin, 374, 376, 393 chert, 430, 570, 571 455, 473, 489, 578, 579 BVAR, 220 Caribbean, 337 Chesapeake Bay, 325, 329, 330, coastal environment, 309–19 Byers Peninsula, 501 Caribbean Sea, 376 335, 336, 337 coccolithophorid, 393 Cariboo, 189 Chilcotin, 189 Cocconeis, 65, 68, 89, 92, 135, 163, C(see also carbon), 62 caribou, 506 Chile, 269, 365, 366, 388, 393, 405, 165, 314, 334, 350, 353, 361, C/N (see also carbon:nitrogen ratio), Carinthia, 239 442, 556 428 221, 503 Carmen Basins, 388 Chilean Altiplano, 223 coefficient of determination, 40 C3 grass, 437, 445 Carolina Bay, 479 China, 92, 127, 133, 156, 158, 220, cold rock dust, 276 Ca (see also calcium), 242 Carson Sink, 528 237, 332, 544, 556, 572 Colne Estuary, 310, 316 CA (see also correspondence CART, 46, 75 Chippewa River, 90 Colorado, 92, 563 analysis), 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, Cascade Mountain, 556 chironomid, 140 Colorado Front Range, 142 33, 179, 198 Cascadia subduction, 366 chi-squared distance, 33 Colorado Plateau, 194 cage aquaculture, 134, 142 Caspian Sea, 287, 288, 289, 297, chl (see also chlorophyll and chl a), Colorado River, 92 Cairngorm, 106 298, 301, 302–3, 563 63, 311, 314, 316, 317, 498, 501 compensation depth, 429, 523 calcareous nodule, 431 Cathance River, 336 chl a (see also chlorophyll and chl), composite diversity, 63 calcification, 455, 576 cation, 177 62 Comprehensive Everglades calcium, 155, 312, 483 Caucasus, 289 chloride, 189, 237 Restoration Program, 338 calcium carbonate, 18 Caulerpa, 352 chlorine, 155 computer-aided identification, 612 calibration set see training set CCA (see also canonical chlorophyll (see also chl and chl a), concentration, 26 California, 216, 387, 401, 409, 411, correspondence analysis), 29, 14, 15, 16, 18, 60, 131, 154, 273, conductance, 278 427, 428, 433, 434, 438, 441, 31, 32, 33, 41, 43, 44, 45, 126, 278, 301, 317, 389, 395, 426 conductivity, 234, 237, 254 442, 524, 525, 546, 547, 548, 140, 165, 237, 329, 359, 360 Chlorophyta (see also green algae), Cone Pond, 102 571, 572 Cd/Ca, 455 160, 274 confidence interval, 25

658 Index

Congo, 552 Cyclophora, 350 Democratic Republic of Congo, 209 dissimilarity, 31, 65 CONISS (see also contrained Cyclostephanos, 135, 213, 223, 553 denitrification, 327, 502, 503 dissolution, 156, 199–200, 212, 213, incremental sum-of-squares Cyclotella, 3, 14, 65, 91, 101, 102, 105, Denmark, 44, 102, 127, 130, 133, 215, 218, 219, 300, 301, 389, clustering), 27 111, 157, 158, 177, 181, 187, 142, 159, 160, 163, 165, 175, 390, 395, 429–30, 454, 486, Coniston Smelter, 110 188, 191, 193–4, 199, 201, 212, 290, 299, 332, 465, 572 576 Connecticut, 335 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 220, Denticula, 211, 353, 428, 468, 503 dissolved inorganic carbon (see also Constant Rate of Supply (see also 221, 223, 235, 236, 237, 239, Denticulopsis, 390, 443 DIC), 155, 234, 257, 579 CRS), 88 240, 298, 299, 334, 353, 376, desiccation, 466, 468, 479 dissolved organic carbon (see also Constantinople, 571 442, 468, 485, 503, 516, 552, detrended canonical DOC), 98, 153 constrained Gaussian ordination, 553, 554, 556, 561, 562 correspondence analysis (see dissolved organic matter, 234 45 Cylindrotheca, 66, 310, 314 also DCCA), 31, 65 Ditylum, 442 constrained incremental Cymatosiraceae, 352 detrended correspondence analysis diversity, 8, 9, 10, 16, 18, 64, 124, sum-of-squares clustering, 27 Cymbella, 62, 65, 135, 163, 199, 469, (see also DCA), 28, 64, 165, 329 153, 155, 176, 209–12, 223, constrained ordination methods, 488, 500, 566 detritus, 325 253, 254, 268, 274, 291–2, 31–5 Cymbellonitzschia,165 Devils Lake, 200, 201–2 295, 309, 311, 329, 333, 335, contaminants, 259–60 Cymbopleura, 500 Devoke Water, 102 346, 352, 425, 438, 446, 466, Continent Ridge, 221 cyst, 298 Devon Ice Cap, 259 470, 474, 475, 507, 544 controlled isotope exchange, 582 cytokinesis, 14 Devon Island, 252, 258, 259, 500 division, 563 convection, 597 cytometry, 315 Devonian, 277 DLA, 590, 593, 595 copepod, 438, 548 cytoplasm, 11, 13, 595 DF analysis (see also discriminant DM (see also dry mass), 62 copper, 334 Czech Republic, 155, 487 function analysis), 338 DMS (see also dimethyl sulfide), 443 coral reef, 346–53 Diadesmis, 270, 272, 274, 466, 467, DNA, 10, 14, 534, 572, 594, 597, Coregonus, 501 DA (see also domoic acid), 540, 545, 468, 469, 479, 488, 563 612 Corethron, 414, 429, 430 546–8 diadinoxanthin, 272, 502 D–O events (see also Cornwall, 88, 311, 329 Dactyliosolen, 301 diagenesis, 430–1, 571, 576, 580 Dansgaard–Oeschger events), Cornwallis Island, 252, 259 Daisy Lake, 110 Diatom Assemblage Type Analysis, 221, 222 correspondence analysis, 23, 28, Dallund Sø, 44, 133, 165 108 DOC (see also dissolved organic 64, 179, 198 dam, 86, 91–3, 300 Diatom Paleolimnology Data carbon), 98, 102, 108, 109, 113, Coscinodiscaceae, 12 Damba Channel, 222 Cooperative, 100, 174 153, 155, 234, 237, 242 Coscinodiscophyceae, 214 damselfish, 348–50 Diatoma, 289, 290, 292, 296, 468 Dome C, 554 Coscinodiscus, 298, 390, 411, 426, Dansgaard relationship, 576 diatomaceous earth, 537 domoic acid (see also DA), 540 437, 528, 535, 540, 561 Dansgaard–Oeschger event, 221 Diatomella, 272 DOP (see also degree of pyritization), Costopyxis, 435 Danube River, 92 Diatom Index for German lakes (see 332 cranberry farming, 134 Daphnia, 501, 502 also DiSeen), 156 Dorset, 407 Craspedodiscus, 434 Darling River, 91 diatomite, 3, 4, 552, 554, 556, 570, doubthouse world, 431, 434–6, 439, Craticula,197 DATA (see also Diatom Assemblage 580 440 Creania, 443 Type Analysis), 108 diatoxanthin, 272, 502 downcutting, 91 Crescent Island Crater, 197 data transformation, 26 DIC (see also dissolved inorganic down-weighting, 29, 32 Cretaceous, 13, 425, 427, 428, 431, daughter cell, 12 carbon), 155, 234, 242, 257, DPDC (see also Diatom 432, 433, 437, 439, 440, 443, DBL (see also diffusive boundary 579 Paleolimnology Data 570 layer), 593 Dictyocha, 405 Cooperative), 100 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, 427, DCA (see also detrended Didymosphenia, 92, 211, 563–6 Drake Passage, 392, 438, 445 433 correspondence analysis), 28, diffusion limited aggregation Drepanocladus, 476, 488 Crete, 553 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 129, 135, (see also DLA), 590 drought, 122, 176, 481 cristobalite, 430 165, 329 diffusive boundary layer (see also droughts, 138 cross-validation, 40 DCCA (see also detrended canonical DBL), 593 drowning, 251, 534–6 Crozet Archipelago, 275 correspondence analysis), 29, digital image, 25 dry mass (see also DM), 62 CRS (see also Constant Rate of 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 44 dimensionality, 36 Dry Valleys, 274 Supply), 88, 402–5, 408, 409, DCM (see also deep chlorophyll Dimeregramma, 352 drying, 488 413, 414, 415 maximum), 177 dimethyl sulfide (see also DMS), 443 DSDP (see also Deep Sea Drilling cryoconite, 259, 267, 276 Dead Zone, 89 dimictic, 350 Project), 429, 442 cryptophyte, 9, 300 Deccan Trap, 433 Dimidiata, 289 duck, 499 crystalline lamellar Deception Island, 275 dinoflagellate, 9, 300, 346, 428 Duck Pond, 102 aluminophosphate, 596 deep chlorophyll maximum (see also dinophyte, 300 Dumont d’Urville Trough, 415 Ctenophora, 291, 292 DCM), 177 diploid, 11 dust, 552–6 Cuenca de Mexico, 201 Deep Sea Drilling Project (see also Diploneis, 352, 353, 358, 362, 364, Dust Bowl, 196 culture, 406 DSDP), 409, 429 428, 503 dynamic training-set, 129 Cveg, 415 deer, 506 direct gradient analyses, 32 dynamite, 572 CWA (see also Clean Water Act), 73 deflation, 553 discriminant function (see also DF cyanobacteria (see also blue-green degree of pyritization (see also DOP), analysis), 338 E–O transition (see also algae), 14, 122, 140, 142, 154, 332 disease, 552 Eocene–Oligocene transition), 160, 223, 267, 274, 276, 309, Delaware, 311 DISeen (see also diatom index for 436–8, 444 312, 314, 389, 426, 440, 554, Delphineis, 442 German lakes), 156 Early Eocene Climate Optimum 555, 562 delta, 87, 93 dispersal, 124, 259, 552, 560, 562 (see also EECO), 438 Cycladophora, 457 deltaic deposit, 431 Diss Mere, 133–4 earthquake, 331, 357–68

Index 659

EASM (see also East Asia summer endemism, 211, 274, 347–8 eukaryote, 14 fishing net, 540 monsoon), 219 endosymbiont, 66, 389 Eunotia, 30, 65, 68, 104, 105, 108, fishless, 507 East Antarctic Ice Sheet, 277, 278, energy balance model (see also 157, 467, 468, 488, 489, 490, fjords, 325 443, 554 EBM), 215 537 flagella, 8, 10, 12 East Antarctic Margin, 439 energy dispersive X-ray Euphausia, 445 flagellate, 300 East Antarctica, 415 spectroscopy (see also EDS), Eurasia, 552 flood, 481–2 East Asia summer monsoon (see also 582 Eurasian plate, 213 floodplain, 87, 91, 161, 479, 483 EASM), 219 England, 101, 102, 127, 130, 133–4, European Diatom Database Florida, 67, 153, 154, 314, 332, 337, East Lake, 178 160, 167, 360, 485, 537 (see also EDDI), 100, 174 483, 490 Eastern Boundary Current, 373, English Lake District, 100, 178, 312 European Standard, 68 Florida Bay, 329, 331, 337–9 393, 395 ENSO (see also El Nino/Southern˜ European Water Framework Florida Everglades, 154, 490 Eastern River River, 336 Oscillation), 353, 387, 388, Directive (see also WFD), 299 flow, 16 EBM (see also energy balance 393 euterrestrial, 465, 470 fluctuating asymmetry, 596 model), 215 ENSO/La Nina,˜ 393 eutrophic, 426 fluorescence activated cell sorting ECBILT-CLIO model, 415 Entomoneis,315 eutrophication, 91, 122–43, 157–61, (see also FACS), 596 Echinella, 348 Environmental Homeostasis, 313 259, 298–9, 300, 309–14, fluorescence imaging, 317 ecological condition, 72–4 Environmental Monitoring and 326–7, 329, 332, 483, 485 fluorination, 582, 583 ecological quality ratio (see also Assessment Program (see also eutrophication trends, 132–3 flushing, 325, 335, 503 EQR), 73 EMAP-SW), 125 evaluation, 41 flushing rate, 122, 138 ecotone, 231, 325 Environmental Monitoring and evaporation, 186, 257, 577 fluvial lake, 86–94 edaphic, 311 Assessment Program for evapotranspiration, 134 flux, 376, 439 EDDI (see also European Diatom Surface Waters (see also evenness, 63 Foged, Niels, 251 Database), 100, 174, 181 EMAP-SW), 164 Everglades, 154, 332, 337, 482, 483, food chain, 318 EDS (see also energy dispersive X-ray enzyme, 598, 599 485 foodweb, 16 spectroscopy), 582 Eocene, 428, 430, 433, 434, 436, evolution, 209–12, 290, 425, 437, foraminifera, 335, 346, 352, 525, Edward VII Peninsula, 268 437, 438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 572 578 EECO (see also Early Eocene Climate 445, 446, 527, 570, 571 excrement, 501 forensic science, 534–8, 552 Optimum), 438 Eocene–Oligocene transition, 431, exotic species, 560–7 Forensic Science Service (see also Eemian, 181, 219, 220 432, 436–8 Experimental Lakes Area (see also FSS), 537 effective wind speed, 316 eolian, 276, 552–6 ELA), 141, 177, 181 forest disturbances, 134 Effingham Inlet, 413 Eolimna, 468, 563 exploratory data analysis, 26–7 forestry, 43, 103 egg, 10, 12 epibryophytic, 465 extinction, 13 Forsmark, 297, 300, 302 eggshell, 499 epigenesis, 431 extracellular polymeric substance, Forth/Harding, 528 Egypt, 523, 528 epilithic, 105, 465 315 Fourier, 42 Ehrenberg, 4 epilithon, 24, 98, 123 extrapolation, 36 Fourier analysis, 25 eigenvalue, 31 Epilobium, 478 extremophile, 488 Foy Lake, 198 El Nino,˜ 411, 413, 414 epipelon, 24, 123 fractionation, 576 El Nino/La˜ Nina,˜ 414 epiphytic diatom, 104 FACS (see also fluorescence-activated Fragilaria, 89, 93, 101, 104, 105, El Nino/Southern˜ Oscillation epiphyton, 24, 98, 123 cell sorting), 596 111, 135, 155, 159, 163, 166, (see also ENSO), 353 epipsammic community, 98 fall dump, 440 167, 175, 177, 178, 186, 199, El Nino-ENSO,˜ 546 epipsammon, 24, 123 Fallacia,311 213, 222, 233, 235, 236, ELA (see also Experimental Lakes epiterranean, 465 Falun copper mine, 109 239, 242, 255, 468, 483, Area), 181 epitheca, 11, 12, 458 farmer, 348–50 489, 552 electron microscopy, 545 Epithemia, 66, 101, 199, 468 fatty acid, 16 Fragilariaceae, 175, 201, 240 electronic chip, 598 epixylic, 465 Fe (see also iron), 458, 459 Fragilariopsis, 297, 298, 376, 390, electrostatic, 580 EPS (see also extracellular polymeric feather, 499 391, 392, 407, 408, 416, 443, Eleven Acre Lake, 159 substance), 315, 316 feedback, 439, 442, 489 457, 458–60, 555 Elison Lake, 254 EQR (see also ecological quality Felbrigg Hall Lake, 167 fragmentation, 430 elk, 506 ratio), 73, 74 fen, 474, 476, 487, 488 France, 317, 553, 563, 572 Elk Lake, 177 Equisetum, 477 Fenestrella, 528 Fraser Lake, 504 Ellef Ringnes Island, 252 erosion, 91, 315, 506 Fennoscandia, 127 Fraser River, 504 Ellesmere Island, 252, 253, 255, error, 36, 67–9, 129–31 fertilization, 498, 578 Frazer Lake, 503 257, 258, 259, 260, 468, 506, error estimation, 26, 67 fertilizer, 314 French Guiana, 332 555 Estonia, 175, 479 field-flow fractionation, 596 French Massif Central, 181 Elphidium, 335 estuaries, 309 filtration, 572 Friary Lough, 138 EMAP-SW (see also Environmental Estuarine Quality Paradox, 313 Finland, 44, 101, 102, 163, 233, frost, 259 Monitoring and Assessment estuary, 93, 324–39 255, 297, 299, 488, 506, 556, frustule, 3, 8, 11 Program for Surface Waters), ethanol, 18 560 frustule formation, 13–14 164 Ethiopian Rift, 192 Finnegan Kiel, 584 Frustulia, 105, 111 Ems Estuary, 316 Ethmodiscus, 386, 426, 440, 441, 597 fire, 102, 103, 122, 134, 437, 475 FSS (see also Forensic Science Ems–Dollard Estuary, 310, 311 euaerial, 465 fish, 103, 156, 298, 346, 348, Service), 537 Encyonema, 62, 468, 483, 563 Eucampia, 409, 430, 443, 455 497–510, 540, 547, 548 fucoxanthin, 14, 15, 272, 314, 502 encystment, 13 Eucampia index, 443 fish kill, 498 Fulmarus, 500 endemic, 25, 212, 214, 223, 275, Euclidean distance, 31, 33, 129 fishery, 326, 346 functional characteristics, 70–1 278, 352, 426 euhaline, 287 fishing, 441, 561 fungi, 62, 277, 474

660 Index

Funnen, 44 Goulburn River, 91, 157, 161 Hamilton Harbour, 179, 485 hydrologic budget, 186 Fur Formation, 430 Gower coefficient, 33 Hannaea, 258, 561 hydrology, 174, 186, 475, 485, 518 fur seal, 501 Grammatophora, 350 Hannover, 427, 571 hydrophilous, 467 fusion, 543 grass, 485 Hantzschia, 274, 466, 467, 468, 479, hydrosere, 474 FV Gaul, 536 grazer, 16 481, 488, 490, 535, 553 Hydrosera, 563 grazing, 104, 506 haptophyte, 9 hydroseral succession, 485 GAM (see also generalized additive Great Barrier Reef, 346, 350 harpoon, 260 hydroterrestrial, 465, 467 model), 45 Great Basin, 528 Haslea,162 Hygropetra, 254 gametangium, 543 Great Lakes, 88, 125, 126, 174, 478, Haughton Crater, 252 hyperalkaline, 192 gamete, 12, 543 483, 561–2, 563 Havel River, 91 hyperhaline, 287 gas exploration, 531 Great Lakes Environmental Hazen Plateau, 253 hypersaline, 187 gastropod, 209 Indicators (see also GLEI h-block cross-validation, 40 hypersaline lake, 276 Gaul, 536 project), 126 Heinrich Event, 220, 221 hypotheca, 11, 12 Gaussian logit model, 34 Great Plains, 142, 186, 193, 196, Helsinki, 299 hypothesis generation, 27 Gaussian logit regression (see also 199, 202, 481 Hemiaulus, 389, 426, 428, 430, 435, hypoxic, 326, 336 GLR), 34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 189 Great Slave Lake, 93 437, 440 Hypsithermal, 408, 416 Gaussian response model, 34 Greece, 209, 366, 553 Hemiglyphidodon, 349 Gaussian unimodal model, 35 green algae (see also Chlorophyta), hemlock, 102 IBC (see also indices of biological Gaussian unimodal response, 45 63, 160, 276 hemp, 44 condition), 71 Ge/Si, 427 greenhouse world, 431, 432, 440 herbivory, 59 IBI (see also indices of biotic Geissleria, 466 Greenland, 190, 199, 240, 249, 250, heterokont, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18 integrity), 71 gene, 12, 15 251, 252, 253, 259, 407, 465, heterothallic, 542 ice, 497 generalized additive model (see also 489, 553–4 heterotroph, 16 ice cap, 275 GAM), 45 Greenland Ice Core, 553 heterotrophic, 467 ice core, 401 generalized linear mixed model, 46 Greenland Interstadial GI-1, 240 heterovalvy, 595 ice cover, 175, 233, 234, 236, 239, generalized linear model (see also Greenland mummies, 251 Heywood Lake, 501, 505 252–5, 257, 272, 278, 297, 478 GLM), 45 Greenland Stadial GS-2a, 240 hierarchical cluster analysis, 27 ice-cores, 240 genome, 612 Grizzly Lake, 479, 481 High Arctic, 249–60 ice-diatom, 299 geochemistry, 327 ground-truthing, 130 high performance liquid ice-edge, 373 George V Coast, 408, 414 groundwater, 186, 201, 577 chromatography (see also ice-free season, 242 Georgia, 479 growth habit, 175–6 HPLC), 314 icehouse, 431, 437 Gerlache Strait, 392 growth rate, 70 high-temperature carbon icehouse world, 432, 438–9, 442, Germany, 91, 108, 142, 155, 290, Gryphon, 528 reduction, 582, 583 443, 444 310, 316, 330, 427, 571 Guam, 349, 350, 353 Hill’s scaling, 32 Iceland, 251, 406, 407, 415, 465 Ghana, 209 guano, 499, 502 hilltop lake, 106 ice-sheet, 442–4 giant diatoms, 440–1 Guaymas, 388 Himalayas, 236–7 ice-wedge furrow, 259 girdle band, 11 Guidimouni, 200 histopathological, 534 ice-wedge polygon, 250 GISP2, 553, 554 guild, 62, 65–6, 479 Holarctic, 237 ICP-AES (see also inductively coupled glaciation, 441 Guinardia, 540 Holetjorn,¨ 106 plasma atomic emission glacier, 578 Guinea Basin, 389 holobiont, 346 ppectroscopy), 582 glacio-isostatic, 357 Gulf of Bothnia, 300 Holocene, 181, 191, 198, 201, 223, Idaho, 503, 528 glacio-isostatic uplift, 259 Gulf of California, 349, 374, 388, 365, 401–17, 424, 443, 479, IGCP (International Geoscience Gladiopsis, 433 401, 405, 409, 411, 414, 556 481, 489, 507, 519, 577 Programme), 361 GLEI (see also Great Lakes Gulf of Finland, 297 hologram, 599 iHTR (inductive High-Temperature Environmental Indicators Gulf of Gdansk, 298 holomictic, 350 carbon Reduction), 582, 583 project), 126 Gulf of Mexico, 89, 91, 326, 336 homothally, 542 Île de la Possession, 275 GLM (see also generalized linear Gulf of Naples, 544, 545 Hondo Field, 525 image-analytical technique, 25 model), 45 Gulf of Riga, 299 Hong Kong, 334 image-capture, 25 Global Circulation Model, 233, 242 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 287 Hood Canal, 335–6 impoundment, 86–94 Glorioptychus, 433 Gulf of Suez, 523, 528 HPLC (see also high performance index α,99 GLR (see also Gaussian logit gypsum, 191 liquid chromatography), 314 Index B, 108 regression), 34, 35, 36, 40, 41 Gyrosigma, 66, 310, 317, 332 Hudson Bay, 231, 287, 488 India, 237, 445 glucose, 16 Humber Estuary, 361, 362 Indian Ocean, 275, 553, 577 glycerol, 188 H, 311, 329 humic acid, 352 indices of biological condition, 71 golgi, 11 habitat degradation, 502 hummock, 488 indices of biotic integrity, 71 golgi apparatus, 15 Hagia Sofia Church, 571 Hungary, 155 indifferent, 99 Gomphoneis, 3, 563 half saturation constant, 310 hurricane, 357–68 indigenous populations, 134 Gomphonema, 199, 213, 469, 483, halite, 191 Hurricane Andrew, 332, 368 indirect hypothesis testing, 43–4 485 halobion, 5 Hustedt, Friedrich, 5, 99 Indo-Malaysian, 211 Gomphonitzschia,211 halobion spectra, 251 Huttonia, 433 Indonesia, 347, 350, 387 Gondwana, 271, 431 halobion system, 290, 302 Hyalochaete,411 inductively coupled plasma atomic Goniothecium, 428, 435 Halodule,314 Hyalosira, 350 emission spectroscopy (see also goodness-of-fit, 41 halophilic, 273 Hyalosynedra, 353 ICP-AES), 582 goose, 499 halophilous, 468 hydrocarbon, 523 Industrial Revolution, 133 Gotland Basin, 293, 297, 298 Hälsingland, 103 hydrochemistry, 186 inertia, 31

Index 661

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Jellyfish Lake, 353 Lake Baikal, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, Lake Tinker, 104 (see also IODP), 424, 429 Jervis Inlet, 387 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 582 Lake Titicaca, 194, 209, 213, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program jet stream, 198 Lake Birgervatnet, 236 222–3 Expedition 302, 443 JFL, 352, 353 Lake Biwa, 209, 211, 219, 221, 225 Lake Tsuolbmajävri, 233 Integrated Studies of the Effects of Juncus, 364 Lake Bogoria, 199, 200 Lake Tswaing, 209 Liming in Acidified Waters, Juniperus, 231 Lake Bonney, 276 Lake Tule, 219 108 Jurassic, 432 Lake Bosumtwi, 209 Lake Vanda, 271, 276 intercalary valve, 409 Jutland, 332 Lake CF8, 257 Lake Victoria, 198, 209, 213, 222, Intercontinental Scientific Drilling Lake Chon, 104 223 Program, 213 K–T, 427, 433, 443 Lake Curlip, 93 Lake Vida, 276 Intergovernmental Panel on Kajemarum Oasis, 192 Lake Dallund Sø, 159 Lake Vostok, 277 Climate Change (see also IPCC), Kamchatka, 366, 437, 441 Lake Diefenbaker, 141 Lake Yoa, 192 315, 357 Kamloops, 189 Lake Doilet, 104 Lambert Glacier, 555 Intermediate Zone, 435 Kara Channel, 428 Lake Duluth, 90 laminated sediment, 31, 409–17 Internal Transcribed Spacer Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf, 287 Lake El’gygytgyn, 209, 213 lamprey, 561 ribosomal DNA, 544 Karelian Republic, 142 Lake Erie, 3, 561 Lampriscus, 350 International Global Correlation Karluk Lake, 503 Lake Eyre, 552 land clearance, 133 Programme, 361 Kattegat, 291, 299, 312 Lake Fryxell, 273, 276 land-level change, 364–6 intertidal marsh, 327 Kattegat-Skagerrak, 298 Lake George, 153 Landsort Deep, 297 Intertropical Convergence, 191 Kazantsevo, 219 Lake Gribso,¨ 102 land-use change, 103, 161–2 Intertropical Convergence Zone, keel-bearing genera, 11 Lake Harriet, 507 Längsee, 239, 240 389 Kejimkujik National Park, 111 Lake Hoare, 271, 272, 278 Längsee oscillation, 240 Inuit, 505 kelp, 8 Lake Holzmaar, 142 Lapland, 233, 236 invader species, 560–7 Kennebec Estuary, 336–7 Lake Hovsg¨ ol,¨ 209, 211, 219 Laptev Sea, 407 invertebrate, 156 Kennebec River, 336 Lake Huron, 561 Large Subunit (see also LSU), 545 IODP (see also Integrated Ocean Kentmere, 100 Lake Ihotry, 193 Larix, 231 Drilling Program), 424, 429, Kentucky, 67, 482 Lake Ioannina, 209 Larsemann Hills, 268, 270, 272 442 Kenya, 177, 197, 199, 209 Lake Juusa, 479 laser ablation system, 584 IODP Wilkes Land Expedition, 442 Kerguelen Island, 267, 275, 278, Lake Kachishayoot, 234 last glacial maximum (see also LGM), ionic composition, 186–7 467 Lake Ketau, 353 272, 357, 362, 405, 408, IPCC (see also Intergovernmental Kerguelen Plateau, 443 Lake Kinneret, 135 455 Panel on Climate Change), Kern Co, 525 Lake Kivu, 209 Late Glacial, 489 315, 357 kernel density estimation plot, 26 Lake Kuril, 498 Late Glacial Interstadial, 240 IPS, 70 Kiel Bight, 296 lake level, 222, 479, 577 late Quaternary, 368 Ireland, 163 King George Island, 269, 272, 275, lake level drought, 186–203 latent variable, 32 IRMS (see also isotope ratio mass 392 Lake Magadi, 199 Laurasia, 431 spectrometry), 583, 584 Kinone, 431 Lake Maggiore, 142 Laurentide ice sheet, 193 iron (see also Fe), 332, 455, 553 kleptoplastic events, 14 Lake Malawi, 209, 212, 213, 219 Lauterborn, Robert, 5 Iron Age, 103, 159 Kobayasiella, 466 Lake MegaChad, 552, 553, 554, 556 Law of Large Numbers, 69 Iron Gate I dam, 92 Kola Peninsula, 108 Lake Memphremagog, 154 Lawrence Lake, 154 Isachsen, 252 Komandorsky Islands, 428 Lake Mendota, 501 lead, 334 ISLAW, 108 Konig in Big Lagoon, 314 Lake Michigan, 125, 561 leaf litter, 134 Isle of Skye, 23 Korea, 427 Lake Naivasha, 177, 197 Lemnicola,165 isogamy, 12 Koror Island, 352 Lake Nerka, 503 Leptocylindrus, 328, 376 isolation basin, 362–3 Koror Jellyfish Lake, 352 Lake Ohrid, 209, 211 LGM (see also last glacial isotherm, 231 krill, 438, 445, 547, 548 Lake Okeechobee, 153 maximum), 455, 459 isotope, 502, 553, 575–85 Ks,310 Lake Ontario, 87, 178, 179, 479, LIA (see also Little Ice Age), 196, 197, isotope ratio, 575 K-systems analysis, 316 485, 561 233 isotope ratio mass spectrometry (see Kurasiiskaya, 525 Lake Orta, 105 Licmophora, 292, 296, 348, 350, 352, also IRMS), 583 Kuril, 366 Lake Orvattnet,¨ 109 353 Israel, 135, 434 Kuril Trench, 366 Lake Ossa, 177, 179, 553 life cycle, 296, 540–4 Italy, 105, 142, 209, 241, 544, 545, kurtosis, 26 Lake Pepin, 88, 89 lifebuoy, 536 553, 566 KwaZulu-Natal, 311 Lake Rassas, 241 light, 59, 249, 309, 467, 473 ITCZ (see also Intertropical Lake Reid, 272 Lill M˚alsjon,¨ 103 Convergence Zone), 389 La Gorce Mountains, 554 Lake Saanajarvi, 236 Lilla Oresj¨ on,¨ 102, 103 ITS, 544 La Nina,˜ 353, 393, 413 Lake Saint-François, 88, 89 liming, 105, 108 ITS rDNA, 544 lagoon, 87, 334 Lake Satonda, 350 linear-logit (sigmoidal) model, 34 Laguna de La Caldera, 176 Lake Sidi Ali, 178 linear-logit model, 34 Jaccard coefficient, 33 Lake 227, 141 Lake Søbygaard, 165 line-transect, 33 Jamaica, 490 Lake 239, 177, 181 Lake St. Croix, 88, 89–91 Lioloma, 301 janus valves, 14 Lake Abhé, 192 Lake Superior, 560, 561 lipid, 16, 570 Japan, 209, 219, 331, 360, 426, 427, Lake Aeroport, 236 Lake Tahoe, 126 LIS (see also Long Island Sound), 335 431, 524, 572 Lake Agassiz, 90 Lake Tamnaren, 153 Litorina Sea, 293 Japan Trench, 366 Lake Alagiap Tasinga, 236 Lake Tanganyika, 209, 213 Litorina stage, 297 Java, 99, 374, 387 Lake Albano, 209 Lake Taupo, 126 Litorina Transgression, 514

662 Index

Little Ice Age (see also LIA), 196, 233, macrophyte, 152, 160, 176 MEMS (see also model, 111–13, 138, 139–40 241, 402, 406, 407, 416, 479, Macrora, 434 microelectromechanical model validation, 130 481, 507 Madagascar, 193 systems), 591 modern analog technique (see also Little Soulier Lake, 111 MAGIC (Model of Acidification of mercuric chloride, 375 MAT), 40, 181 liver, 535 Groundwater Catchments), Meretta Lake, 259 molecular clock, 8 Livingston Island, 275 112 Meridion, 258 molecular sequencing, 427 Ljosvatn, 106 magnet, 599 meromictic, 259 molecular systematics, 10 locally-weighted magnetic susceptibility (see also MS), meromictic marine lake, 350–3 molecular tool, 548 scatterplot-smoothing (see also 88, 415, 553 meromixis, 200 mollusc, 555 LOWESS), 30 Maine, 336, 337 Merrymeeting Bay (see also MMB), molted skin, 501 Loch Fleet, 109 Makkassjon,¨ 103 336–7 Mondsee, 130, 272 Loch Sionascaig, 102 Malawi, 209 Mertz Glacier Polynya, 414 Mongolia, 209 Lochan Dubh, 104 Malaysia, 211 Mesodictyopsis,214 monomeric aluminum, 110 Lockham, 361 Mallomonas, 537 mesohaline, 287, 332 monoraphid diatoms, 16 locks, 88 mammal, 444–6, 505–6 mesohalobian, 358 monotonic, 29 loess, 220 management targets, 162–5 Mesolithic, 517 monsoon, 219, 222, 237, 387 LOESS, 30, 41 manganese nodule, 431 Mesozoic, 427, 431, 432, 433 Montana, 198 logging, 138, 140 mangrove, 338, 346–7 meta-analysis, 255 Monte Carlo permutation, 43 Lompoc, 571, 572 Manitoba, 488 metabolic rates, 71 Monte Carlo permutation test, 30, London, 94, 516 mare sporco, 540 metal, 103, 104, 109, 237, 301, 32, 33, 44, 45 Long Island Sound (see also LIS), marginal process, 406 314–15, 332, 334, 337 Monterey Bay, 546 335, 337 Marine Isotope Stage, 272, 277 metal polish, 537 Monterey Formation, 525 long-range atmospheric N loading, marine/lacustrine transitions, 259 methane (see also CH4), 93, 473 Montréal, 88 134 marsh, 312, 316, 474 methods, 477–8, 535–6, 580–3 Moon Lake, 196 Long-Term Monitoring Programs Massachusetts, 102, 311, 318 metric multidimensional scaling mooring, 395 (see also LTMP), 125 Mastogloia, 14, 191, 199, 337, 350, (see also MMDS), 28 moorland pools, 109 loss-on-ignition (LOI), 165, 353, 389, 483, 595 Mexico, 142, 349, 409, 490, 516, Moose Jaw, 140 360 Mastogloia Sea, 293 544, 572 moraine, 250 lotic index, 258 mat, 274 Michigan, 154, 176, 177, 479, Moreno Shale, 433 Lough Augher, 132 MAT (see also modern analogue 499 morphometry, 138, 180 Lough Neagh, 158 technique), 40, 181 Microcostatus, 467 Morrocco, 178 Louisiana, 316, 326, 368 material preservation, 17–18 microelectromechanical systems, Morvern, 104 Loveday Wetland, 162 Mauritania, 376, 393, 523 591 Moscow, 562 low-temperature scanning electron maximum likelihood (see also ML), microinvertebrates, 62 moss, 254, 267, 275, 465, 485, microscopy (see also LTSEM), 36 micromachining, 599 488 315 maximum likelihood calibration, 39 microparticle, 554 mother cell, 12 Lower Herring Lake, 176, 177 Mayamaea, 468 Microspathodon, 349 Mould Bay, 252 Lower Murray Lake, 255 MC-ICP-MS (see also multicollector microsphere, 25 Mount Feather, 277 Lower Snowy River, 93 inductively coupled plasma microtubules, 595 Mount Feather Diamicton, 277 LOWESS (see also locally weighted mass spectrometry), 583, 584 Mid-Atlantic Highlands, 67 Mount Kenya, 577 scatterplot smoothing), 30 McKinley Lake, 504 Middle Ages, 103 mountain, 231–42 L-shaped Lake, 352 McMurdo Dry Valleys, 268, 271, Middle Miocene, 525 Mozambique, 209 LSU (see also Large Subunit), 272, 273, 274, 276, 278 Mid-Holocene Warm Period, 507 MPR (see also Mid-Pleistocene 545 McMurdo Ice Shelf, 444 Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (see also Revolution), 214, 438 LTMP (see also long-term McMurdo Sound, 392, 395, 443 MPR), 214, 438 MS (see also magnetic susecptibility), monitoring program), 125 Mean Bray-Curtis similarity, 566 migratory animal, 497 415 LTSEM (see also low-temperature mean tide level, 363 minerotrophic, 476 Mt Rainier National Park, scanning electron meander, 91 Minidiscus, 387 507 microscopy), 315, 317 means partitioning, 27 mining, 103, 334 Mt. Everest, 236 Ludzow-Holm¨ Bay, 390 Mecherchar Island, 352, 353 Minnesota, 94, 177, 487, 488, 507 Mt. Heekin Lake, 269 Luneburger Heide, 571 Mecherchar Jellyfish Lake, 347, 352 Miocene, 277, 430, 431, 433, 437, Muddy River, 336 lung, 535 Medieval period, 133, 159 441, 443, 444, 446, 525, 527, mudflat, 316, 366 Lutetian, 434 Medieval Warm Period, 196, 233, 528, 554, 571 Muelleria, 270, 274, 468, 469 Lutetian-Bartonian, 428 402, 406, 407, 507 Mississippi River, 88, 332, 546 multicollector inductively coupled Luticola, 270, 274, 275, 467, 468, Mediterranean, 155, 313, 440 Missouri, 483 plasma mass spectrometry 481, 488, 553, 554, 555 Mediterranean Sea, 287, 389, 439, mitosis, 458 (see also MICPIMS), 583 Lutzow-Holm¨ Bay, 395 545 mitotic, 13 multimetric indices, 71–2 Lyrella, 352 meiofauna, 318 mitotic division, 11 multinomial distribution, 25 Mekong Delta, 490 mixing regime, 233, 257 multinomial logit model, 34 Maastrichtian, 433 Melbourne, 479 ML (see also maximim likelihood), Murray River, 91, 93, 161–2, 331, Macedonia, 209 Melosira, 65, 153, 191, 296, 297 36, 37, 40 479 Mackenzie Delta, 93 melt pools, 275 MMB (see also Merrymeeting Bay), Murray-Darling Basin, 162 Mackenzie River, 258, 488 MeltmountTM,18 336 MWP, 196 Macquarie Island, 275 Melville Island, 252 MMI (see also mulitmetric index), 71, Mysticeti, 445 macrofossil, 365, 487 membrane, 11, 14 72, 74 Mytilus, 318, 547

Index 663

N(see also nitrogen and total Niedere Tauern, 239 Nunavik, 236 organic matter, 327 nitrogen), 66, 100, 122–43, Niger, 200 Nunavut, 468 orthophosphate, 310 335, 459, 499, 501 Nile perch, 223 nutrient, 13, 59, 91, 104, 122–43, Orthoseira, 466 N:P, 499, 565 Nile River, 198 157–61, 177, 223, 237, 257, Oslofjord, 297 N:P ratio, 66 nitrate, 310, 311, 439 275, 298–9, 309–14, 326–39, OsmocoteTM,314 Najas, 368 nitrite, 310 353, 438, 441, 468, 469, 478, osmoregulation, 188 Namaqua, 387 nitrogen (see also N and total 482–5, 497–506, 527, 540, 578 ostracod, 192, 209 Namibia, 438, 441, 442 nitrogen), 13, 59, 100, 122–43, NY (New York), 102, 111 Ostwald ripening, 18, 595 nanoplankton, 373 298–9, 309–14, 318, 327, 328, Nypa, 347 Ottawa River, 87 nanotechnology, 13, 590–601 332, 350, 455, 467, 483, 497, Otter Lake, 111 NaphraxR , 18, 63 502, 584 Oamaru, 428, 430 Outer Banks, 331, 332 National Lakes Assessment, 175 nitrogen isotope, 580 oases, 252 outlier, 26, 27 National Lakes Survey and National nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, 565 occult sulfur deposition, 103 over-fishing, 502 Rivers and Streams nitrogen-fixing, 426 Ocean Drilling Program (see also Owens Lake, 552 Assessment, 69 Nitzschia, 11, 62, 65, 66, 104, 191, ODP), 413, 424, 429 oxbow, 87, 479 National Land and Water Resource 192, 196, 197, 212, 213, 223, Ocean Drilling Site, 443 oxbow lake, 91, 142 Audit, 314 296, 297, 310, 312, 313, 337, ocean front, 440–1 oxygen, 142, 441, 476, 482 National Rivers and Streams 350, 352, 353, 376, 389, 407, Ockham’s razor, 33 oxygen isotope, 575–8, 582–3 Assessment, 59 483, 485, 500, 544 Oder Estuary, 297, 298 oxygen minimum zone, 411 Native American, 3 Njargajavri, 102 Odontella, 300 ozone, 234, 416 natural acidification processes, NMDS (see also non-metric Odontoceti, 445 100–3 multidimensional scaling), 29, ODP (see also Ocean Drilling P(see also phosphorus), 66, 70, natural eutrophication, 134 329 Program), 215, 413, 424, 429, 122–43, 154, 219, 335, 459, natural sources of sulfur, 104 no-analog situation, 36 442, 443 499, 501 naturally productive lakes, 134–5 Nobel, Alfred, 572 Oedogonium, 536 P–E(see also precipitation minus Navicula, 66, 68, 89, 93, 104, 105, nodule, 431 oil, 570 evaporation), 186–203 109, 111, 135, 163, 187, 191, non-anadromous fish, 501–2, oil exploration, 531 P/L (see also planktonic to littoral 194, 197, 211, 237, 296, 297, 506–7 Okavango, 490 ratio), 178 310, 311, 313, 314, 348, 350, non-indigenous specie, 300 Okinawa, 349 P:B, 175, 178, 180, 181 352, 353, 362, 428, 468, 499 non-linear CAP, 33 Oligocene, 428, 437, 438, 440, 442, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 336, NAWQA (see also National Water non-linear regression, 64 443, 445, 446, 525, 527, 553 413, 414 Quality Assessment Program), non-metric multidimensional, 64 oligohaline, 287, 332 Pacific Islands, 490 69 non-metric multidimensional oligosaline, 237 Pacific Northwest Index, 413 Neapolitan, 544 scaling (see also NMDS), 28, oligotraphentic, 468 Pacific salmon, 498–9, 502–4 nematode, 274 329 oligotrophication, 133 pack ice, 250 Neodenticula, 429 non-native species, 560–7 Olkiluoto, 297 PAD (see also Peace-Athabasca Neogene, 433, 440, 441, 443, 524, non-parametric additive modeling, ombrotrophic, 477, 487 Delta), 93 528, 530 46 ombrotrophic bog, 486, 487, 488 Pagodroma Group, 555 Neoglacial, 402, 408 Nordic Sea, 407 OMZ (see also oxygen minimum paint, 537 Neolithic, 103, 133, 192, 514 Norilsk, 108 zone), 411 Pakistan, 445 Neosynedra, 350 Norse, 407 Ontario, 110, 177, 181, 481 Palau, 350, 352 Nepal, 236 North Atlantic Oscillation, 296 Ontario Ministry of Environment & Paleocene, 427, 428, 433, 437, nepheloid layer, 392 North Carolina, 314, 317, 331, 335, Energy’s Trophic Status 527 Neptune, 436 364 Model, 139 Paleocene–Eocene, 431 Neptune Database, 425 North Dakota, 200, 201–2 Onyx River, 274 Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Netherlands, 86, 109, 310, 316, 317, North Icelandic Shelf, 415 oogamous, 10 Maximum, 425 318 North Island, 564 oogamy, 12 Paleoecological Investigation of neurotoxin, 540 North Pacific Gyre, 389 opal, 431, 432, 438, 445, 584 Recent Lake Acidification Neuse, 332 North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, opal C-T, 571 (see also PIRLA), 35, 100 Neuse Estuary, 337 426, 439, 440 Opal Q, 570 paleo-eskimo, 407 Neuse River, 332–5 North Pole, 250 opal-A, 430 Paleogene, 425, 430, 433, 438, 439, Nevada, 194, 202, 528 North Pond, 102 opal-CT, 430 440 Nevins Lake, 177 North Sea, 174, 287, 298, 312, 366, opaline, 570 paleosalinity, 94 New Bedford Harbor, 337 428, 525, 527, 528 opaline silica, 13, 430 paleotempestology, 367–8 New England, 103, 105, 332, 537 North Sea Basin, 428 Opephora, 360, 364 paleotsunami, 366–7 New Hampshire, 102 northern fulmar, 500 optical regime, 234 Palmer counting cells, 63 New Mexico, 499, 518 Northern Great Plains, 189 optically stimulated luminescence Palmer Deep, 402, 408 New York, 335, 561 Northern Ireland, 127, 130, 132, dating, 257 Palmer Deep Basin, 415 New Zealand, 104, 126, 127, 142, 135, 138, 158, 177 optima, 30, 33–5, 38, 41, 62, 66, 99, Palmer Long Term Ecological 365, 366, 428, 441, 445, 469, Northwest Territories, 250 483 Research, 394 556, 563–6 Norway, 98, 106, 250, 297, 536 optimum, 30 palynology, 233 NGP (see also Northern Great Norwegian Sea, 428, 435 ordination, 27–30, 64, 178 PAM (see also pulse amplitude Plains), 189 Nova Scotia, 111 Oregon, 365, 387, 475, 479, 556 modulated), 317 Niawaikum River, 367 nucleus, 11, 12 Orestias, 223 Pamlico Estuary, 337 nickel, 334 null hypotheses, 43 Oresund¨ , 292 Pamlico Sound, 332

664 Index

Panama Basin, 215 310, 329, 467, 468, 482, 485, pneumorrhizae, 347 Puget Sound, 335–6, 365, 366 Panama Basin Intercomparison 486, 487, 497, 503 POC (see also particulate organic pulse amplitude modulated Experiment, 375 Phacus, 536 carbon), 454, 455, 456, 457, fluorometry, 317 Panama Seaway, 438 Phaeocystis, 546 458, 459 pycnocline, 13 Pangaea, 431 Phaeodactylum, 314, 595 Podocystis, 350 pyrite, 104, 431 paper mill, 337 pharmaceutical industry, 572 Podosira, 350 pyritized, 525, 528 Papua New Guinea, 349, 350 pharmacology, 346 polar, 267–78 Pyxidicula, 427 papyrus, 482 phenotype, 595 Polar Front, 390, 393, 408, 415, Pyxilla, 434, 437 paradox of the plankton, 211 Philippines, 347 440, 445 Paralia, 362, 364, 405, 430, 556 phosphatase, 70 Polar Frontal Zone, 390 Qu’Appelle River, 140 parthenogenesis, 12 phosphate, 439 polar lake, 249–59 Qu’Appelle Valley, 140–1 partial least squares (PLS) phosphorus (see also P), 59, 90, pollen, 35, 88, 102, 161, 232, 485 quadratic, 30 regression, 38 122–43, 154, 157–61, 234, 239, pollution induced community quality control, 595 partial regression analysis, 33 298–9, 309–14, 327, 455, 483, tolerance (see also PICT), 301 quantile regression, 46 particle flux, 374 497 Polunin, Nicholas, 251 quantile-quantile plot, 26 particulate organic carbon, 454 photic zone, 179–81 polyamine-rich ink, 594 quartz, 430, 570 partitioning, 27–30 photoperiod, 13 polyhaline, 287, 332 Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, 414 Pasqua Lake, 140–1 phototroph, 15 polyhalobian, 358 quasi-likelihood model, 34 Pass Key, 337 Phragmites, 560 polyhalobous, 362 Quaternary, 24, 192, 200, 202, 209, Patagonia, 554 phylogeny, 9, 11, 25 polymerization, 595, 598 213, 218, 219, 225, 357, 358, Patrick, Ruth, 77 physiology, 481 polymictic, 160 366, 408, 424, 433, 440, 442, Pauliella, 297, 299 phytobenthos, 60 polynya, 393 443, 444, 525, 571 PCA (see also principal components phytolith, 376, 437, 477, 487 polysaccharide, 315 Québec, 76, 234, 236, 259, 506 analysis), 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, phytoplankton, 13 Polysiphonia, 349 Queen’s Lake, 234 33, 329, 334, 503 Picea, 231 Pontian Sea-Lake, 289 Queensland, 427 PCoA (see also principal coordinate PICT (see also pollution-Induced Ponto-Caspian Sea, 561 Quinghai province, 237 analysis), 29 community tolerance), 301 POOZ (see also permanently open Quoddy, 545 PCR, 545 Piedmont, 67, 142 ocean zone), 457, 458, 459 Peace-Athabasca Delta (see also Pieni Majaslampi, 102 Populus, 231 RACER, 392 PAD), 93 pigment, 15, 140, 142, 272, 274 pores, 596 radially symmetric, 10 Peace-Athabaska River, 258 Pil’skaya, 525 Porosira, 390, 407, 408, 414 radiocarbon, 254, 257 Pearl River Estuary, 332 Pilengskaya Formation, 525 Portales, 518 radiocarbon date, 26 peat, 259, 275, 364, 476, 486 Pingualuit, 209 Portugal, 315 radionuclide, 302 peat drainage, 134 pinniped, 445 pottery, 514 raphe, 10, 600 peatland, 473–91 Pinnularia, 104, 105, 255, 352, 360, power plant, 563 Rapid Bioassessment Protocols, 65 Pediastrum,165 467, 468, 479, 481, 488, 489, power spectrum, 42 rarefaction, 30 Pelagomonad, 8 490, 554 power-spectral analysis, 42 rate-of-change analysis, 31 penguin, 445, 446, 499, 500 Pinus, 231 Prairie, 140 Rauer Islands, 268 Pennales, 10 PIRLA (see also Paleoecological PRC, 33 RDA (see also redundancy analysis), pennate, 12 Investigation of Recent Lake precipitation, 186, 577 30, 31, 32, 33, 43, 44, 45, 140, pennate diatom, 11, 12 Acidification), 35, 100 Prescott Island, 255 500 Pennsylvania, 92, 108 Pisco Formation, 446 presence/absence data, 34 rDNA, 545 Perca, 501 pixel, 596 preservation, 427, 429–31, 454 reafforestation, 103 perch, 501 Placoneis, 211, 225 Pretoria Salt Pan, 209 red alga, 14 Perdido Bay, 314 Plagiotropis,317 Prince Edward Island, 547 Red Sea, 413, 414 Peridinium,135 planktivorous fish, 142 Prince Patrick Island, 252 redox potential, 476 periphytic, 479 plankton, 24 principal components analysis (see reduced rank regression, 43 periphyton, 26, 60, 125, 474 plankton:benthos, 175 also PCA), 23, 25, 28, 329, 503 redundancy analysis (see also RDA), Peri-Tethys Sea, 428 Planktonic/Littoral, 178 principal coordinates analysis 25, 31, 500 perizonia, 543 Planothidium, 358 (see also PCoA), 28 reed, 560 permafrost, 232, 254, 489 plant macrofossil, 142 principal response curve, 33 reference condition, 72–3, 111–13, permanently open ocean zone plasma membrane, 11 Proboscia, 428, 433, 437 162–5 (see also POOZ), 457 plasmalemma, 14 proline, 188 regime shift, 300 persulfate-denitrifier technique, plastids, 14–16 proteoglycan, 315 Regina, 140, 141 584 Plectroglyphidodon, 349 protists, 8, 11 regional assessments, 135–8 Peru, 209, 222, 393, 405, 438, 441, Pleistocene, 194, 199, 209, 213, 214, Prydz Bay, 391, 393, 442 regression, 36, 178 442, 446, 570 216, 218, 277, 401, 411, 439, prymnesiophyte, 300 regression analysis, 32 Peru-Chile Current, 393 441, 444, 519, 528, 552, 612 Psammothidium, 272, 274, 501 regression coefficient, 34 Petersen, Johannes Boye, 465 Pleurosigma,310,317,352 pseudoaerial, 465, 467, 468, 469 regression techniques, 99 PETM (see also Paleocene–Eocene Pleurosira, 561 Pseudo-nitzschia, 300, 301, 335, 336, reindeer, 506 Thermal Maximim), 425 Pliocene, 213, 214, 216, 277, 289, 376, 386, 388, 390, 391, 540–8 Remane’s brackish-water rule, 291 Petromyzon, 561 433, 439, 440, 441, 444, 554–5 Pseudosolenia, 297, 301, 303, 353, reproduction, 11–12, 71, 458 pH, 37, 38, 59, 62, 91, 98–113, 155, PLS, 237, 239 440 Republic of Palau, 347 161, 162, 175, 176, 177–8, 189, Plum Island Estuary, 318 Pseudostaurosira, 159, 216, 233 Research on Antarctic Coastal 199, 237, 241, 251, 254, 257, pluvial lake, 194 Puebla, 516 Ecosystem Rates, 392

Index 665

reservoir, 141 S(see also sulfur), 100, 311 sea ice taxa group, 408 Significance of Zero crossings of Resolute Bay, 259 S. King Pond, 102 sea level, 357–68 the derivative (see also SiZer), 41 response curve, 34 Saanich Inlet, 401, 413 sea lion, 547 Signy Island, 501, 555 response model, 44 safe ballast, 537 Sea of Azov, 287 silaffin, 13, 14, 599 resting cell, 13 Sahara, 4, 191, 192, 553 Sea of Japan, 406 silica (see also Si), 13–14, 86, 92, resting spore, 191, 298, 299, 426 Sahara-Sahel, 191–3 Sea of Okhotsk, 457 124, 156, 199, 300, 328, 392, resting stage, 430 Sahel, 192 sea otter, 547 427, 429, 430, 439, 444, 486, restoration target, 111–13 Sahlingia,314 sea spray, 468, 470 487, 562, 570, 575–85, 593, resuspension, 156, 316 Sakhalin, 525 sea surface temperature (see also 597 Reticulofenestra, 426 Sakhalin Island, 524, 525 SST), 441 silica colloidal particle, 597 retting, 44 saline, 257 Sea Surface Temperature, 406–7 silica deposition, 598 Rhabdonema, 353 saline lake, 186–203 seabird, 260, 499–501, 502, 504–5 silica deposition vesicle (see also Rhine river, 87 salinisation, 162 seagrass, 314, 318, 330–1 SDV), 11, 14, 597 Rhizophora, 347 salinity, 91, 186–203, 273, 278, 310, seal, 500, 501, 505–6 silica pump, 394 Rhizosolenia, 328, 389, 411, 414, 426, 313, 500 sea-level index point, 361–2 silica transporter genes, 13 430, 437, 440, 498 salinization, 481 sea-level rise, 331 silicalemma, 14, 597 Rhode Island, 330 salmon, 122, 497–9, 502–4 seasonal ice zone, 395, 457 silicate, 300 Rhoicosphenia, 291, 296 salmonids, 561 seasonality, 239 silicate depletion, 300 Rhoneˆ River, 87 salt marsh, 311, 358–61 sea-surface temperature, 427 silicate mineral, 486 Rhopalodia, 66, 104, 192, 199, 350, salt-water encroachment, 331–2 seaweed, 347 silicate pump, 373 353, 483 sample preparation, 17–18 Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry silicate pump model, 396 R´ıa de Arosa, 316, 318 San Nicolas Island, 468 (see also SIMS), 584 silicic acid, 439 Richelia, 440 sand, 477 sedge, 485 silicoflagellate, 298, 405, 438 richness, 30 Sanikiluaq, 260 Sedgwick/West Brae, 528 silicon, 396, 458 Rideau Canal, 87 Santa Barbara Basin, 387, 405, 409, sediment stability, 315 silicon cycle, 578 rift lake, 192, 209 411 sediment toxicity, 314–15 silicon dioxide, 11 river, 57–77 Santa Barbara County, 572 sediment trap, 198, 375–6 silicon isotope, 578–9, 583–4 River Avon, 538 saprobion, 5 sedimentary P, 129 silt, 477, 580, 582 river inflow, 57, 258 sapropel, 440 sedimentation, 478 silver, 334 RIVPAC, 75 Saqqaq, 407 Seebergsee, 141 similarity, 64–5 RMSE (see also root-mean-squared sardine, 547 Sele, 527 simple scatter plot, 26 error), 67, 131 Sardinia, 466 Sellaphora, 211, 225 Simple two-way WA, 37 RMSEP (see also root-mean-squared Saskatchewan, 92 SEM (see also scanning electron SIMS (see also Secondary Iron Mass error of prediction), 38, 39, 40, satellite, 376 microscopy), 315, 348, 409, Spectrometry), 584 41, 237, 239, 415 satellite image, 553 582 Sinai, 528 RNA, 212, 427 satellite imaging, 552 Semiorbis,102 SIP (see also sea ice presence), 406 road construction, 134 SAV (see also submerged aquatic sensitive trace metal, 327 Sirius Formation, 277, 278 rock snot, 563 vegetation), 326, 330–1, 337 Serbia, 92 Sirius Group, 554, 555 Rocky Mountain Trench, 189 Savannah River, 91 seston, 152 SITG (see also sea ice taxa group), Rocky Mountains, 194, 196 Sawtooth Lake, 255 Severn Estuary, 315, 516, 518 408 rogue sample, 26 scanning electron microscopy, 315, sewage, 259, 260, 346 SIZ (see also seasonal sea-ice zone), Roman, 516 582 sewage treatment, 134 395, 457, 458 Roman Period, 94, 133, 406 SCD (see also squared chord SEWT, 239, 240 size reduction, 296 Romania, 92 distance), 163 sex cell, 540 SiZer (see also significance of zero rookery (see also RMSE), 499, 500 Scheldt Estuary, 318 sexual reproduction, 11, 12 crossings of the derivative), 41 root-mean-square error, 39 Schirmacher Oasis, 268 Seymour Island, 433 Sjosj¨ on,¨ 103 root-mean-square error of Schlei Estuary, 291 Seymour-Belize Inlet, 413 Skagerrak, 287, 290, 312 prediction (see also RMSEP), 37 Schultze, Max, 590 Shaban Deep, 414 Skeletonema, 328, 387, 409, 413, 414, Roperia, 389, 405 Schwarzsee ob Solden,¨ 241 shade-flora, 440 437, 442, 563 Ross Ice Shelf, 555 scleractinian coral, 346 SHALDRIL project, 442 skewness, 26 Ross Island, 270 Scoliopleura, 289 shale, 428 Slave River, 93 Ross Sea, 276, 392, 393, 440, 442, Scoliotropis, 289 shallow lake, 152–67 Slave River Delta, 93 443, 555 Scotland, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, Shannon index, 317 Slipper Lake, 235 rotifer, 274 106, 109, 135, 137, 163, 360, Shannon’s diversity index, 311, 329 Slovak Republic, 488 Round Loch of Glenhead, 102, 103, 362 Shannon’s H, 333, 335 smelters, 109 105, 106, 109 Scotland & Northern Ireland Forum shellfish, 326, 540 Snake River Basin, 528 r-selection, 242 for Environmental Research Shetland, 527 SNIFFER (see also Scotland & RSM, 327, 336 (see also SNIFFER), 135 Si (see also silicon and silica), 131, Northern Ireland Forum for Ruppia,314 SD (see also standard deviation), 29 132 Environmental Research), 135 Russell Bank, 337 SDV (see also silica deposition Si/C, 457 snow cover, 253 Russell Island, 255 vesicle), 597 Si:P, 132 sockeye salmon, 497–9 Russia, 108, 142, 209, 225, 250, sea anemone, 350 Siberia, 219, 427, 428, 435, 477, 488 sodium chloride, 276, 375 255, 287, 297, 317, 427, 430, sea ice, 407, 409, 415, 426, 440, Sierra Leone Rise, 434 sodium polyphosphate, 477 498, 524, 525 442–4 Sierra Nevada, 176 sodium polytungstate (see also SPT), Rwanda, 209 sea ice presence, 406 sigmoidal model, 34 581

666 Index

software, 129 SST (see also sea-surface SWAP (see also Surface Water Tethys Sea, 434, 556 soil, 552 temperature), 406–7, 415, 416, Acidification Project), 35, 100, Tetracyclus,211 Somalia, 387 427, 441 103, 112 tetrahedrally bonded silica, 576 Somerset Island, 260 St. Lawrence River, 76, 88–9 Sweden, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, TGView, 27 Sonneratia, 347 St. Lawrence Seaway, 88 109, 130, 153, 297, 302, 578 Th (see also thorium), 459 South Africa, 209, 290, 311, 314 St. Petersburg, 297 SWF (stepwise fluorination), 583 Thalassia,314 South America, 175, 193, 194, 269, stable isotope, 317–18, 335, 575–85 Switzerland, 27, 141, 237 Thalassiobeckia,214 278, 556 stalked, 479 Symbiodinium, 346 Thalassiobeckiaceae,214 South American Altiplano, 198 standard deviation, 29, 38 symbiont, 426, 440 Thalassionema, 376, 386, 388, 391, South Atlantic Gyre, 386 Stauroforma, 272 symbiotic, 353 394, 405, 430, 437, 441, 442 South Australia, 162 Stauroneis, 274, 310, 466, 469, 552 symmetric scaling, 29 Thalassiosira, 192, 197, 223, 239, South Australian River, 162 Staurosira, 159, 175, 216, 233, 239, Synedra, 103, 133, 197, 213, 292, 350 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 333, South Carolina, 91, 479, 481 240 Synedropsis, 430, 440, 443 387, 390, 392, 393, 405, 406, South China Sea, 219 Staurosirella, 159, 216, 233 syngamy, 12, 543 407, 408, 413, 414, 430, 437, South Georgia, 267 Stegastes, 349 Syr Darya, 223 442, 540, 561, 563 South Georgia Island, 275 Stellarima, 408 Syringodium,314 Thalassiosiraceae, 12 South Island, 564 Stephanodiscoid, 484 syrup, 63 Thalassiothrix, 395, 405, 410, 411, South Pole, 554 Stephanodiscus, 17, 25, 89, 92, 94, Sysran, 427 413, 414, 430, 440, 441, 442, South Shetland Islands, 271, 272 132, 135, 140, 158, 160, 165, Szilard, Leo, 600 555 South Victoria Land, 554 186, 192, 199, 213, 215, 216, Thames, 516 Southern Annular Mode, 393 218, 219, 220, 240, 277, 337, Tabellaria, 30, 102, 105, 109, 489 Thames Estuary, 94, 290, 329 Southern Benguela Upwelling 503, 552, 554, 561, 562 Tabularia, 292, 296 the Netherlands (see Netherlands) System, 386 Stephanopsis,214 Tai Hu, 156 87 Southern California Bight, 388 Stephanopyxis, 411, 426, 428, 437, taiga, 231 thermal maximum, 233 Southern High Plains, 518 556 tailwater, 91 thermohaline circulation, 578 Southern Ocean, 277, 395, 402, Stictocyclus, 350, 353 Tanana River Floodplain, 489 thermokarst lake, 250 408, 409, 427, 428, 433, 438, Stockholm, 517 tannin, 352 Thetis Ocean, 287 439, 440, 442, 443, 444, stomatocyst, 477 Tanzania, 199, 209 thorium (see also Th), 455 454–60, 578, 579, 580 storm disturbance, 332 Taoudeni Basin, 553 Thule, 260, 505 Southern Tyrol, 241 storm surge, 332 Tapes,318 thylakoid membrane, 15 Southern Westerlies, 275 strain, 545 taphonomy, 198–9 Tibet, 237 Southland, 564 stratification, 152, 439–40 tardigrade, 274 Tibetan Plateau, 190, 237 Soviet Union, 223 stream, 57–77 Tareena Billabong, 91 tidal current, 315 Spain, 176, 190, 201, 316, 318, 556, striae, 199 Tasikutaaq Lake, 253 tide gauge, 364 566 strong acids, 104 Tasmania, 331 Tiefersee, 272 Spartina, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318 Stygge Nunatak, 257 Tasmanian Gateway, 438, 442, 445 Tilia-Graph, 27 spatial autocorrelation, 40–1 subaerial, 465 taste and odor problem, 122 timber line, 231 spatial grid, 33 subaerial habitat, 465–70 taxonomic richness, 23 time-series, 33 spawner, 498, 502 Subantarctic, 267–78, 469 TBT (see also tri-n-butyl tin), 301 titanium dioxide, 537 species richness, 63, 311, 317 subarctic, 231–42 TDI (see also Trophic Diatom Index), TK20 lake, 235 specific conductivity, 62 subduction zone, 365 75 TN (see also total nitrogen), 62, 70, SPECMAP, 215 subglacial lakes, 276–7 TDIL (see also Trophic Diatom Index 155 spectral analysis, 42, 219 sublimation, 278 for Lakes), 156 TOC (see also total organic carbon), Sperenberger Saltz Gebiet, 290 submerged aquatic vegetation tectonic, 331, 427, 431–2 234, 242 sperm, 10, 12 (see also SAV), 326 tectonic process, 325 tolerance, 33–5, 41, 66, 483 spermatophyte, 311 Sub-Saharan Africa, 4 Teddington Weir, 516 top and bottom paleolimnological Sphagnum, 476, 477, 479, 485, 488, substrate, 16 Tehuacan Valley, 516 approach, 137 490 subterranean, 465 telophase, 13 total nitrogen (see also TN), 62 Spitsbergen, 249, 251, 253, 259 Sudbury, 110 temperature, 59, 232, 233, 234, total organic matter, 234 split-flow thin fractionation (see also sulfate, 189 237, 253, 295, 296–7, 575 total phosphorus (see also TP), 62 SPLITT), 581 sulfur, 100, 332 temperature and climate, 292–8 Total Solar Irradiance (see also TSI), split-plot, 33 sulphide-rich soil, 100 temporal-series analysis, 41–2 415 SPLITT (see also split-flow thin Sumatra, 99 tephra, 580 tourism, 346 fractionation), 581 Sumatra-Andaman, 366 ter Braak, Cajo, 31, 35 tourism and recreation, 134 Spooky Lake, 352 summer epilimnetic water teratological, 487 Tower Hill, 162 Spree River, 91 temperature (see also SEWT), terminal lagoon, 93 Toxarium, 350, 352 spring, 470 239 terminal valve, 409 toxic marine diatoms, 540–8 spruce, 102 surface area, 62 Terpsinoe, 561 toxic substance, 59 SPT (see also sodium polytungstate), Surface Water Acidification Project terrestrial algae, 465–70 toxicity, 301, 310 581 (see also SWAP), 35, 43, 100, 103 Tertiarius,214 toxin, 300, 540 squared chord distance (see also Surirella, 66, 192, 194, 237, 310, 352 Tertiary, 194, 432, 525, 527, 528 toxin trophic transfer, 546–8 SCD), 163 Surirellaceae, 211 tertiary sewage treatment, 141 TP (see also total phosphorus and square-root transformed Surirellale, 11 testate amoebae, 477, 487 phosphorus), 62, 64, 67, 70, percentage data, 31 Svalbard, 44, 236, 251, 252, 255 Tethyan Realm, 433, 434, 435 72, 76, 155, 329, 483, 485, squid, 547, 548 Swan Lake, 110 Tethys, 436, 438, 445 503, 507

Index 667

training set, 37, 38, 99, 112, 125, Ungava Peninsula, 259 Vietnam, 544 weighted averaging regression and 158, 188, 475 ungulate, 505–6 volatilization, 499 calibration, 23 trampling, 506 unimodal, 29 Volga, 428 weighted-averaging, 189, 329 Transantarctic Mountains, 277, unimodal curve, 34 Volga Delta, 287 weighted-averaging partial least 278, 554, 555 unimodal response model, 291 Volga River, 562–3, 567 squares (see also WA-PLS), 329 transfer function, 36, 37, 41, 100, United Kingdom (see also UK), 75, Volgaland, 427 West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 277, 444, 129–31, 166–7, 363–4, 481, 103, 109, 140 vouchering, 17 555 503, 505 United States (see also USA), 91 VPA (see also variance partioning West Siberian Basin, 428 tree line, 232–4, 241 Upper Miocene Modelo Formation, analysis), 140–1 West Siberian Sea, 428 Triceratium, 352, 433, 434 428 VPDB (see also Vienna PeeDee Western Caroline Islands, 350 Trichodesmium, 389 Upper Mississippi River, 89 Belemnite), 575 Westerschelde Estuary, 317, 318 Trinacria, 437 upwelling, 373, 405, 427, 439–40, VSMOW (see also Vienna Standard wetland, 91, 331, 332, 473–91, Trinacria/Triceratium, 428 442, 545 Mean Ocean Water), 575 518 tri-n-butyl tin (see also TBT), 301 Ural Mountains, 428, 430 wetlands, 134, 328 Trophic Diatom Index (see also TDI), urbanization, 134 WA (see also weighted averaging), WFD (see also Water Framework 75 Uruguay, 142 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 127, 130, Directive), 58, 68, 73, 123, 125, Trophic Diatom Index for Lakes US Clean Water Act (see also US 179, 189, 190, 237, 239, 241, 135, 142, 152, 155–6, 162, 163, (see also TDIL), 156 CWA), 58 329, 338 167, 312, 314 trophic state index, 71 US Environmental Protection WA partial least squares (see also whale, 260, 426, 445, 446, 505–6 Tropidoneis, 301 Agency (see also USEPA), 59, WAPLS and weighted white, 253 trout, 564 483 averaging partial least White Lough, 138 Tryblionella, 468 USA (see also United States), 17, 108, squares), 237 White Sea, 287, 317 TSI (see also total solar irradiance), 153, 209, 311 Wadi Abu Gaada, 528 whole-plot, 33 415, 416 USCWA (see also US Clean Water Waiau River, 564 wildlife, 497–510 TSM (Trophic Status Model), 139 Act), 58 Wales, 101, 537 wind, 102, 253, 275, 478, 552–6 Tsuga, 102, 134 USEPA (see also US Environmental Walker Lake, 194, 202 Windmill Islands, 268 tsunamis, 357–68 Protection Agency), 68, 69 Walker River, 194 Wisconsin, 501 tube-dwelling, 254 USGS, 69 Walvis Ridge, 386 Womersleyella, 349 tubulin, 595 UV (see also ultra violet), 70, 231, WA-PLS (see also weighted average wood, 465 Tule, 209 232, 234, 242, 416, 469, 470 partial least squares), 36, 37, World War II, 90, 299 Tule Lake, 213, 216, 218, 221, 225 38–40, 41, 67, 190, 237, 329, Wright Valley, 274 Turanian, 223 vacuole, 11, 16 338 Wurmian,¨ 239 turbidity, 91 validation, 41 Ward Hunt Island, 253 Wyoming, 17 turbulence, 176–7 valve, 3 Washington, 365, 367, 507, 515 Turgay Strait, 428 valve diameter, 406 Washington State Hood Canal X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), 582 Turkey, 190 valve size, 458 Dissolved Oxygen Program, turnover, 29 Vancouver Island, 563 336 Yangtze River, 92 TWINSPAN (see also two-way vapor substitution, 63 Water Act, 314 Yarra River, 91, 157, 161 indicator species analysis), 65, variance, 42 water color, 234 YD (see also Younger Dryas), 222, 137 variation partitioning analysis (see Water Framework Directive 223 two-photon-induced also VPA), 44, 140 (see also WFD), 58, 123, 152, yeast, 277 photopolymerization, 599 varve, 259 312 Yellowstone Lake, 17, 25 two-way indicator species analysis vase, 571 water quality indices, 312–13 Yellowstone National Park, 506 (see also TWINSPAN), 27, 137 vegetation, 102–3, 175, 231 water treatment, 561 Yoldia Sea, 293 two-way weighted averaging, 37–8 vegetative valve, 13 waterfall spray, 470 Younger Dryas (see also YD), 191, tychoplanktonic, 237, 426, 479 Venezuela, 376 water-level change, 174–83 222, 406, 507 Tyrol, 241 Venice System, 287 wave-length, 42 Vermillion River, 90 wavelet, 42 Zabaikalye, 211 U.S. Environmental Protection vertical migration, 316–17 Wawa, 110 Zaire River, 552 Agency, 483 vesicle, 14 Weddell Sea, 374, 390, 393, 427, zeolite, 200 U.S.A, 104 Vest–Agder, 106 444 Zippel Bay, 94 Uganda, 153, 209 Vestfold Hills, 190, 268 Weichselian, 292 Ziway-Shala, 192 UK (see also United Kingdom), 105, vibration coring device, 476 weighted average, 66–7, 179 zonation, 27 107, 109, 110, 112, 163, 310, Victoria, 162 weighted average partial least zooplankton, 502 311, 315, 316, 331, 361, 516, Victoria Island, 252 square (see also WA-PLS), 67 zooplankton fossil, 142 518, 535, 538 Victoria Land Basin, 443 weighted averaging (see also WA), zooxanthellae, 346, 353 ultraviolet, 70, 231, 416 Vienna PeeDee Belemnite, 575 36, 127, 237 Zostera, 314, 318, 361 ultraviolet radiation, 469 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean weighted averaging partial least Zygnematales, 59 uncertainty, 25 Water, 575 square, 36, 40, 66 zygote, 12