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1952 Presented in Partial Fulfil A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP 1892 - 1952 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement* for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by James Harry Ritter, B.S., M.S. 'I . The Ohio State University 1952 Approved byi Adviser ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation to Dr, Lauren Wiape* for his technical advice9 direction and encour­ agement during the entire study. He la also appreciative of the stenographic assistance given by Miss Lucille O'Heill. A debt of gratitude is owed Dr, Harold E, Burtt for his technical and editorial advice. ii 9£±OG8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM........................... 1-7 Viewpoints on leadership..................... 1-5 Poles of thought ....................... * 1 Leadership training ..................... 1 Kinds of leadership ..................... 2 Measurement and predictionof leadership .... 2 Specificity vs. generality......... ....... 3 Traits of leadership..................... 3 Overall generalization ........... ....... 4 The Problen............... .................. 6-7 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction........... ...................... 3 Previous Reviews of the literature .......... 3-11 Smith and Krueger ..... ....... ........... 3 Partridge ...... ...................... 3 Hunter and Jordan ............ 9 Dunkerly ........................... 9 Jenkins .............................. 10 Stogdill ................... ............ 11 Brief Summaries of Important Leadership Studies .. 11—40 Summary of Review of Literature ................41 III. PROCEDURE AND METHOD Procedure...... ............................. 43-54 Definition of leadership used ................43 Selection of leaders .......... ............ 44-43 Method ...... 49—54 The questionnaire .................. 49 Pilot studies ....... .................... 50-52 Analysis of make-up......... ......... 52-54 Method of Analysis ....................... 54 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER PAGE IV. RESULTS Individual item results ............................. 55-87 Chi square analysis of inb eracticns ........ 88-90 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................91 VI. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........ ................. 92-93 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 94-145 APPENDICES 1. Questionnaire Item Tables .................... .146-230 2. Leader Organization Members, Composition of Questionnaires used in Pilot Studies,Leadership Traits Found in Other Studies, and Miscellaneous Addenda ..................... 231-286 3 . Chi Square Charts and Tables ............ 287-302 BIOGRAPHY .................................................. 3 03 iv TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 . Birthplace (Questionnaire Item 2) (By states) ........ 147 2. Birthplace (item 2) (By eight sections of country)...... 148 3. Birthplace (Item 2) (By four sections of country) ...... 148 4. Birthplace (item 2) (Percentages- four sections ) . 148 5. Birthdates (Item 3) (By year) ..... 149-150 6. Birthdates (item 3 ) (Grouped data) .................. 150 7. Father's Age at Time of Individual's Birth (Item 4a) (By year) ......... ........... .................. 151 8 . Father1 s Age (Itan 4a) (Grouped data) ............. 151 9. Father's Age (Item 4a) (Percentages) .............. 151 1 0 . Moth«*'s Age at Time of Individual's Birth (Item 4b) (By year) ... ................................... 152 1 1 . Mother' s Age(Item 4b) (Grouped data) ................ 152 1 2 . Mother * s Age (item 4b) (Percentages) ....... 152 13. Father's Name (Item 5a) (By individual name) ..... 153-154 14. Father's Occupation (Item 5b) (Three groups) .... 155-156 15. Father's Occupation (item 5b) (Grouped data) ......... 156 1 6 . Father's Occupation(ltem 5b) (Percentages) ...... 1 5 6 17. Mother's Name (item 5c) (By individual name) ......... 157-158 18. Father's Education (item 6a) ...... ........... 159 19. Father's Education (Item 6a) (Percentages) ....... 159 2 0 . Mother's Education (Item 6b) ............ ...... 159 2 1 . Mother's Education (Item 6b)(Percentages) ••........... 159 2 2 . Number of Children in Family (item 7a) .... .......... 160 23- Number of Children in Family (Item 7a)(Percentages) .... 160 24. Position in Family (item 7b)....................... 160 25. Position in Family (Item 7b) (Percentages) .......... 160 2 6 . Age at Marriage (item 8a) ...................... 161 27. Age at Marriage (Item 8 a) (Grouped data) ........... 161 28. Age at Marriage (item 8 a) (Percentages) ...... ...... 161 29. Age at Which Individual Had First Child (Item 8b) ...... 162 30.' Age at Which Individual Had First Child (Item 8b) (Grouped data) ..... .............. .... 162 31. Age at Which Individual Had First Child (item 8 b) (Percentages) ............... ................. 162 32. Number of Children Individual Has Had (item 8 c) ...... 1 6 3 33. Number of Children Individual Has Had (Item 8 c) (Percentages) ......... .............. ......... 16 3 34. Marriage Dates (Item 9a) ....................... 164-165 35. Marriage Dates (Item 9a) (1st, 2nd, & 3rd marriages) ... 165 TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE 3 6. Marriage Dates (Item 9a) (Percentages) .............. I65 37• Father 's Residence (Item 10) •...... .., 166 3 8. Father’s Residence (Item 10) (Percentages) .......... 166 3 9. Socioeconomic Status of Family (Item 11) ....... 166 40. Socioeconomic Status of Family (Item 11)(Grouped Data). 166 41. Socioeconomic Status of Family (Item 11)(Percentages).. 166 42. Fathers Outstandingly Successful (item 12a) ........... 167 4 3. Fathers Successful(item 12a) (Percentages) ...... 167 44. Mothers Outstandingly Successful (item 12b) ......... 1 6 7 45. Mothers Successful (item 12b) (Percentages) .......... 167 4 6. Uncles Outstandingly Successful (item 12c) ............ 168 47. Uncles Successful (Item 12c) (Percentages) ........... 168 4S. Brothers Outstandingly Successful (Item 12d) ........ 168 49. Brothers Successful (Item 12d) (Percentages) .......... 168 50. Sons Out standingly Successful (Item -12®) .............. 169 51. Sons Successful (Item 12e) (Percentages) 169 52. Cousins Outstandingly Successful (Item 12f) ........... 169 53• Cousins Successful (item 12f) (Percentages) ...... 169 54. Grandfathers Outstandingly Successful (Item 12g) .... 170 55. Grandfathers Successful (Item 12g) (Percentages) ..... 170 5 6. Combinsd Relatives Outstandingly Successful (item 12) . 170 57. Combined Relatives Successful (item 12) (Percentages) . 170 58. Lineal Descent (item 1 3) .................... 171-172 59. Lineal Descent (Item 1 3) (Percentages) .............. 173 60. Teaching Esg?s*ience (Item 14) .... .......... 174-130 61. Teaching Experience (Item 14) (Nine College Data)..... 180 62. Teaching Experience (Item 14) (Percentages) ...... 180 6 3. Other Professional Experience (Item 15) ......... I8 I-I83 6 4. Present Teaching Load Per Week (Item 16a) ............I83 6 5. Present Teaching Load (Item 16a) (Percentages) ........ I83 6 6. Present Teaching Load (Item 16a) (Grouped Percentages). I83 67. Administrative Dutie s Per Week (Item 16b) .... ....... 184 6 8. Administrative Duties (Item 16b) (Percentages) ........ 184 6 9. Administrative Duties (item 16b) (Grouped Percentages). 184 70. Schools Which Recommended Outstanding Students Attended (item 17) (individual Colleges) ......... 185-186 71. Schools Which Recommended Outstanding Students Attended (Item 17) (Nine College Data) ........... 186 72. Numb a* of PhDs Supervised (Item 18) ..... ....... 187 vi TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE 73. Number of PhDs Supervised (item 18)(Grouped Data) ...... 187 74. Journals, Laboratories, Societies, Businesses Established (Item 19).................. ........ 188-192 75. Number of Books Published (Item 20) ............ 193 76. Number of Books Published (Item 20)(Grouped Data) ..... .. 193 77. Publications Other Than Books (item 21) ....... 194 78. Publications Other Than Books (Item 21)(Grouped Data).... 195 79. Books With More Than One Printing (Item 22a) ........ 195 80. Books With More Than One Printing (Item 22a) (Grouped Data) ............................. 195 81. Books Widely Adopted (item 22b) ............ .......... 195 82. Article Reprint Demand (item 22c) .................... 195-196 8 3. Equipment, Devices, or Tests Constructed (item2 3) ...... 196 84. Productivity (Combined items 18,19,20,21,22, & 2 3) .... 197-199 8 5 . Best Piece of Work Produced (item 24) ................. 200 8 6. Features of Background Considered Important (Item 25) ... 201 87. Features of Background (Item 25)(Percentages) .......... 201 8 8 . Handicaps Which Interferred with Career (Item 26) ....... 202 89. Handicaps (Itan 26)(Percentages) .... .............. 202 90. AB College (Inst. Item 1) .......................... 203-205 91. MA College (Inst. Item 1) ........................... 205-206 92. PhD College (Inst. Item 1) ...... ................. 207 93. PhD Colleges by Section of Country & Public-Private 207-208 94. PhD College (Inst. Item l)(Nine College Data) .......... 208 95. Classification of PhD Dissertation (Inst. Item 2) ...... 209 96. Men Who Supervised PhD Dissertations(lnst. Item 3)...... 209-212 97. Number Days a Week Spent in Research(lnst. Item 4a) ..... 212 98. Hours a Day Spent in Research (Inst. Item 4b) ..... 213 99. Rating of Graduate School (Inst. Item 5) .............. 213 100. Library Adequacy (Inst. Item 6a) .................... 2 1 3 101. Physical Conditions of the Library (Inst. Item 6b) ....
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