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University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES School of Modern Languages L’Importance du roman gothique anglais dans les premiers romans de George Sand by Marilyn Mallia Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2014 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES French Studies Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy L’IMPORTANCE DU ROMAN GOTHIQUE ANGLAIS DANS LES PREMIERS ROMANS DE GEORGE SAND Marilyn Mallia This study analyses the novels of the first decade of George Sand’s literary career through the lens of the English gothic novel, especially the works of Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis. Critics have addressed the links between Sand and her literary predecessors or contemporaries, such as Rousseau and Balzac; however, the omission of English gothic novelists is an important gap which needs to be tackled. By linking Sand to cross-channel writers, we emphasise her pemeability to European traditions, while demonstrating how her rewriting of the genre gives rise to what Orr calls a ‘positive influence’ (Orr, 2003). Our thesis highlights the active way in which Sand reappropriates the parameters of the gothic genre and remoulds them to advance her own concerns: the possibilities of female agency during the Restoration, in light of the constraints of the Napoleonic code. The corpus analysed consists of the first Sand novels with eponymous heroines, which are also framed by the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Close readings of Indiana, Valentine, the two Lélia, Mauprat, Consuelo and La Comtesse de Rudolstadt will therefore focus on three gothic pressure points reconfigured by Sand. An analysis of the doubling of Sand’s gothic heroines sheds light on Sand’s treatment of ideological issues surrounding female sexuality, such as excess and transgression. Sand’s gothic itineraries reveal the different ordeals faced by her heroines, including imprisonment, in order to accede to a greater sense of agency. Finally, the gothic dénouement enables Sand to indicate the persisting conundrums for the choice of the gothic heroine’s final destiny. Through her revision of the ending, she aims to offer her heroines a more enabling end than marriage or death. The gothic model thus emerges as a fruitful exploratory tool which allows Sand to tackle important questions concerning her egalitarian political and sexual ideals. i Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... i Contents .......................................................................................................................... iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction: Contextes Critiques ....................................................................... 1 Saisir la figure Sand: réactions critiques significatives et problématiques sous- jacentes ...................................................................................................... 1 ‘Elle et Lui’ ................................................................................................................ 4 La Femme libérée et la femme politique .................................................................... 6 Sand, la femme masculine double et ‘pathologique’ ............................................... 10 La Femme-auteur ..................................................................................................... 11 De la Vie vers l’œuvre: le rôle des Associations George Sand ................................ 12 Idées reçues de la critique sur l’œuvre de George Sand ............................................. 13 La Vie ‘comme’ œuvre ............................................................................................. 13 L’Écriture-femme, l’anti-réalisme et la mythopoétique ........................................... 14 La ‘Bisextualité’ ....................................................................................................... 18 L’Œuvre pour l’œuvre .............................................................................................. 20 Une Poétique intertextuelle ...................................................................................... 22 Défis à soulever et lacunes à combler ........................................................................ 24 La Vie de l’écrivain .................................................................................................... 25 Les Grands Écrivains du roman ‘gothique’ ................................................................ 31 Les Mythifications du roman gothique ...................................................................... 36 Un Genre architectural ‘anglais’? Interprétations historiques et psychanalytiques ... 36 Un Genre dialogique et hétéroclite ........................................................................... 38 Le Genre de la révolte? ............................................................................................ 40 Féminiser le gothique? ............................................................................................. 41 Le Roman gothique en France .................................................................................... 46 Roman noir, frénétisme, fantastique et autres parentés cachées .............................. 48 Les Liens entre George Sand et le roman gothique: études et approches .................. 51 La Critique des sources ............................................................................................ 51 Des Aperçus schématiques de l’apport du roman gothique ..................................... 54 Une Approche alternative ......................................................................................... 57 Le Choix du corpus romanesque ................................................................................ 58 Plan de ce travail ........................................................................................................ 59 iii 2. Le Dédoublement de l’héroïne gothique sandienne.......................................... 61 Indiana (1832): l’héroïne gothique double ................................................................ 70 La Présentation gothique des doubles ...................................................................... 71 Infirmer cette présentation gothique ........................................................................ 75 Le Pouvoir féminin des doubles ............................................................................... 76 Au-delà de la mort du double: le spectre de Noun ................................................... 79 La Fusion subversive ................................................................................................ 80 La Troisième figure: Laure ...................................................................................... 83 Les Doubles Masculins ............................................................................................ 85 Valentine (1832), ou ‘cette carrière ardue et rigide des devoirs impossibles’ ........... 87 L’Absence de bonnes mères formatrices ................................................................. 89 L’‘irréprochabilité’ mise à l’épreuve ....................................................................... 92 Les Doubles gothiques et leur rivalité féminine ....................................................... 95 La Dynamique finale du dédoublement ................................................................... 97 Lélia (1833): L’Esprit et ses ombres .......................................................................... 99 L’Excès cérébral de l’héroïne gothique.................................................................. 103 Un Excès sans exutoire .......................................................................................... 106 Les Dédoublements de Lélia: le renversement des extrêmes ................................. 107 La Substitution des doubles .................................................................................... 111 D’une Lélia à l’autre: la voie religieuse humanitaire dans la version de 1839 ........ 113 Un Pouvoir d’action plus positif: de l’anti-héroïne gothique à l’abbesse gothique dans Lélia II ............................................................................................................ 114 La Modulation du dédoublement féminin .............................................................. 118 Les Doubles masculins ..........................................................................................