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IJPPA | International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Mamatha et.al IJPPA, 2019; VOL-03(03):06-10 Original Review Article ISSN: 2394-1618 IP INDEX Impact Factor is 2.608 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS “MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF SOLANUM VIOLACEUM –A BRIEF REVIEW STUDY” Mamatha B S * and Palaksha M N *Dept. of Pharmacology, Bharathi College of Pharmacy, Bharathi Nagara, K.M. Doddi, Maddur Taluk, Mandya District - 571 422, Karnataka, India E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importance and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Solanum violaceum belongs to the family Solanaceae and which is traditionally used for medicinal treatment. It is a tropical herb and branched shrub, naturally grown on forest edges, roadsides and follow land throughout the country. The whole plant or different parts of the plant has been used in various ailments eg; asthma, dry cough, flatulence, helminthiasis, dysuria, toothache, pruritus, asthma, indigestion, diabetes and ulcer etc. The plant contains various phytoconstituents belonging to alkaloids, carbohydrates, di-terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, gum, phenols, proteins, saponins and tannins. The extract of plant possesses the pharmacological activities including anti-nociceptive, anti-pyretic, wound healing, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytotoxicity. The information of medicinal values of this plant is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the main aim of this review about the medicinal properties of different parts of the plant Solanum violaceum. Keywords: Solanum violaceum, folklore uses, phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity. Introduction way in the scientific exploration of medicinal The role of traditional medicines in the plant for the benefit of man and is likely to solution of health problems is invaluable on decrease the dependence on synthetic a global level. Medicinal plants continue to drugs4. Solanum violaceum belongs to the provide valuable therapeutic agents, both in family which is traditionally used for modern and traditional medicine1. It is now medicinal treatments5. Solanaceae is the one established and fully believed that of the largest and most diverse plant families phytoconstituents obtained from the with 90 genera and more than 3000 species6. medicinal plants serve as pilot molecules in Solanum genus contains about 1500 species the modern medicines2 and many people which are distributed in tropical and still depend on the traditional medicine for subtropical regions7. their preliminary health care and treatment3. Taxonomy Research work on medicinal plant has been Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta intensified and information on this plant has Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales been evaluated. This research will go a long Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Mamatha et.al IJPPA, 2019; VOL-03(03):06-10 Original Review Article ISSN: 2394-1618 IP INDEX Impact Factor is 2.608 Species: Violaceum 22-trien3β-ol, 7-oxostigmasterol, 7- oxositosterol, diosgenin, yamogenin, diosgenone and (25S)-neospirost-4-en-3-one. A lignin (for example, syringaresinol) and a coumarin (for example, scopoletin) were also reported in this plant. Steroidal glycosides, indioside G to K and some other molecules such as borassoside D, yamogenin 3-O-α- Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D- SOLANUM VIOLACEUM glucopyranoside, borassoside E, 3-O- chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol, Vernacular Names: English: Poison berry, sitosterol 3-Oβ-D-glucopyranoside, 7- Indian nightshade; Hindi: Barhanta, ban hydroxysitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Bhatta, barikatai, vadikadheri; N-p-coumaroyltyramine, trans-N- Kannada: Kirugulla, kadchunde, kadusonde, feruloyloctopamine and tricalysioside also sonde, kamanja; Malayalam: Cheruchunda, isolated from the plant8. cheruvalanada, chunde, cerucunta; Marathi: Chinchardi, ringani, dorli, mothiringani, Folk uses: Solanum violaceum belongs to simsarti; Sanskrit: Bhantaki, brhati, kantakari, Solanaceae family which are extensively vartaki, vanavrintaki; Tamil: Cinkikam, used as vegetables and fruits, but also used celumai, talava, vazhuthalai, mulkatri; Telugu: for various medicinal treatments. Mulaga, chitti mulaga, nallamulaga, Traditionally it is useful in asthma, dry tellamoolaka, varthaki; Tibetan: bri ha ti, bri- cough, catarrh, coil, flatulence, worms, and ha-ti, sim-hi, sri ha ti. fever. Roots are digestive, carminative and astringent to the bowels, cardiac tonic, Botanical Description: Solanum violaceum is expectorant and aphrodisiacs. Pounded root a medium sized shrub with raft branches is worn in nasal ulcers and leaf juice mixed provided with curved prickles. The height of with ginger sap is used, to stop vomiting. the plant varies from 0.3 to 1.5m. Hairy leaves Fruits are used medicinally to relieve cough appear to be 50 to 15cm long, ovate in outline, alleviate toothache and tropically for skin acute, sub-entire or with a few large disease. Fruits are considered anthelmintic, triangular-ovate subacute lobes and sparsely laxative, and digestive; helpful in pruritus, pricked on both sides. Pale purple flowers in leucoderma. Seeds are mixed with ethnic racemose are extraaxillary cymes, while liquor to increase intoxication effect and corolla is 8 mm long. Berry is 8 mm in begin used by the ‘Garo’ tribes in diameter and becomes dark yellow when ripe. Bangladesh. The seeds are apparently used to extravagance gonorrhoea and dysuria 8,9. Chemical constituents: S. violaceum contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, di-terpenes, Pharmacological activities flavonoids, glycosides, gums, phenols, proteins, saponins and tannins. Total phenolic content ➢ Anti-oxidant activity: Chiou and Chen, of methanolic extract of S. violaceum was 2009, reported the methanol and hot found to be 54.67 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) water extracts of S. violaceum are per gram of dry extract. Fruits contain 1.8% evident to show anti-oxidant property, steroidal alkaloids, while the leaves and roots where the extracts scavenged 1,1- contain steroidal alkaloids, solanine, diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solanidine and solasodine. To date, a number radical and showed reducing power of steroidal sapogenins isolated from the aerial capacity as well as, inhibition of linoleic 10 parts of S. violaceum include indioside L, acid peroxidation . indioside M, indioside N and indioside O. Other ➢ Anti-inflammatory: Yen et al., 2012, steroids isolated from the plant are: (22E, reported that five new steroidal 24R)-5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol, glycoside, anti-inflammatory and (22E, 24R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6, 9(11), cytotoxic activity of Solanum violaceum Mamatha et.al IJPPA, 2019; VOL-03(03):06-10 Original Review Article ISSN: 2394-1618 IP INDEX Impact Factor is 2.608 in experimental animal. Five new to evaluate anthelmintic activity at steroidal glycosides namely Indiosides G, concentration of 25, 50, 100 and H, I, J and K and nine known compounds 200mg/ml. Acute toxicity was examined with steroidal nucleus have been for a period of 7 days at doses of isolated from Solanum violaceum and 2.0g/kg (i.p) and 5.0g/kg (p.o) in mice14. revealed cytotoxic activity against six ➢ Anti-nociceptive and antipyretic human cancer cell lines with IC50 values activities: Karim et al., 2017, reported of 1.83-8.04 µg/ml. Structural-activity that anti-nociceptive and antipyretic relationship correlations of these activities of Solanum violaceum Ortega. compounds with respect to cytotoxic and Anti- nociceptive activity was evident in anti-inflammatory effects were also hot plate method using Swiss albino reported11. mice. The methanolic leaf, fruit and root ➢ Anthelmintic and antimicrobial extracts of the plant at 250 and activities: Raju et al., 2013, reported 500mg/kg (orally administered, p.o) that characterization of were found to significantly (p≤0.05) phytoconstituents and evaluation of total increase the latency in a dose dependent phenolic content, anthelmintic and manner when compared to the control antimicrobial activities of Solanum groups and were also found to reduce violaceum Ortega. The methanolic the rectal temperature up to a certain extract revealed the presence of period in brewer’s yeast induced phytoconstituents and broad spectrum hyperpyrexic Swiss mice. However, the of antimicrobial activity at the leaf extract at 500mg/kg (p.o) of concentration of 400µg/disc. The result paracetamol (standard) 15. was compared with that of the standard ➢ Antiobesity, hypolipidemic, ciprofloxacin. The crude extract thrombolytic and membrane exhibited significant anthelmintic stabilizing activity: Ahamed et al., property comparing with the standard. 2018, reported that the methanol The extract exhibited moderate amount extract of Solanum violaceum root of total phenolic compound12. possesses antiobesity, hypolipidemic, ➢ Cytotoxic activity: Chang et al., 2013, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing reported that cytotoxic activity and activity. The extractive isolated the compound from Solanum supplementations with dose of violaceum. Four new steroidal saponins, 200mg/kg were capable of lowering the Indiosides L-O, along with eight known level of triglyceride and total cholesterol steroids, one lignin and a coumarin have significantly (p≤0.05) in high fat diet been identified by bioassay-guided (HFD) induced obese mice in a dose fractionation of the CHCl3 layer of dependent manner. As a membrane methanol extract of aerial parts. The stabilizing agent,
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