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Wollaston Road WOLLASTON LAKE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Biophysical Environment 4.0 Biophysical Environment 4.1 INTRODUCTION This section provides a description of the biophysical characteristics of the study region. Topics include climate, geology, terrestrial ecology, groundwater, surface water and aquatic ecology. These topics are discussed at a regional scale, with some topics being more focused on the road corridor area (i.e., the two route options). Information included in this section was obtained in full or part from direct field observations as well as from reports, files, publications, and/or personal communications from the following sources: Saskatchewan Research Council Canadian Wildlife Service Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board Reports Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History W.P. Fraser Herbarium Saskatchewan Environment Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre Environment Canada Private Sector (Consultants) Miscellaneous publications 4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY Both proposed routes straddle two different ecozones. The southern portion is located in the Wollaston Lake Plain landscape area within the Churchill River Upland ecoregion of the Boreal Shield ecozone. The northern portion is located in the Nueltin Lake Plain landscape area within the Selwyn Lake Upland ecoregion of the Taiga Shield ecozone (Figure 4.1). (SKCDC, 2002a; Acton et al., 1998; Canadian Biodiversity, 2004; MDH, 2004). Wollaston Lake lies on the Precambrian Shield in northern Saskatchewan and drains through two outlets. The primary Wollaston Lake discharge is within the Hudson Bay Drainage Basin, which drains through the Cochrane River, Reindeer Lake and into the Churchill River system which ultimately drains into Hudson Bay. The other drainage discharge is via the Fond du Lac River to Lake Athabasca, and thence to the Arctic Ocean. The rate of flow is slow, and the flushing time is estimated at fourteen years (MDH, 2004). Local streamflow patterns are controlled by surficial features, such as drumlins, eskers and other surficial glacial lineation. Lakes and muskeg areas are numerous and pg w:\active\113253006\enviromental_assessment\report\environmental_impact_statement\eis_final_may_2007\eis_may_2007.doc 4.1 Wollaston Lake Athabasca Plain Selwyn Lake Upland Churchill River Upland Highway #905 Proposed North Route Proposed South Route Legend: Client/Project: Proposed South Route Athabasca Economic Development Proposed North Route and Training Corporation Highway #905 Figure No.: Churchill River Upland 4.1 Athabasca Plain Title: Selwyn Lake Upland Ecoregions 1132.53006 Source: Lakes Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre, Saskatchewan Environment (2004) WOLLASTON LAKE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Biophysical Environment comprise a significant percentage of the regional surface area. The route runs north- northeast parallel to the major orientation of Compulsion Bay of Wollaston Lake, one of the larger lakes in the region (MDH, 2004). Shallow groundwater is expected to flow locally towards Compulsion Bay while deeper groundwater is expected to flow north-northeast towards Wollaston Lake. Discontinuous permafrost is expected to exist in isolated areas such as bogs or north facing slopes (MDH, 2004). Appendix C, Maps 1a to c provides a more detailed view of the topography of the study area and identifies the major lakes. 4.2.1 Geology Wollaston Lake lies within the Churchill Province of the Canadian Shield, in a terrain of metamorphosed sediments of the Wollaston Group, which forms part of the Wollaston lithostructure domain (Lewry and Sibbald, 1980). In the Wollaston Lake area, the pre- Wollaston granitoid basement is directly overlain by a ferromagnesion mineral-rich assemblage (biotite and cordierite), and is commonly graphitic. More feldspathic and quarzitic layers are present as restricted units. The uppermost part of the Wollaston Group is a metasedimentary assemblage consisting of interlayered feldspathic paragneiss, amphibolites, quartzites and ferromagnesian mineral-rich metasediments (Ray, 1978). These rocks represent sediments that were deposited in a shallow, marine, near-shore environment, and regionally contain massive carbonates (MDH, 2004). The last major episode of continental glaciation as resulted in the present distribution of surficial deposits and landforms in the region. The direction of this advance was from the north-northeast, marked by flute marks, drumlinoid features and striations. The regional surficial geology is dominated by Quaternary glacial deposits of till and sand in rolling hills, prominent eskers, locally prominent drumlins and outwash plains. Regionally, sandstone and Precambrian granite are the primary parent material of glacial deposits, which consist of very sandy glacial till with a high component of cobbles and boulders (MDH, 2004). Glacial lineations run in a south-southwest direction. The proposed construction area is characterized by rocky outcroppings, numerous lakes, bog wetlands, and thin glaciofluvial and organic (muskeg) materials (MDH, 2004). 4.2.2 Climate Wollaston Lake is located in the continental sub-arctic region of northern Saskatchewan. The climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short, warm summers. The mean daily temperature in the area is -4°C. Mean daily maximum temperature of the warmest months are below 20°C and only three months have mean daily temperatures of 10°C or more. The winters are cold and dry, and the mean daily temperature of the coldest pg w:\active\113253006\enviromental_assessment\report\environmental_impact_statement\eis_final_may_2007\eis_may_2007.doc 4.2 WOLLASTON LAKE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Biophysical Environment months is below -20°C. Freezing of Wollaston Lake in most years begins in November and breakup occurs around the middle of June. The average frost-free period is approximately 90 days (MDH, 2004). Total precipitation in the area is about 550 mm, of which 65% is rain. Winds are predominantly from the south and north. Average monthly wind speeds range between 13 and 16 km/h, while maximum wind speeds range between 24 and 61 km/h (MDH, 2004). 4.3 NATURAL VEGETATION The boreal shield forests within the Churchill River Upland and Selwyn Lake Upland ecoregions are primarily comprised of coniferous species including black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), white spruce (Picea glauca), and tamarack (Larix laricina). Exposed rock areas are typically dominated by shrub and lichen species while the numerous wetland and bog areas contain a wide range of moss, sedge, and fern species. Soils within the region are generally Luvisols (on the glaciolacustrine deposits) and Brunisols (on the sandy glacial deposits). As noted in the discussion of vegetation communities, the soils vary significantly with location. Many locations have very thin soils with poorly developed or non-existent horizons. No soils are found on the bedrock outcrops. Using Landsat imagery from 2003, vegetation communities were classified and mapped prior to a field investigation. Draft maps were taken into the field and ground-truthed. The maps were then refined to produce a reasonably accurate view of the vegetation communities within the study area. The vegetation classification maps are provided in Appendix C. A description of the communities is presented below. Additionally, a rare and endangered flora study was completed with the results also presented below. 4.3.1 Vegetation Communities Using Landsat satellite imagery (Appendix C, Maps 2a to 2c), vegetation communities were classified as follows. Open or closed coniferous forests include pure stands of jack pine, black spruce or a mixture of both species. Treed wetlands include both treed bogs and treed fens. Similarly, open wetlands include both open bogs and herbaceous fens. Lakeshores, which are often too narrow for specific habitats to be discerned with satellite imagery, include open wetland communities, shrub thickets, and boulder-margined and sandy shores. Areas large enough to be designated as shrubs include those that occur within wetland habitats or in areas of regenerating burn, where forest fires occurred approximately 15-20 years ago. Areas classified as severe disturbance/open ground occur largely within regenerating burns, where fire had burned through to expose the underlying bedrock. Other areas classified as severe disturbance/open ground include pg w:\active\113253006\enviromental_assessment\report\environmental_impact_statement\eis_final_may_2007\eis_may_2007.doc 4.3 WOLLASTON LAKE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Biophysical Environment areas of boulders and exposed rock outcrops, which were rare in occurrence, as well as the community of Wollaston Lake. Figure 4.2 provides photographs of the typical vegetation community types. Jack pine forest Stands of jack pine occur on dry plains and eskers characterized by sandy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits or on rocky areas where soil development is minimal (Acton et al, 1998). Ground cover is dominated by several species of ground lichens, including club and reindeer lichens, among which grow the shrubs Canada blueberry, bog cranberry, bearberry, crowberry, Labrador tea, and the forb ground pine. Black spruce forest Stands of black spruce are found on well-drained soils with glacial sediment (Acton et al, 1998). In areas with an open canopy, the glacial till is shallow (Acton et al. 1998) with lichens as the dominant ground cover. In areas with a closed canopy, the till is thicker (Acton et al. 1998), with peat and feather
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