Assessing Psychology's Moral Heritage Through Our Neglected Utopias

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Assessing Psychology's Moral Heritage Through Our Neglected Utopias Assessing Psychology's Moral Heritage Through Our Neglected Utopias J. G. MORAWSKI Wesleyan University ABSTRACT The increasing interest in the history of neglected past. Reappraisal of such works contrib- psychology has led to recommendations for refining our utes to a more complete story of psychology's past historical methods and thinking about historical knowl- and enriches the context for understanding current edge generally. Solely intellectual or presentist histories theoretical, social, and ethical issues. obscure many of the problems and insights that were experienced by our forebears and deny contemporary psychologists a broader perspective for viewing current Toward More Critical Histories psychological and moral issues. A more critical histor- ical perspective would acknowledge the unexplored fac- Recently historians have begun to reevaluate the ets of psychology's heritage. This study examines earlier conventional history of psychology. For the most proposals for the role of psychology in the betterment part, they have assessed various historical "myths" of American society, particularly as they were mani- perpetuated in our histories as well as the inordi- fested in the Utopias of G. Stanley Hall, William nate concern with psychology's intellectual heri- McDougall, Hugo Miinsterberg, and John B. Watson. tage and consequent neglect of its social and po- The authors' fictional and professional writings include programs for societal improvement that contrast with litical context. For instance, Samelson (1974) in- the image of psychology typically portrayed in conven- vestigated the "origin myths" that date social tional histories—that of a science maturing quite in- psychology's birth with Comte's positive social phi- dependently of societal influences or consequences. losophy. Harris (1979) has shown how the conven- Historical investigations that transcend such conven- tional interpretations of John B. Watson's experi- tional images contribute not only to a more compre- ment with little Albert relate more-to the inter- hensive history but also to a more critical understanding preter's particular theoretical interests than to the of the interplay between psychology and society. actual Albert study. Others have investigated how the expansion and activities of American psychol- The centennial of experimental psychology in 1979 ogy have been shaped by economic and political heightened interest in the discipline's history by events (Camfield, 1969; Finison, 1976; Sokal, 1980). offering the psychologist lore about precursprs, in- Such studies suggest both the inaccuracy of con- novations, controversies, and great achievements. ventional histories and the incompleteness of the Paralleling these centennial events has been a more accurate intellectual histories that represent growing concern with the state of scholarship in psychology as an isolated corpus of ideas or an the history of psychology, particularly with his- accumulation of scientific discoveries. tories that primarily document or celebrate intel- Similar reexaminations have been undertaken lectual milestones. Such ceremonial histories typ- in the history of science (see Agassi, 1963; Brush, ically acknowledge the purported antecedents of 1974; Teich & Young, 1973). A contribution of currently dominant positions within psychology. these studies that has yet to be appreciated in psy- Whether spawned by purely intellectual or par- chology is an understanding of the broader social tisan interests, these "presentist" or "conventional" relations and moral heritage of science. As one histories have yielded an insular conception of psy- historian of science has noted, abeyance of this chology, one that lacks meaning in the broader heritage "deprives scientists of the present time of context of historical events (Stocking, 1965; Young, a historical perspective on their moral problems, 1966). However unintentionally, they have also with the result that their illusion of suddenly lost contributed to psychologists' relative ignorance innocence makes their dilemmas seem unprece- about the social, political, and moral background of their science. The all but forgotten Utopias of Requests for reprints should be .sent to J. G. Morawski, De- G. Stanley Hall, William McDougall, Hugo Miin- partment of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, sterberg, and John B. Watson comprise part of this Connecticut 06457. 1082 • OCTOBER 1982 • AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST Vol. 37, No. 10, 1082-1095 Copyright 1982 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0003-066X/82/3710-1082$00.75 dented and hence worse than they really are" various other mandates affirming that psycholo- (Ravetz, 1973, p. 210). Conventional or purely in- gists "can be most useful to society by staying in tellectual histories of psychology obscure some fun- their laboratories and libraries, there to remain damental issues of the past: the role of psychology until they can come forth with reliable predictions and the psychologist in society, the confrontation and well-tested applications" (Pratt, 1939, p. 179). with ethical problems, the relation of psychology It is with this attitude that conventional or intel- to the humanities and other sciences, and the dis- lectual histories of social psychology would cite semination of psychological knowledge to the pub- F. H. Allport's (1924) Social Psychology as a sem- lic. Thus, the contemporary psychologist may miss inal contribution to the field but would make no both substantive knowledge about the historical mention of his substantial proposals about applying precedence of current social issues and, conse- social psychology to ensure a democratic, egali- quently, the opportunity to assess how these issues tarian, and controlled society. have developed relative to theory and epistemol- This article addresses one unexplored event in ogy. Furthermore, because more comprehensive psychology's heritage. It treats several victims of and critical studies require scrutiny not merely of a historical perspective that is imbued with a New- dusty texts and journals but also of personal papers, tonian image of the science: four Utopias published institutional records, unpublished manuscripts, and between 1915 arid 1930 by the hardly obscure forgotten publications, they attend to the "human" psychologists G. Stanley Hall, William McDougall, context in which psychological knowledge is cre- Hugo Miinsterberg, and John B. Watson. These ated. Rediscovery of these historical materials may Utopias clearly reflect Baconian thinking, not in a have sobering effects—as with the cases of Cyril simple resemblance to New Atlantis, but in their Burt and J. B. Watson (Samelson, 1980)—yet there dedication to explaining how psychology, as a sci- is no reason why such excursions cannot have pos- ence, is instrumental to human welfare. For this itive consequences as well. reason alone, the Utopias would have no place in There are several reasons why the conventional conventional histories. However, the Utopias and histories of psychology have charted a practically other writings of the four psychologists also belie unidimensional course of psychology's advance. a clear distinction between the Baconiatt and New- Psychology, after all, is a relatively new discipline tonian moralities in psychology. In their episte- seeking recognition as a natural science. Histories mological thinking, the four psychologists essen- detailing the discovery of theories and refinement tially attempted a unification of psychology as a of methods have confirmed its scientific image knowledge system and as a social instrument. Their (Hagstrom, 1965; O'Donnell, 1979). They reified Utopias served to illustrate this unity and, hence, the hopes to establish a true science of the mind, to show the imperative for advancing psychology. sometimes nearly succumbing to what has been The correspondence between their Utopian and called "physics envy." There is perhaps a more professional writings affirms their dedication to specific reason why conventional histories have not these ideas. When viewed in the broader context directly addressed social,- moral, or political issues of the period 1915 to 1930, these writings calindt of the past. Scientists have long subscribed to dis- be interpreted simply as anomalies, as peculiar cordant moral attitudes. These have been de- pastimes of professionals, but must be seen as plau- scribed by Toulmin (1975) as a "Baconian" mo- sible answers to perceived crises both in academic rality, where science serves as an instrument psychology and in American society. When viewed committed to human improvement, and a "Newto- in relation to contemporary psychology, the writ- nian" morality, where science serves the rational ings intimate a continued reluctance to confront pursuit of a true understanding of nature. Scientists such dual moralities. have adhered to the Baconian image principally in the external affairs of science and have done so G. Stanley Hall and the Ideal to secure the societal support necessary to pursue Community intellectual interests. For instance, after World War I, the National Academy of Sciences adopted G. Stanley Hall generally has been applauded for such 'Baconian arguments in order to retain public his strategic role in American experimental psy- support for scientific research (Tobey, 1971). The chology: He organized the first psychological jour- Newtonian image has guided the internal workings nal, the first American psychological association, of science, its organization and operations.
Recommended publications
  • Psychological Bulletin
    Vol. 19, No. 8 August, 1922 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY— 1916-1921 By COLEMAN R. GRIFFITH University of Illinois Contributions to the history of psychology since 1915 fall nat- urally into two groups. There are, on the one hand, the systematic and the experimental studies which have made the science six years older. There are, on the other hand, the historical and biographical notes and the large and searching retrospections which relate con- temporary psychology to earlier stages in the development of the science. It is to an enumeration of these contributions that the present paper is devoted. We cannot, of course, comment in detail upon the character of contemporary psychology, for an historian, speaking of his own times is like the Hawaiian surf-rider who seeks to judge the incoming tide from his experiences while riding a single wave; but it is possible to get a certain amount of information about the current trend of a science by considering events of various kinds which reflect or which have, presumably, influenced its general course. These events taken in conjunction with what appear, at the present moment, to be outstanding experimental and systematic studies may give a suggestion of the history of the last few years. In psychology, as well as in many other sciences, the most important event, during the period under survey, was the World War. The science of psychology was, as all know, well on the way toward complete mobilization for military purposes when the war ended. Since many of the consequences of this reorganization have not yet appeared, a detailed account of this aspect of the period must fall to a future historian.
    [Show full text]
  • Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations Author(S): J
    Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations Author(s): J. G. Morawski Source: Isis, Vol. 77, No. 2 (Jun., 1986), pp. 219-242 Published by: University of Chicago Press on behalf of History of Science Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/232650 Accessed: 22-12-2015 00:42 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. History of Science Society and University of Chicago Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Isis. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.133.6.95 on Tue, 22 Dec 2015 00:42:52 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Organizing Knowledge and Behavior at Yale's Institute of Human Relations By J. G. Morawski* IN 1929 JAMES ANGELL, president of Yale, announced plans for a unique teaching and research center for those fields "directly concerned with the problems of man's individual and group conduct. The purpose is to correlate knowledge and coordinate technique in related fields that greater progress may be made in the understanding of human life. The time has certainly come once again to attempt a fruitful synthesis of knowledge." The New York Times described the experiment as dismantling the disciplinary "Great Wall of China" and compared it with the Renaissance transformation of knowledge.1 The Insti- tute of Human Relations (IHR), as the center was named, received over $4.5 million from the Rockefeller Foundation for its first decade of operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychologists and Physicians in the Borderlands of Science, 1900-1942
    PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PHYSICIANS IN THE BORDERLANDS OF SCIENCE, 1900-1942 By WADE EDWARD PICKREN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1995 For my mother: WILLIE MERLE PICKREN, and in memoriam, BILL PICKREN, You taught me to love and work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to the chairman of my dissertation committee, Donald A. Dewsbury. Dr. Dewsbury has, from the beginning of this long project, been a model of encouragement, kindness, and unfailing generosity. He has shared his time, his great breadth of learning, his editorial ability, and his materials with me. My understanding of the history of psychology has been greatly deepened by our conversations. I also wish to acknowledge that Dr. Dewsbury has helped me to understand that data is a plural! Dr. Wilse B. Webb has also stimulated much thought in me about what I was doing and where I was going with my ideas. Although I did not avail myself of his wisdom as oft as I would have liked, his voice and his sharp eye were always with me. I hope that, in the future, time will allow me a greater opportunity to benefit from his great knowledge and experience. Both near at hand and from afar, Dr. Toby Appel has blessed me with the keenness of her insight . Her acceptance and friendly corrections of my halting efforts to write history have been much appreciated. One of my most pleasant memories of this experience is that of sitting at a table at iii Cafe Gardens talking about the history of biology or psychology, while hoping to hear some Van Morrison on the house music system.
    [Show full text]
  • Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology
    Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology Edited by Claude E. Buxton Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Passages from the following are reprinted by permission of the publishers: Newell, Α., Duncker on Thinking, in S. Koch & D. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. Copyright 1985 by McGraw-Hill. Neisser, U., Cognitive Psychology. © 1967 by Prentice-Hall. COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Points of view in the modern history of psychology. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology— History. I. Buxton, Claude E. BF81.P57 1985 150\9 85-4010 ISBN 0-12-148510-2 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Mitchell G. Ash (295), Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 William Bevan (259), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Arthur L. Blumenthal (19, 51), Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Claude E.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguished Contributions to Engineering Psychology
    Who Made Distinguished Contributions to Engineering Psychology EDITED BY Henry L. Taylor Contents Introduction 1 HENRY L TAYLOR APA Division 21: Roots and Rooters 4 EARL A. ALLUISI Paul Morris Fitts, 1912-1965 23 RICHARD W. PEW Jack W. Dunlap, 1902-1977 45 JESSE ORLANSKY Alexander Coxe Williams, Jr., 1914-1962 68 STANLEY N. ROSCOE Ross A. McFarland, 1901-1976 94 MALCOLM L. RITCHIE George Edward Briggs, 1926-1974 108 W. C. HOWELL Jerome Hirsch Ely, 1924-1963 117 MARTIN A. TOLCOTT Introduction HENRY L. TAYLOR Director, Institute of Aviation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign John J. O'Hare proposed in 1987 establishing an ad hoc Committee on Monographs of Distinguished Division 21 members. The Executive Committee, at its August 1987 meeting, approved the proposal and requested that he chair the committee. The criteria for the selection of candidates for a monograph were that a person be a past member of Division 21, deceased, and distinguished for his or her contribution to engineering psychology. The criteria for selection of authors to write about the candidates were familiarity with the candidate, willingness to allow the APA to hold copyright of materials, agreement that all royalties for sale of publication would be assigned to Division 21, and agreement that each essay would be completed in time to make a Division 21 contribution to the celebration of the APA's centenary. The following announcement was published in the fall1988 issue of the Division 21 Newsletter,16(1): Monographs of Distinguished Members As a contribution to the celebration of APA's centenary in 1992, Division 21 would like to prepare monographs on deceased members of our Division who have made distinguished contributions to the field of applied experimental psychology or engineering psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays Lovejoy, Arthur O
    The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays Lovejoy, Arthur O. Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Lovejoy, Arthur O. The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.68490. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/68490 [ Access provided at 29 Sep 2021 16:59 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. HOPKINS OPEN PUBLISHING ENCORE EDITIONS Arthur O. Lovejoy The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays Open access edition supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press Published 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. CC BY-NC-ND ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3248-9 (open access) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3248-X (open access) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3246-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3246-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3247-2 (electronic) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3247-1 (electronic) This page supersedes the copyright page included in the original publication of this work. The Thirteen Pragmatisms The Thirteen Pragmatisms and Other Essays ARTHUR 0. LOVEJOY The Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore © 1963 by The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 18, Md. Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, Lmdon Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-11890 This book has been brought to publication with the assistance of a grant from The Ford Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Problem of Cosmic Proportions: Floyd Henry Allport and the Concept of Collectivity in American Social Psychology
    A PROBLEM OF COSMIC PROPORTIONS: FLOYD HENRY ALLPORT AND THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVITY IN AMERICAN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CATHY FAYE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN PSYCHOLOGY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO October 2013 © Cathy Faye, 2013 ii Abstract Floyd Henry Allport (1890-1978) is widely regarded as a significant figure in the establishment of experimental social psychology in the United States in the early twentieth century. His famous 1924 textbook and his early experimental work helped set the stage for a social psychology characterized by individualism, behaviorism, and experiment. Allport is particularly well-known for his banishment of the group concept from social psychology and his argument that the individual is the only viable, scientific object of study for the serious social psychologist. This early part of Allport’s career and the role it played in establishing American social psychology is relatively well documented. However, there is little scholarship regarding Allport’s work after the 1920s. An examination of this time period demonstrates that Allport’s earliest individualism was in fact rather short-lived, as he subjected it to serious revision in the early decades of the twentieth century. The increasing complexity of the bureaucratic structure of American society in the early 1900s, the economic collapse of the 1930s, and the onset of the Second World War were significant events in the development of Allport’s ideas regarding the individual. While his early work is marked by a concerted effort to create an ideal science for understanding the individual and the social, his later work was much more concerned with the social implications of individualism and collectivism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Praxics Robert Epstein Northeastern University and Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies
    The Behavior Analyst 1984, 7, 101-1 19 No. 2 (Fall) The Case for Praxics Robert Epstein Northeastern University and Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies Since the early 1 900s a variety of names has been proposed for the scientific study ofbehavior, but none has come into general use. "Praxics," a recent entry, is defensible on several grounds. "Behaviorism," on the other hand, is the name of a school of philosophy. Though praxics has roots in behaviorism, the term "behaviorism" should not be applied to praxics. Confusion between the science and the philosophy has retarded the growth ofthe science immeasurably. Its growth has also been impeded by its association with psychology, which is still primarily the study of mind. Efforts are underway to establish praxics as an independent field. It was not a wholly TERMS satisfactory namefor afield. There have been several attempts to -B. F. Skinner (1979, p. 331), name the study of behavior in general on "the experimental analysis and the experimental analysis of behav- of behavior" ior in particular (Epstein, 1984a). Most ofthese efforts have failed. Two-"ethol- "Praxics"-a blend of "physics" and ogy" and "praxiology"-have been par- "praxis" (irpa&ts), the Greek for "action" tially successful in certain domains. or "behavior"-is a term I and others now use for the experimental analysis of behavior and related disciplines. We de- Ethology fine it as the study of behavior. We call The term "ethology" has two different, one who studies behavior a "praxist," though closely related, modem usages. It after "chemist." In this essay I present was defined by Lorenz and Tinbergen as (a) the case for the use of the terms, (b) the study of instinct (e.g., Tinbergen, the case for drawing a clear distinction 1951).
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Modern Psychology, 10Th
    This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank A History of Modern Psychology TENTH EDITION DUANE P. SCHULTZ University of South Florida SYDNEY ELLEN SCHULTZ Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. A History of Modern Psychology, © 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Tenth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Duane P. Schultz and Sydney Ellen herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by Schultz any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribu- Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber-Ganster tion, information networks, or information storage and retrieval sys- Executive Editor: Jon-David Hague tems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Editorial Assistant: Sheli DeNola States Copyright
    [Show full text]
  • 1952 Presented in Partial Fulfil
    A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP 1892 - 1952 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement* for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by James Harry Ritter, B.S., M.S. 'I . The Ohio State University 1952 Approved byi Adviser ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation to Dr, Lauren Wiape* for his technical advice9 direction and encour­ agement during the entire study. He la also appreciative of the stenographic assistance given by Miss Lucille O'Heill. A debt of gratitude is owed Dr, Harold E, Burtt for his technical and editorial advice. ii 9£±OG8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM........................... 1-7 Viewpoints on leadership..................... 1-5 Poles of thought ....................... * 1 Leadership training ..................... 1 Kinds of leadership ..................... 2 Measurement and predictionof leadership .... 2 Specificity vs. generality......... ....... 3 Traits of leadership..................... 3 Overall generalization ........... ....... 4 The Problen............... .................. 6-7 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction........... ...................... 3 Previous Reviews of the literature .......... 3-11 Smith and Krueger ..... ....... ........... 3 Partridge ...... ...................... 3 Hunter and Jordan ............ 9 Dunkerly ........................... 9 Jenkins .............................. 10 Stogdill ..................
    [Show full text]
  • LURIA, AR Psychology in Russia
    * LURIA, A. R. Psychology in Russia. Offprinted from $7.00 per volume September,1928 Single Numbers $1.00 QUARTERLY Volume XXXV, Number 3 Founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1891 THE PEDAGOGICAL SEMINARY AND JOURNAL OF GENETIC -PSYCHOLOGY Child Behavior, Differential and Genetic Psychology EDITED BY CARL MURCHISON John E. Anderson K. S. Lashley University of Minnesota Institute for JuvenJle Charlotte BUhler Research, Chical10 Universitllt, Wien A. R. Luria William H. Burnham Akademii Kommunisticheskogo Clark University Vospitanlya Im, N. K. Cyril Burt ~pskoi, Moskva University of London Toshio Nogami Ed. Claparede Kyoto Imperial UnJversity Universite de Oeneve Ivan P. Pavlov Edmund S. Conklin Gosudarstvennei Institut University of Oreaon Eksperimentalnoi Medidnll. •• Leningrad Sante De Sanctis Henri Pieron R. Universitl di Roma Universlte de Paris Arnold Gesell Yale University William Stem William Healy Hamburglsche UnJversitlt Judge Baker Foundation, Calvin P. Stone Boston Stanford UnJversity Leta S. Hollingworth Lewis M. Terman Teachers College, Stanford University Columbia University Godfrey Thomson Walter S. Hunter University of Edinburah Clark University E. L. Thorndike " Buford Johnson Teachers College, The Johns Hopkins University Columbia University Truman L. Kelley C. J. Warden Stanford University Columbia University Yoshihide Kubo John B. Watson Hiroshima Normal College New York City Helen Thompson Woolley Teachers College, Columbia University Worcester, Massachusetts Copyright, 1928, by Clark University Entered as second-class matter August 3, 1897,at the post-office at Worcester, Mass., under Act of March 3,1879 Journal of General Psychology EDITED BY CARL MURCHISON, Clark University Frank Angell, Stanford University; F. C. Bartlett, Cambridge University; V. Borovski, GosudarstvemleiJnstitut Eksperimentalnoi Psikhologii, Moskva; G. S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception of Watson's Behaviorism, 1913-1920
    Journal of /he Hbtory of the Behavioral Sciences 17 (1981): 399.425. STRUGGLE FOR SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY: THE RECEPTION OF WATSON’S BEHAVIORISM, 1913-1920 FRANZ SAMELSON Supported by the Zeitgeist, Behaviorism supposedly spread quickly through American psychology after the publication of Watson’s manifesto in 1913. But an ex- tensive search of published and unpublished source material from 1913 to 1920 shows only limited support and a good deal of resistance; documentary evidence for the con- version of psychologists to radical behaviorism during these years is hard to find. Though faced with some troubling problems, the discipline was not eager to renounce its established scientific authority and expertise on the, mind. Acceptance of Watson’s claims for a new authority required drastic shifts in psychologists’ perception of reality, and in their interests to problems of social control. I. FROMBEHAVIORIST “MANIFESTO” TO AMERICANTRADITION: How AND WHY? On 24 February 1913, at a meeting of the New York Branch of the American Psychological Association held at Columbia University, John B. Watson read a paper entitled “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.” This presentation, the first in a series of eight lectures on animal psychology Watson gave at Columbia in early 1913, was published in the March issue of the Psychological Review. (Written in late 1912, this paper or at least a talk with the same title had been presented at the Graduate Conference at Johns Hopkins University in January.)’ Another article on “Image and Affection in Behavior” followed soon after. Apparently a response to questions raised by the initial lecture, it supplemented the earlier argument with some details on the crucial issue of central versus peripheral processes.* Some phrases from Watson’s challenge to contemporary psychology have become classics: “Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science.
    [Show full text]