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Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants

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Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants REVIEWS ARTICLES Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants Antonia FLOREA1 1 1 Faculty of Agriculture,*, Carmen University PUIA of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania *corresponding author: [email protected] Bulletin UASVM series Agriculture 77(2) / 2020 Print ISSN 1843-5246; Electronic ISSN 1843-5386 DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-agr: 2020.0034 Abstract Alternaria Alternaria This work is a bibliographic approach to the historical and most recent taxonomy on genus. The genus consists largely of etspecies al of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic fungi. The United States Fungal host index ranks the genus Alternaria on the 10th place based on the number of host plants, with over 4,000 species. Govind . (2016) tells us that most species of this genus are missing the sexual form, with the exception of a few species, which have, in addition to the anamorphic form, the telemorphic form. With the discovery of several species and due to the superficiality of past research, the inclusion of this genus in the taxonomy has become problematic. At the beginning, the Alternariataxonomic classification was performed according to the morphology of the species. This bibliographic approach wants to clarify some of the aspects concerning the old and actual taxonomyet ambiguities al. of Alternaria genus. The method used is consulting the etscientific al. literature. The present reclassification ofet al.the species was performed by analysing the DNA ofAlternaria each species omanensis in 2013 by WoudenbergAlternaria and genus fit the is species in 25 sections. In 2016 Lawrence added 2 other sections and in 2019 Ghafri forms a new section based on the new species . In conclusion now divided in 28 sections, each section contains species that are genetically related. Even though most of the ambiguities have been clarified at present, there are still ambiguities regarding the species within and Keywords:between sections. Alternaria , ambiguities, taxonomy INTRODUCTION The genus Alternaria (Singh et al the number of host plants, with over 4000 species et al is largely composedet al of ., 2016). Most species of this genus are species of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic devoid of theet sexual al form (except for a few species, fungi (Lawrence ., 2016; Singh ., 2016). which have in addition the telemorphic form) According toPezizomycotina the taxonomic classification, it (Lawrence ., 2016). With the discovery of Dothideomycetesbelongs to the kingdom of Fungi,Pleosporales the Ascomycota and the several species and due to the superficiality of past branch,Pleosporaceae the (Stuart sub-branch,et al the class research, the inclusion of this genus in taxonomy et al , theet al subclass has become problematic. At the beginning, the family ., 2009; Lawrence taxonomic classification was performed according the genus., 2016, Alternaria Ghafri ., 2019). The database of the to the morphology of the species and currently, United States of America Fungal host index ranks the reclassification of the species was performed on the 10th position based on by analysing the DNA of each species (Lawrence 54 FLOREA & PUIA et al et al et al et al et al ., 2016; Tralamazza ., 2018; Woudenberg shape, form, size, colour etc. (Nabahat ., 2020) ., 2013). The damages produced on the crops and six main groups were formed (Lawrence ., are significant, with tomatoes registering losses 2016). between 50-86%.et alIn addition to cropet losses, al the The third stage was between 1930 and 1960. spores produce pneumonia, asthma, or sinus ofDuring the genusthis period, Stemphylium an attempt was made to separate theirritation genus (Cruz Alternaria ., 2016; Lawrence ., 2016; the two genera to determine the classification Shyama and Somnath, 2015). Some species of conclusion that the genus. MacrosporiumThe year 1933 shouldwas a release mycotoxins in the decisive one,nomen because ambiguum the researchers” (Singh etcame al to the organs of the attacked plants. Mycotoxins are et al toxic substances that result due to the pathogen’s be called “ ., 2016; metabolism. The main mycotoxins produced Lawrence ., 2016, 2013). This decision was are: alternariol, alternariol monomethylet al ether, based on the fact that problems occurred because dealtertoxins Perre et I, alII, III and tenuazonic acid (Pinto of the numerous taxons that were superficially and Patriarca, 2017; Tralamazza ., 2018; Van investigated, and more than 400 fake species were ., 2015). These mycotoxins were described (Nishikawa and Nakishima,et al 2020). This found both in raw products (apples, citrus, wheat, etconclusion al was not immediately accepted. Thus, tomatoes, sunflower seeds) and in processed in 1945, Neergaard (Singh ., 2016; Lawrence products, which come from infected plants. ., 2016) tried to redistribute them, based on Mycotoxins have a negative effect on human health. the morphological characteristics of the conidia They can contribute to chromosomal mutationset al etformation. al This classification does not follow the and affect the integrity of DNA in colon cells (Ostry, rules of nomenclature and it is not used (Lawrence 2008;The Pinto history and Patriarch, of the taxonomic 2017; Tralamazza classification ., ., 2016; 2013). 2018).and the current classification of the The fourth stage was between 1960-2000. Alternaria genus informationThis stage was about dedicated the Alternaria to the researcher Enoy Guy Simmons, who put together all the known Alternariagenus (Lawrence and other The history of taxonomic classification has et al., 2016; Pryor B.M. and L. Gilbertson,phaeodictyosporic 2000). gone through five main stages since 1816, the hypfomycetesDuring this period, the genus last revision being made betweenAlternaria 2003 and tenuis2015. similar species were called “ The first stageet alwas between 1816 and 1850 and ”, trying to name species with berry includes the descriptionet al of the Alternariashape conidiaMacrosporium appearance andand darkStemphylium brown spores until (Lawrence ., 2016; Pryor and Gilbertson, imperfect fungi. This category includesUlocladium the genera forms2000; ofGhafri four genera:., 2019). Ulocladium During Macrosporiumthis period, a , Alternariaconnection and was Brachycladium observed between the anamorphic 1970. Meanwhile, the genus waset Stemphylium , , alforgotten and the differentiation between the . In 1833 the genus Macrosporiumother three genera was confusing (Lawrence was added. Because of the ambiguity ., 2016; Pryor and Gilbertson,Macrosporium 2000). Thecheiranthi genus of the first four genera, they wereBrachycladium always confused. and belonging to thewas Alternaria forgotten mainly through the UlocladiumFew of the species investigated had been validated.et al generadeclaration emerged of the from species the Alternaria Meanwhile, the genera Alternaria Chalastospora, genus.Embellisia, Later, Nimbya other had been forgotten (Lawrence ., and Teretispora (Singh et al genus, such aset 2016, 2013). al ster, The second stage was between 1850 and 1930. ., 2016; Lawrence This period was marked by theMacrosporium discovery of genus new ., 2016; 2013). Alternaria and (Singhspecies. et Aboutal 400 species ethad al been classified, The fifth stage was between 2003-2015, when most of them were placed in the reclassification of the genus ., 2016; LawrenceAlternaria and., 2016).Macrosporium After this onother the relatedgenus Stemphylium species, through and Ulocladium DNA analysis was period, the first taxonomic hierarchy was known elaborated. The first approach of this was performed by the name of . these genera and the Alternaria . Studies Most species were distributed according to the have revealed a very close relationship between Bulletinmorphological UASVM Agriculture characteristics 77 (2) / 2020 of the conidia like: genus. Due to Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants 55 the multitude of morphological characters, DNA mainly on the surface of the affected tissue, along alliedsequencing genera was under a goodAlternaria approach name to (Gannibal solve some and with the conidia. Conidia are usually transported phylogenetic problems by reducinget al the number of by wind, water, animals, machinery, insects, etc. Spores, which reach other plants or other organs, Lawrence, 2018; Lawrence ., 2016, Nishikawa cause secondary infections. Asexual reproduction and Nakishima, 2020). Even though these methods is predominant, but there are species that also have advanced a lot in the research of this genus, have a sexual form. Sexual reproduction occurs the discrepancy, the relationship between species after 1-2 cycles of asexual reproduction. However, and the relationship between taxonomy and plant the sexual form was performed only in laboratory parasitism has not been sufficient to help the etconditions al because it is hard to reproduce the practical recognition of species (Nishikawa and weather conditions for a long period of time (Meng Nakishima, 2020). Currently, 28 sections have been ., 2015). The main causes for the lack of sexual formed within the genus based on etphylogenetic al multiplication are the changes of the heterothallic relationshipset al(Gannibal, 2018;et al Gannibal and system in the homothallicet al system oret the al beginning Lawrence,Causes 2018; of Alternaria 2016; Lawrence ambiguities: morpho., 2016;- or non-completionCurrent branching of the of thesexual Alternaria multiplication genus
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