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Artificial Night Lighting and Protected Lands Ecological Effects and Management Approaches (Revised August 2017)

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Artificial Night Lighting and Protected Lands Ecological Effects and Management Approaches (Revised August 2017) National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Artificial Night Lighting and Protected Lands Ecological Effects and Management Approaches (Revised August 2017) Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/NSNS/NRR—2017/1493 ON THE COVER Example of controlling light direction to reduce environmental consequences Illustration by Leigha DelBusso Artificial Night Lighting and Protected Lands Ecological Effects and Management Approaches (Revised August 2017) Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/NSNS/NRR—2017/1493 Travis Longcore1,2,3 and Catherine Rich1 with illustrations by Leigha DelBusso2 1 The Urban Wildlands Group P.O. Box 24020 Los Angeles, CA 90024 2 School of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089 3 Spatial Sciences Institute Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089 August 2017 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available in digital format from the Natural Resource Publications Management website. To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Longcore, T., and C. Rich. 2016. Artificial night lighting and protected lands: ecological effects and management approaches (revised August 2017). Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/NSNS/NRR— 2017/1493. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 999/139639, August 2017 ii Contents Page Figures.................................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Effects of Artificial Night Lighting on Natural Ecosystems .................................................................. 3 Natural patterns of light and dark ................................................................................................... 3 Coastal dunes, beaches, and shorelines .......................................................................................... 6 Deserts and scrublands ................................................................................................................... 8 Wetlands and rivers ...................................................................................................................... 10 Islands, oceans, and reefs ............................................................................................................. 13 Grasslands .................................................................................................................................... 15 Deciduous and evergreen forests .................................................................................................. 16 Alpine and tundra habitats ............................................................................................................ 17 Urban environments ..................................................................................................................... 19 Mitigating the Effects of Lighting on Protected Lands ........................................................................ 23 Approaches to minimize lighting impacts .................................................................................... 23 Need ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Spectrum .................................................................................................................................. 24 Intensity ................................................................................................................................... 29 Direction .................................................................................................................................. 29 Duration ................................................................................................................................... 31 Lighting situations ........................................................................................................................ 33 Communication towers ............................................................................................................ 34 Night hiking and mountain biking ........................................................................................... 34 Campsite lighting..................................................................................................................... 34 Off-road vehicles ..................................................................................................................... 35 Monuments .............................................................................................................................. 35 Light-assisted fishing............................................................................................................... 35 iii Contents (continued) Page Security lighting ...................................................................................................................... 36 Bridges ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Roadway lighting..................................................................................................................... 36 Energy production installations ............................................................................................... 38 Indoor lighting ......................................................................................................................... 39 Lighthouses ............................................................................................................................. 39 Billboards ................................................................................................................................ 39 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................... 43 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Natural horizontal illumination during the day, sunset, and at night (Beier 2006) ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Relative sensitivity to light across the visual spectrum for honeybees (Menzel and Greggers 1985), moths (Cleve 1964), and human photopic vision (CIE 1932). ............................. 4 Figure 3. Proportion of major animal groups that are nocturnal ........................................................... 5 Figure 4. Beach environments are vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenic light because of their open nature................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5. Lights in desert scrublands are visible for long distances and night lighting affects a disproportionate fraction of the wildlife because high daytime temperatures induce nocturnal activity patterns. ......................................................................................................... 9 Figure 6. Lights along rivers and streams can disrupt predator–prey interactions, such as seals hunting salmon under lights.
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