The Neutrality Acts and the USA’S Growing Assistance to the UK and the USSR Via Lend–Lease

Access to History for the IB Diploma The Second World War and the Americas 1933–45 John Wright For MAW – ‘Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety.’ The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits: p11 Wikipedia; p31 AP/Press Association Images; p38 Bettmann/Corbis; p42 Bettmann/Corbis; p45 Associated Newspapers Ltd/Solo Syndication and supplied by Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/National Library of Wales; p56 Getty Images; p63 Bettmann/Corbis; p77 Mondadori via Getty Images; p96 Getty Images; p100 Getty Images; p114 AP/Press Association Images; p115 Getty Images; p131 AP/Press Association Images; p139 Popperfoto/Getty Images; p145 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs; p165 Getty Images; p187 Wikipedia; p204 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images. Acknowledgements: p24 Miller Center archive of US presidential speeches (http://millercenter.org); p25 Boston Herald, 6 October 1937; p26 The USA from Wilson to Nixon 1917 to 1975, by Harriet Ward, Collins Educational, UK, 1998; p27 Institute for Historical Review (www.ihr.org); p37 St Louis Post Despatch, 4 September 1940; p40 Institute for Historical Review (www.ihr.org); Roosevelt and the United States, by D.B. O’Callaghan, Longman, UK, 1966; p41 US National Archives and Records Administration (www.archives.gov); pp42, 43 Modern America, by J. Vick, Collins Educational, UK, 1985; p46 Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941, by the US Department of State, US Government Printing Office, USA, 1983; p55 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 129, 13 December 1941; p57 US National Archives and Records Administration (www.archives.gov); Time, 15 December 1941; p62 Nuclear Files, Nuclear Peace Foundation (www. nuclearfiles.org); Memoirs: 1945 Year of Decisions, by Harry S. Truman, Doubleday, USA, 1955; p63 Speaking Frankly, by James Byrne, Harper Brothers, USA, 1947; p66 Harper’s Magazine, February 1947; National Council of Churches (USA) (www.ncccusa.org); p67 Mandate for Change 1953–1956, by Dwight Eisenhower, Doubleday, USA, 1963; I Was There, by Admiral William Leahy, Whittlesey House, USA, 1950; Nippon Times, 10 August 1945; p68 The Roots of European Security, by V. Nekrasov, Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, Russia, 1984; p72 A Democracy at War, by W. O’Neill, Harvard University Press, USA, 1993; pp87, 88 Traitor To His Class, by H.W. Brands, Anchor, UK, 2009; p89 Churchill: A Life, by Martin Gilbert, Heinemann, UK, 1991; p92 TeachingAmericanHistory.org; p98 Temple University, USA (http://isc.temple.edu); p99 A History of the United States, by Hugh Brogan, Pelican, UK, 1987; p103 A Prime Minister Remembers, by Francis Williams, Heinemann, UK, 1961; p105 New York Times, 2 May 1942; p115 Six Armies in Normandy, by John Keegan, Pimlico, UK, 2004 and Citizen Soldiers, by Stephen Ambrose, Touchstone, USA, 1997; p120 The Penguin History of Canada, by R. Bothwell, Penguin, Canada, 2006; p128 US National Archives and Records Administration (www.ourdocuments.gov); p129 Smithsonian National Museum of American History (www.americanhistory.si.edu); p132 Canadian Japanese Internment Camps (http://canadianjapaneseinternmentcamps.wordpress.com/); Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (www.cbc.ca); p136 Los Angeles Times, 9 June 1943; p139 Reader’s Digest, January 1944; p140 Rosie the Riveter Revisited, by Sherna Gluck, Twayne, USA, 1987; p143 Mr. Black Labor, by D. Davis, E.P. Dutton, USA, 1972; p147 Baltimore Afro-American, 16 January 1943; p148 Citizen Soldiers, by Stephen Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, UK, 1997; p162 George S. Messersmith Papers, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware, USA; pp163, 165, 167 Roosevelt and the Holocaust, by R. Beir and B. Josepher, Barricade Books, USA, 2006; p168 Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project (http://isurvived.org); p171 American Presidency Project (www.presidency.ucsb.edu); p173 The Encyclopaedia of World War II: A Political, Social and Military History, by Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Roberts (editors), ABC-CLIO, USA; p174 Jewish Virtual Library (www. jewishvirtuallibrary.org); Oregonian, 20 April 1945; p179 Teachingamericanhistory.org; p193 Hiroshima Diary, by Michihiko Hachiya, University of North Carolina, USA, 1995; The Good War, by Studs Terkel, Pantheon Books, USA, 1984; p202 Bureau of Labor Statistics (www.bls.gov); p204 War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945, by Alan S. Milward, University of California Press, USA, 1979; p206 Major Problems in American History, by C. Gordon (editor), Houghton & Mifflin, USA, 1999; p209 Bits of News (www.bitsofnews.com); p210 History Matters (http://historymatters.gmu.edu); An excerpt from War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945, by A. Milward, University of California Press, USA, 1979; p214 Conversations with Stalin, by Milovan Djilas, Harcourt Brace International, USA, 1963; Pelican History of the United States of America, by Hugh Brogan, Penguin Books, UK, 1987; p221 Hamilton Spectator, 22 November 1945. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.–5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk © John Wright 2013 First published in 2013 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo: United We Win Poster by Howard Liberman © Corbis Illustrations by Gray Publishing Produced and typeset in 10/13pt Palatino by Gray Publishing Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 14441 56560 Contents Dedication 1 Introduction 2 1 What you will study 2 2 How you will be assessed 3 3 About this book 6 Chapter 1 The Americas from peace to the Depression 1919–32 9 1 US involvement and isolation 9 2 The USA and the global economy in the 1920s 12 Examination practice 16 Chapter 2 Hemispheric reactions to the events in Europe and Asia 1933–41 17 1 US foreign policy in the 1930s: the ‘Good Neighbor’ policy 17 2 The USA’s policy of neutrality 22 3 The USA and Japan in the 1930s 29 4 Key debate: To what extent was Roosevelt’s foreign policy isolationist during the 1930s? 33 5 The US response to the European war 1939–40 35 6 The 1940 presidential election 39 7 The US Navy 46 Examination advice 49 Examination practice 51 Chapter 3 The military role of the USA during the Second World War 52 1 The USA and Japan 1939–41 52 2 The USA and the Pacific War 58 3 Key debate: Why did President Truman decide to use the atomic bomb? 65 4 The USA and the war against Hitler 69 Examination advice 82 Examination practice 84 Chapter 4 The diplomatic role of the USA in the Second World War 1941–5 85 1 The first Allied conferences: Washington 1941 to Quebec 1943 85 2 The Tehran Conference and its aftermath 91 3 The Yalta Conference, 4–11 February 1945 95 4 The Potsdam Conference, 17 July to 2 August 1945 100 5 US–Latin American relations during the Second World War 104 Examination advice 106 Examination practice 109 Chapter 5 The military and diplomatic role of Canada and Brazil in the Second World War 110 1 Canada’s military role in the Second World War 110 2 Canada’s diplomatic role in the Second World War 117 3 Brazil, Mexico and Argentina’s role in the Second World War 121 Examination practice 126 Chapter 6 The social impact of the Second World War on the USA 127 1 The impact of the war on Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians 127 2 The impact of the war on other minority groups 134 3 The impact of the war on women 138 4 The impact of the war on African Americans 142 5 The impact of the war on civil rights 149 6 The impact of the war on everyday life 152 Examination advice 155 Examination practice 158 Chapter 7 Reaction to the Holocaust in the Americas 159 1 The US reaction to Nazi anti-Jewish policies during the 1930s 159 2 The SS St Louis case 164 3 The US reaction to Nazi policies during the war 166

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