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Furman's Misbehaving Behaviorist Charles L View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Furman University Furman Magazine Volume 45 Article 4 Issue 3 Fall 2002 9-1-2002 Furman's Misbehaving Behaviorist Charles L. Brewer Furman University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/furman-magazine Recommended Citation Brewer, Charles L. (2002) "Furman's Misbehaving Behaviorist," Furman Magazine: Vol. 45 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/furman-magazine/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is made available online by Journals, part of the Furman University Scholar Exchange (FUSE). It has been accepted for inclusion in Furman Magazine by an authorized FUSE administrator. For terms of use, please refer to the FUSE Institutional Repository Guidelines. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BY CHARLES L. BREWER F t'J'S SBEHAVING BEHAVIORIST JOHN BROADUS WATSON WAS NOTORIOUS NOT ONLY FOR HIS INFLUENTIAL VIEWS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY, BUT FOR HIS TEMPESTUOUS PERSONAL LIFE AS WELL. ohn Broadus Watson, known as the "father of behaviorism, " is one of the most important J figures in the history of psychology. He believed that most human behavior is environ­ mentally determined and rejected the speculative and mentalistic psychology of his day, insisting instead that psychology is the rigorous, scientific study of overt and measurable behavior. He promoted his theory religiously and inflamed many with his forceful and formidable advocacy of his position. Although many of Watson's primary positions have been questioned or discounted since he first proposed them almost 100 years ago, few people have had such influence on the nation's intellectual and scientifichistory. His emphasis on direct, objective methods of observation has had a profound impact on research and study procedures throughout the social sciences. Indeed, in 1956, Gustav Bergmann wrote that second only to Sigmund Freud, Watson was the most influential shaper of psychological thought in the first half of the 20th century. "His place in the history of our civilization is ...secure. Such men are exceedingly rare, " said Bergmann. In 1957, the American Psychological Association cited Watson as follows: "To Dr. John B. Watson, whose work has been one of the vital determinants of the form and substance of modem psychology. He initiated a revolution in psychological thought, and his writing has been the point of departure for continuing lines of fruitful research. " ohn Broadus Watson was born in Travelers Rest, S.C., on January 9, 1878, the son J of Pickens Butler Watson and Emma Keziah (Roe) Watson. He was named for John Albert Broadus, a Baptist minister in Greenville who rose to national prominence as a theologian and educator. As a youngster, Watson was called Broadus. In a short autobiographical sketch published in 1936, Watson wrote that his earliest academic memories were of the rural schools in the picturesque hamlets of Reedy River, White Horse and Travelers Rest. He was handling tools, half-soling shoes and milking cows when he was 9 years old and was a pretty good carpenter by the time he was 12. Indeed, years later he built a 10-room house from blueprints, then added a garage and a bam. 2 Watson was the fourth of six children toward the field of psychology. A stem to. The title was 'Lift Me Up, Lift Me in a dirt-poor family, but his mother had taskmaster, Moore told the class that any Up.' There wasn't much religion in it­ high hopes for her offspring. When student who turned in a paper "backward" it was rather the whole theory of evolution Broadus was 12, she moved the family would flunk the course. During his senior in blank verse." Moore was later fired to Greenville because the city schools were year, for some strange reason, Watson fromFurman for his liberal religious views. thought to be better than the small, rural handed in his final paper backward. Moore schools. "I have few pleasant memories flunked him, and Watson had to stay at atson received his master's degree of those years, " he wrote in 1936. "I was Furman for another year, at the end of W in 1899, graduating 14th in a class lazy, somewhat insubordinate, and so far which he received a master's degree rather of 20. Because of limited fmances, he took as I know, I never made above a passing than a bachelor's degree. a job teaching in the summer session at grade." Watson's years at Furman turned him a rural school in nearby Pickens County, Something must have stuck, however. against college. His main complaint was then became principal of the now defunct After graduating from Greenville High that college coddles students and ignores Batesburg Institute. He received $25 per at the age of 16, Watson entered Furman their vocational slants, leading to "softness month for teaching, plus free lodging, in 1894 and stayed for five years, working and laziness and a prolongation of infancy." meals and laundry provided by parents two of those years as an assistant in the As he said in his 1936 autobiography, "... of various students on a weekly basis, chemistry department to help defray his until college becomes a place where daily as he moved from one home to another expenses. Although he joined the Kappa living can be taught, we must look toler­ in the community. Such a migratory status Alpha fraternity,Watson was not very antly upon college as a place for boys and for teachers was common in those days. sociable and had few friends at Furman. girls to be penned up in until they reach After working for a year at Batesburg One notable exception was Professor majority- then let the world sift them Institute, and a few weeks after his mother George Buist of the chemistry department. out." died, Watson began to think seriously about Watson's Furman transcript lists six Yet in 1950, when a group of psy­ graduate school. At the time he was more courses in mathematics; four each in Greek chology students at Furman dedicated interested in philosophy than psychology. and philosophy; three each in Bible, the first issue of their Journal to Watson Learning that Princeton required a reading English, German and physics; two each for his contributions as a "scholar, educator, knowledge of Greek and Latin, he decided in French, geology and psychology; and and leader in practical application of to go to the University of Chicago, arriving one each in chemistry, economics, Latin, psychology, " the 72-year-old Watson wrote with $50 in his pocket and no other mechanics and sociology. His academic them a letter in which he said, "I have financial resources. marks were satisfactory but not distin­ a very warm spot in my heart for Furman. Ambitious but broke, Watson worked guished, with some of his lowest grades Probably any time during my five years as a janitor, waiter and caretaker for in psychology. there they would have sold me for a plugged Professor H.H. Donaldson's laboratory Still, he enjoyed his philosophy and nickel (and rightly). But Prof. G. B. Moore rats, while focusing his studies on philo­ psychology courses and credited Professor really gave me inspiration. He delivered sophy, neurology, physiology and experi­ Gordon B. Moore, a philosopher and cleric a sermon at the Greenville Baptist Church mental psychology. He studied with John who taught psychology, with directing him -probably the only sermon I ever listened Dewey, the influential philosopher and educator, but claimed he never understood secretly wed on December 26, 1903, but bordello. Baldwin gave a fictitious name anything that Dewey said. were soon separated when Ickes sent Mary and later succeeded in having his case Watson received his Ph.D. in 1903 to live with an aunt in the East. quietly dropped. When the mayor of (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa), While Mary was gone, Watson broke Baltimore nominated Baldwin for a position his research being directed jointly by off an affair with a lover who tried to win on the school board in the spring of 1909, Donaldson and James Rowland Angell. him back. Afterthat, according to Buckley, however, the tawdry details of his nocturnal Then 25, Watson was said to be the "Watson sent for Mary, and they were visit came to light. To avoid an all-out youngest person ever to earn a Ph.D. publicly marriedin the fall of 1904. Watson scandal, Baldwin was forced to resign from at Chicago, which was considered an confessed everything to his bride, even Hopkins. intellectual hotbed filled with academic though he realized that the situation did His abrupt departure shifted responsi­ hotheads. He served first as Angell's not provide 'a very good foundation for bility for psychology at Hopkins and for assistant and later as a faculty member marriage'." Indeed, the marriage was never editing the Psychological Review to in the Department of Psychology. a happy one. Watson. Buckley points out that "at age In December 1903, Watson married Watson's work at Chicago went well thirty-one Watson became the director of 19-year-old Mary Amelia Ickes, a student but did not receive the support he thought psychology at a major research institution in one of his classes. According to Kerry it deserved. With two small children, the and editor of a journal of considerable W. Buckley's Mechanical Man, the family Watsons seemed always to be living from influence within the profession. Now he legend was that Mary "had developed a hand to mouth. Perhaps because of his would have access to funding for his own crush on her professor and during one long precarious financial situation, Watson used research and a forum for the dissemination exam wrote a love poem in her copybook his growing professional reputation to of his ideas." instead of answers to the test questions.
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