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Advanced Treatment of Alternaria

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Advanced Treatment of Alternaria pests & diseases Advanced Treatment of Alternaria Learn about the latest research in controlling this disease. Top: Alternaria on zinnia. Bottom: Alternaria By A. R. Chase spores. (All photos courtesy of A.R. Chase) 1 lthough Alternaria diseases are quite common on many may reach ⁄8 inch in diameter and are round. Spots frequently merge to ornamentals, they have not received much attention in affect most parts of the leaf. In the early 1990s this disease was very com- recent years. Other fungi that cause spots on ornamentals mon but is less so these days. I rarely see this disease outside landscape include Bipolaris, Corynespora, Drechslera, plantings in the Southeastern United States. Helminthosporium, Stemphylium and Ulocladium. Alternaria dianthi and A. dianthicola each cause diseases on carnation and TheseA fungi are closely related to Alternaria, and the diseases they cause can usually be controlled with the same fungicides and methods that control Figure 1. Specific diseases of ornamentals caused by Alternaria spp. Alternaria leaf spot. The most common species of Alternaria found on orna- mentals is A. alternata. This species has a very wide host range, including Plant (common name) Pathogen (species) Comments (appearance and plant part attacked) antirrhinum, asclepias, calathea, callistephus, chrysanthemum, clarkia, Brassaia (schefflera) A. panax Large (up to 2-inch) black spots on schefflera; also dahlia, ficus, hedera, helianthus, hibiscus, oenothera, pelargonium and attacks aralia, dizygotheca, panax and polyscias. petunia. In other situations, a single plant may be attacked by a number of Calendula Unidentified Reddish-purple leaf spots. different species of Alternaria. For example, helianthus (sunflower) is Catharanthus (vinca) Unidentified Flowers and leaves have spots; cultivars show attacked by A. alternata, A. helianthis, A. helianthinficiens and A. zinniae. varying levels of resistance; leaf drop occurs in Finally, in many cases, the exact species of Alternaria responsible for a dis- severe infections. ease remains to be identified (see Figure 1, right). Dianthus spp. A. dianthicola, Can be confused with Helminthosporium and Spores of Alternaria spp. are dark brown to black and appear in felt-like (carnation/rainbow pinks) A. saponariae Heterosporium (fairy ring) leaf spots; cultivars show black masses on leaf and petal spots when conditions are ideal. Their size, different reactions; A. saponariae also causes spots on lychnis and silene. and the fact that each spore has many cells, makes them a little longer-lived Euphorbia pulcherrima A. euphorbiae, Stem spots occur as well as leaf spots, which are on the leaf surface than spores of fungi causing powdery or downy mildew (poinsettia) A. euphorbiicola small, chlorotic spots with dark margins; or Botrytis blight. Their dark color actually protects them somewhat, like sometimes causes puckering. melanin protects us from the UV rays of the sun. They generally move by Eustoma (Lisianthus) Unidentified Damping-off can occur. splashing water or by very strong winds. In a number of plants, such as zin- Impatiens Unidentified Leaf spots appear similar to impatiens necrotic spot nia, the infection originates in contaminated seed. Spread of Alternaria dis- virus and Pseudomonas leaf spot; get this diagnosed. eases from one type of flower to another can occur with some species (like Matthiola (stock) A. raphani Confused with Anthracnose; usually tan spots with A. alternata) so control measures must focus on all susceptible plants. felt-like black spore clusters. Pelargonium (geranium) A. alternata Small, tan circular spots form on landscape plants. SPECIFIC DISEASES Petunia A. alternata, Not very common; also found on amaranthus Alternaria leaf spot of Coreopsis spp. is characterized by small spots, which A. solani and ipomoea. 1 are initially water-soaked. These spots turn reddish-brown, may reach ⁄8 inch Platycodon Unidentified Large, tan spots with yellow borders usually in in diameter and are roughly circular. Spots generally do not merge, but mixed (balloon flower) landscapes. infections with other fungi, such as Rhizoctonia, are common. Melampodium Unidentified Large, black spots. Alternaria alternata (same as A. tenuis) causes a leaf spot on geraniums that Salvia Unidentified Leaf drop occurs in severe cases. is characterized by small, water-soaked lesions. These spots turn reddish- (especially S. farinacea) 1 brown, may reach ⁄4 inch in diameter and are roughly circular with a yellow Senecio (dusty miller) A. cinerariae Large, black spots start on cotyledons; appears border. Spots generally do not merge. This disease is most often found on seed-borne and is less common in recent years. landscape Geranium spp. or Martha Washington geraniums and rarely on Tagetes (marigold) A. tagetica Black spots with white centers and purple margins. zonal geraniums. On petunia, the disease is characterized by small spots Viola (pansy/viola) A. tenuissima Small tan spots with red or purple margins that are that are initially water-soaked. These spots turn reddish-brown or black, easily confused with Anthracnose; this species also 1 may reach ⁄8 inch in diameter and are roughly circular. Their centers are fre- attacks amaranthus, nicotiana, passiflora and santolina. quently tan to white. Spots can merge and in severe infections readily cause Zinnia elegans A. zinniae Can be seed-borne and often in mixed infections blighting, especially in the landscape. with Xanthomonas (also seed-borne); often found Alternaria leaf spot of impatiens is characterized by small spots that are on leaves and flowers in the landscape; this species also attacks sunflower. initially water-soaked. These spots turn reddish-brown with tan centers, 38 GPN July 2005 pests & diseases Need a new sprayer for spring? sponsored by: DRAMM has all of the bases covered: leaf spots appear anywhere on the leaf, sometimes on petioles and stems • Autofog 1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT and occasionally on flower petals. Spots range from pinpoint to about ⁄8- • Coldfogger inch wide. In severe infections, flowers become infected and die prema- • PulsFOG 800.258.0848 [email protected] • NEW Hydra Line of Hydraulic dramm.com turely. This disease was first found in Florida but has been reported in Sprayers other states (especially in the South). Vinca cultivars differ in resistance to Alternaria leaf spot. Highly susceptible cultivars were ‘Cooler Grape’, rainbow pinks. They are typified by gray-brown leaf and petal spots ± ‘Cooler Peppermint’, ‘Cooler Blush’, ‘Tropicana Pink’ and ‘Little Blanche’. with purple margins and black spore masses that form in spots. Disease ‘Tropicana Rose’, ‘Tropicana Bright Eye’, ‘Tropicana Blush’ and ‘Paraso’ spreads via contaminated plants and by water splashing from irrigation had consistently lower levels of Alternaria leaf spot than the others. In or rainfall. Free water is needed for 10 hours before infection can take many cases, these older cultivars have been supplanted by newer culti- place. Some cultivars of rainbow pink show a moderate level of resis- tance to this leaf spot (see Figure 2, right). Figure 2. Dianthus chinensis (rainbow pink) cultivar severity of Alternaria leaf spot. Alternaria leaf spot on alstroemeria is most common in cut flower pro- Low Disease Medium Medium-high High Disease 1 duction. Spots are relatively large, reaching ⁄2-inch long, and are elliptical Bouquet series ‘Ideal Cherry Picotee’ ‘Ideal Rose’ ‘Festival Carmine Rose’ with white centers and black or purple margins. The ends of these spots can Cinderella series ‘Floral Lace Picotee’ ‘Floral Lace Crimson’ ‘Ideal Carmine’ run along leaf veins in severe infections or on a particularly susceptible culti- ‘Ideal Salmon’ ‘Ideal White’ ‘Ideal Coral’ ‘Floral Lace Violet’ var. The disease is difficult to control due to production practices that result ‘Corona Cherry Magic’ ‘Floral Lace Violet Picotee’ ‘Floral Lace Rose’ in dense plantings up to 40 inches wide and 60 inches high. In such cases, ‘Ideal Pearl’ ‘Floral Lace True Rose’ ‘Ideal Raspberry’ early detection and/or preventative fungicides can help. ‘Ideal Violet’ Valentine ‘Ideal Fuschia’ Alternaria leaf spot of ‘Ideal Violet Picotee’ ‘Festival Cherry Picotee’ ‘Ideal Crimson’ Salvia spp. (usually found on ‘Floral Lace Lilac’ ‘Ideal Pink’ ‘Ideal Cherry’ blue salvia) is characterized ‘Floral Lace Purple’ ‘Floral Lace Cherry’ by small water-soaked areas. These spots turn reddish- ‘Ideal Blush’ 1 Holcomb, G. E. and A. Witcher. 2003. Reaction of rainbow pink cultivars to Alternaria leaf spot, 2003. Biological and brown or black, may reach ⁄8 Cultural Tests, Vol. 19:O003. inch in diameter and are roughly circular. Spots can Figure 3. Catharanthus roseus (vinca) cultivar severity of Alternaria leaf spot. merge and in severe infec- Low Disease Medium-low Medium Medium-high Disease tions readily cause leaf drop, ‘Titan Polka Dot’ ‘Victory Carmine’ ‘Victory Blue’ ‘Victory Lavender’ especially in the landscape. ‘Victory Deep Pink’ ‘Victory Cranberry’ This disease sometimes appears similar to Puccinia ‘Titan Burgundy’ ‘Victory Pure White’ rust until leaf undersides are ‘Titan Punch’ ‘Victory Grape’ examined to reveal the dark ‘Victory Apricot’ brown rust spores of the later ‘Victory Purple’ disease. Holcomb, G. E. and A. Witcher. 2004. Reaction of vinca (Madagascar periwinkle) cultivars to Alternaria leaf spot, 2004. Alternaria on alstroemeria. On vinca, small black Biological and Cultural Tests, Vol. 20:O004. 40 GPN July 2005 pests & diseases vars (see Figure 3, below). ± of schefflera
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