DOCSLIB.ORG

The Cultural Ecology of the Chipewyan / by Donald Stewart Mackay.

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Cultural Ecology of the Chipewyan / by Donald Stewart Mackay. ThE CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF TkE CBIPE%YAN UONALD STEhAkT MACKAY b.A., University of british Columbia, 1965 A ThESIS SUBMITTED IN PAhTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE HEObIRCMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the department of Sociology and Anthropology @ EONALD STECART MACKAY, 1978 SIMON F hAShR UNlVERSITY January 1978 All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in, part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name : Donald Stewart Mackay Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: The Cultural Ecology of the Chipewyan Examining Cormnit tee : Chairman : H. Sharp Senior Supervisor- - N. Dyck C.B. Crampton . Fisher Departme'nt of Biological Sciences / ,y/y 1 :, Date Approved: //!,, 1 U The of -- Cultural Ecology .- --------the Chipewyan ----- .- ---A <*PI-: (sign-ir ~re) - Donald Stewart Mackay --- (na~t) March 14, 1978. (date ) AESTRACT This study is concerned with the persistence of human life on the edge of the Canadian Barren Grounds. The Chipewyan make up the largest distinct linguistic and cultural group and are the most easterly among the Northern Athapaskan Indians, or Dene. Over many centuries, the Chipewyan have maintained a form of social life as an edge-of-the-forest people and people of the Barren Grounds to the west of Hudson Bay. The particular aim of this thesis is to attempt, through a survey of the ecological and historical 1iterature , to elucidate something of the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan in their explcitation of the subarc tic envirorient . Given the fragmentary nature of much of the historical evidence, our limited understanding of the subarctic environment, and the fact that the Chipewyan oecumene (way of looking at life) is largely denied to the modern observer, we acknowledge that this exercise in ecological and historical reconstruction is governed by serious hazards and limitations. In substance, this analysis begins with a general consideration of the ecological perspective in anthropology and with the elaboration of a workable conceptual framework. There follows a consideration of the historical questions of Chipewyan territory, settlement pattern, and population. Continuing, the analysis deals with the natural iii environment of the subarctic, giving pal'ticulai-. attention to those features of the environment which bear on the ecological niche of the Chipewyan. Central to the thesis is the analysis of the local hunting unit or ecological population functioning in its ecological niche within the ecosystem. A final brief chapter is given to the issue of the acculturative influence of the fur trade on Chipewyan life. In conclusion, it is asserted, after Geertz and in sympathy with the deliberations of the 1966 Ottawa Conference on Cultural Ecology, that the reconstructive task is well served by the adoption of a more thoroughgoing ecological per spec tive and that a clearer understanding of the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan can be realized only through the convergence of the analytic efforts of the disciplines of ecology, history, archaeology, linguistics, and anthroplogy. I would like to thank my supervisor, Cr. Steve Sharp, for his guidance in the development of tkis thesis. I am particularly indebted to him for my being able to draw on his field experience in the territory of the Black Lake Chipewyan. My thanks also are due to Simon Fraser University for providing me with a Graduate Student Stipend. I would like to express my appreciation f'or their assistance to Professor Robert Wyllie 2nd tc Norma Eissell of' the Department of Sociology and Anthropology and to Marilyn Cheveldayoff who helpd Pe beyond rords in the organization and typing of the manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1 Introduction 1 Territory, Nomenclature, Population Natural Environment 161 1:- - Y' Traditional Adaptation 5 Influence of the Developing Fur Trade 194 Conclusion Bibliography LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Territory of the Chipewyan. Figure 2. SaITIuel Hearnet s Coppermine Journey. 1770-1772, Figure 3. The Canadian Shield: exposed and bordering buried sector. Figure 4. The tree-line in Canada. Figure 5. Vegetation and permafrost relationships in Subarctic Canada (after Brown). Figure 6. A transec t of permafrost conditions along a meridian in northwestern Canada. Figure 7. Soils. Figure 8. Permafrost. Figure 9. Relief Map. Figure 10. Vegetation Regions of Northern Canada. Figure 11. Forest Sections of the Boreal Forest Reqion. Figwe 12, Pspulation Estiiriateu and Gistrsibution of Barren Ground Caribou. Figure 13. Spring Migration Routes of Barren Ground Caribou. Figure 14. Mean date of last slow cover ( 1 inch or more) on barren ground caribou ranee, Figure 15. The two main areas of caribou distribution on May 1, 1967, and the spring migration routes to the calving grounds. (Parker, 1972) Figure 16. Approximate areas from which caribou were killed by Indian and Eskimo hunters within the winter range of the Kaminuriak population, August 1967 to July 1968 (Parker. 1972). vii Figure 17. The mid-summer migration routes south from Baker 117 Lake, by the Kaminuriak population, July 14 to Auqust 15. 1967 (~arker.1972). Figure 18. Fall miqration routes (November 1 to 17. 1966) 119 and distribution of the Kaminuriak population on November 17. 1966 (Parker. 1972). Figure 19. The relationship of' some co-inhabitants of barren 124 qround caribou range to caribou. Extent of classification in some instances is arbitrary (Kelsall, 1968). Figure 20. Distribution of musk-oxen on the Canadian mainland. The relative density of this distribution is shown by various sizes of black dots (Clarke, 1940). viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCIION This study is concerned with the persistence of human life on the edge of the Canadian Barren Grounds. The Chipewyan make up the _ _ I_-_-- largest-distinct linguistic and cultural group-. and ge.the.most-- easterl~amongthe Northern Athapaskan Indians, or Dene. Over many ---- ^ X n.L-.---~.U-.~*~--UL__ _ . +. 7 I I- -.- centuries the- Chipewyan have maintainei- a form- ~_qf-s-~$~2-5fe as. an- edge-of-the-forest peo~leand geo~le of ---he wesL of Hudson Bay. It is in the context of the harsh and unyielding environment of the Canadian Shield that I approach their distinctive traditional economic and social organization. The question of cultural identity has assumed new importance for the Dene with the proclaiming of the kne ~eclaration'at Fort Simpson in July 1975. In its stated theme of Ifland and unityff and with the not infrequently heard expression "the land is the cultureN, the Dene have been giving renewed expression to the basic adaptive principle that it is in the process of' exploiting and adapting to a particular environment that a human population generates a distinctive culture and a distinctive social organization. The particular aim of this thesis is to attempt, through a survey of the ecological and the historical literature, to elucidate something of the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan in their exploitation of the subarctic environment. In substance, the pattern of analysis is as follohs. The introductory chapter is concerned with general considerations relating to the ecological approach in anthropology and with the elaboration of a workable conceptual framework. Chapter Two, more historical in nature, is essentially a consideration of the unresolved problems of Chipewyan territory, settlement pattern and population. Chapter Three seeks to outline the characteristic features of the subarctic environment. Particular attention is given to those features of the environment which bear on the traditional ecological niche of the Chipewyan. Chapter Four, which is the central chapter of the thesis, is concerned with the manner in which the Chipewyan functioned in their ecological niche within the ecosystem. It is concerned particularly with the manner in hich they chose to exploit the resources of the region and with the ways in which resource fluctuations and uncertainties were reflected in their social organization. The final chapter offers a brief consideration of the acculturative impact of the developing fur trade on the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan. As with all such attempts at ecological and historical reconstruction, the task of analyzing the traditional adaptive pattern of the Chipewyan is beset with serious hazards and limitations. Not the least of these is the fact that much of the traditional Chipewyan world view, or oecumene - what they perceived as their universe, the meanings and values they found in it, and how they defined their relations to it (to use helm's (1962:634) statement) - is locked up in a language and system of magic that is all but beyond the reach of the modern observer. Z In such circumstances, it can no doubt be argued that in ecological and historical reconstruction, one is simply projecting present and historical evidence back into the precontact period and thereby indulging in historical conjecture. My response to this view would be that the analytic hazards do not invalidate the exercise. Rather, it would seem, the legitimacy of proceeding with such an investigation lies in proceeding with due awareness of the hazards and with a considerably more modest expectation than that of understanding the traditional adaptive pattern as a whole. mdeed, the fact that the anthropological 1iterature abounds witn just such cultural salvage operations is indicative of the willingness of anthropologists to come to terms with a changing world. With respect to the Chipewyan, there is unquestionably much of ---- -__-___- - ^ - -- -___ ------ their traditional way of life that is lost beyond recall. Among the - .. +- --IYL-------- ---- -- *----- --.I. _-_*"_- ,- - -,_--."-I.I--YI-~..l more serious limitations affecting such investigations as this are the limited amount of competent fieldwork that has been done among the Chipewyan over the years and the fragmentary nature of much of the historical evidence. Other limitations include the impossibility of working with large hunting groups and the fact that the fieldworker of today can have no assurance that even the more remote and conservative of existing groups are representative of the more distant past.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Native Land Claims and the Future of Archaeology in the Northwest Territories, Canada Thomas D
    17 Native Land Claims and the Future of Archaeology in the Northwest Territories, Canada Thomas D. Andrews Charles D. Arnnold Elisa J. Hart Margaret M. Bertulli The settlement of comprehensive land claims is ushering in major changes in the manage­ ment of land and resources in the Northwest Territories, including heritage resources. This chap­ ter summarizes the progress that has been made in completing land claims, anticipates the impact that the claims will have on the way archaeological research is conducted, and discusses how the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) is responding to these changes. Suggestions for dealing with the current social and political setting in the design and implementation of archaeological projects are also presented. OUTLINE OF NATIVE LAND CLAIMS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES In the early 1970s, the Government of Canada established a comprehensive claims policy to guide negotiations with Native groups in settling Aboriginal interests in lands that they tradition­ ally occupied. Although the Northwest Territories has its own legislative assembly and its own bureaucracy to administer most of the business of government, the Government of Canada has the sole responsibility for settling Aboriginal land claims in the Northwest Territories. The Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Territories are the Inuit, the Dene, the Cree, and the Metis. The Inuit include the Inuvialuit of the Beaufort Sea and Amundson Gulf areas of the west­ ern Arctic, who, in 1984, were the first Aboriginal group in the Northwest Territories to settle a land claim with the Government of Canada (see Figure 1). In May, 1993, the Inuit of the eastern Arctic, an area commonly referred to as “Nunavut” signed a final agreement on a land claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Wollaston Road
    WOLLASTON LAKE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Biophysical Environment 4.0 Biophysical Environment 4.1 INTRODUCTION This section provides a description of the biophysical characteristics of the study region. Topics include climate, geology, terrestrial ecology, groundwater, surface water and aquatic ecology. These topics are discussed at a regional scale, with some topics being more focused on the road corridor area (i.e., the two route options). Information included in this section was obtained in full or part from direct field observations as well as from reports, files, publications, and/or personal communications from the following sources: Saskatchewan Research Council Canadian Wildlife Service Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board Reports Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History W.P. Fraser Herbarium Saskatchewan Environment Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre Environment Canada Private Sector (Consultants) Miscellaneous publications 4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY Both proposed routes straddle two different ecozones. The southern portion is located in the Wollaston Lake Plain landscape area within the Churchill River Upland ecoregion of the Boreal Shield ecozone. The northern portion is located in the Nueltin Lake Plain landscape area within the Selwyn Lake Upland ecoregion of the Taiga Shield ecozone (Figure 4.1). (SKCDC, 2002a; Acton et al., 1998; Canadian Biodiversity, 2004; MDH, 2004). Wollaston Lake lies on the Precambrian Shield in northern Saskatchewan and drains through two outlets. The primary Wollaston Lake discharge is within the Hudson Bay Drainage Basin, which drains through the Cochrane River, Reindeer Lake and into the Churchill River system which ultimately drains into Hudson Bay. The other drainage discharge is via the Fond du Lac River to Lake Athabasca, and thence to the Arctic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Terms and Concepts for Exploring Nîhiyaw Tâpisinowin the Cree Worldview
    Key Terms and Concepts for Exploring Nîhiyaw Tâpisinowin the Cree Worldview by Art Napoleon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics and Faculty of Education, Indigenous Education Art Napoleon, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Key Terms and Concepts for Exploring Nîhiyaw Tâpisinowin the Cree Worldview by Art Napoleon Supervisory Committee Dr. Leslie Saxon, Department of Linguistics Supervisor Dr. Peter Jacob, Department of Linguistics Departmental Member iii ABstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Leslie Saxon, Department of Linguistics Supervisor Dr. Peter Jacob, Department of Linguistics Departmental MemBer Through a review of literature and a qualitative inquiry of Cree language practitioners and knowledge keepers, this study explores traditional concepts related to Cree worldview specifically through the lens of nîhiyawîwin, the Cree language. Avoiding standard dictionary approaches to translations, it provides inside views and perspectives to provide broader translations of key terms related to Cree values and principles, Cree philosophy, Cree cosmology, Cree spirituality, and Cree ceremonialism. It argues the importance of providing connotative, denotative, implied meanings and etymology of key terms to broaden the understanding of nîhiyaw tâpisinowin and the need
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in the Northwest Territories: Chapter 2: Early Treaty-Making in the NWT
    Understanding Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in the Northwest Territories: Chapter 2: Early Treaty-making in the NWT he first chapter in this series, Understanding Aboriginal The Royal Proclamation Tand Treaty Rights in the NWT: An Introduction, touched After Great Britain defeated France for control of North briefly on Aboriginal and treaty rights in the NWT. This America, the British understood the importance of chapter looks at the first contact between Aboriginal maintaining peace and good relations with Aboriginal peoples and Europeans. The events relating to this initial peoples. That meant setting out rules about land use contact ultimately shaped early treaty-making in the NWT. and Aboriginal rights. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Early Contact is the most important statement of British policy towards Aboriginal peoples in North America. The Royal When European explorers set foot in North America Proclamation called for friendly relations with Aboriginal they claimed the land for the European colonial powers peoples and noted that “great frauds and abuses” had they represented. This amounted to European countries occurred in land dealings. The Royal Proclamation also asserting sovereignty over North America. But, in practice, said that only the Crown could legally buy Aboriginal their power was built up over time by settlement, trade, land and any sale had to be made at a “public meeting or warfare, and diplomacy. Diplomacy in these days included assembly of the said Indians to be held for that purpose.” entering into treaties with the indigenous Aboriginal peoples of what would become Canada. Some of the early treaty documents aimed for “peace and friendship” and refer to Aboriginal peoples as “allies” rather than “subjects”, which suggests that these treaties could be interpreted as nation-to-nation agreements.
    [Show full text]
  • Ridington-Dane-Zaa Digital Archive Repatriation Project
    Contract Position Description December 10, 2020 Position Title Archival Assistant – Ridington-Dane-zaa Digital Archive Repatriation Project Project Background The Ridington-Dane-zaa Digital Archive (RDA) project is a collaborative digital repatriation initiative between: • The Ridington family ethnographers and their Dane-zaa heritage collection(s)i, • The Dane-zaa (Dene peoples indigenous to the Peace River region) communities whose culture is documented by the Ridington Collection: o Blueberry River First Nation o Doig River First Nation o Halfway River First Nation o Prophet River First Nation • University & industry partners including: o UBC CEDaR Lab as interim platform/portal host and steward o BC Hydro as community archive capacity development funder o Nation Governance Initiative, grant issued to Doig River First Nation by New Relationship Trust to help define Athabaskan / Dane-zaa specific protocols for stewardship including access, use, attribution and sharing (2020-2021) https://www.newrelationshiptrust.ca/funding/nation-governance/ o (potentially) UNBC as interim archival storage for physical master materials. Place for final storage to be determined. Options being explored at this time include: § Tse Kwą̂ Heritage Centre at Charlie Lake, BC § Dene Heritage Centre (in proposal/development stage for Indigenous communities of the Peace River Region) Goal The goal of this project is to digitally archive and catalog the entire Ridington collection so that it can be returned (repatriated) to communities for their use and stewardship. Ridington-Dane-zaa Collection History The Ridington Collection of Dane-zaa audio recordings, images, video recordings, and texts began in 1964 after Robin Ridington and Antonia Mills (Antonia Ridington at the time) had met at Harvard University in 1963 as students, married, and began their field work with the Dane-zaa.
    [Show full text]
  • Churchill Wild
    CHURCHILL WILD The World’s NexT GREAT SAFARITM TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to Churchill Wild 03 Bird, Bears and Belugas 06 Arctic Discovery 08 Hudson Bay Odyssey 10 Summer Dual Lodge Safari 12 Arctic Safari 14 Fall Dual Lodge Safari 16 Polar Bear Photo Safari - Seal River Heritage Lodge 18 - Nanuk Polar Bear Lodge 20 Great Ice Bear Adventure 22 The Wildest Place on Earth If you’ve ever dreamt of flying over the spectacular Arctic tundra to a remote lodge, walking the Hudson Bay coastline in small groups to view polar bears, and returning to your lodge to unwind by a fireplace before dining on delicious fare…Churchill Wild is your dream come true. Here, among the wilds of northern Manitoba you’ll find diversity of wildlife, the brilliance of the northern lights, and stunning vistas. Each of the safaris in our portfolio is designed to delight your senses and take you on a profound and unforgettable journey into the Arctic wilderness. © Robert Postma © Dennis Fast © Didrik Johnck © Jad Davenport Here’s what truly sets CHURCHILL WILD apart : Canada’s Most Exclusive Polar Bear EcoLodges your experience. With over 100 years of Arctic travel experience in the family, no one knows • Churchill Wild is the only company on the the Hudson Bay coast and surrounding regions planet specializing in ground level walking like we do. tours through the polar bear inhabited remote regions of Arctic Canada. We provide • Beyond incredible polar bears we have access that presents wildlife enthusiasts and exclusive areas for other wildlife viewing photographers with the opportunity of a including beluga whales, wolves, moose, black lifetime amid these stars of the Arctic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Brabant Lake
    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BRABANT LAKE A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Sandra Pearl Pentney Fall 2002 © Copyright Sandra Pearl Pentney All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, In their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5B 1) ABSTRACT Boreal forest archaeology is costly and difficult because of rugged terrain, the remote nature of much of the boreal areas, and the large expanses of muskeg.
    [Show full text]
  • Diamond Mining and Tłįchǫ Youth in Behchokǫ̀, Northwest Territories
    ARCTIC VOL. 65, NO. 2 (JUNE 2012) P. 214 – 228 All That Glitters: Diamond Mining and Tłįchǫ Youth in Behchokǫ,̀ Northwest Territories COLLEEN M. DAVISON1 and PENELOPE HAWE2 (Received 5 March 2010; accepted in revised form 23 September 2011) ABSTRACT. Currently, Canada’s northern territories have three active diamond mines and one mine under construction, and one mine has recently closed. In response to local concerns, and in partnership with members of the Tłįchǫ First Nation, this ethnographic study examines the positive and detrimental impacts of diamond mining on youth in Behchokǫ,̀ Northwest Territories, using data collected from intensive fieldwork and participant observation, focus groups, interviews, and archival documents. The study of mining impacts remains a complex and contested field. Youth in Behchokǫ̀ experience both negative and positive effects of mining. Diamond mining companies are places of employment and act as community resources; their development has influenced the transience of individuals in the region, the identity and roles of family caregivers, the motivation of students, the purpose of schooling, and the level of economic prosperity in some (but not all) families. The diverse impacts of these changes on the health of northern individuals and communities can be understood only within the broader context of social, economic, political, and environmental changes occurring in the Arctic today. Results of this study help inform ongoing efforts by those in Behchokǫ̀ and the Northwest Territories to monitor the effects of diamond mining and maximize the potential benefits for local people, including youth. Key words: Aboriginal health, youth, diamond mining, resource development, education, employment, impacts and benefits RÉSUMÉ.
    [Show full text]
  • Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories 2014
    Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories 2014 www.nwtresearch.com This publication is a collaboration between the Aurora Research Institute, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. Thank you to all who submitted a summary of research or photographs, and helped make this publication possible. Editor: Ashley Mercer Copyright © 2015 ISSN: 1205-3910 Printed by Aurora Research Institute Foreword Welcome to the 2014 Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories. This year marked a special anniversary for the Aurora Research Institute and northern research. Fifty years ago, the Inuvik Research Laboratory was built and has served as a hub for research in the western arctic ever since. The Lab, as it was known, was first built as an initiative of the Canadian federal government in the newly established community of Inuvik. It remains on the same site today, but in 2011, a new modern multi-purpose facility opened to continue to support research in the north. We have included a brief history of the Lab and its impact in this edition of the Compendium to mark its long lasting importance to many researchers and community members. As part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Aurora Research Institute team undertook a full set of NWT-wide celebrations. We celebrated the history, capacity and growth of research in the NWT that touched all corners of the territory and beyond. We honoured the significant scientific contributions that have taken place in the NWT over the past 50 years, and the role of NWT researchers, technicians and citizens in these accomplishments.
    [Show full text]
  • Grants and Contributions
    TABLED DOCUMENT 287-18(3) TABLED ON NOVEMBER 1, 2018 Grants and Contributions Results Report 2017 – 2018 Subventions et Contributions Le present document contient la traduction française du résumé et du message du ministre Rapport 2017 – 2018 October 2018 | Octobre 2018 If you would like this information in another official language, call us. English Si vous voulez ces informations dans une autre langue officielle, contactez-nous. French Kīspin ki nitawihtīn ē nīhīyawihk ōma ācimōwin, tipwāsinān. Cree Tłı̨chǫ yatı k’ę̀ę̀. Dı wegodı newǫ dè, gots’o gonede. Tłı̨chǫ Ɂerıhtł’ıś Dëne Sųłıné yatı t’a huts’elkër xa beyáyatı theɂą ɂat’e, nuwe ts’ën yółtı. Chipewyan Edı gondı dehgáh got’ı̨e zhatıé k’ę́ę́ edatł’éh enahddhę nıde naxets’ę́ edahłı.́ South Slavey K’áhshó got’ı̨ne xǝdǝ k’é hederı ɂedı̨htl’é yerınıwę nı ́dé dúle. North Slavey Jii gwandak izhii ginjìk vat’atr’ijąhch’uu zhit yinohthan jì’, diits’àt ginohkhìi. Gwich’in Uvanittuaq ilitchurisukupku Inuvialuktun, ququaqluta. Inuvialuktun ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑎᑎᕐᒃᑲᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᒪᒍᕕᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᓕᕐᒃᓯᒪᓗᑎᒃ, ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖄᓚᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᑦ. Inuktitut Hapkua titiqqat pijumagupkit Inuinnaqtun, uvaptinnut hivajarlutit. Inuinnaqtun Indigenous Languages Secretariat: 867-767-9346 ext. 71037 Francophone Affairs Secretariat: 867-767-9343 TABLE OF CONTENTS MINISTER’S MESSAGE ............................................................. i MESSAGE DU MINISTRE .......................................................... ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................ 3 RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Spirit and Intent of Treaty Eight: a Sagaw Eeniw Perspective
    The Spirit and Intent of Treaty Eight: A Sagaw Eeniw Perspective A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Masters Degree in the College of Law University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Sheldon Cardinal Fall 2001 © Copyright Sheldon Cardinal, 2001. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for a graduate degree from the University ofSaskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries ofthis University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying ofthis thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head ofthe Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use ofthis thesis orparts thereoffor financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use ofmaterial in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: The Dean, College ofLaw University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A6 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number ofpeople that I would like to thank for their assistance and guidance in completing my thesis. First, I would like to acknowledge my family. My parents, Harold and Maisie Cardinal have always stressed the importance ofeducation.
    [Show full text]
  • MRBB4 Reportcol 2.7.6
    Mackenzie River Basin State of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report 2003 8. Recent & Anticipated Developments Traditionally, state of the environment reports look back in time to assess the condition of the Industrial Developments environment and whether it has changed. However, there is also value in looking forward to anticipate what some of the major The Oil and Gas Industry environmental challenges will be in the coming The oil and gas industry will continue to expand years and to assess whether public and private in most jurisdictions in the Mackenzie River Basin. sector programs will be adequate to deal with Exploration, seismic activity, the development of those challenges. In this section of the report, new wells and pipeline expansions will continue in the Mackenzie River Basin Board examines the southern part of the basin. Exploration and some of the major industrial developments, seismic activity have increased in the Northwest environmental issues and initiatives that could Territories but have not yet reached the levels of affect the Mackenzie River Basin over the course the early 1970s. Land disturbance and the removal of the next few years. Specifically, it considers of vegetation are usually associated with these industrial developments that may occur in the activities. basin and public and private sector The proposed Mackenzie Gas Project (MGP) environmental initiatives. may stimulate further petroleum exploration and lead to development of gas reserves in the Mackenzie Delta and other parts of the western NWT. A major component of the MGP is a proposed pipeline that would move gas to southern markets 195 through the Mackenzie River Valley.
    [Show full text]