Research Paper Solanum Violaceum Ortega, a Promising Medicinal Plant

Research Paper

Solanum violaceum Ortega, a promising medicinal plant

Accepted 14th May, 2018

ABSTRACT

The medicinal plant, Solanum violaceum Ortega (Family: Solanaceae) is mainly used as a vegetable. It is widely distributed in Bangladesh. The whole plant or different parts of the plant have been used over the years for the remedy of a number of diseases such as headache, fever, indigestion, asthma, diabetes and ulcers etc. In the recent years, a number of scientific evidences on its traditional usage have been seen along with the bioactivity evaluation of its isolated phytochemicals. This review offers a current scenario of the S. violaceum, Baharul Islam1 and Muhammad Torequl emphasized on the phyto-pharmacological findings. For this purpose, a search was Islam2* made in the electronic databases: PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar for the published articles till November, 2017. The results suggest that a number of 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, important steroidal sapogenins and glycosides along with other steroids have Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. been isolated from this plant. S. violaceum possesses promising biological 2Department of Pharmacy, Life Science activities, including anti-nociceptive, anti-pyretic, wound healing, anthelmintic, School, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytotoxicity. In conclusion, S. Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh. violaceum may be a promising source of lead compounds.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: Keywords: Solanum violaceum, ethnobotanical usage, phytochemicals, [email protected] bioactivities.

INTRODUCTION

According to World Health Organization (WHO), plant phytochemical and biological activities of S. violaceum. species have been found to serve as one of the important sources of modern medicines (approximately, 25%) (Islam et al., 2016). A continuous search is being made for the METHODOLOGY discovery of novel molecules to be used in the treatment of various diseases or to improvise existing therapy Stratagem suggesting plants are always an interesting and promising source of drugs. A search was made in the PubMed, Science Direct and The medicinal plant, Solanum violaceum belonging to the Google Scholar databases with the keyword ‘Solanum Solanaceae family is basically used as a vegetable. It is violaceum Ortega’, which was then paired with known in Bengali as ‘Phutki’, ‘Tit Begun’, ‘Brihati Begun’, ‘morphology’, ‘traditional/ethno-pharmacological uses’, ‘Baikur’. The Marma tribe calls it ‘Pokhongkhesi’, while ‘phytochemicals’ and ‘pharmacological activities’ (Figure 1). ‘Titbahal’ by the Garo tribe in Bangladesh. ‘Poison Berry’ The obtained evidences were included and excluded as: and ‘Indian Night Shade’ are the English names of the plant. It is widely distributed throughout the country Inclusion criteria including: (Bangladesh) on forest edges, road sides and fallow lands (Karim et al., 2017; MPB, 2017). - In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies on S. violaceum; This review provides a profile on the botanical, - Phytochemical and/or pharmacological reports on S. Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Baharul and Muhammad. 139

A B C

F D E

Figure 1: Solanum violaceum Ortega (A: Aerial parts, B: Flowering stalk, C: Flower, D: Un-ripe fruit, E: Mature and ripe fruits, F: Seeds). Box 1: Pant taxonomy (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2017). Botanical name: Solanum violaceum Ortega; Kingdom: Plantae; Phyllum: Tracheophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Solanales; Family: Solanaceae; Genus: Solanum; Species: Solanum violaceum Ortega.

violaceum; reported. - Reports on extract(s) or isolated compound(s) and their activities. Chemical constituents of S. violaceum Exclusion criteria including: S. violaceum contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, di-terpenes,

- Data not related to the focusing study; flavonoids, glycosides, gums, phenols, proteins, saponins - Reports on other species of Solanum genus; and tannins (Karim et al., 2017; Raju et al., 2013). Total - Data duplication. phenolic content of methanolic extract of S. violaceum was found to be 54.67 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry extract (Raju et al., 2013). RESULTS Fruits contain 1.8% steroidal alkaloids, while the leaves and roots contain steroidal alkaloids, solanine, solanidine To date, a total of 781 articles were found in the and solasodine (Ghani, 2003; Thongchai et al., 2010). To aforementioned databases. After exclusion, 19 were date, a number of steroidal sapogenins isolated from the included in this study. aerial parts of S. violaceum include indioside L, indioside M,

indioside N and indioside O. Other steroids isolated from Plant morphology the plant are: (22E, 24R)-5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien- 3β-ol, (22E, 24R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,9(11), 22-trien- S. violaceum is a medium sized shrub with raft branches 3β-ol, 7-oxostigmasterol, 7-oxositosterol, diosgenin, provided with curved prickles. The height of the plant yamogenin, diosgenoneand (25S)-neospirost-4-en-3-one. A varies from 0.3 to 1.5 m. Hairy leaves appear to be 5 to 15 lignin (for example, syringaresinol) and a coumarin (for cm long, ovate in outline, acute, sub-entire or with a few example, scopoletin) were also reported in this plant large triangular-ovate subacute lobes and sparsely pricked (Chang et al., 2013). on both sides. Pale purple flowers in racemose are extra- Steroidal glycosides, indioside G to K and some other exillary cymes, while corolla is 8 mm long. Berry is 8 mm in molecules such as borassoside D, yamogenin 3-O-α-L- diameter and becomes dark yellow when ripe (MPB, 2017). rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, borassoside

E, 3-O-chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol, sitosterol 3-O- Traditional usages β-D-glucopyranoside, 7-hydroxysitosterol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, trans-N- Table 1 shows a number of traditional uses of S. violaceum feruloyloctopamine and tricalysioside U were also isolated Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Baharul and Muhammad. 140

Table 1: Traditional use of S. violaceum.

Plant parts/mode of use Ailments References Leaf juice ginger juice Vomiting Parasitic worm infestation, constipation, Fruits indigestion, pruritus, leucoderma and asthma (Karim et al., 2017) Asthma, dry cough, catarrh, colic, flatulence, Root worms, dysuria, toothache, nasal ulcers and fever (Malek et al., 2012) Root paste/twice daily Vomiting and indigestion

Macerated leaves, fruits and juice/applied to the head (twice daily for one to two hours and the treatment is Headache, pain in the head (Seraj et al., 2013) continued for a period of seven days) (Raghavendra et al., Fruits Diabetes 2015) (Quamar and Bera, Whole plant Asthma, dry cough and chronic febrile infections 2014) Little bit of fruit powder/ added in a glass of milk and Toothache (Kokni et al., 2016) then kept in mouth for a while (Thomas and Root paste/external application Poison Rajendran, 2013) Aqueous root extract/as saline (until cure) Diarrhea Leaf juice with ginger juice Vomiting (BEOD, 2017). Fruits Intestinal worms Whole plant juice Sores between the toe fingers (Motaleb et al., Root/ rubbed in stone to obtain an extract which is Abdominal mixed with rice water and the mixture is taken orally 2015) pain and gastric (acidity) twice a day for 4-5 days (Ghorbani et al., Fruits/soup prepared with fruits is taken Hypertension 2011) (Meyer et al., 2014) Whole plant Gastrointestinal disorders (Rao, 2011)

from the plant (Yen et al., 2012). feruloyloctopamine and tricalysioside U were evaluated for ●- their anti-inflammatory activity on superoxide anion (O2 ) generation and elastase release induced by fMLP/CB in Pharmacological activities human neutrophils. Indioside I, borassoside E and 3-O- chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol exerted inhibitory ●- Anti-oxidant activity effects on O2 generation within the half-minimal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 0.62 ± 0.03 to 2.84 ± The methanol and hot water extracts of S. violaceum are 0.18 μg/ml. Borassoside E (IC50: 111.05 ± 7.37 μg/ml) and evident to show anti-oxidant property, where the extracts 3-O-chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol (IC50: 4.04 ± 0.51 scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical 111.05 ± 7.37 μg/ml) also inhibited the elastase release and showed reducing power capacity as well as, inhibition (Yen et al., 2012). of linoleic acid peroxidation (Chiou and Chen, 2009).

Anti-pyretic activity Anti-inflammatory activity Methanolic extracts of leaf, fruit and root at 250 and 500 Isolated compounds from S. violaceum, such as indioside G mg/kg (p.o.) were also found to reduce the rectal to K, borassoside D, yamogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- temperature up to a certain period in brewer’s yeast (1→2)-β-D glucopyranoside, borassoside E, 3-O- induced hyperpyrexic Swiss mice. However, the leaf extract chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol, sitosterol 3-O-β-D- at 500 mg/kg exerted a similar anti-pyretic effect to that of glucopyranoside, 7-hydroxysitosterol-3-O-β-D- the 150 mg/kg (p.o.) of paracetamol (standard) (Karim et glucopyranoside, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, trans-N- al., 2017). Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Baharul and Muhammad. 141

Anti-microbial activity (IC50 7.73 to 16.74 µg/ml) against all the cancer cell lines (Chang et al., 2013). Moreover, indioside G to K, Anti-bacterial activity borassoside D, yamogenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, borassoside E, 3-O- In the study of Raju et al. (2013), the whole plant extract at chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol, sitosterol 3-O-β-D- a dose of 400 μg/disc was evaluated for anti-bacterial glucopyranoside, 7-hydroxysitosterol-3-O-β-D- activity. The zone of inhibitions of plant extracts against glucopyranoside, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, trans-N- Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella feruloyloctopamine and tricalysioside U were also typhi and Vibrio cholera were 11, 14, 3, 1 and 0 mm evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against six human respectively. In the study of Rana et al. (2014), the entire cancer cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, A549, Ca9-22 (oral), MDA- plant extract at a dose of 100 μg/disc showed zone of MB-231 and MCF-7). Indioside H and I, yamogenin 3-O-α-L- inhibitions of 3.02 ± 0.01 mm, 1.01 ± 0.03 mm, 11.01 ± 0.02 rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, borassoside mm and 15.11 ± 0.05 mm as against E. coli, Salmonella spp., E, 3-O-chacotriosyl-25(S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol exhibited B. cereus and S. aureus respectively. However in the study of cytotoxic activity against all the cancer cell lines. The IC50 Jeyakumar et al. (2016), the root extract of the plant at a values were found between 1.83 to 8.04 μg/ml (Yen et al., dose of 30 μl/disc exerted zone of inhibitions of 10.2 and 2012). 10.1 mm against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was not determined in any of the studies. Wound healing activity

In a study, the rate of wound contraction, period of Anti-fungal activity epithelialization, skin and granulation tissue breaking strengths, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline The zones of inhibitions in disc diffusion method by a dose estimation and histopathology of granulation tissue were of 400 μg/disc of the entire plant extracts were found to be evaluated using excision, incision and dead space wound 2, 3 and 2 cm against C. albicans, A. niger and M. canis, models in rats. The aqueous and ethanol whole plant respectively in the study of Raju et al. (2013). Using extracts, given both topically and orally, showed a poisoned food technique it was observed in the study of significant wound healing capacity by modulating the Rana et al. (2014) that the whole plant extract caused 50.0 aforementioned parameters (Manjunatha, 2006). and 45.5% inhibitions of A. niger and C. albicans, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was not determined in both of the studies. Anti-nociceptive activity

Anti-nociceptive activity was evident in hot plate method Anthelmintic activity using Swiss albino mice (Karim et al., 2017). In this study, the methanolic leaf, fruit and root extracts of the plant at The methanolic extract of the whole plant was found to act 250 and 500 mg/kg (orally administered, p.o.) were found against Phertima posthuma, where the extract at 50 mg/ml to significantly (p <0.05) increase the latency in a dose- exerted a mean paralysis time of 31.33 min and a mean dependent manner when compared to the control groups. death time of 39.67 min. The activity was better than the standard drug albendazole (15 mg/ml) (Raju et al., 2013). DISCUSSION

Cytotoxicity Free radicals play important physiological roles in our body. However, excess production is uncontrollable by the Isolated compounds, such as (22E, 24R)-5α,8α- body’s antioxidant systems, which can cause oxidative epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol, (22E,24R)-5α,8α- stress (Islam, 2017). Both, reactive oxygen and nitrogen epidioxyergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol, 7-oxostigmasterol, species (ROS/RNS) can damage cellular macromolecules 7-oxositosterol, diosgenin, yamogenin, diosgenone, (25S)- such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and genetic neospirost-4-en-3-one, syringaresinol and scopoletin from materials (for example, DNA and RNA) (Islam et al., 2017). the leaves of the plant were evaluated for their cytotoxic Undoubtedly, oxidative stress is linked to many potentials against five human cancer cell lines (HepG2 and pathological conditions in animals. Substances having Hep3B (hepatoma), A549 (lung), and MDA-MB-231 and antioxidant capacity may act by (a) scavenging the MCF-7 (breast). (22E, 24R)-5α, 8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22- ROS/RNS, (b) reducing the oxidized substance to be dien-3β-ol and (22E, 24R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta- protected, (c) oxidized and form stable complex, and (d) 6,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol exhibited potent cytotoxic effect activate/stimulate/potentiate the physiological Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Baharul and Muhammad. 142

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