Languages of the World

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Languages of the World Languages of the World Languages of the World Countries Official Languages Albania Albanian Ethiopia Amharic Algeria Arabic Bahrain Arabic Chad Arabic Comoros Arabic Egypt Arabic Iraq Arabic Israel Arabic Jordan Arabic Kuwait Arabic Lebanon Arabic Libya Arabic Mauritania Arabic Morocco Arabic Oman Arabic Qatar Arabic Saudi Arabia Arabic Syria Arabic Tunisia Arabic United Arab Emirates Arabic Yemen Arabic Sudan Arabic, English Armenia Armenian Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bengali Vanuatu Bislama Myanmar (Burma) Burmese Andorra Catalan Malawi Chichewa China Chinese, Mandarin Czech Republic Czech Denmark Danish Afghanistan Dari Maldives Dhivehi Belgium Dutch Suriname Dutch Bhutan Dzongkha Antigua and Barbuda English Australia English The Bahamas English Barbados English Belize English Cameroon English Canada English Fiji English The Gambia English Ghana English Grenada English Guyana English Jamaica English Kiribati English Lesotho English Liberia English Marshall Islands English Mauritius English Micronesia, Federated States of English Namibia English Nauru English New Zealand English Saint Kitts and Nevis English Saint Lucia English Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English Sierra Leone English Solomon Islands English South Sudan English Tonga English Trinidad and Tobago English Tuvalu English United Kingdom English United States of America English Zambia English Singapore English, Malay, Chinese, Tamil Pakistan English, Urdu Estonia Estonian Finland Finnish Benin French Burkina Faso French Burundi French Republic of the Congo French Cote d'Ivoire French Djibouti French France French Gabon French Haiti French Mali French Monaco French Niger French Senegal French Switzerland French Togo French Netherlands Frisian Georgia Georgian Austria German Germany German Liechtenstein German Greece Greek Bolivia Guaraní Paraguay Guaraní India Hindi, English Hungary Hungarian Iceland Icelandic Indonesia Indonesian Ireland Irish Italy Italian Vatican City (Holy See) Italian Japan Japanese Kazakhstan Kazakh Cambodia Khmer Democratic Republic of the Congo Kikongo Rwanda Kinyarwanda, French, English North Korea korean South Korea korean Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Laos Lao Latvia Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourgish Macedonia Macedonian Madagascar Malagasy Brunei Malay Malaysia Malay Malta Maltese Moldova Moldovan Mongolia Mongolia Montenegro Montenegrin Zimbabwe Ndebele, English, Shona Nepal Nepali Norway Norwegian Palau Palauan, English Iran Persian Tajikistan Persian Poland Polish Angola Portuguese Brazil Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Mozambique Portuguese Portugal Portuguese Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese Peru Quechua Romania Romanian Belarus Russian Russia Russian Samoa Samoan, English San Marino San Marino Central African Republic Sango Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbian Croatia Serbian Kosovo Serbian Serbia Serbian Seychelles Seychellois Creole Sri Lanka Sinhala, Tamil Slovakia Slovak Slovenia Slovene Somalia Somali South Africa Sotho Argentina Spanish Chile Spanish Colombia Spanish Costa Rica Spanish Cuba Spanish Dominica Spanish Dominican Republic Spanish Ecuador Spanish El Salvador Spanish Equatorial Guinea Spanish Guatemala Spanish Honduras Spanish Mexico Spanish Nicaragua Spanish Panama Spanish Philippines Spanish Spain Spanish Uruguay Spanish Venezuela Spanish Taiwan Standard Chinese Kenya Swahili Tanzania Swahili Uganda Swahili, English Swaziland Swati, English Sweden Swedish East Timor (Timor-Leste) Tetum Thailand Thai Eritrea Tigrinya Guinea Tok Pisin Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin Botswana Tswana Bulgaria Turkish Cyprus Turkish Turkey Turkish Turkmenistan Turkmen Ukraine Ukrainian Uzbekistan Uzbek Vietnam Vietnamese Nigeria Yoruba .
Recommended publications
  • Review of Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English, Williams Jeffrey P, Schneider Edgar W, Peter Trudgill and Daniel Schreier (Eds.)
    Review of Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English, Williams Jeffrey P, Schneider Edgar W, Peter Trudgill and Daniel Schreier (eds.). Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press Bettina Migge To cite this version: Bettina Migge. Review of Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English, Williams Jeffrey P, Schneider Edgar W, Peter Trudgill and Daniel Schreier (eds.). Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press. Journal of Sociolinguistics, Wiley, 2016, 20 (1), pp.120-124. 10.1111/josl.12167. hal-01495231 HAL Id: hal-01495231 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01495231 Submitted on 31 Mar 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. By Jeffrey R. Williams, Edgar W. Schneider, Peter Trudgill & Daniel Schreier (eds.). (Studies in Language Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2015. Pp. xvi, 345. Hardback $105. Although much of linguistic research is preoccupied with widely used and known languages and varieties that function as important social capital, there has always also been interest in so-called non-dominant languages. Early work, carried out by missionaries and those employed by imperialist governments often followed an assimilationist agenda, aiming to spread colonial worldviews and life-styles and/or to prove the inadequacy of other languages (Errington 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Of Languages
    INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ® Index of Languages Français Türkçe 日本語 English Pусский Nederlands Português中文Español Af-Soomaali Deutsch Tiếng Việt Bahasa Melayu Ελληνικά Kiswahili INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ® P.O. Box 3665 Culver City, CA 90231-3665 Phone: 310.258.9451 Fax: 310.342.7086 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ierf.org 1969-2017 © 2017 International Education Research Foundation (IERF) Celebrating 48 years of service Index of Languages IERF is pleased to present the Index of Languages as the newest addition to The New Country Index series. as established as a not-for-profit, public-benefit agency This helpful guide provides the primary languages of instruction for over 200 countries and territories around but also in the world. Inez Sepmeyer and the world. It highlights not only the medium of instruction at the secondary and postsecondary levels, but also , respectively, identifies the official language(s) of these regions. This resource, compiled by IERF evaluators, was developed recognized the need for assistance in the placement of international students and professionals. In 1969, IERF as a response to the requests that we receive from many of our institutional users. These include admissions officers, registrars and counselors. A bonus section has also been added to highlight the examinations available to help assess English language proficiency. Using ation of individuals educated I would like to acknowledge and thank those IERF evaluators who contributed to this publication. My sincere . gratitude also goes to the editors for their hard work, energy and enthusiasm that have guided this project. Editors: Emily Tse Alice Tang profiles of 70 countries around the Contributors: Volume I.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Across Cultures
    Food Across Cultures “Exploring an area of research and an approach which is still, relatively speaking, in its infancy this volume has clear interdisciplinary and international appeal. Essential reading for the felds of both linguistic and cultural identity.” —Paul Coggle, formerly University of Kent, UK Giuseppe Balirano · Siria Guzzo Editors Food Across Cultures Linguistic Insights in Transcultural Tastes Editors Giuseppe Balirano Siria Guzzo Department of Literary, Linguistics and Department of Humanities Comparative Studies University of Salerno University of Naples “L’Orientale” Fisciano, SA, Italy Naples, Italy ISBN 978-3-030-11152-6 ISBN 978-3-030-11153-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11153-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966694 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Tis work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Country List
    CONTENT LANGUAGE & COUNTRY LIST Languages by countries World map (source: United States. United Nations. [ online] no dated. [cited July 2007] Available from: www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm) Multicultural Clinical Support Resource Language & country list Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Afghanistan Dari, Pashto, Parsi-Dari, Tatar, Farsi, Hazaragi Brunei Malay, English, Chinese, other minority languages Albania Tosk, Albanian Bulgaria Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma and other minority languages Algeria Arabic, French, Berber dialects Burkina Faso French, native African (Sudanic) languages 90% Andorra Catalán, French, Spanish, Portuguese Burundi Kirundi, French, Swahili, Rwanda Angola Portuguese, Koongo, Mbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Cambodia Khmer, French, English Antigua and English, local dialects, Arabic, Portuguese Cameroon French, English, 24 African language groups Barbuda Canada English, French, other minority languages Argentina Spanish, English, Italian, German, French Cape Verde Portuguese, Kabuverdianu, Criuolo Armenia Armenian, Yezidi, Russian Central French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), other minority Australia English, Indigenous and other minority languages African languages Austria German, Slovenian, Croatian, Hungarian, Republic Alemannisch, Bavarian, Sinte Romani, Walser Chad French, Arabic, Sara, more than 120 languages and dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri), Russian, Armenian, other and minority languages Chile
    [Show full text]
  • GOO-80-02119 392P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 863 FL 013 634 AUTHOR Hatfield, Deborah H.; And Others TITLE A Survey of Materials for the Study of theUncommonly Taught Languages: Supplement, 1976-1981. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, D.C.Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Jul 82 CONTRACT GOO-79-03415; GOO-80-02119 NOTE 392p.; For related documents, see ED 130 537-538, ED 132 833-835, ED 132 860, and ED 166 949-950. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Dictionaries; *InStructional Materials; Postsecondary Edtmation; *Second Language Instruction; Textbooks; *Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography is a supplement tothe previous survey published in 1976. It coverslanguages and language groups in the following divisions:(1) Western Europe/Pidgins and Creoles (European-based); (2) Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union; (3) the Middle East and North Africa; (4) SouthAsia;(5) Eastern Asia; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) SoutheastAsia and the Pacific; and (8) North, Central, and South Anerica. The primaryemphasis of the bibliography is on materials for the use of theadult learner whose native language is English. Under each languageheading, the items are arranged as follows:teaching materials, readers, grammars, and dictionaries. The annotations are descriptive.Whenever possible, each entry contains standardbibliographical information, including notations about reprints and accompanyingtapes/records
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean
    The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean Author Stefan Engelberg University of Wuppertal Fachbereich A Gauss-Str. 20 D-42097 Wuppertal Germany [email protected] http://www2.uni-wuppertal.de/FBA/germanistik/engelberg/welcome.html Abstract German loanwords are found in many languages in the South Pacific, in particular in those areas which were under German administration before WW I. The Austronesian languages in this area differ greatly with respect to the number of lexemes of German origin. The paper focuses on two languages of Micronesia, namely Palauan, with a comparatively high number of German loans, and Kosraean which had no German influence on its lexicon. The paper considers the balance of factors that contribute to the different loanword amounts. That German was taught in local schools for up to two decades did not, by itself, enhance borrowing from German. More weighty factors for the amount of borrowings from German are the length and strength of language contact with English and the use of German as a means of communication in particular settings in the years before WW I. Keywords Loanword, Language Contact, Second Language Learning, Language Teaching, Language Policy, Pidgin, Language Attitude, Palauan, Kosraean, German, English, Spanish. The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean 2/20 1 Introduction Most of the languages spoken in Micronesia incorporated German loanwords into their lexicons. These borrowings go back to the two decades before WW I when large parts of Micronesia were under German administration, namely the Northern Marianas, the Caroline Islands, including the Palau Islands, the Marshall Islands and Nauru, leaving Guam and the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) the only parts of Micronesia not administered by the Germans back then.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Da Tradução
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO Robert James Coulthard RETHINKING BACK-TRANSLATION FOR THE CROSS- CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF HEALTH-RELATED QUESTIONNAIRES: EXPERT TRANSLATORS MAKE BACK-TRANSLATION UNNECESSARY Tese submetido(a) ao Programa de Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Estudos da Tradução da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Estudos da Tradução Orientador: Prof. Dr. Markus Weininger Florianópolis 2009 – 2013 Robert James Coulthard RETHINKING BACK-TRANSLATION FOR THE CROSS- CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF HEALTH-RELATED QUESTIONNAIRES: EXPERT TRANSLATORS MAKE BACK- TRANSLATION UNNECESSARY Esta tese foi julgada adequada para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR EM ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO e aprovada em sua forma final pelo curso de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 25 de setembro de 2013. _________________________ Profa. Dra. Andréia Guerini Coordenadora do curso Banca examinadora: _________________________ _________________________ Prof. Dr. Markus Johannes Profa. Dra. Maria José Weininger Bocorny Finatto Orientador e Presidente Universidade Federal de Rio Grande Universidade Federal de Santa do Sul Catarina _________________________ _________________________ Prof. Dr. Fabio Alves Prof. Dr. Lincoln Fernandes Universidade Federal de Minas Universidade Federal de Santa Gerais Catarina _________________________ _________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Lúcia Prof. Dr. Werner Heidermann Vasconcellos (Suplente) Universidade Federal de Santa Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Catarina ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My greatest debt is to my parents, Elizabeth and Malcolm. If I were to list all of the efforts and sacrifices they have made to help me reach this point there would be no space left for the thesis. I shall therefore simply thank them both for everything and state the obvious fact that I could never have got here without them.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhichang Xu Deyuan He David Deterding Editors Researching Chinese English: the State of the Art Multilingual Education
    Multilingual Education Zhichang Xu Deyuan He David Deterding Editors Researching Chinese English: the State of the Art Multilingual Education Volume 22 Series Editors Andy Kirkpatrick Department of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Bob Adamson Chair Professor of Curriculum Reform, Department of International Education & Lifelong Learning, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR Editorial Board Jan Blommaert, University of Tilburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands Kingsley Bolton, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Feng Anwei, The University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China Ofelia Garcia, The Graduate Centre, City University of New York, USA Saran Kaur Gill, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia Mingyue (Michelle) Gu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR Gu Yueguo, The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Hartmut Haberland, Roskilde University, Denmark David C. S. Li, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR Li Wei, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK Low Ee-Ling, National Institute of Education, Singapore Tony Liddicoat, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Ricardo Nolasco, University of the Philippines at Diliman, Manila, The Philippines Merrill Swain, Ontario Institute of Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada Virginia Yip Choy Yin, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR The book series Multilingual Education publishes top quality monographs and edited volumes containing empirical research on multilingual language acquisition, language contact and the respective roles of languages in contexts where the lan- guages are not cognate and where the scripts are often different, in order to be able to better understand the processes and issues involved and to inform governments and language policy makers.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture of the Palauan Verbal Complex (For Summaries of Each Individual Chapter, See Chapter 1, §1.3)
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Au Pu V C A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Justin Nuger June 2010 The Dissertation of Justin Nuger is approved: Professor Sandra Chung, Chair Professor Judith Aissen Professor James McCloskey Professor Kie Zuraw Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Justin Nuger 2010 V I Current version: v0.2 v0.0: filed at UC Santa Cruz (and available on ProQuest) 6/2010 v0.1: single spaced, re-paginated, uploaded to website 7/2010 v0.2: some typos corrected, pagination consistent with v0.1 9/2010 C Version Information iii Abstract vii Acknowledgments viii Remarks on the Palauan Data xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The broader context......................................................... 2 1.1.1 Core theoretical assumptions ........................................ 2 1.1.2 Theoretical frameworks............................................... 3 1.1.2.1 Minimalism ....................................................... 4 1.1.2.2 Late-insertion of lexical material ............................... 6 1.1.3 Empirical breadth...................................................... 9 1.2 A glimpse into the Palauan language ...................................... 12 1.2.1 The language situation ................................................ 12 1.2.2 Grammatical sketch.................................................... 15 1.2.2.1 Word order ....................................................... 16 1.2.2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Palauan English As a Newly Emerging Postcolonial Variety in the Pacifi C*
    Palauan English as a newly emerging postcolonial variety in the Pacifi c* Kazuko Matsumoto・David Britain 1. Introduction The Republic of Palau/Beluu ęr a Belau is an independent nation state of the Western Pacifi c, consisting of an archipelago of around 350 small islands stretched across 400 miles of ocean. Its nearest neighbours are Indonesia and Papua New Guinea to the south, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to the northeast, and the Philippines to the west. The islands have a population of around 20,000, of which over 60% live in the largest city and former capital of Koror in 2005 (Offi ce of Planing and Statistics 2006: 23). The capital, in 2006, was moved to Ngerulmud, in Melekeok State on the main island of Babeldaob. For most of the 20th century, Palau was under colonial administration: by Spain (1885–1899), Germany (1899–1914), Japan (1914–1945), and fi nally, the United States of America (1945–1994). It formally gained its independence in 1994. This article examines the emergence of an Anglophone speech community in Palau, and aims to do three things: firstly to set the emergence of Palauan English into the context of the country’s complex colonial past. Palau’s four colonial rulers have exercised control in different ways, with different degrees of settler migration, different attitudes towards the function of Palau as a ‘colony’, and widely differing local policies, leading to very different linguistic outcomes in each case. The article focusses, however, on the American era and the path to Palauan independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Survival Journal Submissions
    PALAUAN LANGUAGE CONTACT AND CHANGE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF BORROWING IN PALAUAN Kazuko Matsumoto University of Tokyo [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents a sociolinguistic study of Palauan language contact and change in the Republic of Palau in the Western Pacific with special reference to borrowing in Palauan. It explores borrowing in Palauan from three perspectives: investigating to what extent different source languages have influenced Palauan by means of borrowing within two analytical frameworks, the ‗hierarchy of borrowing‘ and the ‗contact-induced borrowing scale‘; and to what extent borrowing has been linguistically assimilated into Palauan and socially accepted by the speakers by employing such terminologies as Lehnwort, Fremdwort and Gastwort as the conceptual framework. This paper concludes with an emphasis upon the importance of both the domain and face-to-face contact in order to understand the mechanism underlying the process of adopting and retaining borrowing in postcolonial multilingual communities. Key words: language contact; loanword; domain; contact-induced borrowing scale; hierarchy of borrowing; Lehnwort; Fremdwort; Gastwort; Palau; Micronesia; Oceania; Pacific 1. INTRODUCTION Borrowing is one of the linguistic outcomes when languages are in contact. The study of borrowing has attracted research in many fields of linguistics, including historical linguistics and theoretical linguistics. Sociolinguists have also examined borrowing, particularly by analysing advertisements, television programmes, commercials and pop songs (e.g., Gabbrielli 2005; Jinnouchi 2007); hence, their studies have tended to be rather limited to the domain of the mass media. Another common approach taken by sociolinguists appears to investigate borrowing in relation to code-switching although their main focus has obviously been upon the latter (e.g., Treffers-Daller 1994; Gardner- Chloros 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Berg Karl Sempers Die Palau-Inseln Im Stillen Ocean 1980 Ocr.Pdf
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS DEPARTMENT 2550 The Mall Honolulu, HI 96822 The University of Hawaii Library would like to add to its collection for research purposes the title listed below. We would be very grateful if you would permit us to have it photocopied. To meet copyright requirements, please complete and sign one copy of this form and return it to my attention in the enclosed self-addressed and stamped envelope. Your denial of permission will, of course, be honored; however, if no reply is received within 60 days, we will assume your consent. Thank you very much. Sincerely, Title to be photocopied: Karl Semper's Die Palau-Inseln im Stillen Ocean:[English translation] I hereby grant permission to the University of Hawaii Library to photocopy the above title. Permission granted Restrictions: None Indicated Signature: Copyright/Form Karl Semper's Die Palau-Inseln im Stillen Ocean Translated by M. L. Berg Many things that are grand and picturesque existed here once, but there are no traces of them left today; everything has vanished. — Gauguin Who shall say what prospect life offers to another? Could a greater miracle take place than if we should look through each other's eyes for an instant? ... What I have read suggests nothing so ineffably grand and informing as this would be. -- Thoreau . -V- Contents List of illustrations and maps vii Preface ix Translation of Die Palau-Inseln 1 Footnotes 339 Index of Proper Names 366 Index of Palauan Words 380 -vn - List of Illustrations and Maps Morata-Coello's map of Palau 119 Village map of Aibukit (Ngebuked) 146 Island map of Peleliu 243 Village map of Nasias (Ngesias) 244 Village map of Ardellolec 245 A short biography of Woodin 311 Arakalulk (Rechelulk) in 1906 313 -V i i i - ·■ .·.
    [Show full text]