E1566 V4 ESIA o f the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER LINES EXPANSION AND REHABILITATION IN THE KALITI CATCHMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized (Final Report)\ (Volume I) Public Disclosure Authorized

Client:

Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)

Water, Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office

Public Disclosure Authorized Consultant:

Beles Engineering P.L.C (Experts in Water, Land & Environment) October 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II LIST OF TABLES ...... VI LIST OF FIGURES ...... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... IX ACRONYMS ...... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... XII 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF ESIA STUDY ...... 2 1.2.1 General Objective ...... 2 1.2.2 Specific Objectives ...... 2 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 2 1.4 METHODOLOGY ...... 2 1.4.1 Scoping Method ...... 2 1.4.2 Baseline Investigation Methods ...... 3 1.4.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 4 2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 7

2.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 7 2.1.1 National Environmental Protection Authority ...... 7 2.1.2 Regional Environmental Agencies ...... 7 2.1.3 Sectoral Environmental Units ...... 8 2.2 NATIONAL POLICY AND STRATEGIES ...... 8 2.2.1 The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No.1 /1995) ...... 8 2.2.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (1997) ...... 9 2.2.3 Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1997) ...... 9 2.2.4 National Policy on Biodiversity Conservation and Research (1998) ...... 9 2.2.5 Sectoral Policies ...... 10 2.3 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS AND REGULATIONS ...... 11 2.3.1 Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs No. 295/2002 ...... 11 2.3.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 299/2002 ...... 11 2.3.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control No. 300/2002 ...... 12 2.3.4 Industrial Pollution Regulation No. 159 /2008 ...... 12 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 12 2.4.1 Administrative Framework ...... 12 2.5 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 14 2.6 ESMF AND RPF REQUIREMENTS ...... 15 2.6.1 ESMF Requirements ...... 15 2.6.2 RPF Requirements ...... 15 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 17

3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 17 ii Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

3.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 18 3.2.1 The Sewer Lines ...... 18 3.2.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 24 3.2.3 Proposed Technology for the New WTP ...... 28 3.3 DOWNSTREAM AREAS FROM THE TREATMENT PLANT ...... 48 3.3.1 Farming Areas ...... 48 3.3.2 Settlement Area ...... 48 3.3.3 Riparian Vegetation ...... 48 4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 50

4.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 50 4.1.1 Topography and Drainage ...... 50 4.1.2 Land use / land cover ...... 51 4.1.3 Climate ...... 54 4.1.4 Hydrology ...... 56 4.1.5 Geology ...... 56 4.1.6 Water Resource and Quality ...... 62 4.1.7 Wastewater Quality ...... 63 4.2 THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 64 4.2.1 Vegetation and Flora ...... 64 4.2.2 Plantation Forest ...... 64 4.2.3 Vegetables and Plants ...... 64 4.2.4 Birds and Wildlife ...... 64 4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF ADDIS ABABA ...... 65 4.3.1 Institutional and Administrative Context of Addis Ababa ...... 65 4.3.2 Demographic Structure ...... 67 4.3.3 Housing Conditions ...... 68 4.3.4 Major economic Activities ...... 69 4.3.5 Land use Pattern ...... 70 4.3.6 Educational Facilities ...... 70 4.3.7 Health Facilities...... 71 4.3.8 Road Facilities ...... 71 4.3.9 Telecommunication Facilities ...... 72 4.3.10 Water Supply ...... 72 4.3.11 Sanitation Facilities ...... 72 4.4 GENDER ISSUE ...... 72 4.5 PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ...... 73 4.5.1 Fully Affected Persons ...... 73 4.5.2 Partially Affected Persons and Organizations ...... 73 5 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES ...... 75

5.1 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 75 5.2 NO ACTION/ WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...... 75 5.3 AS PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE ...... 76 5.4 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OPTIONS ...... 76 5.4.1 Sewer trunk Lines ...... 76

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5.5 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES ...... 78 5.5.1 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems ...... 79 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 82

6.1 CHECKLIST OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 82 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 102 6.2.1 Impacts in Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project ...... 102 6.2.2 Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 107 6.2.3 Impacts Downstream of the WTP ...... 115 6.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 121 6.3.1 Mitigation Measures in the Sewer trunks Line Part ...... 121 6.3.2 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts of the Wastewater Plant ...... 124 6.3.3 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Plant ...... 127 6.1.1 Concluding Remarks ...... 127 7 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS ...... 128

7.1 GENERAL ...... 128 7.2 SCOPE OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY ...... 128 7.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 128 7.4 THE MAIN STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROJECT AREA AND THE CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 129 7.4.1 Consultation with sub city administrations ...... 129 7.4.2 Consultations with the Project Affected Persons ...... 130 7.5 TYPE OF STAKEHOLDERS ...... 130 7.5.1 Internal stakeholders ...... 130 7.5.2 External Stakeholders ...... 131 7.6 ROLES OF MAIN STAKEHOLDERS AND STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ...... 131 7.6.1 Internal Stakeholders ...... 131 7.6.2 External Stakeholders ...... 132 7.7 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS SUMMARY ...... 132 7.8 CONCLUDING REMARK ...... 133 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS ...... 134

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS ...... 134 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 146 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT OF THE EMMP ...... 153 8.4 TRAINING ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ...... 154 8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUDGET ...... 154 9 SUMMARY OF THE COST ESTIMATES FOR THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 158 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 160

10.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 160 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 162 SELECTED REFERENCES ...... 163 ANNEXES ...... 165

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ANNEX 1 LIST OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE AND PROPERTY ...... 165 ANNEX 2. PROFESSIONALS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY ...... 181 ANNEX 3 HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY RECORDS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 182 ANNEX 4: FAO GUIDELINE FOR WASTEWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE ...... 184 ANNEX 5: USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR FOR DISCHARGES FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ...... 187 ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 188 ANNEX 7. FORMAT FOR ASSET SURVEY ALONG THE SEWER LINES ...... 196

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List of Tables Table 1.1: Physical Environmental Receptors ...... 4 Table 1.2: Biological Environmental Receptors ...... 4 Table 1.3: Socio-Economic Environmental Receptors ...... 4 Table 1.4: Criteria Used in the Evaluation of Impacts ...... 5 Table 3.1: Proposed Sewer Trunk and Manhole Diameters ...... 21 Table 3.2: Summary of Proposed Sewer Trunks For Kaliti Catchment...... 21 Table 3.3: Characteristics of the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 28 Table 3.4: Wastewater Characteristics for Detailed Design ...... 30 Table 3.5: Treated Effluent Characteristics for Design ...... 30 Table 3.6: Trickling Filter Size ...... 39 Table 3.7 Common Anaerobic Digesters ...... 42 Table 3.8 Types of Sludge Drying Beds and Lagoons...... 44 Table 4.1: Summary of Mean Monthly Long-Term Meteorological Data of Addis Ababa Area...... 55 Table 4.2: Basic Statistical Description For Historical Raw Wastewater At The Kaliti Wtp...... 63 Table 4.3: Water Quality Analysis Results Of The Project Area ...... 63 Table:4.4 Basic Demographic Data of Addis Ababa ...... 67 Table 4.5: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, ...... 68 Table 4.6 Housing Types in the Three Affected Sub-Cities ...... 69 Table: 4.7 Housing Conditions and Number of Houses of PAPs ...... 69 Table 4.8: Sectoral Distribution of Urban Employment ...... 69 Table 4.9: Economically Active Persons 10 Years and Above...... 70 Table 4.10: Status of Education ...... 71 Table 4.11Health facilities in the City Administration of Addis Ababa ...... 71 Table 4.12 Number of health service providers ...... 72 Table 4.13 Road Facilities of the City ...... 72 Table 5.1: Selection Matrix Results ...... 79 Table 5.2: Construction Cost Estimates for Top Three Options ...... 79 Table 5.3 Comparison of The Commonly Used Wastewater Treatment Systems ...... 81 Table 6.1 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Sewer Trunk Line Part ...... 83 Table 6.2 List Of Properties that iill be Affected/Damaged During the Mobilization Phase ...... 85 Table 6.3 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 85 Table 6.4 Check list of Potential Environmental Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater treatment plant ...... 87 Table 6.5 Summary of Important Negative Impacts ...... 119 vi Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

Table 6.6 Summary of Important Positive Impacts ...... 120 Table 7.1: Opinion of the Would Be Affected Households About the Project Along The Trunk Lines...... 132 Table 7.2: Opinion of the Would Be Affected Households About theProject Around and Downstream of the WTP ..... 132 Table 8.1Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Sewer Trunk Line Part of the Project ...... 136 Table 8.2Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 139 Table 8.3Environmentala Social Management Plan for the Area Downstream of The WTP ...... 145 Table 8.4Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ...... 147 Table 8.5 Summary of The Budget for Environmental Management ...... 154 Table 9.1: Estimated Cost for Compensation ...... 158 Table 9.2: Estimated Administration Cost of RAP Implementation For District 7 ...... 159

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

List of Figures Figure 2.1: Administrative Sub Division of Addis Ababa City ...... 13 Figure 3.1 Plates Showing Grave Situations of Liquid Waste Management in the Project Area ...... 18 Figure 3.2: Spot Image Showing the Western Trunk ...... 20 Figure 3.3: Spot Image Showing the Eastern Trunk ...... 22 Figure 3.4: Spot Image Showing the Southern Trunk ...... 23 Figure 3.5: Location Map of the Proposed Trunk Lines and Existing Sewer Lines ...... 24 Figure 3.6: Spot Image of the Kaliti WTP ...... 25 Figure 3.7: Plates Showing Some Features of the Kaliti WTP ...... 26 Figure 3.8: Kaliti Wtp Flow Diagram...... 27 Figure 3.9: Draft Lay out of the Treatment Plant...... 31 Figure 3.10: the Proposed Wastewater Treatment System ...... 32 Figure 3.11: Some Features of Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant ...... 49 Figure 4.1: Digital Elevation Model and Simplified Drainage Map of the Akaki River Basin with City Boundary ...... 50 Figure 4.2: Drainage Map Showing the Little Akaki and Big Akaki Rivercatchments With Project Area ...... 51 Figure 4.3: Simplified Digital Elevation Model With N-S Sections of the Akaki River Basin ...... 52 Figure 4.4: Simplified Land Use/Cover Map of Addis Ababa Area ...... 53 Figure 4.5: Typical Vegetated Land Cover Types in the Project Area ...... 53 Figure 4.6: The Two Sensitive Areas That Are Going To Be Affected Bythe Sewer Lines...... 54 Figure 4.7: Hydrograph of Big Akaki and Little Akaki Rivers ...... 56 Figure 4.8: Simplified Geological Map of the Study Area ...... 58 Figure 4.9: Typical Fractured Permeable Volcanic Rocks Along the Eastern Proposed Sewer Line...... 60 Figure 4.10: Simplified Soil Map of Addis Ababa Area ...... 61 Figure 4.11: Photographs Showing Some of the Biological Elements O the Project Area...... 65 Figure 4.12: Map of Addis Ababa City Showing the Division by Sub-Cities and District...... 66 Figure 4.13: Growth Trend of Addis Ababa Between 1975 and 2000...... 67 Figure 4.15: Some Field Activities Related to Socioeconomic Surveying, Asset Enumeration and Project Area Observations...... 74 Figure 8.1 Proposed Organization Chart for the Implementation of the Emmp ...... 153

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are highly indebted to the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA), Water, Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office for providing valuable documents for the project and facilitating the field visits. Many experts in the AAWSA project office cooperated and provided available information for the working team. Our appreciation extends to AAWSA laboratory for analyzing water samples on time. In this regard, our particular appreciation goes to AtoZelekeTeferi. In general, the client’s cooperation is extremely appreciable. We are also indebted to all Sub city and District administration officials in the project area for organizing meetings and focus group discussions and the experts from the various sectoral offices in the Addis Ababa city administration for providing valuable information. The Addis Ababa Roads Authority, Engineering Design Division provided valuable information on current costs for the assets that will be affected by the project. We are also thankful to the community which also participated in meetings and provided valuable verbal information indicated in the RAP and socioeconomic report. All who provided verbal and written information for this report are highly appreciated.

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

ACRONYMS AAEPA Addis Ababa city administration Environmental Protection Authority ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization AAHB Addis Ababa city administration Health Bureau AALSAB Addis Ababa city administration Labor and Social Affairs Bureau AAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority ACC Awareness Creation Committee BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD5 5 day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BoLAEP Bureau of Land Administration and Environmental Protection CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSA Central Statistics Agency CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia CW Constructed Wetland DEM Digital Elevation Model EBCS Ethiopian Building Code Standard EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EISs Environmental Impact Statements EMP Environmental Management Plan EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMU Environmental Management Unit EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ETB Ethiopian Birr EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resource Management Policy FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FOG Fats, Oil and Grease FWS Free Water Surface Gm/m2 Gram per meter square HH Households HRT Hydraulic Retention Time IBA Important Bird Area .- ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone MBBR Moving Bed BioReactor MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry MoH Ministry of Health MoM Ministry of Mines MoTI Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure MoTC Ministry of Tourism and Culture MoWE Ministry of Water and Energy MoWUD Ministry of Works and Urban Development NRS National Regional State x Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014

OLR Organic Loading Rate O&M Operation and Maintenance PAPs Project Affected Persons PIM Project Implementation Manual PSC Project Steering Committee PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride RAP Resettlement Action Plan RTD Residence Time Distribution RPF Resettlement Policy Framework

REAs Regional Environmental Authorities SPM Suspended Particulate Matter STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases TDS Total Dissolved Solids TF Trickling Filter TSS Total Suspended Solids UASB Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa WHO World Health Organization WTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Introduction

The project focuses on the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) on the Kaliti wastewater and sewer line expansion project. Spatially three important components exist. These are the treatment system, the new sewer lines and the immediate areas downstream of the treatment plant. The ESIA study has focused on the study of the impacts of the project on the biological, physical and social environments and their mitigation measures. Background

The population of Addis Ababa City and provision of water supply and other socio economic developmental activities are increasing from time to time. In line with this, the amount of domestic and industrial wastewater is also increasing. The Kaliti wastewater treatment plant which was designed for a maximum capacity of 7,500m3/d of wastewater is currently operating beyond its design limit. However, it is not in a position to satisfy the needs of the city. As a result, sewage waste overflows on to streets and into the water courses. Septic pump-out trucks do not access all areas to service the new high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines continue to pollute groundwater. There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal, illegal connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is affecting public health and aesthetics of the city.

In order to alleviate this big problem, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) has embarked for study and design of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems in the Kaliti catchment area.

Following the design and rehabilitation of the existing wastewater facility, AAWSA invited consultants to bid for environmental and social impact assessment of the Kaliti wastewater treatment and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion project. Beles Engineering PLC has won the bid and started the ESIA study of the project.

Accordingly two documents, ESIA (Volume I) and RAP (Volume II) are prepared. Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study is to conduct detailed environmental and social impact assessment of the wastewater treatment expansion and sewerage line within the Kaliti catchment area. The present report is based on Terms of Reference (TOR) provided to the consultants as part of their contract document. The report is prepared taking into account the guidelines of the

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

FDRE Environmental Protection Authority and the World Bank OperationalPolicies (OP) 4.01 – Environmental Assessment and OP 4.11 – Physical Cultural Resources. Methodology

Scoping Method

The scoping exercise has identified the activities that have the potential to interact with the environment. The scoping consisted of the following:

 Collection and review of the existing documents relevant to the proposed project  Collection and review of environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the proposed project,  Review of relevant legislative requirements, national and international environmental standards and guidelines pertinent to the project and,  Consultation with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties. The scoping assisted in the identification of gaps and setting the scope of the work. Baseline Investigation Methods

The synthesis of the environmental and socio-economic data of the project area was undertaken through accomplishing a number of tasks. Pertinent data from relevant institutions were collected and critically evaluated before the baseline survey. Published regulations, guidelines, national policy papers and documents as well as World Bank guidelines for wastewater treatment and general ESIA study were reviewed. Site visits were made to collect data and update baseline information of the project area. Observations were made on biophysical and socio economic aspects. Photographic images that depict key environmental features were taken and GIS was used. Effluent and related water samples were collected and analyzed. House-to-house survey (total numeration) was conducted along the 18kms sewer line to address the socioeconomic impacts and prepare the RAP. Field observations in the downstream areas were also conducted. During the field visits, discussions were held with local community, community leaders and key informants in the affected districts. Opinions and attitudes of PAPs were assessed through questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews and Focused Group Discussions. Furthermore, consultations with Addis Ababa and Federal EPA and AAWSA were made. The environmental and social impacts of the project were identified by considering all proposed activities during the mobilization, construction, post-construction, operation and decommissioning phases and the concerns and issues raised by stakeholders. The interactions

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(impact) of each activity with the environmental and socio-economic receptors were assessed using a matrix. Impact evaluation were made using the following key elements:  Spatial Scale (site specific, local, city wide)  Duration (short term, medium term and long term)  Reversibility (reversible, irreversible)  Probability (the likelihood that an activity will occur)  Direction beneficial or adverse)  Significance (low, medium, high) II. Polices, Legal, Institutional and Administrative frame work

National and international environmental policies, standards, regulations and guidelines provide a framework for the current ESIA Study. Therefore, relevant policies, legislations and regulations were reviewed. National policy and regulatory frame work

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, adopted in August 1995, has a number of provisions, which have direct policy and legal relevance to environmental protection matters in connection with development projects. The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are entrenched in the rights of the people of Ethiopia through Articles 43 and 44. Among the important principles stated in the Constitution are the citizens’ right to development and to live in a clean and healthy environment, the duty to protect the environment, and the people’s right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and implementation of policies and projects that affect them directly. The other important policy document is the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE), which has an overall policy goal to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, to promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole. The EIA policies contained in the EPE emphasize the early recognition of environmental issues in project planning, public participation, mitigation and environmental management, and capacity building at all levels of administration. In addition, the Ethiopian Government has issued a number of legislations that are aimed at advancing environmental protection and sustainable use of the Country’s natural as well as man- made resources. Among these laws, the most relevant ones include the Proclamation on Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Protection, Proclamation on EIA, Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control, and Proclamation on Ethiopian Water Resources Management. The Institutional Arrangement Proclamation is aimed at ensuring sustainable use of

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

environmental resources, by assigning responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental development and management activities on one hand, and environmental protection, regulations and monitoring on the other, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interests and duplication of efforts. The EIA Proclamation makes an EIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors and is the legal tool for environmental planning, management and monitoring. The planned Kaliti WTP has been assigned under the category of projects that are likely to bring some adverse impacts and thus, require further ESIA. Therefore, in accordance to this legislation, ESIA has been conducted to determine the project’s potential impacts and to develop appropriate mitigation measures to avoid or minimize the significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. The recommended mitigation measures are presented in an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) which will be part of the project implementation plan. The Pollution Control Proclamation is based on the right of each citizen to have a healthy environment, as well as on the obligation to protect the environment. Its primary objective is to provide the basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, and to make the violation of these standards a punishable act. Proclamation No. 197/2000 provides legal requirements for Ethiopian water resources management, protection and utilization. Its main objective is to ensure that water resources of the country are protected and utilized for the highest social and economic benefits, to follow up and supervise that they are duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water use is prevented, and that the management of water resources is carried out properly. Institutional and Administrative frame work

Addis Ababa is the largest as well as the dominant political, economic, cultural and historical city of the country. It has the status of both a city and a state. It is the capital of federal government and a sit of a number international organizations and institutions like AU, UNECA, etc. The city is divided in to ten sub-cities. The sub-cities are sub-divided in to 99 Districts, which are the smallest administrative units in the city. The management of water supply and sewage disposal is the responsibility of AAWSA. Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE), Ministry of Health, and Environmental Protection Authority are mainly responsible for quality control and regulatory aspects of pollution protection of water bodies.

The Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority has the following duties and responsibility within the Addis Ababa City boundary:

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

 Follow up the implementation of the national policy and laws;  Prepare regional environmental protection and directives and upon approval follow up and supervise their implementation;  Regulate and follow up that any development shall conduct ESIA prior to the project implementation and undertake review of the project ESIA;  Undertake environmental. auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of liquid and toxic wastes;  Prepare appropriate standards to protect the environment that include soil, water and air as well as the biological system in the City. Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)

AAWSA was first established through the proclamation no. 68/1971 G.C as Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Service Authority and it was reestablished through the proclamation no. 10/1995 G.C as Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. It has the power and responsibility of supplying safe and adequate water as well as management of wastewater (sewage) and sludge collection and disposal for the Addis Ababa City. World Bank’s Safeguard Policies

The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements are based on a three-part classification system such as Category A, Category B, and Category C. A project designated as Category A requires a full environmental assessment followed by Independent Environmental Review. Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigations. Category C projects require no environmental analysis beyond that determination. The planned Kaliti WTP falls under Category B Project […its potential adverse impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas are less adverse than those of Category A projects] since it is likely that the adverse environmental and social impacts can be controlled to acceptable levels by designing and implementing appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, as per World Bank requirements, this ESIA has been prepared.

III. Salient features of Kaliti treatment plant and sewer line to be developed

About 49 million m3 of wastewater is annually generated in the city of Addis Ababa. Wastewater is mainly of domestic origin with 13.4% industrial. Most of this grey water is disposed into the rivers and streams flowing through the city, like the Akaki River. AAWSA has two water treatment plants in Addis Ababa, one of which is the Kaliti WTP which is located in southern Addis Ababa. In connection with this AAWSA planned to rehabilitate and expand the Kaliti wastewater treatment system. This new project is expected to play important role in enhancing the major wastewater treatment and disposal problems the city is facing. The

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

project area (Kaliti sewer catchment) is dominantly confined in Bole, “Kirkos”, Akaki-Kaliti and “Nefas Silk-Lafto” sub-cities. The treatment plant is located in the Akaki Kaliti sub-city, “Kebele” 7. The project has sewer collection part that extends into the city and that is to be expanded by installing trunk sewer lines. The other important component of the project is the installation of a new wastewater treatment plant with improved technology and treatment capacity. The third important part of the project is the area downstream of the WTP which will be affected by the effluent coming out of the treatment plant. Accordingly the project is subdivided spatially into these three areas. The Sewer Lines

The Akaki river basin has high elevation differences in the north–south direction, which is the general direction of the proposed sewer line. This characteristic has been taken in designing the new sewer line as a system that functions by gravity only. In most places, the new system follows the alignment of the existing sewer line. Three trunk sewer lines have been identified (Western, Eastern, and Main/southern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunks) to be installed on phase-by-phase basis. In particular:  Western Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to north of Lafto bridge and is supposed to give service to the Western Kaliti Catchment.  Eastern Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to Bole Bridge on African Avenue and will give service to the eastern Kaliti Catchment (“Wollo Sefer” and “Bole Medahnealem” areas and around “Nefas Silk”).  Southern Main Trunk is the line that extends from the ring road at Kaliti to the Kaliti WTP. This trunk is proposed to twin the existing 800 and 700mm trunk mains. The existing sewer trunk was originally provided with a utility right-of-way, which is encroached on illegally over time by squatter settlements. This will necessitate much effort to establish a new right-of-way and provide sufficient space for construction and access for future operation and maintenance. The proposed sewer lines (trunk lines) are expected to serve much the newly built southern and south central Addis Ababa. The total length of the sewer line is 18kms. Relation of Existing Sewer Line with the Proposed Sewer Line

The proposed sewer line is expected to pass parallel to the existing system in many places. This may help to reduce the impact on infrastructures. However, a number of houses are illegally constructed even on the existing sewer lines at some places. In most places, it is difficult to trace the existing sewer line. This will necessitate tracing the old system before the construction of the

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

new system to avoid damage. In the southern trunk, the two systems pass parallel to each other until they join the treatment plant. In the eastern trunk, the new system follows the existing system in the northern end and diverges to the east to accommodate new inbuilt areas along the Kebena River. In the western trunk area, the existing system extends far to the north and northwest. In much of the places the two systems have the same alignment and in few places they cross each other. This demands serious consideration during the construction of the new system. Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant

The existing Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant is a lagoon treatment system built in the late 1970’s and commissioned in 1983. The Kaliti WWTP has a design capacity of treating 7,500 m3/day of wastewater and 3,500 kg/day of biochemical oxygen demand. This is equivalent to a population of 50,000. The actual Kaliti site is large but most of the space is occupied by the existing facultative and maturation ponds as well as the sludge drying beds. The treatment plant consists of inlet screens and grit chambers, two settling cambers, and two parallel pond systems, and eight drying beds. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater in the stabilization ponds is approximately 30 days at maximum flow rate and the effluent from the ponds flow by gravity and is finally discharged to Little Akaki River. Some of the effluent is directed to small channels and used to irrigate fields between the site and the river. About 5,600 m3 of trucked waste per week arrives at the plant. This consists of a combination of latrine and septic tank waste. This waste is simply dried in the drying ponds. It is planned to keep the existing lagoons in operation during the construction of the upgrades and to replace most of the existing infrastructure. Proposed Technology for the New WWTP

The following treatment processes were evaluated in the feasibility study document:  Oxidation ditch  Trickling Filter  Upgrading the existing waste stabilization Lagoons  UASB with Trickling Filter  Moving Bed Bioreactor  Conventional Activated Sludge

Important factors considered to select the most appropriate technology or combinations of technologies were:

 The design treatment capacity of 100,000 m3/day  Space requirement for the proposed treatment capacity

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 Average BOD concentration of 740 mg/L which corresponds to the BOD load of 74,000kg/day  Variation of the BOD load

The top ranked three technologies were Oxidation Ditch, Trickling Filter, and upgrading of the existing waste stabilization lagoons. In terms of cost, upgrading of existing lagoon is the least whereas the oxidation ditch was the highest. Trickling Filter stood second with an estimated construction cost of ETB 1,246,356,500.

Based on these, the feasibility study recommended Trickling Filter process as suitable technology which can provide the required amount of BOD removal and accommodate the expected fluctuations in BOD loads. The major planned activities in the project include:  Construction of a Trickling Filter treatment system as per the design;  Rehabilitate and/or modify the existing treatment infrastructure to increase life cycle  Cleaning of all of the existing facultative and maturation lagoons, dewater the collected bottom sediment disposed the solid in a landfill,  Modify the lagoons for use as constructed wetlands for additional treatment enhancement;  Clean out the two northernmost sludge drying ponds and use this area for construction of the thickeners and digesters;  Build new head-works trains including screens with smaller openings;  Install system for collection and dispose of solids collected from the screens and grit to minimize nuisances;  Provide trucked waste disposal site and treat trucked waste with the anaerobic digesters ;  Remove the toilet and carwash and rebuild near the head-works so that their effluent flows can be directly connected to the sewage treatment facilities;  Continue using sludge lagoons to dewater sludge;  Allow for future biogas recovery (by others) by making use of a standard rate anaerobic digester;  Abandon or demolish and remove structures that are no longer required or that do not have sufficient capacity for the proposed treatment process;  Flare the biogas from anaerobic digesters until future methane capture systems are installed by others;

The treated effluent is expected to be used for irrigation and when irrigation is not required, it is to be discharged into the river. To meet irrigation needs, the treated effluent treatment levels have been set in conjunction with various factors such as protection of human health, protection of the environment (river and crops to be irrigated), etc. within the constraints of the technologies selected. Wetlands have been designed to remove pathogens and particularly helminth eggs to meet recommended treatment levels for irrigation usage.

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The proposed series of treatment processes is very interesting and designed in suitable manner to adapt to the specific situation. It comprises a centralized and integrated sewer collection system and a single WWTP. It will be constructed where the existing plant structures are located. The selected technology will consist of the following units/processes:

 Intake structure  (Bar screen, Grit chamber  Primary Clarifiers  Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process  Trickling filters  Secondary clarifiers  Anaerobic sludge digesters  Constructed Wetland (Tertiary Treatment)  Thickening and Stabilization of Sludge  Sludge drying beds  Biogas system

Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant

West of the treatment plant the area is mainly occupied by vegetable gardens and grassland. The local community is growing vegetables (mainly cabbage) in these areas. The Little Akaki River seems to be more polluted than the water being released from the treatment plant. Interviewed people in downstream areas stated that the river water is much polluted and they are not interested to use it even for irrigation compared with the effluents from the treatment plant. Much of the open ground which was considered as command area in the irrigation feasibility document is now occupied by many houses. There are many mud houses along the right bank of the Little Akaki River. The vegetable gardens along the course of the river are owned by the residents of these areas. The course of the little Akaki River is highly vegetated. This becomes important habitat for birds and animals. Some of the trees (eucalyptus) are owned by local residents. The presence of the treatment plant has favored the growth of different vegetation in the area. IV. Impact categories of the treatment plant and sewer line development

Impacts arise due to the interaction of the project with the environment and the society. The interaction of the project can come from the project location and from the various activities of the project in the different phases. The receptors are the physical and the biological environments and the society.

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Biophysical Impacts

This category of impacts includes impacts on air, water, land, flora and fauna. Impacts on air quality

The impact on air quality comes from dust emission because of excavation works, construction materials transport and handling, dust generation by vehicular movement, vehicular emission, and emission of gases from the treatment plant during its operation. The emissions of air pollutants include airborne particulates (dust), fugitive emissions, exhaust and combustion emissions. The composition of dust is often inorganic and of non-toxic nature. The vehicular emissions constitute such gaseous pollutants as oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO2, some unburned hydrocarbons. The dust may accumulate on the ground and on vegetation nearby while the gasses may disperse and get diluted. The potential effects are influenced by the weather conditions (rain and wind direction) and by preventive measures implemented during construction to minimize emissions. These include: Impacts on water

The impacts can be on surface water or ground water and can be adverse or beneficial. Adverse impacts on water quality can be through increased sediment load as a result of the construction activities. Fuel leakages from storage tanks or vehicles and inappropriate disposal of wastes can cause pollution incidents. Leakage can be from sewage pipes, from the WTP during operation, from sludge production, and uncontrolled release of waste. Contamination will result when theses pollutants are transferred to water bodies through leaching and washing. There may be contamination of Little Akaki river due to run off, overflow and leakage from such units if there happen operation and maintenance failure or other unprecedented environmental calamities. Beneficial impact on water bodies result from the collection and treatment of sewage that is currently discharged haphazardly and that is polluting the environment including water bodies. Impacts on land

The impacts on land include changes in land use and land cover especially upstream of the WTP. The installation of the sewer trunks and the institution of the buffer zone will impact the current land use and land cover. Site clearing and excavation activities, particularly on steep slopes, on or near riverbanks during minor and major drainage works, and furrow ditch constructions can lead to erosion and slope instability. Removal of vegetation, trees and shrubs, particularly in sloppy areas may bring soil erosion and land slide.

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The impacts on soil are due to soil erosion and soil contamination by leaked substances, littering and irresponsible disposal of waste. Impacts on flora and fauna

Loss of vegetation and trees may result due to site clearing activities within the existing Kaliti WTP site but mainly upstream of the treatment plant in the sewer trunk area, along riversides, inside residential houses, near fences, inside institutional compounds and forest sites. Unwise and inappropriate dumping of soils in the forest sites may aggravate the loss of forest tree species. The impact will include loss of vegetables and crops planted by people residing on the riverside. Socio-economic impacts

Job creations and emergence of small business activities around the plant are the main beneficial socio-economic impacts. Increase in the number of people and industries to be served by sewer network, use of flush toilets instead of pit latrine, avoiding odor and visual nuisance due to open and uncontrolled release of wastewater from domestic and industrial facilities are possible benefits. The WTP development will provide water of a quality for irrigation to the downstream area. The sludge can also serve as soil fertilizer. There will be property loss (houses, farmlands, trees, fences, etc) in some areas. The project work can cause temporary disruption to residential area at a small section of the “Bole Bulbula” sewer area. Asphalted and non-asphalted roads will be dug at few places where the sewer line crosses the roads. Noise pollution

The noise pollution can be from operation of heavy machinery and excavation equipments during excavation work and construction, due to loading-unloading operations, material handling, machine operation, equipment & vehicular movement. Pumping station, diesel generator and flaring activities also create noise. Safety

Exposure to hydrogen sulfide, spills, process upset, natural hazards, power failures, fires, injury and accidents of various nature are among the safety concerns.

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V. Main impacts and proposed mitigation measures

Main Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure

Sewer trunk Part of the Project

excavation/trenching • Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and other earthworks to dry seasons (if possible)

Soil • Covering the trench as soon as possible • collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites • Implement erosion prevention mechanisms site clearing • awareness creation to the workers • building soft communication between the residents and workers Flora • encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before the project activities vegetation removal • implement replanting program • Only marked trees are to be felled within the sewage trunk main alignment soil erosion/siltation- • covering the trench as soon as possible excavation/trenching • collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites Water • Implement erosion prevention mechanisms • Limiting the excavation and other earth works to the dry season (if possible) • Installing silt traps during construction Property loss • A compensation and resettlement plan has been Some persons will be displaced prepared for project affected persons who will be Socio- relocated as a result of the intervention. This covers economy all costs of loss of properties. Such compensation and resettlement plan will be completed before the start of construction. Accidents loading and unloading • Provision and using of protective wear operations, reversing machinery, • Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas falling from culverts, in trenches, where accidents are expected to occur • Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by Health and unauthorized personnel Safety • isolating the work areas • following safety procedures, including ongoing awareness campaign among contractors and surrounding communities. • introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic

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Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure regulation

STD, HIV/AIDS • Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and other STDs among project implementers and surrounding community Saudi Arabia Embassy • The client decided to realign the sewer line Behere Tsige Park • Only marked trees are to be felled Others • Implement a plantation program Mosque (fence) • The client decided to realign the sewer line Existing sewer system • Discovering the existing sewer line prior to excavation Wastewater Treatment Plant

Odor from septage receiving station, • Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed grit removal chambers, trickling

filter, anaerobic digesters, sludge • Setting low speed limits on unpaved access road handling systems, etc. • Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment • proper housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of the grit and screenings) Air Quality • proper operational practices including process control and chemical treatment • continuous process of the operation • Running the UASB at optimum condition • Planting shrubs and trees along the periphery • Use of personal protective equipment (e.g. masks), when necessary sewage overflow • Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be constructed • provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest, • proper planning of the project operation and Soil/land maintenance, • proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. Unsafe sludge disposal • dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary landfill loss of original function • sewage overflow • sludge should be properly disposed in a sanitary landfill Water • Connection of untreated/substandard industrial wastewater to the sewer line must be strictly prohibited. • Adequate care should be taken to avoid leakages in the xxiv Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Receptor Impact Mitigation Measure plant. • All pipe work and fittings should be a class rating in excess of the maximum pressure attained in service including any surge pressure. Unsafe sludge disposal • dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary landfill Flora vegetation removal • Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas Accidents • giving orientation to workers about safety procedures • Provision and using of protective wear • Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected to occur • Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel • isolating the work areas • following safety procedures Health and • erecting traffic signs in the WTP site Safety • availing first aid services STD, HIV/AIDS • Awareness Creation on HIV-AIDS and STDs among workers and surrounding communities Health risk • provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest, • proper planning of the project operation and maintenance, • proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan Area Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant

inappropriate waste disposal • The whole treatment should avoid leakages of Unlined drying beds wastewater to groundwater • Sludge drying beds should be impermeable • temporary sludge disposal sites should be impermeable and protected from flood Water • Only partly divert treated water for irrigation use not to significantly reduce the discharge into the Little Akaki River sewage overflow • Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be constructed

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Summary of Main Positive Impacts

Receptor Impact Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project

Water Reduction of contamination of surface and ground water Soil Reduction of contamination of soil Employment Improved habitability of the City Socio-economy improved public health Wastewater Treatment Plant Water Reduction of contamination of surface and ground water Soil Reduction of contamination of soil Employment Improved habitability of the City Socio-economy improved public health Biogas for energy use Sludge for fertilizer use Sludge for electricity generation through pyrolysis Area Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant Air quality improved air quality Soil/land improved fertility improved water quality of Little Akaki Water surface/underground Availability of water for agricultural and industrial use more vegetation due to increased fertility and availability of cleaner water, Flora healthier vegetables more income due to improved farming Socio-economy cleaner environment Health and Safety improved public health

VI. Environmental and social management and monitoring plan

ESMP is the key to ensure that the environmental quality of the project area does not deteriorate due to the implementation of the proposed development project. Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be performed during all stages of the project (namely: mobilization, construction, post construction, operation and decommissioning) to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted, and to verify the impact predictions.

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The ESMP for the Project has been developed to meet long-term objectives of the project activities and operations. The ESMP is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementations of the ESIA findings highlighted in this report through the provision of project execution and mitigation guidelines, monitoring plan, responsibilities and training procedures. The plan provides a general outlay of the activities, associated impacts, mitigation action plans and appropriate indicators for monitoring. Implementation timeframes and responsibilities are defined, and where practicable, the cost estimates for recommended measures are provided. The ESMP has also proposed institutional arrangement for its implementation. VII. Cost estimate of the proposed mitigation measures

A summary of the environmental management and compensation costs is given in the following table.

Category Individual Cost Category Cost Implementation 18,368,609.23 RAP Administrative 85,393.00 18,454,002.23 mitigation and enhancement 440,000 EMP Monitoring and training 410,300 850,300 Total 19,304,305

About 95.6% of the total cost is for compensation/RAP. VIII. Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

The Kaliti WTP which started operating in 1983 has a design capacity of about 7,500 cubic meters per day. The present coverage of the wastewater management of the city is not greater than 9.8%. The existing sewer lines cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste. Sewage overflows on to streets, and into the watercourses. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines pollute groundwater. There is open wastewater disposal. Illegal connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines are not rare. This situation is affecting the public health and the aesthetics of the city. In light of these, the need for an improved wastewater treatment plant and collection system is indisputable. The preference for use of gravity system for sewage collection is commendable since it will avoid problems associated with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the sewer lines. The analysis of various alternatives carried out indicates that selected options/routes are appropriate. The new plant will have a capacity to treat 100,000m3/d, which is more than 13 times greater than the existing capacity. The new sewer trunks that will be built will relieve the existing sewer

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lines. The comparison of the selected technology for the Kaliti WTP with other technologies has clearly shown that the selected process combination of Kaliti WTP is very good in terms of technical, environmental, economic and socio-cultural performance criteria. Most of the environmental impacts identified in the sewer trunk line area, are of minor to medium significance and of short-term duration. As regards the socio-economic impacts, both positive and negative impacts have been identified. The negative impacts include land, property and social issues. Moreover, the PAPs have shown positive attitude for the project so far as they get proper compensation. Accordingly, a compensation and resettlement action plan with a grievance accommodation mechanism has been developed to respond for the PAPs. Many of the adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts in the WTP site are minor and can be mitigated. Downstream of the WTP, the impacts are mainly positive. There is no existence of endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area. The proposed project will give a long-term solution to the sewage disposal needs of Addis Ababa. With proper maintenance and environmental monitoring, the project is not expected to have adverse effects on the environment and on the surrounding community. The positive impacts by far outweigh the negative impacts. The implementation of the project will improve the health and livelihood of the city residents and downstream users of polluted river waters as it reduces the prevalence of waterborne diseases. After a careful review of the design document and the existing and generated environmental baseline data, the consultant has come to the conclusion that it is possible to mitigate almost all of the environmental and socio economic impacts due to the implementation of the proposed project with about ETB 19,305,000 (compensation and environmental and social management and monitoring plan). Recommendations

Therefore, it is recommended to implement the project with strict observation to the environmental and social management and monitoring plans. However, the project supervision consultant once mobilized should prepare “Construction Supervision Plan” before the beginning of construction works and this plan should be part of the contract. In addition, the environmental management plans should be made part of contract documents of contractor so that ESMP compliance is ensured.

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1. INTRODUCTION The project focuses on the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) of the Kaliti wastewater treatment plant and sewer line expansion and rehabilitation project. Spatially three important components exist. These are the treatment system, the new sewer lines and the immediate areas downstream of the treatment plant. The present study is a full-fledged ESIA covering the biological, physical and social environments conducted as per the requirements the regulations/legislations and environmental policy of Ethiopia and the World Bank Safeguard Policies.

1.1 Background The population of Addis Ababa City and provision of water supply and other socio economic developmental activities are increasing from time to time. The amount of domestic and industrial wastewater generated is also increasing. Currently, there is a sewerage system and a wastewater treatment plant serving some parts of the city in the Kaliti catchment. These include Bole, “Ledeta”, Old Airport, “Arada”, “Kirkos”, Mekanisa and “Kera” areas. Nevertheless, the present coverage of the wastewater management of the city is not greater than 9.8%. The existing sewer lines in this catchment cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste. As a result, sewage overflows on to streets and into water courses.Septic pump-out trucks do not access all areas to service the new high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines continue to pollute groundwater. There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal, illegal connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is affecting public health and aesthetics of the city.This situation has become one of the major challenges of the city of Addis Ababa. It will remain a big problem for the years to come unless proper interventions are made. In order to alleviate this problem, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA)has embarked on a project for study and design of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems in the Kaliti catchment area. Following the design and rehabilitation of the existing wastewater facility, AAWSA invited consultants to bid for environmental and social impact assessment of the Kaliti wastewater treatment and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion project. Beles Engineering PLC has won the bid and started the ESIA study of the project. This document is the final report of the ESIA (Volume I). The work also includes Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), which is presented in volume II.

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1.2 Objective of ESIA study

1.2.1 General Objective The general objective of the study is to conduct detailed environmental and social impact assessment of the wastewater treatment plant and sewer line rehabilitation and expansion within the Kaliti catchment.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives The specific objectives are:

 To define and evaluate the immediate and long term environmental impact of the proposed project on the physical, biological and socio economic/cultural environment at different phases of the project development;  To propose mitigation measures and prepare environmental management, environmental monitoring and resettlement action plans.  To assess the viability of Kaliti wastewater treatment plant and sewer line expansion in line with environmental and social point of view for subsequent action by decision makers

1.3 Scope of the Study The present report is based on Terms of Reference (TOR) provided to the consultants as part of their contract document. The report is prepared taking into account the guidelines of the FDRE Environmental Protection Authority and the World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 – Environmental Assessment.

The scopes of work of the present EIA study were as follows.  Conduct environmental baseline survey;  Identify environmental and social components likely to be impacted by the project;  Assess and evaluate of impacts;  Conduct public consultation to obtain people’s perception about the project;  Propose Mitigation measures;  Prepare RAP;  Prepare detail Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP);  Prepare detail Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP);

1.4 Methodology

1.4.1 Scoping Method The scoping exercise has identified the activities that have the potential to interact with the environment. The scoping consisted of the following:

 Collection and review of the existing documents relevant to the proposed project (project design documentation, similar projects implemented elsewhere through literature review),  Collection and review of environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the proposed project,

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 Review of relevant legislative requirements, national and international environmental standards and guidelines pertinent to the project and,  Consultation with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties. Description of the project action including a clarification of the purpose and rationale of the project, and an understanding of its various characteristics including the stages of development, location and processes were performed through document review during the scoping process. The scoping assisted in the identification of gaps in the environmental and socio-economic information that needed to be addressed. This in turn led to the formulation of an informed impact assessment in the subsequent ESIA process.

1.4.2 Baseline Investigation Methods Following scoping, environmental and socio-economic data were assessed in more detail to ensure that all of the proposed activities and their consequences were considered in full. The synthesis of the environmental and socio-economic data of the project area was undertaken through accomplishing the following main tasks. i. Collection of Secondary Data and Desk Study Pertinent data from relevant institutions were collected and critically evaluated before the baseline survey. The client availed all pertinent documents that include the detail design of the proposed wastewater treatment system, rehabilitation and expansion project. In addition, at the federal level, published regulations, guidelines, national policy papers and documents as well as World Bank guidelines for wastewater treatment and general ESIA study were reviewed. ii. Field Investigation Site visits were made to collect data and update baseline information of the project area, with special attention to the Kaliti waste water treatment plant, proposed sewer lines and downstream areas by giving due emphasis to the social and biophysical environments that are likely to be affected directly by the project. Observations were made on biophysical and socio economic aspects such as soil, water resources, topographic feature, present land use, vegetation cover, settlement pattern, public infrastructures etc. Pictures that depict key environmental feature were taken and incorporated in this report. Effluent and related water samples were collected and analyzed in laboratory. House-to- house survey (total numeration) was conducted along the 18kms sewer line by taking buffer zone of 6 meters from the center of the sewer line to address the socioeconomic impacts and prepare the RAP. Downstream areas were also visited. iii. Consultation with the Stakeholders and the Public During the field visits, discussions were held with local community, community leaders and key informants from affected District to update the baseline information and obtain their views about the project implementation. Furthermore, consultations with Addis Ababa and Federal EPA and AAWSA were made on relevant environmental topics related to project ESIA review, monitoring and supervision of effluents from industrial facilities and about their capacity to undertake routine water quality monitoring during the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) operation.

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1.4.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment Methodology Identification of key impacts brings together the previous steps with the aim of ensuring that all potentially significant environmental impacts (adverse and beneficial) are identified and taken into account in the process. To identify the project environmental and social impacts, all proposed activities during the mobilization, construction, post- construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project have been considered. In addition, concerns and issues raised by members of the community and/or project stakeholders during consultation were included in the process. Following identification of all project activities, environmental and socio-economic receptors were identified (Tables 1.1- 1.3). The key inputs for the identification of receptors included the legislative review, the environmental baseline, the socio-economic baseline and stakeholder consultation. Table 1.1: Physical environmental receptors Physical Receptors Description Air Air quality in and around the proposed project development sites Surface water The surface waters in which project activities are proposed to occur Soil The soils of areas in which project activities are proposed to occur Land Landforms that can be modified by earth moving machines and construction.

Table 1.2: Biological environmental receptors Biological Receptors Description Flora Plant species that occur in areas where project activities are proposed to take place Terrestrial fauna Animal species that inhabit the terrestrial habitats where the project activities are proposed to occur

As previously described, the environmental and socio-economic baseline data were compiled using a combination of existing data and the results of baseline survey and stakeholder consultation programs. All key issues that were raised by members of the community or by a stakeholder group during the consultation program to date, were recorded and included as environmental and socio- economic impact regardless of the scientific, commercial or factual validity of the claim. In this way, it is assured that the ESIA process has addressed every community and/or stakeholder concern. Table 1.3: Socio-economic environmental receptors Socio-economic Receptors Description Population growth Population growth will take place within the project site Employment Employment opportunities are the perceived benefits within the project site and the nearby areas. Access to modern sewage system Part of the city will have better access to sewage services Economic development Promotion of various small and micro businesses Resettlement Dislocated people will resettle

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Socio-economic Receptors Description Social organizations could be disrupted Vulnerable people Aged and orphans are vulnerable Diseases Incidence of communicable diseases

Through such steps, the activities involved in the development of the project and the possible interactions of each activity with the environmental and socio-economic receptors were assessed using a simple matrix. In the prediction and evaluation stage, estimates of the magnitude of impact over each of the impact variables identified during different phases of the projects’ lifecycle were made. In assessing the level of impact that an activity may cause, five key elements are considered.

 Spatial Scale (site specific, local, city wide)  Duration (short term, medium term and long term)  Reversibility (reversible, irreversible)  Probability (the likelihood that an activity will occur)  Direction beneficial or adverse)  Significance (low, medium, high)

Table 1.4: Criteria used in the evaluation of impacts CRITERIA SIGNIFICANCE Spatial scale Site specific Local City wide - Duration Short term Medium term Long term Permanent Probability of Occurrence Improbable Possible Highly Probable certain Significance None Low Medium High

The criteria are defined as follows: i. Spatial Scale: Site specific (restricted to the site) Local (the site and surrounds), City wide (affecting parts of the city). ii. Duration: Short-term (up to 1 year), medium-term (1 year to 2 years), long-term (life cycle of the project) or permanent. iii. Probability of occurrence: Improbable (unlikely), probable, highly probable or definite (certain). iv. Significance: Based on a synthesis of the information contained in (i) to (iii) above, and taking mitigation measures into account, an evaluation of the significance of the impact is undertaken in terms of the following significance criteria:  No significance-requires no further investigation and no mitigation or management;  Low Significance -an impact which has little importance and is not sufficient to warrant further reduction if this involves unreasonable cost.  Medium Significance -an impact which should be mitigated, if possible, to reduce it to acceptable levels;  High significance -an impact which requires extensive mitigation and management to reduce impacts to acceptable levels.

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The environmental and social management and monitoring plans for the proposed project consist of a set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during all phases to eliminate the adverse environmental and social impacts identified and predicted, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plans also include the actions and resources needed to implement these measures. Estimation of costs for various mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures were performed based on the current knowledge of the issues and market prices.

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

2 POLICY, LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Institutional Arrangements The current system of government in Ethiopia is organized into a federal structure, comprised of a federal government and nine regional states. Government administration of EIA in Ethiopia is thus shared between the federal government and regional states. The environmental protection institutions in Ethiopia are established through the Environnemental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (No 295/2002). According to this proclamation, the protection organs include the Environmental Protection Authority (now the Ministry of Forest and Environment), Regional Environmental Agencies and the Sectoral Environmental Units. 2.1.1 National Environmental Protection Authority The National Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was re-established under Proclamation No. 295/2002 as an autonomous public institution of the Federal Government of Ethiopia entrusted with the protection and conservation of natural resources in Ethiopia. The general role of the EPA is to provide for the protection and conservation of the broad environment, through formulation of policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a manner that enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment sustainable. The federal EPA was an independent organization accountable directly to the Office of the Prime Minister. The key functions of the EPA are:  Prepare environmental protection policy laws and ensure their implementation;  Prepare directives and devise systems and ensure their implementation;  Prepare environmental protection standards directives concerning soil, water and air;  Enhance environmental awareness and training programs;  Ensure the implementation of international treaties concerning the environment to which Ethiopia is a signatory;  Provide advice and technical support to the regions on environmental matters; EPA is responsible for:  establishing a system for undertaking EIA  developing a directive that identifies categories with negative impact  issuing guidelines on EIA preparation and evaluation  Evaluating EIA study reports, and  Auditing and regulating EIA implementation. A new arrangement has been laid where the EPA has delegated the ESIA authority and entrusts to the ministries (MoM, MoARD, MoWUD, MoH, MoTI, MoTC and MoWE). All the duties and responsibilities of the Federal EPA are now assumed by the new Ministry of Forest and Environment. 2.1.2 Regional Environmental Agencies These are established by national regional states as per Proclamation No. 295/2002.The national 7 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

regional states can also designate an existing agency that shall, based on the Ethiopian Environmental Policy and Conservation strategy and ensuring public participation in the decision making process, be responsible for coordinating the formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional conservation strategies, and environmental monitoring, protection and regulation. These are responsible for evaluating the EIA study reports on projects in regional states and not likely to entail inter-regional impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for auditing and regulating the implementation of such projects. 2.1.3 Sectoral Environmental Units

According to the Proclamation No. 295/2002, every competent agency shall establish or designate an environmental unit that shall be responsible for coordination and follow up so that the activities of the competent agency are in harmony with this Proclamation and with other environmental protection requirements. However, sectoral environmental units have only been established in some federal institutions, such as the Ethiopian Roads Authority, EEPCo and the MoWE. The sectoral institutions relevant to EIA include:

 The Ministry/Bureaus of Trade: Responsible for issuing business licenses,  Ethiopian Investment Agency and Regional Investment Commissions: Responsible for promoting, coordinating and facilitating investment in the country,  The Ministry/Bureaus of Mines: Responsible for the development and proper utilization of mineral resources in the country  Ministry/Bureaus of Agriculture: Responsible for both the development and management of natural resources  Ministry/Bureaus of Water and Energy: responsible for the conservation, utilization and development of water resources and energy in the country

2.2 National Policy and Strategies 2.2.1 The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No.1 /1995) The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE 1995), contains a number of articles which are relevant to environmental matters in connection with development projects, as well as to the environmental issues in general, and forms the fundamental basis for the development of specific environmental legislative instruments related to development projects. Some of the prominent Articles that are related to development and environment include (but not limited to) the following:  Article 43 gives the right to people to improved living standards and to sustainable development.  Article 44 of states that all persons have the right for clean and healthy environment  Article 92 of Chapter 10 includes the following significant environmental objectives: . Development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment . People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly . Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment

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 Article 40 states that ownership of both urban and rural land is vested in the State and the people, and is common property which is not subject to sale or other means of exchange. Peasants have the right to obtain land without payment, and are protected against eviction from land in their possession. Full right to immovable property and permanent improvements to land is vested in individuals who have built the property or made the improvements, but government may expropriate such property for public purposes, subject to the payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance. The proposed project is designed to put in to effect some of the elements in the constitution that are related to creating clean environment. 2.2.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (1997) The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are documented in the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. It provides a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects. It is an important policy document, which views environmental management from several perspectives. In particular, it recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset, so that planners may take into account environmental protection as an essential component of economic, social and cultural development. 2.2.3 Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1997)

It is based on the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE), which was developed through a consultative process over the period 1989-1995. The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and deficiencies, which in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation. It is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national policies. The Environmental Policy has an overall goal to improve the health and quality of the life of all Ethiopians, and promote sustainable social and economic development by adopting environmental management principles, and key elements of the policy are:  recognition of the need for ESIA to address social, socioeconomic, political and cultural impacts, in addition to physical and biological impacts  incorporation of impact containment measures within the design process, and for mitigation measures and contingency plans to be incorporated within environmental impact statements (EISs)  creation of an ESIA process legal framework with a coordinated institutional framework for the execution and approval of ESIAs and environmental audits, and  development of detailed technical sectoral guidelines for ESIA and environmental auditing, and  ESIA and auditing capacity building within the EPA, sectoral ministries and agencies, as well as in the regions. 2.2.4 National Policy on Biodiversity Conservation and Research (1998) This provides for an Institute that undertakes conservation and promotes the development and sustainable utilization of the country’s biological resources including plants, animals and microbial genetic resources. On the basis of national legislation, the institute has the responsibility and duty to

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implement international conventions, agreements and obligations on biodiversity to which Ethiopia is a party. 2.2.5 Sectoral Policies 2.2.5.1 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (MoWR 2000) The main goal of the Ethiopian Water Resources' Management Policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts, equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of Ethiopia for significant socio-economic development on sustainable basis without affecting the environment significantly. The main objective of the water supply and sanitation policy is to enhance the well- being and productivity of the Ethiopian people through provision of adequate, reliable and clean water supply and sanitation services and to foster its tangible contribution to the economy by providing water supply services that meet the livestock, industry and other water users' demands. The policy gives highest priority to allocation of water for water supply and sanitation while apportioning the rest for uses and users that result in highest socioeconomic benefits. It also recognized that the basic minimum requirement, as the reserve for human and livestock needs as well as environment reserve has the highest priority in any water allocation. The policy also gives environmental considerations in the EWRMP with respect to pollution control, quality standards, and limits of quantities of utilization. Thus, all water resource development projects shall undertake environmental impact assessment (ESIA). 2.2.5.2 National Health Sector Strategy (1995) The national health strategy focuses on communicable diseases, common nutritional disorders and on environmental health and hygiene, in particular epidemic diseases like malaria and STDs, particularly HIV/AIDS. Education on health care and sanitation through information, education and communication, disease control, promotion of primary health care by community participation are integral to the implementation of the strategy. 2.2.5.3 National HIV/AIDS Policy Ethiopia is one of the countries in the world that is facing HIV/AIDS pandemics. Having understood the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its paramount impacts on the socio-economic development of the country, the FDRE issued a Policy on HIV/AIDS in 1998, which calls for an integrated effort of multi-sectoral response to control the epidemic. The National HIV/AIDS Policy urges communities at large, including government ministries, local governments and the civil society to assume responsibility for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns. The general objective of the policy is to provide an enabling environment for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the country. In order to address the problem and coordinate the prevention and control activities at national level, in 2000 National AIDS Council was established under the Chairmanship of the country’s President, and in 2002 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office was established.

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2.2.5.4 National Population Policy This Policy was issued in April 1993 and aims at closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity through a planned reduction in population growth combined with an increase in economic returns. With specific reference to natural resources, the main objectives of National Population Policy include making population and economic growth compatible and the overexploitation of natural resources unnecessary; ensuring spatially balanced population distribution patterns, with a view to maintaining environmental security and extending the scope of development activities; and maintaining and improving the accommodating capacity of the environment by taking appropriate environmental protection and conservation measures. 2.2.5.5 National Policy on Women This Policy was issued in March 1993 emphasizing that all economic and social programs and activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and in the decision making process, so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the Federal and Regional Institutions. Among the main policy objectives is that laws, regulations, systems, policies and development plans that are issued by the government should ensure the equality of men and women, and that special emphasis should be given to the participation of rural women.

2.3 Relevant Environmental Legislations and Regulations 2.3.1 Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs No. 295/2002 This proclamation established a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental protection agencies at federal and regional levels. It clarifies the mandate and responsibilities of the Federal EPA and the Regional Environmental Authorities (REAs) within the governments of the regional states. The proclamation insists that each. Sector office shall establish an environmental unit to assess and evaluate environmental performance by the sector. In line with this proclamation, AAWSA has Water Quality and Catchments Management Unit. 2.3.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 299/2002 This proclamation makes ESIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. The ESIA must be prepared by the proponent and reviewed by the concerned environment organ. According to the Federal EPA, the following Project Schedule categories are recognized:  Schedule 1: Projects that may have significant environmental impacts and therefore require detailed field investigation and a full ESIA.  Schedule 2: These are projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full ESIAstudy.  Schedule 3: These projects generally do not require environmental analysis because they have negligible or minimal direct disturbance on the environment. According to the Ethiopian EPA guidelines (EPA 2003), Construction of Municipal Sewage and Wastewater Treatment Plant fall under Schedule 1 hence the Kaliti Sewer Catchments Wastewater 11 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Treatment and Sewer line Expansion Project requires full ESIA. 2.3.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control No. 300/2002 This proclamation provides the basis for controlling wastewater discharges and developing appropriate wastewater discharge standards, the violation of which would be a punishable act based on the polluter pays principle. Environmental Inspectors are to be assigned by the concerned environmental organ to monitor industrial effluent discharges. Guidelines for discharge standards have been prepared for industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes (EP A 2003); national standard limit of effluents has been prepared by EPA. The Addis Ababa EPA is presently approaching owners of industrial facilities so as to plan for environmentally sound industrial wastewater treatment and progressively reduce concentration of pollution load from each industrial facility. 2.3.4 Industrial Pollution Regulation No. 159 /2008 The Council of Ministers recently approved this Regulation to prevent industrial pollution in accordance with Article 20 of the Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002. The Regulation provides a gestation period of five years for existing industries to bring their effluent discharge within the water quality standards. The Addis Ababa EPA has planned to work with the industrialists towards this direction.

2.4 Institutional and Administrative Framework 2.4.1 Administrative Framework The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) comprises nine member States and two administrative councils with their own legislative, executive and judicial powers. For administrative purposes, the States are divided into Zones, which are in turn sub-divided into Districts. Each The management of water supply and sewage disposal is the responsibility of Addis Ababa Water and Sewage Authority (AAWSA), Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE), Ministry of Health, and Environmental Protection Authority are mainly responsible for quality control and regulatory aspects of pollution protection of water bodies. Ministry of Agriculture and the Urban Agriculture Department under Addis Ababa City Administration are responsible for the provision of agricultural extension services for peri-urban agriculture. 2.4.1.1 Addis Ababa City Administration Addis Ababa is the largest as well as the dominant political, economic, cultural and historical city of the country. It has the status of both a city and a state. It is the capital of the Federal Government and a chartered city. It is where the African Union and its predecessor, the OAU are based. It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and numerous other continental and international organizations. The city is divided in to ten sub cities which are the second administrative units next to city administration. In terms of area coverage,Bole is the largest sub-city followed by “Akaki- Kaliti” and “Yeka”. “Addis Ketema” is the smallest and followed by Lideta and “Arada” Sub-cities.

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The sub-cities are sub-divided in to 99 districts, which are the smallest administrative units in the city. The number of districts in each sub city varies based on their size.

Figure 2.1: Administrative sub division of Addis Ababa City The city administration has a cabinet with executive power led by a Mayor. The sub cities are organized in a similar fashion. They are mandated to administer matters in their jurisdiction, and provide support to Districts. The Districts are empowered to administer local matters such as community mobilization, neighborhood improvement and building code enforcement. 2.4.1.2 Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority (AA EPA) The Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority has the following duties and responsibilities within the Addis Ababa City boundary:  Follow up the implementation of the national policy and laws;  Prepare regional environmental protection and directives and upon approval follow up and supervise their implementation;  Regulate and follow up that any development shall conduct ESIA prior to the project implementation and undertake review of the project ESIA;  Undertake environmental. auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of liquid and toxic wastes;  Prepare appropriate standards to protect the environment that include soil, water and air as well as the biological system in the City;

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

The KalitiWTP and its swear line is entirely located in Addis Ababa City Administration, Akaki- Kaliti sub city of District 07. 2.4.1.3 The Oromia NRS Bureau of Land Administration & Environmental Protection The “Oromia” BoLAEP has been re-established according to the “Oromia” Region Proclamation No 147/2009. The bureau is entitled with the power and a wide range of duties related to environmental protection. The most relevant to the proposed project include the following:  Formulate policies strategies and standards pertinent to land and environmental protection;  Administer the land resource of the region and prepare land use plan;  Undertake cadastral survey register land holding and prepare land holding certificate;  In collaboration with concerned organs determine compensation to a person whose land holding has been expropriated for development work;  Regulate and follow up that any development shall conduct ESIA prior to the project implementation;  Undertake environmental auditing of industries for the safe disposal and management of liquid and toxic wastes; 2.4.1.4 Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) AAWSA was first established through the proclamation no. 68/1971 G.C as Addis Ababa water and sewerage service Authority and it was reestablished through the proclamation no. 10/1995 G.C as Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. It has the power and responsibility of supplying safe and adequate water as well as management of wastewater (sewage) and sludge collection and disposal for the Addis Ababa City. The proclamation articles 8 and 14 state that AAWSA shall have the power and duties to ensure that any water sources are not polluted or contaminated, and rather work towards their protection and conservation. The authority, however implements these activities in collaboration with the concerned environment office, in this case the AAEPA and the Oromia BoLAEP. AAWSA has a well-equipped laboratory to undertake sampling analysis and evaluation of surface and ground water qualities.

2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank environmental assessment (EA) requirements are based on a three-part classification system such as Category A, Category B, and Category C. A project designated as Category A requires a full environmental assessment followed by Independent Environmental Review. Category B projects require a lesser level of environmental investigations. Category C projects require no environmental analysis beyond that determination. The planned Kaliti WTP falls under Category B Project […its potential adverse impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas are less adverse than those of Category A projects] since it is likely that the adverse environmental and social impacts can be controlled to acceptable levels by designing and implementing appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, as per World Bank requirements, this ESIA has been initiated. The WB safeguard policies triggered by the project are given below in Table 2.1.

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

2.6 ESMF and RPF Requirements The Government of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has prepared two safeguard policy documents that were agreed and disclosed as part of the borrower’s legal commitment to the project. These policy documents are an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) dated April 13, 2007, and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) dated May 4, 2007. These documents, in conjunction with the guidance provided in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM), dated August 2007, need to be consulted directly during project implementation. The ESMF and RPF are briefly described below and the ESIA study for the Kaliti WTP Project is carried out in accordance with the ESMF and RPF requirements and the guidance provided in the PIM. 2.6.1 ESMF Requirements The ESMF outlines an environmental and social screening process, which should be carried out in parallel with other sub-project preparation activities such as technical, economic, and financial analyses. The ESMF has been prepared because the Ethiopian guidelines do not make provisions for the screening of small-scale sub-projects, which could have negative localized environmental and social impacts that would require mitigation. Therefore, the provisions of OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment for screening, assignment of environmental category, application of appropriate environmental mitigation measures and/or preparation of separate Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports, review and clearance of screening results and/or separate EIA reports, consultations, and monitoring are applied to the sub-projects. The ESMF also includes requirements for the project implementers to incorporate measures for protection of physical cultural resources in the project area. Such measures include chance find procedures in the contractor bidding documents. 2.6.2 RPF Requirements According to the World Bank’s OP 4.12, the development of a RPF is a requirement for projects that may entail involuntary resettlement, impacts on assets, or loss of livelihoods. Any impact of the Kaliti WTP Project on land and/or people (land acquisition, impact on assets, resettlement, and livelihood restoration of affected people) will be addressed in compliance with the Constitution of Ethiopia, with other Ethiopian regulations, and with the World Bank safeguard policy in involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12). Where gaps exist between Ethiopian laws and the Bank’s OP 4.12, the Kaliti WTP Project will follow the requirements of the Bank’s policy. There is a gap between the existing Ethiopian laws and the Bank’s OP 4.12 related to eligibility for compensation. According to the Bank’s OP 4.12, project affected people are considered legitimate for resettlement assistance regardless of the legality of land tenure. Whereas according to the Article 22 of the Ethiopian Regulations on Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes (Regulations No. 135/2007), any person who claims for payment of compensation in accordance with the Proclamation No. 455/2005 and the Regulations No. 135/2007 is required to produce proof of legitimate possession of the expropriated landholding and ownership of the property entitling

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

compensation. Therefore, in relation to the Kaliti WTP Project, the RPF will follow the requirements of OP 4.12. It would be appropriate and possible for the Kaliti WTP Project to follow the agreed Resettlement Policy Framework as it is expected to be in conformity with the Bank’s OP on Involuntary Resettlement. The policies or principles provided in the RPF including design procedures to minimize displacement, compensation principles and eligibility for compensation will be applied for the Kaliti WTP Project. It is considered that the Kaliti WTP Project will fully implement the resettlement and compensation procedures recommended in relevant sections of the final ESIA report.

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction About 49 million m3 of wastewater is annually generated in the city of Addis Ababa. Wastewater is mainly of domestic origin with 13.4% industrial. Most of this grey water is disposed into the rivers and streams flowing through the city, like the Akaki River. Farmers have been producing vegetables using Akaki River for the last 50 years and 1240 ha of land are being irrigated, mostly by gravity using furrow or flood irrigation. Rural areas are supplying Addis with almost all crops, livestock, horticulture and fruits, while urban agriculture is providing 61% of the vegetables consumed in Addis (lettuce, Swiss chard, cabbage, spring onion, potato, beat root, etc.). The main concerns are pollution of the water sources, the health hazard related to the use of untreated water for irrigation, the environmental degradation and allocation of agricultural land to other purposes. Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) is the only institution in Addis responsible for all aspects of water supply of the city residences and sewerage control and wastewater treatment. AAWSA has two water treatment plants in Addis Ababa, one of which is the Kaliti water treatment plant which is located in southern Addis Ababa. In connection with this AAWSA planned to rehabilitate and expand the Kaliti wastewater treatment system. Following the plan, Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant Expansion and Rehabilitation as well as the Expansion of Sewer Lines in the Kaliti Sewage Catchment was initiated in January 2012. This new project is expected to play important role in enhancing the major wastewater treatment and disposal problems the city is facing. As compared to the size of the city and population, this project alone may not solve the problem. Brief description of the project is given below. The technical details are included in the detailed engineering design document which was conducted by Morrison Hershfield International Inc.in association with ARMA Engineering PLC. The engineering design was carried out in 2012. In evaluating the environmental impact of the sewer lines, a six-meter buffer zone is considered as suggested by the client (AAWSA). The location and detailed biophysical environment of the project area is given in Chapter 4. Much of the sewer catchment is located in the inbuilt area of the city of Addis Ababa in southern and south central Addis Ababa. The inbuilt area of Addis Ababa is found in the Akaki river basin, which is the major tributary of the Awash River basin. The Entoto mountain range forms the northern watershed boundary separating the Abay (Blue Nile) and Awash River basins. The volcanic mountains, Mount Furi located southwest of the city and Mount Yerer located southeast of the city, are high massive volcanic mountains rising to 2839 and 3100 m.a.s.l., respectively. These two high areas form the western and eastern drainage divides of the Akaki River basin. To the south, most of the area is flat. This flat land is characterized by high groundwater potential. The most important Akaki well field which supplies water to the residences is located south of the treatment plant. The project area (Kaliti sewer catchment)is dominantly confined in Bole, “Kirkos”, Akaki-Kaliti and “Nefas-Silk-Lafto” sub-cities. The treatment plant is located in the Akaki-Kaliti sub-city, “Kebele”

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

7. The Akaki river basin has high elevation differences in the north–south direction, which is the general direction of the proposed sewer line. This characteristic has been taken in the design of the new sewer line to function by gravity only. In most places, the new system follows the alignment of existing sewer line. The Kaliti sewer catchment consists of the old city, which is currently under redevelopment and with new establishments in its periphery. Most of the industries are located in the Kaliti catchment situated along the river/stream courses which are currently turned up as an open sewer channel. The rivers and streams are polluted by waste coming from domestic areas, institutions and industry that is discharged directly without any treatment. The construction of condominiums and the redevelopment activities are demanding better sewage collection system with adequate capacity. Most of the industries discharge their waste in to the streams. The existing WTP is also not functioning properly. At some places, wastewater from broken sewer pipes is released into streams (Figure 3.1 B). Currently, liquid waste from the drying beds at the Kaliti treatment plant is being released directly into the Little Akaki river (see Figure- 3.1). Therefore, the proposed project is vital for improving the current grave situations related to waste water treatment and management.

Figure 3.1 Plates showing grave situations of liquid waste management in the project area

3.2 Components of the Project In this study, spatially three important areas are considered. These are: i. The sewer lines (trunk lines) ii. The wastewater treatment plant, and iii. Downstream areas from the treatment plant 3.2.1 The Sewer Lines

In the context of the Engineering Report, three sewer trunk lines have been identified to be installed on phase-by-phase basis. For ease of identification, the selected sewer lines are designated as Western, Eastern, and Main/Southern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunks.  The Western Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to north of “Lafto” bridge and services the Western Kaliti Catchment.

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 Eastern Trunk extends from the ring road at Kaliti to Bole Bridge on African Avenue and services the eastern Kaliti Catchment (“WolloSefer” and “Bole Medahnealem” areas and around “Nefas- Silk”.  Main/Southern Trunk is the line that extends from the ring road at Kaliti to the KalitiWTP. This trunk is proposed to twin the existing 800 and 700mm trunk mains. The proposed sewer trunk mains will enable expansion of sewerage network within the catchment and alleviate the present overflowing of sewage into streams, open channels and roads. The existing sewer trunk has had a utility right-of-way, which at present is encroached on illegally over time by squatter settlements. This will necessitate much effort to establish a new right-of-way and provide sufficient space for construction and access for future operation and maintenance. The proposed sewer lines (trunk lines) are expected to serve much the newly built southern and south-central Addis Ababa. The total length of the sewer line is 18kms. The details are given in Table 3.1. 3.2.1.1 Western Trunk The western trunk main runs parallel to the existing trunk main from the junction of the Eastern and Main Trunk towards north along the Little Akaki River up to the existing manhole MH-KL. Then it crosses the river to the west near “Lafto” condominium and continues along the bank of the little Akaki River past the 600mm “Jemo” sewer line. In doing so, it passes through forested areas and houses mostly made of mud and hollow block. This trunk main provides service for large part of the Kaliti catchment including “Lafto”, Mekanisa, “Kirkos”, Mexico, “Merkato” western “Gulele”, and “Ayer Tena” areas. The total length of the trunk proposed under this phase is 4,912m of which 3,140m is 1350mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe and the remaining 1200mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe. Above-ground crossing structure using steel bridge is proposed at both river crossings using pipe WM-54 and pipe WM-41. 3.2.1.2 Eastern Trunk This section starts from “Karamara” Hotel(close to the Djibouti Embassy) and follows the right bank of the lower reaches of the “Kebena” river and passes through complex slum and industrial areas in “Bole Michael” and “WolloSefer” areas and crosses the ring road two times and finally joins the western trunk at the Kaliti ring road overpass bridge. This route also crosses Debrezeit Road and the new railway under construction close to the “Commet” Transport compound. Since this route has to cross number of local ravines, there are areas where the excavation depth could reach up to 10m to maintain gravity flow. The eastern trunk will affect many residential areas as compared to the western trunk. Unlike the western trunk, however, it does not affect much farming areas (vegetable gardens). The eastern trunk is the longest and most complicated route of the three sewer trunks. As it is reported,the initial surveying work has been done from the old “Karamara” hotel running parallel to the existing sewer line up to the main trunk at MH T-1. However, this route has been changed to a new route departing from the existing sewer line at MH-ES-144, nearby the existing manhole MH- DF towards “Bulbula” Bridge passing east of “Saris-Addis Sefer” before it crosses the ring road near “Abo” Church to join the main trunk at MH-T (at Kaliti ring road crossing).This change was made to

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serve St. Joseph church area, and “Saris-Addis Sefer” and areas near and around the Agricultural Engineering area. This Trunk serves the eastern part of the Kaliti catchment including areas up to “Lagahar”, “Arada”, Paulos”, “Kechene” and “Addisu Gebeya”. The eastern trunk main has a total length of 10,557m reinforced concrete pipes of which 7,724m is of 1200mm diameter and the remaining 2,833m length is of 1050mm diameter.

Figure 3.2: Spot image showing the western trunk

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

3.2.1.3 Southern Main Trunk This main trunk starts from Kaliti ring road (overpass) and ends at the KalitiWTP. It is confined within the Akaki-Kalitisub-city. It follows the side of existing gravel road. The southern trunk does not affect many houses as compared to the other two trunk lines. The main trunk is 1650mm in diameter and 1930 meters long, and is proposed to operate parallel to the exiting 800 and 700mm mains to service the ultimate Kaliti catchment flow rate. The main trunk receives wastewater from the two major trunks of Kaliti catchment; eastern and western trunks. The existing trunk will be in operation during the construction of the new trunk. Therefore, special consideration should be given in determining the alignment of the new line as crossing from one side to the other is impossible once one side is selected. The other issue is the width of right-of-way required to install the 1650mm trunk parallel to the 800mm. This section of the trunk was provided with a right-of-way, but currently it is used as a road. In addition, private properties have encroached to this right-of-way from both sides and the actual width of the right-of-way varies from 5 to 15m. It is not practically possible to install the trunk main within the available space while using the right-of- way as a road unless some arrangement is made beforehand. In view of this alternative access road should be provided during the implementation of the project. Manholes are placed at changes in diameter, gradient or direction, or at a predetermined section length on straight run. For the trunk mains, manholes are spaced at an interval of 50 to 80m. Precast reinforced concrete circular manholes have been designed for trunk mains. Different size of manholes proposed for different diameters of the trunk are indicated below. Table 3.1: Proposed Sewer Trunk and Manhole diameters Sewer Trunk Diameter, mm Proposed Manhole Diameter, m

1050 1.8 1200 2.1 1350 2.4 1650 2.4

Table 3.2:Summary of proposed sewer trunks for Kaliti catchment. Sewer Trunk Proposed pipe Length, m Service Area Remarks size, mm Southern Kaliti Main Trunk (Kaliti 1650 1,950 The whole Kaliti Operate parallel to Ring Road to KalitiWTP) Catchment area the existing 700/800 mm trunk Eastern Trunk (Kaliti Ring Road to 1200 10,450 Eastern and Central- Bole Bridge) Eastern Sub- Catchments Western Trunk (Dama Hotel to 1350 & 1200 950 & 1,900 Western and Central- Existing siphons KA- Jemmo Trunk crossing) respectively Western Sub- KB and LF-LG Catchments would be removed Kaliti Main Trunk (Kaliti Ring Road 1350 2,230 Western and Central- Operate parallel to to Dama Hotel), part of western trunk Western Sub- the existing 700 mm Catchments trunk

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Figure 3.3: Spot image showing the eastern trunk

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Figure 3.4: Spot image showing the southern trunk 3.2.1.4 Relation of Existing Sewer Line with the Proposed Sewer Line Figure 3.5 shows the existing and proposed sewer lines. The existing treatment system is working over capacity. In a number of places, broken sewer pipes exist. Manholes are stolen. The leaking pipes release untreated liquid waste in the open ground and drain to nearby streams. The proposed system is planned to serve mostly the newly developed areas and will help the existing

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system to operate as designed by releasing the hydraulic load. The proposed sewer line is expected to pass parallel to the existing system in many places. This will help to reduce the impact on infrastructures. However, a number of houses are constructed even on the existing sewer lines at some places. In most of the places, it is difficult to trace the position of the manholes. In the southern trunk, the two systems pass parallel to each other until they join the treatment plant. In the eastern trunk, the new system follows the existing system in the northern end and diverges to the east to accommodate new inbuilt areas along the Akaki/Kebena River. In the western trunk, the existing system extends far to the north and northwest. In much of the places, the two systems have the same alignment and in few places, they cross each other.

Figure 3.5:Location map of the proposed trunk lines and existing sewer lines

3.2.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant 3.2.2.1 General

Kaliti WTP is located in the southern part of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The existing Kaliti WTP is a lagoon treatment system built in the late 1970s and commissioned in 1983. The Kaliti WTP has a design capacity of treating 7,500 m3/day of wastewater and 3,500 kg/day of biochemical oxygen demand. This is equivalent to population of 50,000 P.E. At present, the treatment plant is working with excessive hydraulic head.

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Figure 3.6: Spot image of the Kaliti WTP

Sewage enters the existing Kaliti WTP via the gravity sanitary sewer piping system. Following treatment in the lagoons, the treated effluent is discharged from the site through a natural drainage channel to the river located to the west of the site. Some of the effluent is directed to small channels and used to irrigate fields between the site and the river. Trucked waste arrives at the plant and consists of a combination of latrine and septic tank waste. The existing volume of trucked waste arriving to the site is approximately 5,600 m3 of waste per week. This waste is simply dried in drying ponds that ring the western edge of the lagoons. It is planned to keep the existing lagoons in operation during the construction of the upgrades. Due to the increase in age and scale of the plant, most of the existing infrastructure will be replaced. The existing office building is near the new primary clarifiers and may be impacted during construction by the loss of the garden area that insulated the office from the working portion of the plant. The building should not be impacted other than the aesthetic view by the loss of the vegetation. The actual Kaliti site is large but most of the space is occupied by the existing facultative and maturation ponds as well as the sludge drying ponds and beds. This means that space is at a premium for upgrades to the wastewater treatment infrastructure.

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Figure 3.7:Plates showing some features of the Kaliti WTP (A: Partial view of open canal and removed solid waste at the entry point; B: One of the drying beds; C: Partial view of the stabilization ponds; D: Solid wastes at the treatment plant) 3.2.2.2 Overview of the Wastewater Treatment Process The treatment plant consists of inlet screens and grit chambers, two settling cambers, and two parallel pond systems, and eight drying beds. The pond systems are rectangular and slant. Each line of the pond consists of one facultative pond with a depth of 1–3m, one maturation pond with a depth of 1m and two polishing ponds with a depth of 1m. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater in the stabilization ponds is approximately 30 days at maximum flow rate and the effluent from the ponds flow by gravity and finally discharged to little Akaki river. Sludge lagoons and drying beds were constructed in 1999 with treatment capacity of 110,000 m3/year of sludge.

The main components of the plant are: i. Screening and De-gritting Channel

The treatment plant has a screening and de-gritting channel dimensioned from the beginning for treating an effluent of 200,000 equivalent inhabitants. This piece of equipment is composed of two canals. Each channel is equipped with an inclined screen (650) of a width of 2.5m leaving a free space of 25mm between bars. The canals are designed to function in parallel and can be isolated by means of coffer dams. The length of each de-gritting channel is 10.5m. The outlet of each channel is equipped with a linear weir (Eiffel tower type) and allows the maintenance of a constant de-gritting speed. The downstream

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part of this apparatus includes a partially flume with a recording and totalizing flow meter, which is installed in a small cabinet on the edge of the canal.

Figure 3.8: Kaliti WTP flow diagram. (Reproduced From AAWSA, 2002) ii. Distribution Cell The treatment plant has also a distribution cell that allows a partial or total feeding of all the stabilized ponds. The volume of water allowed to re-circulate in each treatment path is measured by an indicating, recording, and totalizing flow meter. iii. Stabilization Pond The treatment plant has two rows of paralleled biological treatment comprising 4 stabilization ponds each whose global characteristics are shown in Table 3.3. iv. Treated Water Recirculation Station The treatment plant has 3 Archimedes screws, each capable of raising an incoming flow of 80l/s with the following specification;  Diameter: 800mm  Speed: 51rpm  Motor power 7.5 and 10Hp  Max first phase recycling capacity: 13,824m3/d During the second phase, the rotation speed is increased to 610rpm and the input flow to 105l/s.

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Table 3.3: Characteristics of the biological wastewater treatment plant

v. Night Soil Treatment The treatment plant consists of a set of night soils treatment work comprising: a. Night soil digestion tanks The night soil treatment has 4 digestion tanks with a unit capacity of 1130m3and a sludge extraction system which uses a submersible mobile pump having a capacity of 20m3/h flow rate at 15m total head. b. Supernatant pumping station This station is equipped with a submersible single vane impeller pump (with a capacity of54m3/h flow rate of at 6.5m total head. c. Drying beds The night soil treatment has also a sludge drying area comprising 26 beds of 7.5m by 20.06m area. 3.2.3 Proposed Technology for the New WTP 3.2.3.1 Treatment options evaluated during feasibility Study

The following treatment processes were evaluated in the feasibility study document:  Oxidation ditch  Trickling Filter  Upgrading the existing waste stabilization Lagoons  UASB with Trickling Filter  Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR)  Conventional Activated Sludge

Important factors considered to select the most appropriate technology or combinations of technologies are:  The design treatment capacity of 100,000 m3/day 28 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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 Space requirement for the proposed treatment capacity  Average BOD concentration of 740 mg/L which corresponds to the BOD load of 74,000 kg/day  Variation of the BOD load

Wastewater characteristics based on the data described in the feasibility study document indicates a low strength wastewater with average values for BOD of 161 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 357 mg/L and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) of 495 mg/L. As also noted in the feasibility study document, the values are too low considering the characteristics of municipal wastewater.

The top ranked three technologies were oxidation ditch, Trickling Filter, and upgrading of the existing waste stabilization Lagoons. In terms of cost, upgrading of existing lagoon is the least whereas the Oxidation ditch was the highest. Trickling Filter stood second with an estimated construction cost of ETB 1,246,356,500.

Based on these, the feasibility study recommended Trickling Filter process combined with USAB as suitable technology which can provide the required amount of BOD removal and accommodate the expected fluctuations in BOD loads. The major planned activities include:  Construction of a Trickling Filter treatment system as per the design;  Rehabilitate and/or modify the existing treatment infrastructure to increase life cycle  Cleaning of all of the existing facultative and maturation lagoons, dewater the collected bottom sediment disposed the solid in a landfill,  Modify the lagoons for use as constructed wetlands for additional treatment enhancement;  Clean out the two northernmost sludge drying ponds and use this area for construction of the thickeners and digesters;  Build new head works trains including screens with smaller openings;  Install system for collection and dispose of solids collected from the screens and grit to minimize nuisances;  Provide trucked waste disposal site and treat trucked waste with the anaerobic digesters ;  Remove the toilet and carwash and rebuild near the head works so that their effluent flows can be directly connected to the sewage treatment facilities;  Continue using sludge lagoons to dewater sludge;  Allow for future biogas recovery (by others) by making use of a standard rate anaerobic digester;  Abandon or demolish and remove structures that are no longer required or that do not have sufficient capacity for the proposed treatment process;  Gas from anaerobic digesters will be flared until future methane capture systems are installed by others;

3.2.3.2 Effluent Quality Criteria used to design the proposed treatment process

The wastewater characteristics used to design the proposed treatment processes is summarized in Table 3.4.below.

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Table 3.4: Wastewater Characteristics for Detailed Design Parameter Unit Value BOD mg/L 470

NH3 mg/L 45 TSS mg/L 600 Temperature °C 20

The feasibility study assumed that nutrient removal (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) is not a requirement and that the proposed treatment plant will focus on BOD and TSS removal only. The treated effluent is expected to be used for irrigation and when irrigation is not required, such as during the rainy season, it is to be discharged into the river. The feasibility study also recommended that possible applications of the treated effluent for industrial purposes would require further study. To meet irrigation needs, the treated effluent treatment levels have been set in conjunction of various factors such as protection of human health, protection of the environment (river and crops to be irrigated), etc. within the constraints of the technologies selected. Table 3.5: Treated Effluent Characteristics for Design Parameter Unit Value COD mg/L 100 BOD mg/L 35 TSS mg/L 35 Helminth eggs #eggs/L 11 E.coli E.coli/L 105

Wetlands have been designed to remove pathogens and particularly helminth eggs to meet recommended treatment levels for irrigation usage. These wetlands will also remove nutrients through plant uptake, which will assist in preventing algal blooms in the ponds and other water bodies downstream of the plant. The proposed treatment infrastructure layout is shown on Figure 1. This plan also shows a potential location for future expansion of the same type of treatment process to 200,000m3/day. This would be constructed in the future when the sewage collection system has been put in place to service the population. The location for the future expansion would be where the current ponds exist and would necessitate draining and filling in some of the proposed wetland area. The future expansion may include newer and more efficient technology and the footprint may vary from the plan shown in Figure 3.9. The required level of treatment should be based on:

 Whether wastewater is being discharged to surface water or to use for irrigation  National and local standards as reflected in permit requirements  Assimilative capacity of the receiving water for the load of contaminant being discharged after treatment such as pathogens, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and other inorganic substances

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 Downstream use of the receiving water body (e.g. as a source of drinking water, recreation, irrigation, or other)

Figure 3.9: Draft lay out of the treatment plant (taken from the detail design report) The proposed series of treatment processes is very interesting and designed in suitable manner to adapt to the specific situation. As noted from the feasibility study, providing a better wastewater system will reduce, if not prevent diseases associated with poor sanitation; improved treatment will permit reutilization of treated effluent for irrigation and improve the quality of river water; by- products of the treatment processes can be harnessed to produce an alternative energy source and fertilizer. 3.2.3.3 The Proposed Treatment Process Description The Kaliti Wastewater Treatment expansion project comprises a centralized and integrated sewer collection system and a single WTP. The new treatment plant will be constructed where the existing plant structures are located. All the land is currently occupied and owned by AWSSA. The WTP includes the following unit processes:

• Intake • Fine screening • Grit removal • Primary clarifiers • Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process • Trickling filter (TF) process • Secondary clarifiers 31 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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• Constructed wetland treatment • Sludge Digesters • Sludge drying • Sludge disposal The proposed wastewater treatment system is schematically presented in Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10: The proposed wastewater treatment system

3.2.3.3.1 Intake structure

Two concrete chambers will be built upstream of the existing head works. The first splitter box will be installed to collect flows from the existing 800mm pipe upstream of the headwork system. This entrance chamber will be sized to accept 100,000m3/day. It has been estimated that the existing pipe can supply a maximum of approximately half this flow. The remaining 50,000 m3/day, to meet capacity, is expected to be supplied to the plant when the 1650 mm trunk main is built.

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The future 1650 mm trunk main will be connected to another concrete chamber located to the west of chamber. The flows received by second chamber will be sent to the first chamber until the combined flows being treated at Kaliti reach a total of 100,000m3/day. The second chamber will be designed to split flows between the first two trains and future trains to treat the additional flows. A duplicate of the first Phase Head works structure will be constructed adjacent to the new structure and will add an additional 100,000 m3/day capacity for a total of 200,000m3/day. This component will not be used until the second phase of the treatment process is designed and built. A stub pipe will be constructed in the general direction of the future WTP expansion site to allow the future pipe to be built without disturbing the headwork structure. The design intent of the new pre-treatment system trains is for each train to be capable of handling 50,000m3/day. Once the first new train is in operation, the existing headwork stream will be demolished and removed to make space for the second train.

Since the existing washroom near the thickeners will be demolished, a new bathroom has been located and designed to be placed near the main guard house. Wastewater from the new bathroom built near the guard house will be piped to the Train #1 screen chamber.

3.2.3.3.2 Primary treatment system Bar screens: A grating of steel bars spaced about 2–4 cm on centers is placed at an angle to the flow of sewage through an open channel. The raw influent first goes through a self-cleaning screen and then into one end of a shallow and rather fast moving basin so that sand and gravel can settle out. Often skimmers rotate around the surface of the basin to remove oils that may have been flushed into the system. The screen removes coarse and floating solids from the sewage. The screen must be cleaned regularly and the removed solids must be burned, ground and digested, or buried. Many systems have a grinder known as a comminutor used either with or instead of a bar screen for grinding large particles which might clog the pumps. For the Kaliti upgrades, a coarse 2.5 cm opening bar screen will be installed which will be manually cleaned. Following the coarse screen, a finer 1cm opening screen will be installed to remove smaller detritus. The fine screen will be mechanically cleaned. Screenings will be discharged into hoppers located above the channels where any water can drain back into the system.

Grit chamber: This operation removes gravel, sand, and fine mineral particles from raw wastewater, in order to prevent deposits in channel and pipes, to protect, pumps and other machines against abrasion, and in order to avoid problems in later treatment stages. It is a chamber in which the velocity of waste flow is reduced to a point where the denser sand and other grit will settle out, but the organic solids will remain in suspension. The settled material is buried or used for fill.

The screened wastewater will be conveyed in channels to the grit removal area. Grit will be removed by mechanically induced vortex grit removal chambers. These chambers are designed to remove greater than 80% of the silt, sand, and other inert material greater than 0.25 mm in size. The de-

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gritted effluent continues to the bioreactor, while the collected grit is dewatered to approximately 75% solids content and stored for offsite disposal. Rectangular horizontal flow grit channels will be constructed with each train including three channels, each with the capacity to handle 25,000m3/d. The third channel is included for redundancy to continue providing full flows during maintenance of the grit removal equipment. Grit collected in the channels will be removed by a simple mechanical bucket conveyer system and can be mixed with the screenings for disposal. As with the screenings, the grit will be collected into a container that permits liquid to drain out but retains the solids. Surface area (A) of each channel is 23.1 m2, the length of each channel (L) is 25 m; the depth of flow (D) is 0.69 m Primary settling tanks (or basins): These are usually large tanks in which solids settle out of water by gravity where the settleable solids are pumped away (as sludge), while oils float to the top and are skimmed off. The velocity of the flow is reduced to about 0.005 m so that the suspended material (organic settleable solids) will settle out. Removal of suspended solids ranges from 50–65%, and a 30–40% reduction of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be expected. In the case of the proposed project, four circular primary clarifiers are included in the design to remove readily settleable solids and floating materials and therefore to reduce the suspended solids content. Flow will be equally distributed into the four clarifiers using a splitter box with sharp-crested weirs. Each clarifier is designed to be at the same elevation, have the same surface area, side water depth and effluent weir length and configuration. The 90° v-notch effluent weirs will allow for slight adjustments in elevation to account for any momentum or turbulence which can force more flow into one tank than another adjacent tank. The primary clarifiers will be used to co-thicken secondary sludge to improve the solids content of the combined sludge to around 4% instead of using thickeners. Thus, sludge thickeners have been removed from the detailed design and the sludge will be sent directly to the digesters which will be slightly larger in size. Secondary sludge will be pumped back to the primary clarifier splitter box on a continuous basis as described the detailed design drawing set. Since the clarifiers are uncovered, some additional freeboard has been used in the design to minimize the wind effect from stirring the contents of the clarifier and re-suspending any particles. This additional freeboard also provides safety for the operators as the outside wall is designed to be 1m above the finished grade. Further details of the primary clarifier design can be found on the drawing set. Assuming 4 clarifiers are required, each clarifier will have a surface area of 478 m2 and diameter of 25 m. The clarifiers are designed to remove the sludge and scum produced by the wastewater treatment. Each clarifier will be equipped with a motor controlled traveling bridge with skimmers and spiral plow scrapers. It is important to balance sufficient hydraulic detention time with preventing septic conditions from occurring in the sludge blanket which could cause floating sludge. In a warm climate, this is even more of a consideration than in colder climates therefore the clarifiers must rapidly remove the sludge. The scrapers will scrape off the sludge that accumulates at the bottom of

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the clarifier and convey it continuously to circular hoppers. The sludge will then be piped by gravity to a collection chamber. The sludge blanket level will be controlled by cone valves located in the collection chamber to regulate its depth. Scum consists of fats, oil and grease (FOG) and other floating matter. Scum will be skimmed off the top of the wastewater by rotating skimmers into a scum trough. It will then be piped to the same collection chamber as the sludge. From this chamber, the sludge and scum will be sent by gravity to the anaerobic digesters for treatment. The quantity of scum produced is estimated at 2% of the sludge produced.

3.2.3.3.3 Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process The up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process is the most successful new anaerobic reactor design for various industrial and municipal wastewaters. Compared to other anaerobic treatment systems, it offers high COD removal efficiency at shorter retention times, small land area requirement, low construction cost, simple operation and minimal pumping requirement. Its ability to retain high biomass concentrations in the reactor is its key advantage. Characteristic of a high rate system, the UASB system hinges on a sludge retention mechanism in order to maintain contact between the wastewater and a high concentration of active bacterial mass. The UASB reactor operates on the principles of an effective separation of the biogas, the liquid and sludge, formation of an easily settleable anaerobic sludge, and even distribution of raw waste over the bottom of the reactor. An UASB reactor is basically a tank that has a sludge bed in which organic material dissolved in the wastewater is degraded, and as a consequence of this digestion, biogas is produced. Influent wastewater is introduced from the bottom of the reactor, through evenly distributed nozzles. The sludge bed at the bottom of the reactor is the active bacterial mass that digests the organic pollutants in the wastewater. Production of biogas that resulted from the anaerobic digestion process induces mixing in the sludge blanket. At the upper part of the reactor, above the sludge bed, a blanket zone is formed where some particles of biomass are suspended. This zone acts as a separation zone between the water flowing up and the suspended biomass. One of the advantages of this kind of reactor is the low sludge production. Dispersed sludge particles are separated from the liquid and return to the digestion compartment at the phase separator, while the liquid leaves the reactor via the effluent line and the gas through the top of the phase separator. UASB reactors are attractive in tropical countries because they work better at mesophilic conditions. They are widely used to treat wastewater with a high organic load; and the treatment of wastewaters from the food industry is therefore a typical application. The up-flow velocity and rising biogas bubbles are the principal factors causing mixing in the reactor. Mixing in the sludge bed induces shear forces which are the key factor influencing the formation, stability and structure of the anaerobic granules. Agitation is developed in sludge bed due mostly to upward movement of biogas and particle-to-particle collision. Fine biogas bubbles may adhere to the granule and cause the granule to rise.

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Factors influencing performance of UASB are:

 Wastewater pH  Temperature  Organic loading rate  Hydraulic retention time  Up flow velocity pH: There are three principal bacteria involved in biogas production: bacteria responsible for hydrolysis, acid-producing bacteria, and methane-producing bacteria. The acid producing bacteria commonly tolerate a low pH, but their optimal pH range is from 5.0 to 6.0, on the other hand, most methane-producing bacteria work well in a pH range of 6.7 to 7.4. If the reactor pH goes out of the 6.0 - 8.0 range, the activity of the methane-producing bacteria is reduced and this may negatively influence the reactor performance. The bicarbonate produced by the methane-producing bacteria normally controls the pH reduction caused by acid-producing bacteria. Temperature - Methanogenic activity is seriously affected at temperatures below 30oC. In the range from 37 to 55oC, sludge washout and an inefficient COD removal may occur. When the UASB reactor temperature is above 55oC, the quality of the effluents is not as good as when the temperature is under mesophilic conditions. Additional energy is then needed to heat the reactor and this increases operation costs. The UASB reactor must operate under mesophilic conditions (30 to 35oC) for successful results, but thermophilic conditions (i.e. 55oC) can result in more successful treatment performance.

Organic Loading Rate (OLR): The OLR is the mass of organic matter loaded per day per cross- section area of the reactor. The degree of starvation of microorganisms in biological systems is dependent on the OLR. At a high OLR, microorganisms are subject to fast microbial growth (but intoxication may occur with high quantities of organic matter), whereas at a low OLR, microorganism starvation takes place. A practical approach for the rapid start-up of a UASB reactor is to operate the system at a COD reduction of 80%, which can be reached by manipulating the OLR. However, if the applied OLR is too high, the biogas production rate may increase, and the resulting strong agitation can then lead to washout of the inoculated sludge.

Hydraulic Retention Time and Up-Flow Velocity: The HRT is the average time that the influent water remains inside the reactor, and the up-flow velocity is the liquid velocity crossing a transverse- cross section of the UASB reactor; its units are m3m-2h-1. The stagnant film around a granule can be reduced by increasing the up-flow liquid velocity. The goal is to reduce the mass transfer resistance in the stagnant liquid around the granule in order to increase the diffusion from the liquid phase into the microorganism growth. The up-flow water velocity usually ranges between 0.1 and 1.4 m.h-1 in a UASB reactor. In a reactor treating wastewater, the sludge bed and the blanket have dispersed particles between which the wastewater passes and gas bubbles flow upwards. Therefore, even if the inlet fluid enters

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the reactor with a relatively slow velocity, the flow distribution is not uniform due to the presence of these granules and to the agitation produced by the gas bubbles. These phenomena determine the residence time distribution (RTD).

Full-scale high rate anaerobic reactors have been built for the treatment of industrial effluents since the 1970s throughout the world. An overwhelming majority about 72% of all plants of the existing full-scale plants are based on the UASB or expanded granular sludge bed design concept developed by Lettinga et al., 1980 in The Netherlands. Unfortunately, anaerobic biological treatment alone cannot achieve the performance levels required for direct discharge in receiving streams. In particular, the process has little effect on nitrogen removal. An aerobic polishing treatment is generally necessary. It can be employed as a cost effective pretreatment ahead of aerobic treatment. The marriage of these processes brings two advantages: Simple design technology and minimization of sludge production.

In the case of Kaliti wastewater treatment expansion project, the AWSSA Project Office (the Client) informed the EIA team that UASB reactors will be installed prior to the Trickling Filter. The inclusion of UASB will have an added advantage in terms biogas production and improves the overall effluent quality.

3.2.3.3.4 Trickling filter process A trickling filter is a process that converts dissolved and colloidal waste material into solids. Trickling filters flow into clarifiers or settling tanks where the solid separation takes place. The trickling filter utilizes slime producing organisms to convert liquid wastes into solid form. Slime growth is one of the main functions of trickling filters. The slime is also called “bio-mass” or “microbial layer” and “sludge” when the solid is disposed. The trickling filter system employs the following units:

A trickling filter is a fixed bed, biological filter that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions. The Trickling Filter is filled with a high specific surface-area material such as rocks, gravel, shredded PVC bottles, or special pre-formed filter-material. A material with a specific surface area between 30 and 900m2/m3 is desirable. The filter is usually 1–3 m deep but filters packed with lighter plastic filling can be up to 12 m deep. Pre-settled wastewater, in this case the effluent from UASB ,is ‘trickled’ or sprayed over the filter. Organisms that grow in a thin bio-film over the surface of the media oxidize the organic load in the wastewater to carbon dioxide and water while generating new biomass.

The incoming wastewater is sprayed over the filter with the use of a rotating sprinkler. In this way, the filter media goes through cycles of being dosed and exposed to air. However, oxygen is depleted within the biomass and the inner layers may be anaerobic.

The ideal filter material has a high surface to volume ratio, is light, durable and allows air to circulate. Whenever it is available, crushed rock or gravel is the cheapest option. The particles should be uniform such that 95 per cent of the particles have a diameter between 7 and 10 cm. Both ends of 37 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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the filter are ventilated to allow oxygen to travel the length of the filter. A perforated slab that allows the effluent and excess sludge to be collected supports the bottom of the filter.

The media become coated with a zoogloea film (a jelly-like growth of bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa), and air circulates by convection currents through the bed. Most of the biological action takes place in the upper 0.5 m of the bed. Depending on the rate of flow and other factors, the slime will slough off the rocks at periodic intervals or continuously, whenever it becomes too thick to be retained on the stones. A secondary settling basin is necessary to clarify the effluent from the trickling filter. The overall reduction of BOD for a complete trickling filter system averages around 80–90%.

Trickling filters are classified on the basis of their hydraulic and organic loads as low or standard, intermediate, high, or super high rate.

Standard rate trickling filters normally are designed for hydraulic ratings of 1 to 4 mgd/ acre (1.1 to 4.3 m3/m2 • d) and organic loadings of 5 to 25 lb BOD/ day/ 1,000 cu ft (0.08 to 0.41 kg/m3 • d). These filters are normally 6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.4 m) deep and rectangular or circular in shape. They usually are dosed intermittently by dosing tanks with automatic siphons or by periodic pumping. The interval between dosing will vary with the rate of wastewater flow, but should be short enough to prevent filter growths from becoming dry. Some recirculation may become necessary to achieve this. During normal operation, a thick growth develops in the filter until a temperature change or the flow through the filter causes a large portion to slough off.

Intermediate rate filters normally are designed to treat hydraulic loadings of 4.3 to 10.8 m3/m2 • d and organic loadings of 0.25 to 0.49 kg BOD/m3 • d including recirculation. In the past, there have been some cases in which the organic loading in the intermediate range stimulated considerable biological filter growth and the hydraulic loading was not sufficient to eliminate clogging of the trickling filter medium. Other plants operating in this range have had few operational problems. In some cases, intermediate rate filters actually are under loaded high rate filters.

High rate filters are normally designed for substantially higher loadings than are standard rate units. A filter receiving a BOD loading between 0.41 to 4.88 kg/m3 • d. These filters usually are 0.9 to 2.4 m deep and circular in shape. They are designed to receive wastewater continuously. The high rate of application is achieved by re-circulating wastewater that already has passed through the filter, and the heavy flow of wastewater over the filter medium produces continuous rather than periodic sloughing of the filter growths. Because the solids are not retained in the high rate filter as long as they are in the standard rate unit, they are less stable and continue to exert BOD after they leave the filter. The solids also are much lighter and more difficult to settle than those sloughed from a standard rate filter

The high rate trickling filter was the option that was recommended in the feasibility study document of the proposed Project as the best suited to the site and particularities of the wastewater to be treated at Kaliti WTP. The media used will be engineered plastic media as that allows the filter to be taller than rock filters which will reduce the footprint. The surface area of the engineered plastic media is

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also greater, which allows for better treatment efficiency. Plastic media also helps to prevent clogging since it has a high void ratio.

To avoid clogging of a trickling filter due to excessive growth of the biofilm, it is necessary to work with the minimum hydraulic load. In most cases, wastewater is re-circulated from the filter effluent to the top of the filter to dilute the strength of the incoming wastewater and to maintain enough wetting to keep the biological slime layer moist. In this case, the trickling filter is being designed to allow the wastewater to flow into the filter by gravity and without recirculation. This means that more media is required to be purchased as a capital cost however pumps will not be required to re- circulate the wastewater which will save ongoing operational costs. It has been assumed that the trickling filter is required to reduce the BOD load down to 70 mg/L. This value was obtained by evaluating what BOD removal could be achieved in the engineered wetlands. This calculation is further detailed in feasibility study document. Table 3.6: Trickling Filter Size

No. Parameter Dimension Remarks 1 Depth of TF (m) 6.1 m The reactor depth is high 2 Reactor volume 5,117 m3

3 Diameter 33m 4 Reactor Surface Area 839 m2×4 5 BOD loading 1.145 kg BOD/m3∙d

3.2.3.3.5 Secondary clarifier The clarifiers are designed to remove the sludge and scum produced by the wastewater treatment. Each clarifier will be equipped with a motor controlled traveling bridge with skimmers and spiral plow scrapers. The scrapers will scrape off the sludge that accumulates at the bottom of the clarifier and convey it continuously to circular hoppers. The sludge will be piped by gravity to a sludge lift station. The sludge blanket level will be controlled by cone valves located in the lift station to regulate its depth. From this lift station, the sludge will be pumped to the primary clarifiers for thickening. Scum consists of Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) and other floating matter. The scum produced by the secondary clarifiers will be skimmed off the top of the wastewater by a skimmer into a launder and sent to a collection well. From the well, the scum will be pumped up to the digesters for final treatment. The quantity of scum produced is estimated at 2% of the sludge quantities produced. Since the clarifiers are uncovered, some additional freeboard has been planned in the design to minimize the wind effect from stirring the contents of the clarifier and re-suspending any particles. This additional freeboard also provides safety for the operators as the outside wall is designed to be 1m above the finished grade.

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The supernatant from the secondary clarifier is the secondary effluent. Since its BOD level is still high at approximately 70 mg/L, it will be sent to the engineered wetlands for further polishing and storage. Sludge produced will be sent back to the primary clarifier where it will be co-thickened in the primary clarifiers prior to being sent to the digesters for final treatment. The diameter and depth of the proposed clarifiers is 27 m and 5m each, respectively. Different combinations of processes are possible, depending on the trickling filter and UASB processes used, the loading of individual units, and the point at which sludge or other recycled streams are reintroduced to the main flow stream.

3.2.3.3.6 Constructed Wetland (Tertiary Treatment)

Constructed Wetland (CW) is a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. The basic mechanism of organic matter degradation in constructed wetlands is plant bacterial symbiotic reactions, in which gaseous oxygen photosynthetically produced or taken up for respiration by the plant is used by aerobic and facultative bacteria. Since the end of 1980, this system has been used widely in the world. Constructed wetland is a shallow basin filled with some sort of filter material (substrate), usually sand or gravel, and planted with vegetation tolerant of saturated conditions. Wastewater is introduced into the basin and flows over the surface or through the substrate, and is discharged out of the basin through a structure which controls the depth of the wastewater in the wetland. A constructed wetland comprises of the following five major components:

• Basin • Substrate • Vegetation • Liner • Inlet/Outlet arrangement system.

The tertiary treatment process selected for the Kaliti WTP is to convert the existing facultative and maturation ponds to engineered wetlands. As described in the feasibility study document, Free Water Surface (FWS) wetlands are much simpler and less costly to adapt from an existing pond and therefore the Kaliti ponds are planned to be converted to FWS wetlands. Wetlands are further known to be effective in removing nutrients, metals and organics from wastewater. Given that the WTP receives some industrial wastewater, the wetlands may assist in removing some industrial pollutants which may remain in the wastewater otherwise and could inhibit plant growth in agricultural fields or cause health problems. The equal distribution and collection of wastewater is achieved by inlet and outlet arrangement systems. A liner is used, if the protection of the groundwater is important. Converting facultative and maturation ponds into wetlands involves cleaning out the sludge accumulated in the facultative and maturation ponds, modifying existing inlet and outlet structures

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and incorporating aquatic plants. It is proposed to use floating island systems that can be anchored to the bottom of the ponds and drawn into shore for maintenance and troubleshooting. Floating islands involve installing an artificial buoyant matrix that floats on the water surface upon which a variety of macrophytes (woody plants) and grasses are planted. The surface of the floating island is porous enough to allow plant roots to penetrate through into the water column, facilitating nitrogen and phosphorus uptake through the roots and bacteria growth onto the roots. The vegetation also helps to cool the surface of the water column and blocks sunlight which helps control algae growth. The islands will be seeded with a variety of locally available plants. The inlet, interconnection and outlet structures will be replaced to handle larger flows and to keep the water level at between 0.6 and 0.9 m which is the optimal depth for floating aquatic plants to thrive. The calculated surface area of the constructed wetland is 149,594 m2. The existing pond surface area is approximately 208,313 m2. As shown in the calculation above, once converted to wetlands, the existing area will be more than sufficient to polish flows of 74,626 m3/day from 70 mg BOD/L to 35 mg BOD/L. Advantages of constructed wetlands

• wetlands can be less expensive to build than other treatment options • utilization of natural processes, • simple construction (can be constructed with local materials), • simple operation and maintenance, • cost effectiveness (low construction and operation costs), • process stability. Limitations of constructed wetlands

• large area requirement • Wetland treatment may be economical relative to other options only where land is available and affordable. • design criteria have yet to be developed for different types of wastewater and In terms of the removal of pollutant such as pathogens, trace organics, nitrogen, and heavy metals, CW has very distinct advantages. The removal mechanisms for nitrogen in constructed wetlands are manifold and include volatilization, ammonification, nitrification/denitrification, and plant uptake and matrix adsorption. The major removal mechanism in most of the constructed wetlands is microbial nitrification/denitrification. Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria in aerobic zones. Nitrates are converted to dinitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria in anoxic and anaerobic zones. The process of metal removal in wetlands include sedimentation, filtration, adsorption, complexation, precipitation, cation exchange, plant uptake and microbially-mediated reactions especially oxidation. Adsorption involves the binding of metal ions to the plant or matrix surface, whereas the presence of bacteria causes the precipitation of metal oxides and sulfides within the wetland. Some wetland species have a well-established ability for direct uptake of metals. 41 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Pathogens are removed in wetland during the passage of wastewater through the system mainly by sedimentation, filtration and adsorption by biomass. Once these organisms are entrapped within the system, their numbers decrease rapidly, mainly by the processes of natural die-off and predation.

3.2.3.3.7 Thickening and Stabilization of Sludge

All forms of sludge need to undergo treatment before being discharged into the natural ecosystem or re-used. Stabilized sludge has an advantage in that photogenic organisms are greatly reduced, therefore avoiding the problem of bad odor being produced during land disposal. The hazards due to bacteria should not, however, be overlooked. In addition, the heavy metals, oil and grease, fibers, and other trace substances of petrochemical origin are potential risks in using sludge for agriculture. In general, the larger the quantity of sludge for disposal, the more it must be dewatered in order to keep down the cost of disposal.

In the project, the primary clarifiers will be used for the purpose of sludge thickening as well. The sludge which settles in the primary clarifiers is pumped to the sludge digesters where a temperature of 30–35ºC is maintained. This is the optimum temperature for the anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that live in an environment that does not contain oxygen). The usual length of digestion is 20–30 days but can be slightly longer during cold months. Continual adding of raw sludge is necessary and only well-digested sludge should be withdrawn, leaving some ripe sludge in the digester to acclimatize the incoming raw sludge. Sludge is stabilized to reduce their pathogen content, eliminate offensive odors, and reduce or eliminate the potential for putrefaction. Technologies used for sludge stabilization include lime stabilization, heat treatment, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and composting. Among these methods, anaerobic digestion has great potential in terms of energy generation and its performance is good. Two stage standard rate anaerobic digester was proposed for the digestion of solids as well as the generation of biogas for energy recovery. Table 3.7 shows description of the different Table 3.7 Common anaerobic digesters No. Type of digester Description 1 Standard rate This is a single-stage process in which digestion, sludge thickening and supernatant formation take place simultaneously. The untreated sludge is added to the active digestion zone, where it is heated by an external source. Mesophilic conditions are maintained within the reactor. The resulting gas rises to the surface, carrying oils and grease with it 2 Standard high-rate This process is a modification of the standard rate process. The solids loading is much greater, and the sludge is mixed by gas recirculation, pumping or mechanical mixing 3 Two-stage This method features two tanks. The first serves for digestion and is fitted with heating and mixing facilities, while the second is used for the storage and concentration of digested sludge and for the formation of a clear supernatant 4 Separate This process, which is relatively new, involves the separate digestion of primary and biological sludges. 5 Thermophilic Thermophilic digestion occurs between 120 and 135 ºF (49 and 57 ºC). This process is characterized by a rapid digestion rate, increased bacterial destruction and improved sludge dewatering. However, the process is characterized by higher energy requirements, produces poorer quality supernatant and generates odors.

Design criteria for this system are as follows (for a maximum 100,000 m3/day Treatment Plant): 42 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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 Average Day Retention Time: 25 Days  Digester Operating Temperature: 22 Degrees C  Average Day Solids Loading Rate: 3.37 kg Volatile Solids/m3/day  Digester Gas Production: 15 SCFM/lb Volatile Solids Reduction  Digester Gas Caloric Value: 600 Btu/SCFM  Volatile Solids Reduction: 36.7%  Total Solids Input: 55,792 kg/day (123,000 lb/day) @ 3.50%  Volatile Solids Input: 36,015 kg/day (79,400 lb/day) @ 2.25%  Total Solids Output: 42,820 kg/day (94,400 lb/day) @ 2.68%  Volatile Solids Output: 22,860 kg/day (50,400 lb/day) @ 1.43%  Tank diameter: 32.5 m  Water Depth: 8 m

Digested sludge will be drawn from the bottom of the second stage digester and conveyed to the existing sludge drying ponds by means of progressive cavity pumps. Sample lines are available to determine the approximate depth of the sludge blanket along the bottom of the digester. Clarified liquid will be decanted primarily through an overflow system to a lift station where it will be sent back to the trickling filters for treatment. Provisions have been made to permit the withdrawal of clarified liquid at varying levels within the digester should it be required. Scum will be permitted to degrade naturally over time.

A total of 42,820 kg/day of solid will be produced from the sludge digesters which will be dewatered, stored on site and finally either disposed off-site in fills or will be used as fertilizer depending on the quality of sludge. An estimated amount of 18, 007,500 L of methane can be produced from the proposed sludge digesters.

3.2.3.3.8 Sludge treatment and disposal Energy management is becoming an essential aspect of the design and operation of waste-water treatment facilities. Some operations, such as aeration in biological treatment, consume large quantities of energy, and consequently the selection of energy-efficient equipment and the design of energy recovery schemes are assuming progressively greater importance. The generated sludge is usually in the form of a liquid or semisolid. Sludge handling, treatment and disposal are complex, owing to the offensive constituents present, which vary with the source of waste-water and the treatment processes applied. Sludge is treated by means of a variety of processes that can be used in various combinations. These involve thickening, conditioning, dewatering and drying to remove moisture from sludge, while digestion, composting, incineration, wet-air oxidation and vertical tube reactors are used to treat or stabilize the organic material in the sludge. Options for sludge dewatering:

 Use of chemicals  Press filtration  Belt filtration

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 Vacuum filtration  Mechanical drying  Thermal drying for easier disposal: agriculture, soil improvement  Incineration in furnaces  Drying beds  Drying lagoons

In terms of best available technology, and based on current assessment/evaluation of various sludge treatment and disposal options, thermal drying systems for advanced sludge treatment is the preferred best technology for the following reasons:

 Environmentally acceptable system for advanced sludge treatment because the entire process can be contained within a closed circuit system. Emissions to atmosphere are minimized;  The end – product is clean, pasteurized, odorless and easy to handle and store. It is suitable as a soil enriched; assuming the metal content is within the required limits.  Sludge quantity for ultimate disposal is considerably reduced.

The thermal and other mechanical processes are expensive in terms of initial investment and operation and maintenance.

Sludge drying beds and lagoons are typically used to dewater digested sludge mainly due to low cost for construction and operation. After drying, the sludge is either disposed of in a landfill or used as a soil conditioner. The various types of drying beds in current use are described in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 Types of Sludge Drying Beds and Lagoons No. Sludge drying beds Description 1 Conventional sand Typical sand beds consist of a layer of coarse sand supported on a graded drying beds gravel bed with perforated pipe under-drains. Sludge is placed on the bed and allowed to dry. Drying occurs by evaporation and drainage. The sludge cake is removed manually. 2 Paved drying beds These are similar to conventional beds in terms of their under-draining system. Two types are commonly used: a drainage type and a decanting type. The drainage type involves agitation to facilitate dewatering and uses a front-end loader for sludge removal. The decanting type uses low-cost impermeable paved beds that rely on supernatant decanting and mixing of the drying sludge for enhanced evaporation. 3 Wedge-wire beds These consist of beds constructed from artificial media such as stainless steel wedgewire or high-density polyurethane. The drainage process is controlled by an outlet valve, enhancing the dewatering process. 4 Vacuum-assisted In this system, dewatering and drying is accelerated by the application of vacuum to the underside of porous filter plates. 5 Drying lagoons The sludge is first placed within the basin and allowed to dry. The supernatant is decanted from the surface and returned to the plant while the liquid is allowed to evaporate. Mechanical equipment is then used to remove the sludge cake.

Large size drying beds are feasible if they are equipped with traveling bridges allowing mechanical recovery of dried sludge as well as spreading of liquid sludge across the whole surface area.

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Depending on climatic conditions, drying times vary from three weeks to one month. Drying areas generally include:

 A first layer comprising a 20-cm layer of gravel. Drains are installed at the bottom of this support  A second filtering layer comprising 10 to 15cm layer of sand

Dewatering comprises a first drainage phase followed by ambient temperature drying. Dry sludge content can reach 60% in the event of optimally sunny weather condition. In the proposed project, the existing sludge drying lagoons will be rehabilitated as part of the construction project as appropriate to accommodate the total amount of sludge generated by the new process Sludge-drying lagoons are suitable for the treatment of digested sludge and consist of shallow earthen basins enclosed by earthen dykes. The sludge is first placed within the basin and allowed to dry. The supernatant is decanted from the surface and returned to the plant while the liquid is allowed to evaporate. Mechanical equipment is then used to remove the sludge cake. The dried sludge is a porous humus-like cake which can be used as a fertilizer base. In the proposed project, the digested sludge will be disposed of in sanitary landfills. On the other hand, the beneficial uses of sludge are attracting more attention nowadays. Treated and digested sludge may be used as a soil amendment and conditioner. Sludge may also be treated chemically for use as landfill cover or for landscaping or land reclamation projects. The digested sludge biomass can be used to generate energy by employing appropriate waste to energy conversion process.

3.2.3.3.9 Biogas System

Typically, the biogas in UASB reactor treating domestic sewage is about 70–80% methane, and the remainder is made up of a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, and a small fraction of hydrogen sulfide. Gases produced by the anaerobic digester system could be utilized at a later date for the generation of power. Until that time, the biogas will be flared. Based on the available information and the design criteria shown under the anaerobic digesters section, it is expected that the digestion system will generate approximately on average 159 mscf/year at a treatment plant capacity maximum of 100,000m3/day.

A single flare system will be capable to flare the quantities of biogas expected to be generated. The flare system needs to be a minimum of 15 m away from the digesters. Actual quantities of biogas generated may vary as a result of operation and the quality of sludge being produced by the wastewater treatment plant. The methane produced by fermentation can be stored in gas holders which compensate for production fluctuations and facilitate delivery to the burners. These gas holders often consist of flexible containers enclosed in structures, with a waste gas burner to complete the facility.

3.2.3.3.10 Use of Treated Wastewater and Stabilized Sludge in Agriculture

Treated wastewater effluent can be used for:  Irrigation

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 Industrial  Recreation  Groundwater recharge  Potable water reuse  Discharge in to surface water

Treated wastewater effluent can be used for the irrigation of crops or landscaped areas. The main consideration associated with this effluent application method is the quality of the treated water and its suitability for plant growth. Some constituents in reclaimed water that are of particular significance in terms of agricultural irrigation include elevated concentrations of dissolved solids, toxic chemicals and nutrients. Another highly important consideration is public health and safety hazards resulting from the potential presence of bacterial pathogens, intestinal parasites, protozoa and viruses. Concerns vary with the intended irrigation use and the degree of human contact. Potential constraints associated with the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation include the marketability of crops and public acceptance, surface and groundwater pollution in the absence of adequate management, and high user costs, notably the cost of pumping effluent to irrigated land.

Irrigation with treated water requires measures to prevent public health, salinity and toxicity hazards. Effluent of a high biological quality is necessary for irrigation of certain crops, particularly vegetables and other produce that may be eaten raw. A low quality is acceptable for crops that are processed or where there is no direct exposure to the public. The most important criteria are those that safeguard the health of farmers, farm workers, produce handlers and consumers. The primary indicator of health risks are the level of fecal e-coli forms and helminth eggs for which the World Health Organization has set the guidelines.

Dissolved salts and toxic ions present in treated effluent arrest plant growth, crop yield and produce quality. There is wide range in the tolerance of specific crops to salinity and toxicity and carefully selection allows a greater use of wastewater for irrigation, thus preserving freshwater. Effluent quality of the Kaliti WTP will meet the FAO Guideline for using treated wastewater for irrigation (Annex 4).

Reclaimed water is ideal for industries using processes that do not require water of potable quality. Industrial uses of reclaimed water include evaporative cooling water, boiler-feed water, process water, and irrigation and maintenance of the grounds and landscape around the plant. Each type of reuse is associated with a number of constraints on its applicability; the use of reclaimed water in cooling towers, for example, creates problems of scaling, corrosion, biological growth, fouling and foaming. These problems are also encountered when fresh water is used, but less frequently. Reclaimed water used as boiler feed water must be softened and de-mineralized, while process water quality is dependent on the requirements of the manufacturing process involved.

Reclaimed water is widely used for recreational purposes, including landscape maintenance, aesthetic impoundments, and recreational lakes for swimming, fishing, and boating, ornamental fountains, and fish farming. The required treatment level for reclaimed water is dictated by the

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intended use: the greater the potential for human contact, the higher the treatment level required. For example, non-restricted recreational water use requires the treatment of secondary effluent by coagulation, filtration, and disinfection to achieve a total coliform count of fewer than 3 per 100 milliliters.

Groundwater recharge using reclaimed wastewater serves to mitigate water table decline, protect groundwater in coastal aquifers against salt-water intrusion, and store reclaimed water for future use. Groundwater recharge methods include surface spreading in basins and by direct injection into aquifers. Surface spreading utilizes flooding, ridge and furrow, constructed wetlands, and infiltration basins. This application method improves the quality of the reclaimed water considerably as it percolates successively through soil, unsaturated zone and aquifer. Direct injection involves the pumping of reclaimed water directly into an aquifer. Drawbacks of this method include high effluent treatment cost and the high cost of the necessary injecting facilities. The major disadvantage of groundwater recharge using reclaimed water is the increased risk of groundwater contamination.

The issue of the use of reclaimed water for drinking purposes has been approached with extreme caution because of public rejection and because of health, safety and aesthetic concerns. Although extensive research is being conducted in this field, many constraints remain, notably the determination of appropriate quality criteria for such water. At present, the option of direct potable use of reclaimed municipal waste-water is limited to extreme situations. if not reused, is disposed of either on land or into water bodies.

Discharge into water bodies is the most common disposal practice. It takes advantage of the self- purification capacity of natural waters to further treat the effluent. However, waste-water effluent discharge must be based on sound engineering practice if the receiving environment is not to be adversely affected. Excessive quantities of organic material may cause rapid bacterial growth and depletion of the dissolved oxygen resources of the water body. In addition, changes in pH or concentrations of some organic and inorganic compounds may be toxic to particular life forms. Accordingly, outfall structures must be designed for adequate dispersal of the effluent in the receiving waters in order to avoid localized pollution. Depending on the characteristics of the receiving waters, many factors are considered for proper mixing and dispersal of effluent. These factors include flow velocity, depth stratification due to salinity and temperature, shape, reversal of current and wind circulation. The temperature and salinity of the effluent should also be taken into consideration. The disposal area should be downstream from any location where water is to be withdrawn for human consumption.

Wastewater effluent discharge into rivers should be such as to ensure rapid vertical mixing of the effluent over the full river depth and avoid foaming problems. This can be achieved by using a multiport diffuser that extends across the width of the river. A diffuser is a structure that discharges the effluent through a series of holes or ports along a pipe extending into the river.

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In conclusion, the treated wastewater effluents from the Kaliti wastewater treatment system can be used for all purposes except potable use and recreation. It is important to note that the best suitable option needs to be established through further evaluation. Considering the tremendous demand for agricultural activities, it is proposed by the project to use it for irrigation.

3.3 Downstream Areas from the Treatment Plant

The wide compound of the treatment plant is not fenced and there is no new settlements within the compound. There is no new proposed settlement site in the area. The only large-scale structures constructed within the compound are the high tension power line towers. Within the treatment plant site, one can see many birds and animals such as hyenas, monkeys and antelopes. The highly vegetated compound and the downstream riparian vegetation of the Little Akaki river course harbor a number of animals. Three important zones can be identified downstream of the treatment plant (Figure 3.11).

3.3.1 Farming Areas

West of the treatment plant, the area is covered with vegetable gardens and grass land with few houses (only three houses). The local community is growing vegetables (mainly cabbage) in these areas. Even within the treatment plant compound, some areas are being used for growing vegetables. In the dry season, the effluent is diverted in open ditches for local irrigation. The Little Akaki River seems to be more polluted than the water being released from the treatment plant. Interviewed people in downstream areas stated that the river water is much polluted and they are not interested to use it even for irrigation compared with the effluents from the treatment plant.

3.3.2 Settlement Area

Much of the open grounds which were considered as command area in the irrigation feasibility document is currently having many houses. Most of “Kebele” 7 is confined in the downstream area. Along the right bank of the Little Akaki River there are many mud houses which appear to be not having legal permissions. The vegetable gardens along the course of the river are owned by the residents of these areas.

3.3.3 Riparian Vegetation

The course of the little Akaki River is highly vegetated. This becomes important habitat for birds and animals. Some of the trees (eucalyptus) are owned by local residents. Figure 3.11(C) shows partial view of the riparian vegetation. The type of vegetation in this area is listed in Chapter 4 that outlines the biological environment.

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Figure 3.11: Some features of downstream areas from the treatment plant (A): vegetable gardens grown on the sold sludge being disposed from the drying beds; (B): Grassland along the course of the Little Akaki river; (C): Riparian vegetation where many birds and animals’ reside along the Little Akaki river; (D): Inbuilt areas (“Kebele” 7) which was considered as command area for irrigation in the irrigation feasibility study document

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4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 The Physical Environment 4.1.1 Topography and Drainage The project area is located in the central and southern part of the Akaki river basin. The Akaki river basin is an extensive drainage system located at the eastern edge of the Western Ethiopian plateau that slowly descends to the central Main Ethiopian Rift. The city of Addis Ababa is situated in the northern and central part of the basin (Figure 4.1). The basin has an elevation drop of around 1000 m within 20 km lateral distance all the way from the Entoto ridge in the north to the plains of Akaki area to the south where the Akaki well field is located. The Kaliti WTP is located in the southern part of the drainage basin.

Figure 4.1: Digital Elevation Model and simplified drainage map of the Akaki river basin with city boundary

The treatment plant is located at an elevation of around 2200 m.a.s.l. The treated wastewater is expected to be released into the Little Akaki River which is the main tributary of the Big Akaki river that inturn joins the Awash River far to the south. Within the Akaki river basin, there are a number of perennial rivers. The most important ones are Big Akaki, Little Akaki and Kebena. Much of the new sewer line passes within the Little Akaki, Kebena and the lower reaches of Kebena and Big Akaki river catchments (Figure 4.2). The Kaliti sewer catchment comprises parts of “Kirkos”, “Nefas-Silk Lafto” and Akaki-Kaliti sub cities.

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Figure 4.2: Drainage map showing the Little Akaki and Big Akaki rivercatchments with project area (red window) The river catchment has high elevation differences as compared to the drainage catchment. Figure 4.3 shows the digital elevation model and North-South topographic section. The Akaki River catchment has an elevation range of 2040 to 3,200m above sea level (Topographic Map of Scale 1:50,000, EMA, 1973). Ridges/volcanic centers and mountain ranges bound much of the basin watershed boundaries. There are many rivers/streams draining in the basin. The most important ones are Big Akaki, Little Akaki and Kebena. The latter two drain much of central Addis Ababa area. The main recharge area to these rivers is the Entoto ridge. Most of the watershed divide is characterized by large volcanic mountains/ridges. The most important elevated peaks are Entoto Mountain Range (pick elevation 3200 m.a.s.l), Mt. Bereh 3,228m m.a.s.l, Wechecha range (3,391m a.s.l), Mt. Furi (2839m.a.s.l.) and Mt. Yerer (3100m a.s.l.). The lowest elevation is Aba Samuel dam to the south (2060m a.s.l.). The Kaliti wastewater catchment is confined mainly in the Little Akaki and lower reaches of the Big Akaki river catchments. The wastewater collection system flows by gravity.

4.1.2 Land use / land cover Although very much diverse, the general land use/cover pattern of the Akaki river basin can be broadly classified into four groups: forest, urban (inbuilt) area, agricultural or open areas and water bodies ( BCEOM- Seureca, 2000). A more detailed land use map of Addis Ababa city is shown in Figure 4.4.

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Figure 4.3: Simplified digital elevation model with N-S sections of the Akaki river basin In the northern part of the basin along the Entoto Ridge, the land is covered with forest, dominantly eucalyptus trees and the top of the mountain range is relatively flat that facilitates infiltration of precipitation into the ground. As the slope gets steeper towards the city, a relatively higher runoff coefficient is expected. Along the foot of the Entoto ridge there are small waterfalls. Much of the central part of the basin is in built area (houses, roads and large establishments such as factories). The Addis Ababa city is characterized by paved surfaces /built up areas that cause very low infiltration. Along the course of the main streams, urban agriculture is common. The two main trunks of the sewer line pass through small shabby houses and in places through vegetable gardens and eucalyptus trees. At two places it crosses highly vegetated woodland in the western trunk Behere Tsige Public Park and “Lafto Mebrat Hail” forested area).Figure 4.5 shows some typical vegetated land cover types in the project area.

The sewer lines pass through wide compounds of government institutions. The major ones are Defense Construction, “Ersha Sebel”, “Commet Transport”, Spices Extraction Factory and Behere Tsige Public Park. Along the proposed sewer lines there are no churches, cemeteries, statues and related sensitive areas except the Saudi Arabian Embassy and a Mosque under construction (both in “Wollo Sefer” areas) that would be affected by the new project. The plate in Figure 4.6 shows partial view of these structures.

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Figure 4.4: Simplified land use/cover map of Addis Ababa area

Figure 4.5: Typical vegetated land cover types in the project area (A: Woodland; B: Riparian vegetation with settlement; C: Vegetable gardens(D: Grass and farm plots in the treatment plant area).

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Figure 4.6: The two sensitive areas that are going to be affected bythe sewer lines (A: Mosque and B: The Saudi Arabian Embassy)

4.1.3 Climate In the Akaki River basin there are at least five meteorological stations. The stations are located at Addis Ababa Observatory, Addis Ababa Bole, “Akaki Mission”, “Entoto” and “Sendafa” areas. Table 4.1 shows the summary of the long-term average meteorological data obtained from stations in Addis Abba area.

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The Akaki river basin has humid to sub-humid climate. Based on rainfall, the climate of the area can be categorized into two broad seasons. The dry season that extends from October to May and the wet season that lasts from June to September. The main rainy season is from June to September.

Precipitation was recorded in the catchment since 1900 at Addis Ababa Observatory except between 1941 and 1945. The mean annual rainfall at Addis Ababa observatory for the period 1980 – 2005 is about 1187.4 mm. The minimum arithmetic mean monthly rainfall amount in the basin was recorded in December (6 mm) and the maximum value was for the month of August (279 mm). Most stations in elevated areas recorded higher values. The high rainfall of the region flushes solid and liquid wastes from inbuilt areas during the wet seasons. Many of the rivers in Addis Ababa area are highly polluted due to the release of solid and liquid waste that is being flushed by surface runoff and direct release from industries and households.

Table 4.1:Summary of mean monthly long-term meteorological data of Addis Ababa area. Months Parameter Station Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total Rainfall, mm Intoto(1989-2004) 15.6 38.3 61 87.2 43.2 102.2 265.3 317.1 138.4 27.2 9.9 9.8 1115.2 Sendafa(1991-2004) 20.8 18.5 47.7 52.4 43.7 118.6 328.8 308 106.1 49.1 3.6 3.8 1101.1 Akaki (1975-2004) 14.1 29.8 76.7 86.1 68.5 115.2 255.4 258.5 118.8 25.1 3.6 3.2 1055 AA Bole(1980-2004) 11.8 33.6 68 93 71.1 122.5 235.9 240.3 133.5 30.9 3.2 4.9 1048.8 AA Obs(1980-2005) 14.2 39.1 68.9 91.5 83.7 136.2 262.4 272.9 168.7 34.9 5.8 9.2 1187.4 Mean 15 32 64.4 82 62 119 270 279 133 33 5 6 1100.5 Temp.0c Entoto (1989-2004) 19.1 19.7 19.9 19.4 20.1 17 15.9 15.9 15.8 16.8 18.6 17.5 215.9 AA Obs (1980-2005) 23.9 24.9 25 24.5 25.1 23.4 21 20.9 21.7 22.7 23.1 23.2 279.6 AA Bole(1980-2004) 23.8 23.8 26.3 24.8 25.3 23.5 21.2 21.1 21.8 22.9 23.2 23.2 280.8 Akaki ( 1997-2004) 26.3 27.3 27.4 27.3 28 26.3 24.3 23.8 25.3 25.8 25.9 25.9 313.6 Mean 23.3 24 24.7 24 24.6 15.9 20.6 20.4 21.2 22.1 22.7 22.5 265.8 Pan Evap. Mm AA Bole(1987-2004) 186.1 190 190.8 177.4 202 106.2 62.3 60.6 99.5 287 189 171 1921.9 AA Obs (1992-2004) 131.7 141 145 117.6 138.3 84.2 52.7 50.2 73 121 137 127 1319.4 Mean 158.9 166 167.9 147.5 170.2 95.2 57.5 55.4 86.3 204 163 149 1620.7 Sunshine Hr AA Obs (1964-1993) 8.6 8.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 5.1 3 3.5 5 8.1 9 9.1 80 Mean 8.6 8.1 7.2 6.5 6.8 5.1 3 3.5 5 8.1 9 9.1 80 Wind speed km/hr AA Obs (1982-2004) 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 7.7 Mean 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 7.7 R. H in% AA Obs (1979-2004) 41.7 40.6 43.3 46.9 42.7 53.8 65.8 67.1 56.5 40.4 35.1 33.6 567.7 AA Bole(1964-2004) 55.9 55.1 56.2 63.4 59.9 73.9 86.2 86.3 81.9 61.3 53.8 55.9 790 Mean 48.8 47.9 49.8 55.1 51.3 63.9 76 76.7 69.2 50.9 44.5 44.8 678.8 Source: National Meteorological Services Agency

The highest and lowest mean maximum temperature over the record periods (Table 4.1) is 250C in dry season (March) and 200C in wet season (August), while the variation of mean monthly temperature values fall in the range of 70c (in the month of December) to 120C (in the month of March). The daily variation in temperature in the area is more pronounced than the annual variation. The calculated mean annual long-term mean temperature is around 16.30C (Solomon Tale, 2000).

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The highest relative humidity was 78% recorded in the months of July and August, and the lowest was 53% recorded in the month of December (from 1964 – 1989). The lowest sunshine hour, 3 hours per day was recorded in July and the highest 9.5 hours per day, which was recorded in December for the years (1965 –1985). Likewise, maximum wind speed of 1.2m/sec and minimum value of 0.5m/se were recorded for the months of October and August, respectively. 4.1.4 Hydrology As the rainfall is well above 1000 mm annually in elevated areas, most streams are perennial due to sustained recharge from fractured volcanic rocks. The two most important rivers in the basin, Big Akaki and Little Akaka are gauged. The long term average discharges of these rivers indicate that the maximum discharge occurs during the months of July and August and the Minimum in February and March. The hydrographs of these two rivers are shown below (Figure 4.7). The hydrograph of Big Akaki River was constructed from long-term (1981-2003) mean monthly discharge. For Little Akaki River, it was made from gauged mean discharge of the periods 1991-2003.

Figure 4.7: Hydrograph of Big Akaki and Little Akaki rivers established based on long-term average monthly discharge (Source: Ministry of Water and Energy)

4.1.5 Geology 4.1.5.1 General The Akaki river basin has very complex geology. The area is characterized by tertiary volcanic rocks disrupted by many regional faults. As it is located at the edge of the rift valley, it is not also seismically stable. Much of Addis Ababa is located in seismic zone 2, which can likely be affected by earthquakes.

Much of central Ethiopia, where the basin is located is covered by volcanic rocks of different ages and types. One can categorize these volcanic rocks based on various criteria such as age (Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics), and taking rift formation as a reference (pre- rift & post- rift volcanics). The volcanic rocks of Ethiopia can also be described as the Trap series volcanics and Aden Series

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volcanics, which is the same as to say post rift volcanics. The trap series represent the oldest volcanic rocks in the country compared to Aden series volcanics. The trap series forms the northwest and southeast plateau, reaching its maximum development in central Ethiopia attaining a thickness of up to 3 km, (Mengesha et al., 1996). The trap series predates the rift faulting and usually occupies great height of the Ethiopian Plateau, whereas the Aden volcanic series are associated with well – preserved volcanic cones or lava flows, Mohr (1971). Since the Akaki River basin lies between the plateau and the rift floor (Zennettin and Justin – Visentine, 1974), the geological history of the area is an integral part of the evolution /development of the Ethiopian plateau and the Rift system. The study area represents both the highland and the rift escarpment which descends to the south towards the ill-defined rift floor. 4.1.5.2 Lithology As outlined in the works of BCEOM – seureca (2000) the following stratigraphic units can be identified in the basin from the oldest to the youngest.

1. Alaji series (Lower Miocene) This unit covers the Entoto Mountain and extends to the north beyond the Akaki basin. It comprises of basalts associated with rhyolites, trachytes, ignimbrites, tuffs and agglomerates. Earlier works further subdivided this series into Alaji Rhyolites and Entotosilicics.

2. Addis Ababa Basalts They overlie Entoto silicics and outcrops mainly occur in the Entoto Mountain, central Addis Ababa, along Akaki River course (south) in the vicinity of Laga Dadi dam to the north of Lake Gefersa and southern part of the city. Their composition can be porphyritic olivine basalt, porphyritic feldspar basalt & aphanitic basalts. Individual flows are usually easily observed & paleosols & coraceous horizons are found at the bottom of flows in many places (Kebede Tsehayu and Taddese Hailemariam, 1990). According to Solomon Tale (2000), Olivine porphyritic basalt outcrop in the central part of the town (“Merkato”, “Teklehaymanot” and “Sidist kilo”) and the distribution of plagioclase porphyritic basalt is little northwards around “Sidist kilo”, General Wingate school and French Embassy. According to Morton (1974) and Vernier (1985), the thickness of the olivine porphyritic basalt varies from 1m or less in the foothills of Entoto, Lideta Air Field and “Filwuha” to greater than 130 meters at “Kechene” stream. The basalt flows are inter-bedded with welded glassy and fiamme ignimbrite outcrops in the areas of “Filwuha”, “Ginfle” and Lideta Air Field. At many outcrops it is overlain by aphanitic basalt flow and underlain by olivine porphyritic basalt flow (Anteneh Girma, 1994).

3. Younger Volcanics These groups of volcanics can broadly be classified in to Nazareth Group and Bofa Basalts. According to Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa (1989), the Nazareth Group rocks out crop

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dominantly to the South of Filwuha Fault and extend towards Nazareth. Bofa basalts are found southward from Akaki River, southeastern part of Addis Ababa

4. Nazareth Group Aphanitic basalt, welded tuffs, ignimbrites, trachytes and rhyolites make up this group of younger volcanics. Aphanitic basalt flows cover the southern portion of Addis Ababa, south of Asmara Road, especially the areas of Bole and Lideta. The flows show vertical and curved columnar jointing together with sub-horizontal sheet jointing (Anteneh Girma, 1994). According to BCEOM – seureca (2000), trachy – basalt out crops are found around “Repi” area and General Wingate School and associated with undifferentiated volcanics. It is underlain by the plagioclase and olivine porphyritic basalt, and overlain by the younger ignimbrite from which it is separated by tuffs and agglomerates (Hailesellassie Girmay, 1985).

Figure 4.8: Simplified geological map of the study area (Source: Dereje Negusa, 1990) An ignimbrite sheet (upper Welded tuff) out crop occurs in the northeast of Addis Ababa at the base of “Entoto” Mountain and Laga Dadi areas. This formation is gray colored, vertically and horizontally jointed (Hailesellasie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa, 1989). It is underlain by aphanitic basalt and overlain by young olivine basalts (Hailesellasie Girmay, 1985).

According to Anteneh Girma (1994), this group is underlain by tuff deposits and overlain by olivine porphyritic basalt flow to southeast of Addis Ababa. From a sample taken from Addis Ababa (near Asmara Road).

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Trachytic flow covers extensive areas in the west and southwest part of the catchment, from Mt. Furi Hana Mariam, Tulu Iyoo to Repi and Wechecha Range. The trachyte flow is underlain by tuff and overlain by alternating flows of plagioclase basalt and rhyolite at “Repi” (Anteneh Girma, 1994).

Rhyolite flows belonging to this group outcrop at the top and southern flanks of Mt. Yerer. The exposed thickness of the lava sequence is about 500m (Anteneh Girma, 1994).

5. Bofa Basalts This unit comprises of olivine porphyritic basalt, scoria, vesicular and scoriaceous basalt, and trachy - basalt lava flows. They extend in to the south from Akaki River and the unit is as thick as 10 meters (AntenehGirma, 1994). They appear to have upper thick basalt of 20 - 40m over the Akaki well field but thinner to absent in other places. They have well preserved shape of cones and marls.

6. Lacustrine Deposits, alluvial & Residual soils These are quaternary to recent deposits. Lacustrine soils occur around Bole, Lideta, Mekanisa, Between Abba Samuel Lake and Little Akaki River. The thickness of this deposit varies between 5m to 50m.

Alluvial deposits are found in some places along small and Big Akaki Rivers, especially south and southwest of the capital city. Thick alluvial deposit occurs in the area between Akaki town and Abba Samuel Lake. Some deposits occur along the Kebena River, north - west of Bole area. Soils, which are developed in-situ by the decomposition of rocks are located in the central, southeast, northeast, Gullele and Kolfe areas. 4.1.5.3 Geological Structures It is in accordance with the location of the catchment at the shoulder of the Main Ethiopian Rift that the project area has been subjected to the rift tectonics, which is manifested by a number of major and minor fault systems. As it can be seen from the map of the geological structures of area compiled by BCEOM – Seureca (2000) the general trend of most of these faults follow the rift system (NE – SW) orientation but there are some faults with orientation of east – west and northwest-southeast . The major lineament oriented along east – west that extends from Kassam River in the east through Addis Ababa to Ambo in the west, cuts across the Western rift escarpment and uplifted its northern block (Zennettin et al., 1978) which was during the late Miocene time. This lineament starts from the western escarpment of the rift and goes even further to “Wollega” (Mengesha, et al, 1996). Entoto silicics confined along this fault from the Entoto ridge, which forms surface water divide between two vast basins in the country, namely Blue Nile (Abay) and Awash Rivers. The ridge forms the northern boundary of the study area and the fault has a down throw to the south in the catchment. Another major lineament oriented in Northwest direction & situated to the northeast of the Akaki well field extends between Akaki and Dukem (following the main DebreZeit highway) is one of the lineaments that do not follow the rift trend. The other important lineament in the area is the Filwuha Fault. According to Kundo (1958), Morton (1974) and Hailesellasie Girmay (1985), the fault has a trend of NE – SW, which is in accordance 59 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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with the rift trend structures. Even though Morton (1974) identified the fault as having a down throw to northwest, this was later disproved by Hailesellasie Girmay (1985) to be south based on detailed mapping by resistivity survey of the fault. Moreover, he found the fault as having shallow depth, covered by thin soil layer of about 1 to 4m, not vertical and estimated its throw to be 40m (the approximate thickness of the welded glassy ignimbrite). The measured dominant preferred orientation of joints occurring in different rock units in north central part of the catchment is NNE – SSW, which is sub – parallel with the general trend of rifting (Kebede Tsehayu and Tadesse Hailemariam, 1990) The density of faults increases to the southeast of the rift valley. Therefore, some of the basaltic lava and cinder cones situated to the Southeast and Northeast of the Akaki well field probably have erupted through these fractures as they are concentrated along the major NE – SW trending fault systems of Akaki and Dukem areas.

Figure 4.9: Typical fractured permeable volcanic rocks along the eastern proposed sewer line. 4.1.5.4 Soil Soil composition is principally determined by the parent rock of the area. The sol type of the area is principally governed by the geology of the area. All soils of the area are derivatives of the volcanic rocks. Depending up on the local topographic and geo-morphological setup the thickness is highly variable. In general, soil thickness increases towards the south as the elevation decreases and deposition is high. Thick residual and colluvial silty clay and clay soils dominate in the project area. The subsurface infiltration condition of the area is mainly governed by the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the unconsolidated sediments overlying the weathered and fractured volcanic rocks. These rocks are

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relatively porous and have a relatively high hydraulic conductivity. The composition and thickness of the unconsolidated deposits and soils vary as a function of topography and geomorphology. Generally, the soil formations are broadly classified in to three group namely the alluvial, residual and lacustrine dominantly clay deposits. The hydraulic conductivity has been estimated to vary between 0.0017m/day to 0.00009m/ day in for the lacustrine and alluvial deposits respectively (Addis Ababa Wastewater &Sewerage Master Plan study). In most places, the main trunks are aligned along soil formations. However, in few areas rock cuts are mandatory.

The detailed account of the soil geotechnical characteristics at the treatment plant is given in the detailed design report related to foundation conditions. At the treatment plant, the dominant soil type is silty clay. The permeability seems to be low to medium. In fact, the soils at the drying beds are not watertight. It is likely that the liquid waste will infiltrate into the shallow groundwater systems. Fortunately, immediately downstream of the treatment plant there are no wells and springs being used for community water supply systems. However, if groundwater is to be developed at relatively shallow depth downstream, the treatment plant has to consider this issue seriously.

Figure 4.10: Simplified soil map of Addis Ababa area 4.1.5.5 Seismicity The Ethiopian Building Code Standard, EBCS-8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance classifies the country in to five different seismic hazard zones based on the seismic risk, from Zone 0 to Zone 4. Zone 4 is the severe one mainly assigned to the Great Rift Valley while Zone 0 is assigned

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to the western and Eastern portions of the Country. According to the seismic hazard classification, Addis Ababa is categorized in ZONE 2. The minimum design peak acceleration to be considered in design for Addis Ababa as per the code is 0.05g.

4.1.6 Water Resource and Quality As stated above, there are a number of seasonal and perennial rivers that drain through the city. The two most important rivers in the Kaliti catchment (Little Akaki and Big Akaki) which drain through the cityare extremely polluted. One can find all sorts of solid and liquid wastes in these rivers. Many point and non-point pollution sources exist in the sewer catchment. With regard to water quality, the Akaki River and its main tributaries is considered as one of the most pollutedrivers in the country due to the high pollution load from domestic and industrial wastewaters. The Ministry of Water and Energy maintained a hydrometric network that generates quantitative information on Big Akaki and Little Akaki Rivers flow. The EPA established a water quality monitoring program on Awash River basin by selecting 22 sites that extends from upper course to its termination near Afambo Lake. Results of the Akaki River monitoring have shown that the water is chemically and bacteriologically highly polluted. Review of recent findings of Akaki water quality assessment (Macha Chamargachew July 2009 & Zerfie Mersha April 2008) also confirmed that Akaki River water is chemically, physically and bacteriologically polluted. With respect to concentration of heavy metals, sampling and analysis have been conducted for Cr, Cd, Pb and Co in the months of November and January (ZerfeMersha 2008). The average value of Cadmium in November was 0.009mg/1 and in January 0.0076mg/l where the concentration in both cases is beyond the WHO standard limit of0.003mg/l. Similarly, the average value for Lead in November and January was found out to be 0.028mg/1 and 0.069mg/l, respectively where the Lead concentration in both cases is beyond the WHO standard limit of 0.01mg/l. The study also analyzed other parameters to determine the chemical pollutants of the river with respect to COD, BOD, pH, Iron, Manganese, Nitrate, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfate, Phosphorus & Chloride (Macha, July 2009).

The result indicated that 100% of the COD, BOD, pH, Iron, TN, pH, Nitrate and NH3 were found out to be above the standard limit. The result also showed concentration above the standard limit for total Phosphorus, Manganese, and Chloride which is 91.1 %, 83.3 and 6.7%, respectively. The southern part of Addis Ababa City, where the WTPs is located, is laid with lacustrine and alluvial deposits with an estimated hydraulic conductivity of 0.00009m/ day (Addis Ababa Wastewater and Sewerage Master Plan study). The project treatment area has been identified as groundwater resource potential area, and this has been justified through drilling of 25 boreholes in Akaki area that provided around 25% of the city’s water supply. In fact, these wells penetrate deeper aquifers. However, shallow aquifer systems are likely to be polluted from wastewaters. The effect of the Kaliti treatment plant on deeper groundwater is not well known. In fact, it is important to consider the water tightness of the oxidation ponds and drying beds in the future.

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4.1.7 Wastewater Quality 4.1.7.1 Raw Wastewater Quality at the Treatment Plant The historical long-term average data at the treatment plant was collected and used for predictive modeling of the Kaliti wastewater treatment performance by Getenet Sewnet (2012). The wastewater long-term quality data as presented in this work is shown in Table 4.2.

The treated and untreated wastewater used to be analyzed by AAWSA water quality laboratory. However, in the last two years continuous analysis has not been done. For the sake of the ESIA study, few samples were analyzed (see Table 4.3). Table 4.2:Basic statistical description for historical raw wastewater at the KalitiWTP.

Table 4.3: Water quality analysis results of the project area S. No Parameters Unit Code of Sample Influent Effluent Little Akaki River 1 pH - 7.2 7.6 6.8 2 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 283 236 262 3 Electrical conductivity µs/cm 573 476 938 3 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l Nil 7.2 4.6 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 914 86 128 5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 434 20 31 6 Total suspended solids (TSS) mg/l 421 63 463 7 Total Volatile Solids (TVS) mg/l 364 54 137 8 Total non-volatile solids mg/l 57 9 336

9 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l 42.7 2.3 18.2

10 Nitrite Nitrogen as NO2 mg/l Nil 0.13 Nil

11 Nitrate Nitrogen as NO3 mg/l Nil 2.73 1.34

12 Hydrogen Sulfide as H2S mg/l 8.3 Nil Nil

13 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l 16.2 2.4 4.8

14 Sulfate as SO4 mg/l 13.8 18.4 23.7 15 Total Chromium as Cr mg/l Nil Nil 0.017 16 Chloride as Cl mg/l 38.5 36.4 23.5

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S. No Parameters Unit Code of Sample Influent Effluent Little Akaki River

17 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l 14 8 22

18 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 178 214 242

19 Total Hardness as CaCO3 Mg/l 136 124 94 Sampling and analysis was done on September 14, 2013

The wastewater quality result indicates that the effluent from the treatment plant and the Little Akaki River are highly polluted. The treated water must meet national and international standards to release it in to the nearby streams or to use it for irrigation purpose downstream. Under the current condition the effluent is highly polluted. However, the Little Akaki River seems to be more polluted than the effluent. As the samples were taken during the rainy season, it is likely to be diluted. The status of the pollution is most likely much worst during the dry season.

4.2 The Biological Environment Baseline Conditions 4.2.1 Vegetation and Flora Terrestrial vegetation and flora have been observed in KalitiWTP Project areas and its surroundings. These vegetation, tree species and plantation forests are found along Little Akaki riverside, residential houses, fences, institutional compounds, BehereTsige park and in the KalitiWTP compound. Some of the tree species include Acacia Abyssinica, Cordia Africana, Dovyalis Abyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana, Vernoniaamygdalina, Rhamnusprinoids, Albizziagummifera, Rungiagrandis, Cupresseslustinca, Daturastramonium, Eucalyptus, grasses, Sowdeniapolystachya etc. The vegetations, shrub types and Arundodonax that are grown on the riverside are serving for stabilization of riverbanks. 4.2.2 Plantation Forest There is a plantation forest in Lafto area of West trunk direction. The sewer line construction will pass through this plantation forest. The plantation forest comprises dominantly exotic tree species (mainly Eucalyptus and Cypress) which are in some parts interspersed or mixed with some patches of bush lands and grasses. The tree species composition of the forestland is dominantly Eucalyptus spp. (mainly E. camandulensis & E. grandis) and Cypress (Cupressuslusitanica). The indigenous tree species include Acacia Abyssinica, Ficus sur. 4.2.3 Vegetables and Plants Different types of vegetables are grown in farmland, homestead, at the riverbank and at the downstream site. The residents use these vegetables for consumption and as source of income. These vegetables include cabbage, pepper and Enseteventricosum. In some compounds of the project affected persons, Rhamnusprinoides, Vernoniaamygdalina, and Daturastramonium are also grown for purposes of local drink preparation and medicinal value. 4.2.4 Birds and Wildlife Along the river line, in the facultative pond and on some of the trees, bird species are observed. The bird species observed during the field survey include Ducks, Vultures, Doves, Pigeons, Egrets, 64 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Herons, Buzzards, Wattled ibis etc.The wildlife habitat has already been changed to settlement and agricultural land.Hence, no major wildfire population and species is expected in the project area. However, local people mentioned sporadic presence of wild animals such as common duiker, warthog, baboons, spotted hyena, common fox and monkeys.

Figure 4.11: Photographs showing some of the biological elements o the project area (A: Floating vegetation grown on the oxidation pond at the treatment plant indicating eutrophication that reduces the efficiency of the wastewater treatment process; B: Bamboo grown along the course of the Little Akaki river which is also common at the treatment plant; C: trees and shrubs being used as fences in many places in eastern and western trunk lines; D: Birds and horses around the drying pond of Kaliti).

4.3 Socioeconomic Environment of Addis Ababa 4.3.1 Institutional and Administrative Context of Addis Ababa In accordance with Articles 49(2) and 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa has the status of both a capital city and a state. Accordingly, it has its own charter (Addis Ababa City Government Charter Proclamation No. 87/1997). According to this charter, the Addis Ababa city Government has executive powers on all matters other than those falling under the jurisdiction of the federal executive organs as well as judicial powers on cases specifically provided for under its Charter. The City Government has the powers to make laws and exercise judicial powers specifically vested in it by the city charter and included in the details of the powers and functions of the Federal Government executive organs.

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The City Government has the following administrative organs: 1) A Council; 2) An Executive Committee; 3) A Governor; 4) Office of the City Government; 5) Audit and Inspection Office; 6) Sectoral Executive Organs; 7) Sub-city and District administrative organs; and 8) Judicial organs as enumerated under Article 5 of this Charter. Administratively, Addis Ababa city has 10 sub-cities and 116 Districts (districts). The following simplified figure shows the division by sub-cities and districts.

Figure 4.12: Map of Addis Ababa city showing the division by sub-cities and district The vision of the city is to ensure a safe and clean environment for a healthy and productive society with improved access to social services and physical infrastructure. It aims to realize broad-based growth of investment and employment through the development of sound economic infrastructure and labour-intensive industrial technologies. It plays a dynamic role in facilitating national economic growth. As a diplomatic capital of Africa, the city strives to provide quality services of international standard. The sustainable achievement of these will be realized through combined and integrated effort of the public, the private stakeholders and the community as a whole. Growth trend Until 1975, Addis Ababa was limited to an area designated today as a central Business District and to some patchy areas along the five main roads leading to different provinces. Leap-frog type of development was the main characteristics. In recent years the city is expanding dramatically. The growth trend between 1975 and 2000 is shown in Figure 4.13.

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Figure 4.13: Growth trend of Addis Ababa between 1975 and 2000 4.3.2 Demographic Structure As per the updated 2013 census, the population of Addis Ababa City is 3,103,999 out of which 1,479,000 are male and 1,624,999 are female. The population density per square kilometer is 5890.1. The following table shows the population of Addis Ababa by sub city:

Table 4.4 Basic demographic data of Addis Ababa Area in Density/Square Population S. No. Sub-city kilometer kilometer Male Female Total 1 Akaki-Kaliti 100,513 104,872 205,385 118.08 1,739.40 2 Nefas Silk Lafto 168,798 189,561 358,359 68.3 5,246.80 3 Kolfe-Keranio 235,257 250,695 485,952 61.25 7,933.90 4 Gulele 146,605 156,621 303,226 30.18 10,047.20 5 Ldeta 109,076 119,471 228,547 9.18 24,896.20 6 Kirkos 117,265 133,400 250,665 14.62 17,145.30 7 Arada 112,354 127,284 239,638 9.91 39,047.80 8 Addis Ketema 141,509 147,835 289,344 7.41 24,181.40 9 Yeka 183,083 209,698 392,781 85.98 4,568.3 10 Bole 164,540 185,562 350,102 122.08 2,867.8 Total 1,479,000 1,624,999 3,103,999 526.99 5,890.1 Source: Central statistic Authority, July, 2013 67 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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The trunk sewer lines and the treatment plant are located in Akaki-Kaliti, “Nefas Silk-Lafto” and “Kirkos” sub-cities. The total population in these sub cities is 814,409. As per the 2007 population census, more than 50% of the population is less than 18 years of age. Because of the fast population growth, the demand on natural resources is expected to increase significantly, leading to natural resource degradation in and around the city. The highlands around the city are densely populated. This has created significant pressure on land resources and resulted in land and environmental degradation. Table 4.5: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, 2001 EC S. No Demographic Indicators Indicator values 1 Total fertility rate (children per women) 1.4 2 Life expectancy at birth 64.5 Male 62.6 Female 66.5 3 Annual population growth rate (in %) 2.1 4 Age dependency ratio 38 5 Sex ratio (number of male per 100 female) 90.8 6 Infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age one 45 per 000 live births) 7 Under five mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age 72 five per 1000 live births) 8 Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 population) 6.9 9 Crude birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 population) 23 10 Female literacy rate 79.9 Source: Addis Ababa population images 2001 EC

As indicated in Table 4.5 above, on the average, the city population is growing at 2.1% annually, and overall age dependency ratio was about 38%. The infant mortality rate is 45 out of 1000 live births, while less than five mortality rate is 72 out of 1000 live births. The crude death rate was estimated to be 6.9 out of the number of deaths in a year per 1000 mid-year population and the crude birth rate is 23 out of the number of live births in a year per 1000 mid-year population (BOFED, Addis Ababa population images 2001). For the Addis Ababa city 662,728 households were counted and the average household size was found to be 4.1. Although all Ethiopian ethnic groups are represented in Addis Ababa due to its position as capital of the country, the largest groups include the Amhara (47.04%), Oromo (19.51%), Gurage (16.34%), Tigre (6.18%), Silt'e (2.94%), and Gamo (1.68%). Languages spoken include Amharic (71.0%), Oromiffa (10.7%), Gurage (8.37%), Tigrinya (3.60%), Silt'e (1.82%) and Gamo (1.03%). In terms of religion the Ethiopian Orthodox believers account 74.7% of the population of the city, while 16.2% are Muslim, 7.77% Protestant, and 0.48% Catholic.

4.3.3 Housing Conditions

According to the 2007 housing and population census of Ethiopia, there are 628,986 housing units in

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Addis Ababa city Administration. The following table shows the housing units of the three sub-cities through which the trunk line passes and where the treatment plant is located.

Table 4.6 Housing types in the three affected Sub-Cities S.N Sub-City Type of houses

Total Wood and mud Hollow block Corrugated iron sheet 1 Akaki Kaliti 45749 36940 890 1298 2 Nefas Silk Lafto 75079 49936 1507 2874 3 Kirkos 52583 40238 558 2437

The housing condition of PAPs in the project area is categorized into four: hollow block, mud houses; stonewall (masonry) with corrugated iron sheet roof and CIS wall by CIS roof. The following table illustrates the condition of houses in the project area. Table 4.7 Housing conditions and number of houses of PAPs S.No. Type Number Area in square of meters houses I. Partially affected a Hollow block 36 1420.5 b Mud 125 4108.7 c Stone wall 2 40 d Corrugated iron sheet 34 12085 e Fences with different materials 41 - II. Fully affected - a Mud houses 29 977 b Mud and CIS 2 40 4.3.4 Major economic Activities The major economic activities in Addis Ababa city are manufacturing industries (large-scale, medium-scale, small-scale), trade, service and informal sectors. The economy of Addis Ababa has been growing at an annual rate of 10% over the past decade. Liberalization of the market coupled with sound macro-economic policies and measures accounted for the high growth rate. Very recently, industry and the service sector have grown at a higher rate than agriculture. The economic activities in Addis Ababa are diverse. This is well illustrated in Table 4.8 that shows the economic sector and people employed. Table 4.8 Sectoral distribution of urban employment S. Nr. Economic sector Nr. of people engaged 1 Trade and commerce 119,197

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2 Manufacturing and industry 113,977 3 Homemakers of different variety 80,391 4 Civil administration 71,186 5 Transport and communication 50,538 9 Education, health and social services 42,514 7 Hotel and catering services; 32,685 8 Agriculture 16,602

The city has recently been in a construction boom with tall buildings rising in many places. Various luxury services have also become available and the construction of shopping malls has also increased. Active work force is vital for development. In the project area the work force is available. Most of the people are self-employed and daily laborers with limited civil servants. The proposed project may change the unemployment situation and will lower the rate of unemployed by providing temporary job opportunity at the different stages of the project cycle. Table 4.9 summarizes the employment situation of the three sub-cities where the project area is located. Table 4.9 Economically active persons 10 years and above

Economically active Economically inactive Activity rate Sub city Male female total male female total male female Akaki Kaliti 50898 40373 91271 22551 63934 86485 69.3 52.2 Nefas Silk Lafto 88634 78214 78214 34368 63070 97438 72.1 55.4 Kirkos 64949 59975 124924 25501 44411 69912 71.8 57.5 Source: Population and housing census of 2007

4.3.5 Land use Pattern The trunk line passes through gravel, cobblestone and asphalt roads in most parts of the area. It touches mud, hollow block and corrugated iron sheet houses and fences of households and organizations. Representative plates showing the land cover and use patterns in the project area are indicated in section 4.2 and the generalized land-use map of Addis Ababa is given in Figure 4.4. 4.3.6 Educational Facilities According to the Central Statistics Authority abstract of 2010/2011, there are many primary and secondary governmental and non-governmental schools in Addis Ababa. The total students in governmental and non-governmental schools is 298,911 and 327,854, respectively. According to the 2007 national census, adult literacy in Addis Ababa for men and women is 93.6% and 79.95%, respectively. These figures are the highest in the nation for both sexes. Table 4.10 shows the status of education in the project affected subcities.

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Table 4.10 Status of education Sub-city Both sexes Male Female Percent Both Literate All literate All literate Both male female sexes male female sexes Akaki Kaliti 166,653 137,281 81,203 71,829 85,450 65,452 82.4 88.5 76.6

Nefas Silk 290,639 248,164 135,967 123,872 154,672 124,297 85.4 91.1 80.4 Lafto Kirkos 208,828 185,044 97,213 92,043 111,616 93,001 86.6 94.7 83.3 Source: Population and housing census of 2007

4.3.7 Health Facilities The health services in the city administration are provided by the government and the private sectors. The current situation of the health facilities in the city is shown in the following table (Table 4.11): Table 4.11 Health facilities in the City Administration of Addis Ababa S. No. Type of facility Government Non-government 1 Hospitals 6 30 2 Clinics NA 650 3 Health centers 52 NA 4 Health post NA Source: CSA, Statistical abstract 2011/2012 page, 320.

There are different health professionals working in the health facilities. The following table summarizes the professionals working in the health service sector in the city. Table 4.12 Number of health service providers S.N Type Number 1 Doctor 170 2 Health officer 139 3 Nurse 1,900 4 Pharmacist 50 5 Sanitarians 46 6 Laboratory technician 109 7 Pharmacy technician 140 Source: CSA, Statistical Abstract 2011/2012

There are various drug distributers, drug trading organizations and drug and medical suppliers in the city. In total, there are 189 pharmacies, 232 drug shops and 1 rural drug vender. There are also 169 importers and wholesalers and 8 manufacturers. 4.3.8 Road Facilities The road network of the city administration is showing improvement from time to time. The total road network facility of the city is 4,148 kilometers (up to June, 2013). This accounts for 15.69% coverage of the city. The pedestrian roads and drainage structures in the city are 1,596 and 3,500 71 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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kilometers, respectively. The current situation of the road facility in the city is indicated in Table 4.13 below. Table 4.13 Road facilities of the city S. No. Type Unit of measure Amount

1 Asphalt kilo meter 2002 2 Coble stone kilo meter 727 3 Gravel kilo meter 1419 Total 4148 Source: Addis Ababa Road Authority

4.3.9 Telecommunication Facilities Ethio-Telecom is the only service provider of telecommunication services in Ethiopia including Addis Ababa. Types of services provided are fixed line, mobile GSM pre-paid, CDMA pre paid, voice, voice and data. Broad band, narrow band and total data internet services are also provided. The subscribers are 11,509,366 in the country (National phone directory 2012). 4.3.10 Water Supply The water supply for the city comes from different sources. The most important ones are the surface dams and groundwater. There are four dams around Addis Ababa. About a quarter of the water supply comes from groundwater. The use of groundwater is growing rapidly in recent years. There are 250,000 customers of AAWSA. According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the housing units of Addis Ababa had access to safe drinking water. 4.3.11 Sanitation Facilities The sanitation condition in the city of Addis Ababa is not good. As stated above the liquid and solid waste disposal facilities in the city are in their infancy. According to the 2007 national census, 14.9% of the housing units of Addis Ababa has flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated and unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities. Recently, all districts are working to improve the solid waste facilities. Solid wastes are being collected by employed persons in each district. The solid waste is hauled and dumped by trucks in Koshe, which is located in the western part of the city.

4.4 Gender Issue Keeping the household environmental and personal sanitation is mainly the role of women in the society. The sanitary condition is directly related with the health of the family and the community. Children's health is very much in danger in poor sanitation situation. As child care and upbringing is the role of women, the project implementation will reduce the load of women by improving the sanitation situation of the communities in the project area in particular, and in the city in general.

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4.5 Project Affected Persons The project affects persons directly and indirectly both positively and negatively. The total family heads expected to be affected one way or another are 269. The details are indicated in chapter 6 (Volume I) and in the RAP report (Volume II). Brief description of the fully and partially project affected persons is given below. 4.5.1 Fully Affected Persons Fully affected refers here to persons that are to be resettled. The total households to be resettled are 31 in number. 22 households are located in the Akaki Kaliti Sub city (21 in District 6 and 1 in District 5) and 9 are found in Nefas Silk Lafto Sub city (8 in District 10 and 1 in District 12). In terms of ownership, 21 are male and 10 are female. The household family members are 189 in total, out of which 93 are male and 96 female. According to the present survey, most of the fully affected persons are venders and daily laborers. The PAPs in these districts share similar psychological and social characteristics and they are nearly in the same economic status. One of the most outstanding issues in the environmental impact assessment studies is the resettlement of fully affected households. The consultant has given due consideration for this and resettlement action plan report is prepared. In connection with this, relevant offices have been consulted as to how these families are being resettled. In line with the proclamation of 455/2005, guidline135/1999 and guidline3/2002 these families (households) will be resettled in their respective sub-cities where all basic public facilities will be made available. In the course of resettlement, they will be consulted by resettlement committees of their sub-cities to know their needs and choices. Their houses and properties to be affected will be estimated based on well established procedures and rules set by the City Administration. If the estimation of the house is less than ETB 51,000, all will be given this amount. The Birr 51,000 is set as the minimum amount to be paid for the reconstruction of houses. If the estimation is over ETB 51,000, the estimated amount will be paid as compensation. In addition,  For those who need to build their own houses with the compensated money, land will be provided in the designated area in the respective sub-cities.  For those who need condominium houses, they can buy with the compensation money they get.

These persons are going to be resettled in places where there are developed infrastructures, social services which is likely to be better than the existing situation. 4.5.2 Partially Affected Persons and Organizations The partially affected persons are those who lose some property such as trees and fences and attached structures but do not need resettlement. The partially affected persons live along the sewer lines in Akaki- Kaliti Sub city (Districts 5 and 6), in Nefas Silk-Lafto Sub city (Districts 8, 9, 10 and 12) and in Kirkos Sub city in District 3.

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These people have more or less similar social and economic status. They are mainly civil servants, traders, private company employees and self-employed in different informal sectors. These PAPs will be compensated for lost property as per the rules and regulations of the city administration as indicated above. The detail of the PAPs and affected properties is given in Annex 1. The list of project affected people and major stakeholders and institutions is given in the RAP report. Major internal and external stakeholders are also listed and described in Chapter 7. With regard to people living downstream of the treatment plant, there is no direct sever impact. However, the opinion of the community living downstream has been surveyed and addressed in the RAP report. In general, the number of households living downstream of the treatment plant is very small. They are mainly living in mud houses. The majority of them grow vegetables by using wastewater effluent and the Little Akaki river water .

Figure 4.14: Some field activities related to socioeconomic surveying, asset enumeration and project area observations (A: Key informant interview; C: Asset enumeration along the sewer lines; C: Communities working at the drying bed; D: Site visit of the treatment plant and its environs). As the new project will be implemented within the exiting treatment plant compounds, there are no people who will be resettled in downstream areas. The number of houses to be fully affected along the sewer lines is also limited. Most of the sewer line passes through fences (wood and corrugated iron sheet), gravel and cobblestone roads and through vegetable gardens. See the detailed socioeconomic profile of the project area in the RAP report (Volume II).

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5 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVES

5.1 Project Alternatives

Addis Ababa Water and Sanitation Development and Rehabilitation Project Office has prioritized the installation of the major sewer trunk lines that can have a capacity to accommodate ultimate wastewater flow rate instead of expanding localized wastewater collection system. A WTP has to be designed and sized for a flow rate of 100,000m3/dthat would fit on the available site, i.e., the existing WTP at Kaliti.

Accordingly, the study and design of the project has been carried out by Morrison Hershfield Limited, in association with ARMA Consulting Engineers PLC.

So, it is clear that in the scope of the design work, alternative projects were not included. This may be due to the nature of this project which focuses on the expansion of the existing Kaliti wastewater collection and treatment system. The choice seems to be governed partly by the availability of land in the premises of the existing WTP and the current impressive building development in the catchment area.

However, alternatives were considered within the above specified scope. These included alternative sewer trunk routes, alternative sewer pipe materials and alternative wastewater treatment technologies.

5.2 No Action/ Without Project Alternative

The current Addis Ababa City population served by proper wastewater disposal system is too low, less than 30,000 connection to Kaliti WTP site. There is some evidence and potential risk of surface and ground water pollution by wastewater from domestic, agricultural and industrial facilities. The do nothing scenario will compromise or retard the long-term city development plan, since a proper and well maintained sanitation system is fundamental to achieving the full benefit of other development initiatives and improve the status of the city.

The existing lagoon treatment system is already operating beyond its design capacity resulting in less effective treatment with the potential of releasing effluent, that does not meet treatment standards, to downstream area. Reactive sewer pipe installation for servicing selected locations without clear future planning for the sewage collection system has led to undersized mains due to increased connections and higher density. The under sized sewers overflow in the streets and into the city water courses and streams. The situation is unhealthy and the City can be exposed to a major disease outbreak. Many are served by latrines and leaking septic tanks. Leaking tanks pollute the ground water. The population of the city is constantly increasing. Increased density has resulted in problems for the septic pump-out trucks to get to and service the new high volume customers. The aesthetics of the City is also affected as residents and visitors see their local rivers biologically “die” and turn into open sewers. If no action is taken, the wastewater treatment, the sanitary situation and the aesthetics

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of the city and the groundwater quality will deteriorate. Already, hauled sewage is being dumped in drying beds and the effluent is being discharged without treatment. If the current situation continues, the need of using (malfunctioning) septic systems and for wastewater disposal will rise in order to cope up with increasing treatment capacity requirements. This will worsen the situation of Little Akaki River downstream of the plant and the agricultural situation in the area where this river water is used for irrigation.

The potential social and socio economic benefits to the city population and improvement in quality of life couldn't be realized without the project.

The only advantages from environmental angle are that tree cutting at some locations and the soil disturbance during trenching will be avoided. “No project” scenario case will also avoid social impacts due to the implementation of the project as there will be impact on some private properties.

The "do nothing" alternative is completely unacceptable, the potential social, socio economic and environmental benefit of the project implementation are far outweighing the potential adverse impacts that can be controlled and minimized to acceptable level through implementing the proposed environmental mitigation and management plan.

5.3 As Proposed Alternative If implemented, the proposed project will relieve existing facilities from excess load leading to overflow of sewage waste that has affected the environment of the city and the wellbeing of its inhabitants. Since the wastewater handling capacity will be increased and some additional areas will be linked to the sewer line, more people will be served and the city’s hygienic status will be improved. Currently, the effluent that is coming out of the existing treatment plant is not properly treated. Leachate from drying beds is directly sent to Little Akaki River. If the new project is implemented the effluent will be released after undergoing proper treatments so that it meets the standards set by EPA. This will improve the usability of the water and also the sludge for agricultural purposes. It will also create a better condition for the aquatic ecology in Little Akaki River.

In addition, the project will protect soil and groundwater contamination, improve the air quality and will create new job opportunities during all of the project phases. The number of units that will be connected to the sewage system will increase. As a result, the city would become cleaner to live in.

5.4 Alternative Design Options

5.4.1 Sewer trunk Lines

All sewer trunk expansions cannot be done simultaneously because of the significant investment that is required and the complexity of the project management as most of the upgrading has to be executed within the developed city centers. Therefore, a phase by phase expansion approach has to be followed. Accordingly the sewer system is subdivided into 4 trunks and subsequently prioritized.

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These are:  Kaliti Main(southern) Trunk Upgrades  Eastern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk  Western Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk  Central Kaliti Catchment Main Trunk The trunk route alternatives were analyzed and the selection was made based on the following constraints:  The preferred flow system is only gravity system  The proposed sewer trunks are large diameter.  The unstructured nature of the roads and buildings  The presence of local creeks,  the management of compensation process for private properties to obtain a right-of-way for the construction of the sewer trunk lines 5.4.1.1 Eastern Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk

This is a new Sewer Trunk line that extends from the Kaliti Ring Road to the Bole Bridge on Africa Avenue with a total length of approximately 10.45 km.

The selected route during the initial surveying work was along the existing sewer line. However, this alternative was not chosen because of private property encroachments into the right-of-way. A number of routing options were reviewed to select a route that would minimize constructability issues. A second alternative route was along the Bulbula riverbank that extends to the south on the east side of Joseph Church and “Saris-Addis Sefer” before it crosses the Ring Road to parallel the Rail Way east of “Chimad” warehouse. Two routing options on either side of Bulbula River were also considered for the northern section of this trunk, between Bole Bridge and the Bulbula Ring Road Bridge. AAWSA has chosen the western branch along the existing right-of-way from Bole Bridge to the “Wengelawit” Building as the preferred route to be designed. 5.4.1.2 Western Kaliti Catchment Sewer Trunk

This is also a new sewer line. Placing this trunk along the western bank of the Akaki River was proposed in the preliminary design report. However, after a reconnaissance survey, this route was found to be very difficult for construction and the decision was made with AAWSA to follow the existing main right-of-way on the east side of the river.

The preference for use of gravity system is commendable since it will avoid problems associated with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the sewer lines in the whole lifetime of the sewer line. Given the constraints indicated above and the long-term advantage, the selected routes for the sewer trunk lines are appropriate.

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5.5 Treatment and disposal Alternatives A number of treatment technologies have been examined by the designer. Table 5.1 provides the total ranking for each of the processes that were considered in the Preliminary Report. Table 5.1: Selection Matrix Results Treatment Technology Ranking Oxidation Ditch 1850 Trickling Filter 1780 Existing Lagoon Upgrade 1775 UASB with Trickling Filter 1680 Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) 1585 Conventional Activated Sludge 1125

Although the Oxidation Ditch had the top score, this option required larger area than is available in the existing Kaliti WTP. In addition, it makes future expansions within the site difficult to achieve.

The second highest weighted option, Trickling Filter technology, is relatively simple to operate and has reasonable operating and maintenance costs. The preliminary estimate for its footprint shows that it can be implemented onto the existing site without disrupting the existing wastewater treatment operation and there is space for enough trains to treat up to 100,000 m3/d at a BOD load of 470 mg/L. In addition Trickling filters can provide the required amount of BOD removal and can have good resistance to fluctuations in BOD loads.

The third option included upgrades to the existing lagoon including retrofits with an anaerobic pond or installing surface aerators. Both of these options increase the efficiency and treatment using a lagoon type process. However, even these efficiencies do not reduce the surface area required to provide proper treatment for the flows needed for the city to fit within the area available. Cost Estimates for the Top Three Options

The cost estimates for the top three treatment options are indicated in Table 5.2. Table 5.2: Construction Cost Estimates for Top Three Options Treatment Technology Estimated Construction Cost (ETB) Oxidation Ditch 1,850,456,500

Trickling Filter 1,246,356,500 Existing Lagoon Upgrade 867,964,500

The costing has assumed the availability of additional land for the planned future expansion and for the second phase of the oxidation ditch. The detailed design was therefore done for the Trickling Filter technology. The high rate trickling filter was the option that was recommended in the Feasibility study document of the proposed Project as the best suited to the site and particularities of the wastewater to be treated at Kaliti WTP.

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The major disadvantages of Trickling Filters include its lower purification efficiency for equal BOD loading, risk of clogging, sensitivity to temperature, etc.

However, the Client has informed the ESIA team that based on inputs on the selected technology from some stakeholders, a UASB is to be included before the Tricking Filter. This additional technology is compact, has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency at shorter retention times, low construction cost, simple operation and minimal pumping requirement. It has the advantage of producing biogas which can be used for the energy requirement of the plant thus lowering the operation cost. The coupling of these two technologies seems a good option in view of the existing constraints while fulfilling the required effluent requirements. 5.5.1 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems The effectiveness of wastewater treatment facilities has been judged on the basis of contaminant removal per unit cost and in terms of net improvement in receiving water quality. The major criteria for comparative evaluation include (Table 5.3):

 Technical  Environmental  Economic  Socio-cultural

In conclusion, the selected process combination of Kaliti WTP is very good in terms of technical, environmental, economic and socio-cultural performance criteria.

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Table 5.3 Comparison of the commonly used wastewater treatment systems No,. Criteria Oxidation Trickling Existing UASB UASB Moving Conventional Activated Constructed UASB with ditch filter lagoon with bed Activated sludge with wetland Trickling upgrade trickling bioreactor sludge Nitrification, Filter and filter denitrification Constructed and wetland phosphate removal Technical Criteria 1 Treatment performance XX1 XX XX XXX XXX XXXX XX XXXX X XXXX 2 Flexibility/Adaptability X X XX X XX XX XX XX XXX XXX 3 Durability XXXX XXXX XXXX XX XXX X XX XX XX XXX 4 Ease of construction/low tech XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX Operation and maintenance 5 requirements XXX XXX X XX X X X XXX XX 6 Reliability/Security XX XXX XXX X XXX X XX X XXX XXX Economic Criteria 1 Costs XX XX XXXX X XX X X X XXX XXX 2 Labor XXX XX XXX X XX X X X XXXX XXX Environmental Criteria 1 Biodiversity/land fertility Export of problems in time 2 and space XX XX X XXX XXXX XXX XX XXXX XXXX XXX 3 Integration in natural cycles XX XX XXX XX XX XX XX XX XXXX XXXX 4 Land area required/space X XXXX X XXXX XXX XXXX XX X XX XXX 5 Odor, Noise, Insect, visual X XXX X XX XXX XX XX XXX XX XXX 6 Optimal water utilization X XX X XX XX X XX XXX XXXX XXXX

1X: Fair; XX: Good; XXX: Very good; XXXX: Excellent

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No,. Criteria Oxidation Trickling Existing UASB UASB Moving Conventional Activated Constructed UASB with ditch filter lagoon with bed Activated sludge with wetland Trickling upgrade trickling bioreactor sludge Nitrification, Filter and filter denitrification Constructed and wetland phosphate removal 7 Optimal nutrient utilization X X X XXX XXX XXX XXXX X X XXX 8 Optimal energy utilization X X X XXXX XXXX XXX X X X XXXX 9 Pathogen removal/Health X X X X X X X X XXX XXX 10 Pollution prevention XX XX XX XX XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXX Control of BOD/COD 11 emission XX XX XX XXX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXXX 12 Control of Nutrient release X XX XX X XX XX X XXXX XXX XXX Control of Heavy metals 13 release X X XXX X X X X X XXXX XXXX Control of others pollutant 14 release X X XX X XX X X X XXXX XXX 15 Sludge/Waste production X XX X X XX X X X XXXX XXX 16 Use of chemicals XXX XXX XXX Social-cultural Criteria Competence/Expertise 1 requirement XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX 2 Institutional requirements XXXX XX XXXX X X X X X XXX XX

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6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES When identifying the potential impacts of a new project on the existing environment, it is necessary that it should be measured against the existing baseline conditions. For convenience, the project is divided into three parts: sewer trunk line, the wastewater treatment plant and the area downstream of the treatment plant. Thus, in this chapter, the impacts that are expected to result at each stage of the project activities are identified and analyzed for each of these three project parts in relation to the various stages of their implementations.

6.1 Checklist of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts In view of the above arguments, checklists of probable impacts due to the proposed Project have been drawn up for each of the project parts (the Sewer trunk line area, the WTP, and the area downstream of the WTP) in Table 6.1, 6.3 and 6.4, respectively. The list of properties that will be affected by the project during the mobilization phase in the Sewer trunk line area part of the project is given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.1 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Sewer trunk Line Part Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t Sewer trunk Line-Mobilization Phase Air S S lo certa re adverse subj Quality i h w in ve ecti t or rsi ve e t ble te

s r p m e

Physical c i f i c Water - - No - - - -

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t bodies ne Soil - - No - - - - ne Biological Flora S S Lo possi re adverse subj i h w ble ve ecti t or rsi ve e t ble te s r p m e c i f i c Fauna - - No - - - - (terrestri ne al ) Socio- Tempor L S lo Certa Re Beneficial Sub economic ary o h w in ve jecti employ c or rsi ve ment a t ble l te r m Loss of S p hi Certa irr adverse obje property i er gh in ev ctiv and t m ers e housing e a ibl units n e s e p nt e c i f i c Others Noise S S lo Certa Re Adverse Obj i h w in ve ecti t or rsi ve e t ble te s r p m e

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t c i f i c

Safety( S -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub Acciden i -- gh ble jecti ts) t - ve e

s p e c i f i c Sewer trunk Line-Construction Phase Physical Air s sh lo certa re adverse subj Quality i or w in ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c Water s m lo possi re adverse subj bodies i ed w ble ve ecti t iu rsi ve e m ble

s p e c i f i c

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t Soil s m m possi re adverse subj i e ed ble ve ecti t di iu rsi ve e u m ble m s p e c i f i c Biological Flora s p m certa irr adverse obje i er ed in ev ctiv t m iu ers e e a m ibl n e s e p nt e c i f i c Fauna s m lo High re adverse subj (terrestri i e w ly ve ecti al, t di prob rsi ve avian) e u able ble m s p e c i f i c Socio- employ l m lo certa - beneficial Sub economic ment o e w in jecti c di ve a u l m Property s p hi certa irr adverse obje loss i er gh in ev ctiv t m ers e

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t e a ibl n e s e p nt e c i f i c Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub i or w in ve jecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c

Health L s m Possi - Adverse Sub o h ed ble jecti c o iu ve a rt m l Safety( S -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub Acciden i -- gh ble jecti ts) t ve e

s p e c i f i c Traffic s sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub congesti i or w ble ve jecti on/ t t rsi ve inconve e ble

Others nience

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t s p e c i f i c SA s s hi Certa Re Adverse obje Embass i h gh in ve ctiv y t o rsi e e rt ble

s p e c i f i c Mosque s s hi Certa Re Adverse obje i h gh in ve ctiv t o rsi e e rt ble

s p e

c Sensitive areas Sensitive i f i c ring s s m Certa Re Adverse obje road/rail i h ed in ve ctiv way line t o iu rsi e e rt m ble

s p e c i f i c

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t existing L m hi possi re adverse subj sewer o e gh ble ve ecti line c di rsi ve a u ble l m Sewer trunk Line-Post Construction phase Air s sh no certa re adverse subj Quality i or ne in ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c Soil s sh lo possi re adverse subj i or w ble ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p

Physical e c i f i c Water s sh lo possi re adverse subj bodies i or w ble ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c

Flora s m lo High re adverse subj

l

ol

Bi og ica i e w ly ve ecti

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t t di prob rsi ve e u able ble m s p e c i f i c Fauna ------(terrestri al ) Socio- employ l sh lo Certa - beneficial Sub economic ment o or w in jecti c t ve a l Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub i or w in ve jecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c

Health s m lo possi Pa adverse subj i e w ble rtl ecti t di y ve e u re m ve s rsi p ble e c i f

i c

Others Safety( s -- hi Possi - Adverse Sub

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t Acciden i -- gh ble jecti ts) t ve e

s p e c i f i c Sewer trunk Line-Operation phase

Physical Soil S lo lo possi re adverse subj i n w ble ve ecti t g rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c Water s lo lo possi re adverse subj bodies i n w ble ve ecti t g rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c Biological Flora s lo lo possi re beneficial subj i w w ble ve ecti t rsi ve e ble

s p

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t e c i f i c Socio- Habitabi L lo hi Certa - beneficial Sub economic lity of o n gh in jecti the City c g ve a l Other Health L lo hi certa - beneficial Obj o n gh in ecti c g ve a l Sewer trunk Line-Decommissioning phase Air s sh lo certa re adverse subj Quality i or w in ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c

Water s m me possi re adverse subj bodies i ed di ble ve ecti t iu u rsi ve Physical e m m ble

s p e c i f i c Soil s sh lo possi re adverse subj i or w ble ve ecti t t rsi ve e ble

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t

s p e c i f i c Biological Flora s lo lo possi re adverse subj i w w ble ve ecti t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c Socio- employ l sh lo Certa - beneficial Sub economic ment o or w in jecti c t ve a l Others Noise s sh lo Certa Re Adverse Sub i or w in ve jecti t t rsi ve e ble

s p e c i f i c

Health) L sh hi Possi Re Adverse Sub o or gh ble ve jecti c t rsi ve a ble l safety L sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub

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Criteria S D significance Probability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objective p u occurrence /Subjective a r t at i io a n Impact on/ issue l

E x t e n t (Accidents) o or w ble ve jecti c t rsi ve a ble l Traffic L sh lo Possi Re Adverse Sub inconve o or w ble ve jecti nience c t rsi ve a ble l

Table 6.2 List of properties that will be affected/damaged during the mobilization phase2 Description Unit Quantity

Housing units with block wall& CIS roof m2 1510 Housing units with mud wall & CIS roof m2 5200 Housing units with stone wall & CIS roof m2 40 Housing units with CIS wall and roof m2 3914 Foundation for housing unit m2 181 Septic tanks m3 348 Fuel tanks m3 208 Fence made with stone m2 610 Fence made with CIS m2 2000 Fence made with block m2 1428 Stone retaining wall m2 90 Eucalyptus trees piece 397 Telephone poles piece 26 Electric poles piece 89 Asphalt road m2 1719 Cobblestone road m2 616 Gravel road m2 2349

Table 6.3 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant

2 The full list of PAPs is given in Annex 2 93 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Impact on/ issue Criteria Spatial D significanceprobability of Reversibility Adverse/beneficial Objectiv Extent u occurrence e r /Subjecti at ve io n WTP-Mobilization Phase Air site specific sh l ce re adverse s Qu or o rta ve u alit t w in rsi b y bl j e e c t i v e Soil site specific sh l ce re adverse s or o rta ve u Physical t w in rsi b bl j e e c t i v e Wa ------ter bod ies Flo site specific p l po re adverse s ra er o ssi ve u m w bl rsi b a e bl j n e e e c nt t Biological i v e Fau ------na- terr estr ial Socio- Em Local sh l C - beneficial s economic plo or o ert u ym t w ai b ent n j e c t i v e

Bio City wide L h ce beneficial O gas o i rta b gen n g in j erat g h e

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ion te c Sludge for r t pyrolysis or m i fertilizer use v e Hea local sh l po R adverse s lth or o ssi ev u t w bl er b e si j bl e e c t i v e

Noi Local sh l Po R adverse s se or o ssi ev u t w bl er b e si j bl e Others e c t i v e

Saf Local -- h Po R adverse s ety -- i ssi ev u Acc g bl er b ide h e - si j nts bl e e- c t i v e

WTP-Construction Phase Physical Air Quality s sh l ce re adverse s i or o rta ve u t t w in rsi b e bl j e e s c p t e i c v i e f i c Soil s sh l pr re adverse s i or o ob ve u t t w ab rsi b e le bl j e e s c p t e i c v i e

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f i c La s lo m ce Irr adverse o nd i n e rta ev b use t g d in er j cha e i si e ng u bl c e s m e t p i e v c e i f i c

Land Co s m l ce re adverse o nst i e o rta ve b ruc t di w in rsi j tio e u bl e n m e c wa s t ste p i e v c e i f i c Water bodies s S l po re adverse s i h o ssi ve u t or w bl rsi b e t e bl j e e s c p t e i c v i e f i c Flora s p m ce irr adverse o i er e rta ev b t m d in er j e a i si e n u bl c s e m e t p nt i e v

c e i f

Biological i c Fauna (terrestrial ) s sh l hi re adverse s i or o gh ve u t t w ly rsi b e pr bl j ob e e s ab c p le t

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e i c v i e f i c Socio- Employment l m m C - beneficial o economic o e e ert b c di d ai j a u i n e l m u c m t i v e

Health l m h po Pa adverse s o e i ssi rtl u c di g bl y b a u h e R j l m ev e er c si t bl i e v e

Noise S m l ce R adverse o i e o rta ev b t di w in er j e u si e m bl c s e t p i e v c e i f i c Safety (Accidents) L -- h Po R adverse s o -- i ssi ev u c g bl er b a h e si j l bl e e c t i v e

Others WTP-Post construction Phase Impact on/ issue Criteria Spatial D sig pr Reversibility Adv Objective Extent u nif ob erse/ /Subjective r ica ab bene at nc ili ficial io e ty n of oc cu rr

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en ce

Air site specific sh l ce re adve subje Qu or o rta ve rse ctive alit t w in rsi y bl e Soil site specific sh l pr re adve subje or o ob ve rse ctive t w ab rsi

Physical le bl e Wa site specific sh l po re adve subje ter or o ssi ve rse ctive bod t w bl rsi ies e bl e Biological Fau - - - - - na (ter rest rial ) Em local S l C - bene objec Socio- plo h o ert ficial tive economic ym or w ai ent t n Hea local S h po R adve subje lth h i ssi ev rse ctive or g bl er t h e si bl e Noi Site specific S l ce R adve objec se h o rta ev rse tive or w in er Others t si bl e Saf Local S h Po R adve subje ety- h i ssi ev rse ctive Acc or g bl er ide t h e si nts bl e WTP-Operation Phase

Air site specific lo h ce irr adverse ob Qu n i rta ev je alit g g in er cti y h si ve bl e Soil site specific lo h po re adverse su Physical n i ssi ve bj g g bl rsi ec h e bl tiv e e Wa site specific lo h po re adverse su ter n i ssi ve bj bod g g bl rsi ec

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ies h e bl tiv e e Fau site specific lo l im re adverse su na n o pr ve bj (ter g w ob rsi ec Biological rest ab bl tiv rial le e e ) Em local lo l C - benefici ob plo n o ert al je ym g w ai cti ent n ve Socio- Ha City lo h C benefici ob economic bita n i ert al je bilit g g ai cti y of h n ve Cit y Hea site specific sh l po R adverse su lth or o ssi ev bj (ha t w bl er ec zar e si tiv d) bl e e Hea City lo h ce - benefici ob lth n i rta al je imp g g in cti rov h ve em ent Noi Site specific sh l ce R adverse ob se or o rta ev je t w in er cti Others si ve bl e safe Site specific -- h Po R adverse su ty -- i ssi ev bj (Accidents) - g bl er ec h e si tiv bl e e Hea Site specific -- h po re adverse su lth -- i ssi ve bj & - g bl rsi ec safe h e bl tiv ty e e (hazard) WTP-Decommissioning Phase

Air Quality site sh l po re adverse su speci or o ssi ve bj fic t w bl rsi ec e bl tiv e e Soil site sh m po re adverse su Physical speci or e ssi ve bj fic t d bl rsi ec i e bl tiv u e e m Water bodies site sh m po re adverse su

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speci or e ssi ve bj fic t d bl rsi ec i e bl tiv u e e m Employment local sh l C - benefici ob opportunity or o ert al je t w ai cti n ve Socio- Employment local m h po adverse ob economic loss e i ssi je di g bl cti u h e ve m Health Loca sh l Po R Advers Su (hazard) l or o ssi ev e bj t w bl er ec e si tiv bl e e Others Safety/accide Loca sh l Po R Advers Su nt l or o ssi ev e bj t w bl er ec e si tiv bl e e

Table 6.4 Check List of Potential Environmental Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Impact on/ issue Criteria Spati Dur significance probability of Reversibil Adverse/ Objective al ation occurrence ity beneficial /Subjective Exten t Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant-Operation Phase Air Quality Local lo high ce - b o ng rta - e bj in - n ec - e ti - f ve i c i a l Soil Local lo high po - b o

ng ssi - e bj bl - n ec e - e ti Physical f ve i c i a l Water Local lo high ce - b o bodies ng rta - e bj (better quality in - n ec effluent) e ti f ve i

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Impact on/ issue Criteria Spati Dur significance probability of Reversibil Adverse/ Objective al ation occurrence ity beneficial /Subjective Exten t c i a l Ground Local L med po r a su water on ium ssi e d bj contaminati g bl v v ec on risk e e e ti r r ve s s i e b l e Flora Local lo high ce - b o ng rta e bj in n ec e ti f ve i c i

a l Fauna- Local L low po r a su

Biological terrestrial on ssi e d bj g bl v v ec e e e ti r r ve s s i e b l e Socio- Income local lo med C - b su economic generation ng ium ert e bj ai n ec n e ti f ve i c i a l Habitability Local lo high C - b o ng ert e bj ai n ec n e ti f ve i c i a l Others Health City lo high ce - b su improveme ng rta e bj nt in n ec

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Impact on/ issue Criteria Spati Dur significance probability of Reversibil Adverse/ Objective al ation occurrence ity beneficial /Subjective Exten t e ti f ve i c i a l Downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant-Decommissioning Phase Water bodies contaminati Near sh low po r a su on the or ssi e d bj site t bl v v ec e e e ti r r ve s s i e b l e Lack of local lo high po a su irrigation ng ssi d bj water bl v ec e e ti r ve s e Socio economic employmen local - - po - a su t ssi d bj bl v ec e e ti r ve s e

6.2 Environmental and Social Impacts

The above analysis brings out the impact areas that are of concern for the implementation of the sub-component. These are discussed in the following paragraphs. 6.2.1 Impacts in Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project 6.2.1.1 Mobilization Phase The mobilization phase involves construction of guard posts at selected points along the sewer trunk, availing of excavators, transportation of tools, pipes, construction materials, etc. Ambient Air Quality The impact is due to vehicular emission and increase in suspended particles in the air from movement of heavy machinery and trucks. The sites for the sewer line installation are distributed and therefore the effect on air quality would be slight and temporary. Soil 102 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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There will be little or no impact on soil in this phase. Water bodies There will be little or no impact on water bodies in this phase. Flora and fauna Improper management and placement of equipment and machineries may bring minor impacts on vegetation and plantation forest as well as on vegetables like cabbage, pepper and lettuce that are grown in river bank areas and homestead farmlands. The project activities will affect merely some remnant or secondary trees, bushes and shrubs, almost all of which are widely distributed in the area and elsewhere. The impact is insignificant. Socio-economy Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. There will be property and business loss, disruption of social relations, etc. Safety There may be safety issues like accidents during loading and unloading of pipes and other construction materials for the workers and local communities. The impacts are possible, adverse, and of high significance. Noise and Vibration There will be noise associated with the vehicular movement. 6.2.1.2 Construction Phase The communities living along the sewer line may experience disturbance during the construction phase. However, most part of the sewer line will be laid along roads.

Ambient Air Quality The impact on air quality comes from dust emission from excavation of trenches and vehicular emissions. The emissions of air pollutants include airborne particulates (dust), fugitive emissions, exhaust and combustion emissions. These impacts are temporary, short-term, reversible and adverse but of low significance on site but negligible off-site. Soil

Excavated soil will be exposed to erosion. Removal of trees andvegetation, shrub types and Arundodonax, grown along the riverside for stabilization of river banks will bring soil instability and erosion.Accidental chemical/oil spill can cause soil contamination. This impact is possible and of high significance, short duration and reversible. Water bodies The effect will be mainly due to siltation caused by erosion of excavated soil. The impact is negative, temporary, of medium duration and low significance. Flora

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Site clearing, excavation works and construction activities will cause loss of vegetation, tree species and plantation forests that are found along river side, residential houses, institutional compounds and forest sites. These include indigenous ones like Acacia Abyssinica, Acacia Albida, Cordia Africana, Dovyalis Abyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana, Croton Macrostachys, Cupresseslustinca, Rangiagrandis, Vernoniaamygdalina, etc. Unwise and inappropriate dumping of soils in the forest sites will also aggravate the loss of forest tree species.Construction components of the project will have relatively important impacts also on plantation forest. Although this artificial forest area contains dominantly exotic tree species, in some parts it has a considerable number of indigenous trees and patches of bush-lands. The impact is of medium significance, permanent, and adverse. Fauna The Plantation Forest at “Lafto” sub city area in the West trunk direction of Kaliti WTP and the patches of natural forest in the plantation forest are habitats for some species of wild animals mainly hyenas, monkeys, Anubis baboon and Bush duiker, as well as a variety of birdlife. Some wild animals come and live at the river side using patches of grasses and bushes and shrubs for shelter. A small portion of these habitats would be affected or disturbed by the construction and installation activities of the sewer line expansion. The wild animals found in the impact areas would temporarily move away from the disturbed areas and are likely come back once the disturbance has ceased. Since most of the wildlife found in the area are those species adapted to disturbed habitats, they are not expected to be significantly affected by the temporary disturbances and loss of limited habitats. Therefore, it can be concluded that implementation of the project will not bring any serious impacts on wildlife, and the potential impacts will be localized and less significant. Socio-economy Unskilled and some skilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase This impact is positive and temporary. The project work can cause temporary disruption to residential area at a small section of the “Bole Bulbula” sewer. Asphalted roads will be dug at few places where the sewer line crosses the roads. At such points, there will be temporary disturbance to vehicular and pedestrian movement. Traffic congestion, lack of parking and loss of access can be seen at some construction points. Moreover, the impact is considered temporary, major adverse and of short term. In addition, there will be property losses (houses, farmlands, trees, fences, etc) in some areas. These losses are permanent and require compensation and resettlement. Health and Safety

There may be safety accidents like falling into open trenches or open water, trench collapse, reversing machinery, etc. The impacts are probable, adverse, and of high significance. Dust and vehicular emissions are probable. These are of medium term and of low significance. Large-scale construction works mostly have the potential for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. This risk is possible and of high significance.

Noise This nuisance created by vehicles and excavators is transient. Sensitive Areas 104 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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There sewer trunk line passes through or crosses the:  Saudi Arabia Embassy  Behere Tsige Park  Mosque (fence)  Ring Road (two times)  Railway line under construction Cultural Heritage There are no archeological sites or monuments in the project area that can be affected by the project. The project will not have interference with the traditions and customs of the people. There are no graves identified along the proposed sewer line. Impacts on existing sewer system The new sewer line is to be installed close to the existing sewer line and may be broken or damaged accidentally. Although there will be a six meter buffer between the two, there seem to be instances where the two lines cross each other. In addition, the exact location of the existing sewer line does not seem to be known. This impact is probable and of high significance. 6.2.1.3 Post Construction Phase This section deals with the prediction and evaluation of the impacts of sewer lines on the environment during post-construction phase. Ambient Air Quality The impact is due to dust and vehicular emission. It is of short duration and insignificant.

Soil Littering with construction waste is the main cause of soil contamination. The impact is low, reversible and of short duration.

Water bodies The impact will be if litter is washed or leached to water bodies. The impact is low, reversible and of short duration.

Flora Liquid and solid wastes generated from construction activities and leftover construction material at the vegetation and forest land will have minor impact and may reduce survival of the vegetation and tree species. This effect will be observed on vegetation, indigenous and plantation forest tree species. The impact is minor, reversible and of medium term. Socio-economy Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Few individuals may benefit from selling food and drink services to the workers.

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Health Trench excavations and other earthworks may modify the local topography and drainage system and create stagnant water points. These water pools may become favorable breeding sites for vector mosquitoes that transmit malaria to the communities living in the surrounding areas.

Safety There can be accidents associated with loading and unloading operations and also due to traffic. These are possible and of high significance. There will also be dust and vehicular emissions. Noise The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools, leftover construction material dismantled guard posts and stores. The impact is of very short duration and insignificant. It therefore requires no mitigation. 6.2.1.4 Operation Phase

Ambient Air Quality No negative impact is expected to air quality when the sewer line is in operation. On the contrary, the air quality will be improved because of a cleaner environment created.

Soil Soil contamination due to leakage is possible. The impact is long term, of low significance, and reversible since significant leakage is not expected.

Water bodies The impact is when leaked sewage is washed by run-off or leaches to underground water. However, it will be of low significance since leakage amount is not expected to be significant.

Flora and fauna No impact.

Socio-economy The city will become cleaner and more habitable. It will avoid visual nuisance.

Health The project will improve public health and minimize health risk by improving sewerage collection and treatment. It will avoid odor due to open and uncontrolled release of wastewater from domestic facilities. The impact is long term and of high significance.

Noise and Vibration No impact.

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6.2.1.5 Decommissioning Phase The activities in this phase includes digging the area surrounding the pipe line, removing of soil and concrete covers, demolishing manholes, dismantling of the sewer line, backfilling and transportation of recyclable and reusable (pipes)materials. Ambient Air Quality The impact is due to sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission. The odor effect will be felt more by the workers. Soil Spillage of sewage waste is the main cause of soil contamination. Water bodies The impact will be if spillage of sewage is washed or leached to water bodies. Flora The impact on flora is assumed insignificant and reversible. Socio-economy Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Health and safety Minor accidents, dust and other emissions are possible risks to workers. The impacts are of low significance, adverse, and temporary. In addition, contamination by sewage is possible. This may cause disease to the workers and the residents nearby. This impact is of high significance. Noise The noise pollution is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools, dismantled pipes, etc. The impact is of very short duration and insignificant. 6.2.2 Impacts in the Wastewater Treatment Plant

In general, construction of a new WTP will have a positive environmental impact as well as some negative impacts. It is expected to produce a long-term improvement in public health, reduce water pollution (surface and ground) in areas where the sewage drains. 6.2.2.1 Mobilization Phase The mobilization phase includes activities like transportation of equipment, machineries, workers and materials to the waste treatment plant site. Ambient Air Quality The causes of pollution of the ambient air can belargelydue to emission from vehicles which transport machineries, equipment, construction materials and workers to the site. The road to the plant site is largely asphalted. The generation of dust is therefore minimal along the road. Dust may be generated inside the treatment plant site as it is not asphalted. However, the compound is covered with much vegetation. The dust effect would be absorbed by the vegetation. It is reported that the trees are planted by the office. Currently, about 5,600 m3 of septic and latrine waste per week is

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transported to the existing plant. This is equivalent to saying that about 80 trucks loaded with such waste are coming to the site daily. As compared to this number, the number of trucks needed in the mobilization phase will be very small. Hence, the vehicular emission caused by the mobilization phase vehicles can be considered as negligible when compared to the daily vehicular emission caused by trucks transporting septic waste to the site. Moreover, the vehicular emission depends, among others, on the age of vehicles, the retrofit exhaust technologies and their maintenance. The effect is reversible, and of short duration and therefore the impact is insignificant. Soil The expected new plant site is within the old/existing site. There may be some soil contamination due to oil leaks from vehicles and machineries as well as due to some unhygienic practices. However, the area is small and the mobilization phase is relatively short. The impact will be very small and of very low significance.

Water bodies There will be no impact on water bodies.

Flora Dust generated by the movement of vehicles will deposit on nearby vegetations. There will be little or no removal of vegetation within the plant site. This impact is low, reversible and of short duration.

Fauna The compound is large and the area intended for the new plant is very close to the existing one. The few wild animals in the compound live far from this area and should not be impacted.

Socio-economy Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Many of the workers can be obtained locally.

Health and Safety There might be accidents of various natures to the workers. The impacts are of high significance. Dust and other emissions may affect the respiratory tract. The impacts are possible and of low significance.

Noise and Vibration There will be noise and very little vibration associated with the vehicular movement. However, the intensity is very low and the traffic flow is expected to be isolated. Traffic The current access route for vacuum trucks transporting septage waste to the drying beds may not be available. This impact is of high significance.

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6.2.2.2 Construction Phase

In this section, the assessment of the impacts during the construction of the WTPis presented. Ambient Air Quality The emission sources in the construction phase include:  Site clearance  Excavation and other earth works  Dust emissions from handling and transportation of excavated material, construction inputs and auxiliary materials, and  Gaseous emissions from vehicles and construction equipment  Cutting and welding operations  odor However, the dust generation is expected to be of low volume and intensity. The composition of dust is often inorganic and of non-toxic nature. The vehicular emissions constitute such gaseous pollutants as oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO2, some unburned hydrocarbons. The effect will be restricted to the plant site and especially to the workers. The potential effects are influenced by the weather conditions (rain and wind direction) and by preventive measures implemented during construction to minimize emissions. The impact significance can be rated low, direct, short-term, adverse, and reversible. Soil The new plant site is expected to be built within the old/existing site. The activities that affect soil in the construction phase include site clearing, stripping of top soil, excavation and other earth works, loading and hauling and machinery maintenance Excavation and site clearing make the soil lose its natural cover. This will increase the risk of soil erosion and silt runoff into watercourses temporarily, in particular for the construction of the ponds, landfill sites, installation of sewer line. In addition, hauled material, if not kept properly, may be exposed to erosion. Top soil will also be exposed to wind erosion (dust generation) during haulage and movement of other vehicles. Soil erosion can be strong if the excavation activities are carried out during the rainy season. Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cut vegetation and typical construction waste like wasted concrete, steel, wooden scaffolding and forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc. Solid waste and leakage and improper handling of fuel, lubricants and oil especially during maintenance of machinery can contaminate the soil. However, the area is small and the site clearing and excavation works are expected to last for a short period. The impact is highly probable although it is site specific. Therefore, the impacts as a result of the activities in this phase will be direct, adverse, reversible, temporary and of low significance and medium term. Land Currently, the area outside of the existing WTP is covered with trees and shrubs planted by AAWSA. The construction of the new treatment plant necessitates clearing of some of this vegetation. Thus, because of the erection of infrastructures, the land will permanently lose its original functions and a considerable amount of the land will become impermeable to water. The surface runoff will increase

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and with it soil erosion. However, the total area that would be impacted is estimated to be about 18,100m2 which is not large. This impact is, therefore, rated medium but permanent. Water bodies Construction works within or adjacent to watercourses have the potential for reducing water quality through increased sediment load. Fuel leakages from storage tanks or vehicles and inappropriate disposal of wastes can cause pollution incidents. Such material can also be leached to the groundwater. The impact is low, short term, adverse, temporary and reversible.

Flora Dust generated by the movement of vehicles will deposit on nearby vegetation. This impact is insignificant.

There is need for space for the new plant. Thus, clearing of the land, excavation work and construction activities will cause a general loss of vegetation and tree species that are found in Kaliti WTP compound. Some of the tree species include indigenous ones like Acacia abyssinica (Girar), Acacia albida, Cordiaafricana (Wanza), Dovyalisabyssinica, Ficusdahro, Ficussur, Olea Africana, Croton macrostachys, Cupresseslustinca, Rangiagrandis, Vernoniaamygdalina, etc.

Fauna There are few bird species living on some of the trees and on facultative ponds of the treatment plant. These may be disturbed during construction activities because of the noise created by heavy machinery and equipments. The wild animals found in the impact areas would temporarily move away from the disturbed areas and are likely to come back once the disturbance has ceased. Therefore, implementation of the project will not bring any serious impact on wildlife, and the potential impacts will be localized and less significant.

Socio-economy There are large positive impacts on the social environmental elements. These include improved water supply of the downstream populated areas due to good quality of the groundwater, and improved health of the downstream population as a result of the improved quality of drinking water.No new area will be reclaimed and no communities will be displaced since the new treatment plant will be installed in the same compound. Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Few individuals in the area may benefit from selling food and drink services to the workers. The impact is positive and temporary of medium significance and medium term.

Health and safety Large-scale construction works mostly have the potential for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. The risk is high, possible, of medium duration, and partly reversible. Borrow pits and other construction related activities may create stagnant water that can become breeding place for diseases. This impact is negative, temporary, short term and minor. There might

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be accidents of various natures to the workers. The impacts are high. Dust and other emissions may affect the respiratory tract. Noise and vibration Noise will be generated due to activities of loading-unloading, material handling, machine operation, equipment & vehicular movement. Small but temporary degree of vibration may be felt during compaction and movement of heavy vehicles. Impact of noise and vibration may be categorized as direct, short-term, adverse, reversible and of low -magnitude. Traffic There will be traffic congestion/inconvenience at and near the entrance to the WTP due to increased number of vehicles and workers. Moreover, the impact is considered temporary, major adverse and of short term. 6.2.2.3 Post Construction Phase The activities in this phase generally include dismantling of equipment and shades (if any) used in the construction phase, transportation of equipment and tools. During these activities, the area may be littered with packaging materials, broken items, used items that may not be retained useful by the contractor and leftover materials. There may also be spillage of oil, fuel and grease. Ambient Air Quality Dust will be generated by the movement of vehicles. The air quality within the compound will be affected by dust and vehicular emission. However, the magnitude will be much lower than in the previous two phases. The impact will be transient and will be restricted to the plant site. Therefore, the impact is considered reversible, direct, temporary and of very low significance. Soil The impact on soil is mainly contamination due to littering. There can also be wind erosion because of dust creation. This impact is of very short time, reversible, adverse and of very low significance. Water bodies Leaching and washing of litter, spilt oil, fuel, etc may affect water bodies. However, this impact is low because of the short duration of the phase and the limited activities to be carried out. It is direct, reversible, adverse, temporary and of low significance.

Flora None of the activities in this phase requires vegetation clearing. Already trucks loaded with sewage waste travel to the site intensively. Any possible impact on flora due to dust caused by the vehicular movement in this phase will be irrelevant. The impact is negligible.

Socio-economy Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Health

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Excavation and earthworks may modify the local topography and drainage system and create stagnant water points. These water pools may become favorable breeding sites for vector mosquitoes that transmit malaria to the communities living in the surrounding areas. Safety There can be different accidents during loading and unloading, and also traffic accidents. These are possible and of high significance. There will also be dust and other emissions. The impacts are of low significance, adverse, and temporary. Noise The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting equipment, tools, etc from the plant site. Since the volume of such material to be transported is low as compared to that in the mobilization phase, the impact will be insignificant and requires no mitigation. 6.2.2.4 Operation Phase

The major activities in this phase are collection, treatment and post treatment of sewage waste. Detail activities include measurement and control of flow; water level control in ponds; quality control of effluent, maintenance and repair of units, de-sludging and drying of sludge and disposal of sludge to landfill site. Ambient Air Quality

Odors can be generated and released from virtually all phases of wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal. The potential for the initial release or later development of odors begins at the point of wastewater discharge from homes and industries. It continues with collection and movement of wastewater in gravity sewers, ending with the actual wastewater treatment and solids handling and disposal at the plant or disposal site. The proposed WTP may generate odor, mainly due to:  Septage Receiving Station –Significant odor is generated at this step.  Screenings if piled onsite and intermittently buried or trucked offsite.  Grit Removal Chambers – If the grit from this process are piled onsite, and intermittently buried or trucked off site.  Trickling filter– Due to the maintenance issues  Anaerobic digesters – Anaerobic digestion causes the release of hydrogen sulfide,  Sludge handling systems When the above factors combine, significant odor can be generated at the proposed WTP. Hydrogen sulfide gas, a major odor source in wastewater treatment systems, results from septic (anaerobic) conditions in the wastewater or solids. Metallic sulfide compounds in the wastewater produce a black color, indicating the presence of dissolved sulfide. Ammonia and organic odors are also common. Odors from wastewater and its residuals become significantly more intense and develop much higher concentrations of odorous compounds when the oxygen in the waste is consumed and anaerobic conditions develop. Anaerobic conditions can develop in sewer systems upstream of the wastewater treatment plant as well as unit processes such as primary clarifiers, UASB reactors trickling filters,

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sludge digesters and sludge storage in which anaerobic conditions are likely to develop. Odors may initially develop and later become worse due to poor design, such as insufficient ventilation or excessive turbulence. Other emissions come from pumping station operations, vehicles, and from the operation of standby diesel generator during power failures. The emissions from the diesel generator will have marginal impact on the existing air quality. The impact is of long term, adverse, irreversible and of high significance for long exposure. Soil In general, the soil in the treatment plant site should not be affected since the treatment is supposed to be carried inside waterproof and properly designed units. However, in case of spillages and overflows, the risk will be high. This impact is high, long term, reversible, rare and adverse. Operation of the wastewater treatment system generates large quantities of sludge. Sludge with hazardous substances disposed at the temporary storage can provoke large negative impact contaminating soil and consequently water. Water bodies The waste is treated inside properly designed units. Neither the sludge nor the drained water will be allowed to leave the plant without proper treatment. However, if there is leakage or overflow, the contamination risk will be high, reversible, short range. The heavy metals in the treated wastewater may have potential human and environmental health impacts. The proposed treatment plant will have the capability to retain significant amount of such contaminants, but they can just transfer from the liquid phase in the solid phase (sludge) in case of primary and secondary treatment and/or into aquatic plants in case of tertiary treatment (constructed wetland). This will prohibit the use of sludge as a fertilizer.

Considering the situation in Addis Ababa, contaminations from petrochemical origin are ubiquitous from activities such as fuel stations, garages and workshops, industries and various other activities. It is anticipated that most of the high molecular and non-polar petrochemicals can be efficiently retained in the proposed WTP. However, as some of them are persistent to both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes in the UASB and Trickling Filters, they can easily be accumulated in the sludge. This will prohibit the potential use of the large amount of sludge as a fertilizer. The impacts are possible, reversible, of high significance and long term. Fauna If improperly treated wastewater is released to the facultative ponds and drying beds, it may affect bird species living on the beds through contaminants production and reduce the necessary nutrients available for their growth and development due to eutrophication and hence birds’ variety and number will reduce. Bird’s species of ducks, animals living in the surrounding of the treatment plant like horses, cows and oxen may be affected from the discharge of improperly treated wastewater and sludge production from the treatment plant. This problem is improbable, of low significance and of long-term duration in the sense that the risk is always there, but reversible. Socio-economy 113 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Both skilled and unskilled workers will get temporary and permanent employment for the operation of the plant. Small businesses may emerge around the plant. Increase in the number of people and industries to be served by sewer network, use of flush toilets instead of pit latrine thereby reducing the risk of ground water pollution It will avoid odor and visual nuisance due to open and uncontrolled release of wastewater from domestic and industrial facilities. There are large positive impacts on the Social Environment elements: improved water supply of the downstream populated areas due to good quality of the groundwater, and improved health of the downstream population as a result of the improved quality of drinking water. Health It enhances the existing environment, as the untreated raw sewage disposal will be ceased. It will also improve treatment of sludge collection from septic tank through provided facilities by the project that will make possible to accept sludge in its sewer via sludge injection points. However, there is potential significant public health hazard problem that is related with spills, leakage, and discharge of sewage or uncontrolled spreading of sludge. The impact is adverse, possible, reversible, of high significance and long-term. Safety Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg odor. It is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning it can poison several different systems in the body. Breathing very high levels of hydrogen sulfide can cause death within just a few breaths. Loss of consciousness can result after fewer than three breaths. Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat and cough, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs. Long-term, low-level exposure may result in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. The OSHA permissible exposure limits for hydrogen sulfide are 10 ppm (time-weighted average) and 15 ppm (short-term exposure limit). Other potential health and safety impacts include accidents and plant malfunctions. The probability and impact of the following events were categorized;

• Spills • Process Upset • Natural Hazards • Power Failures • Fires • Injury/Death

Noise and vibration The main sources of noise during the operations phase would include pumping station, diesel generators, flaring, and vehicle traffic.

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6.2.2.5 Decommissioning Phase The activities in this phase include dismantling of equipment and metallic structure, demolishing of concrete structure and transportation of recyclable and reusable materials.

Ambient Air Quality The impact is due to sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission. It is of short duration and of low significance. The odor effect will be felt more by the workers.

Soil and Water bodies Spillage of sewage waste or contaminated water, sludge, chemicals, oil, etc. is the main cause of soil contamination. The effect is of medium significance, short term, and reversible.

Flora There will be little or no impact on vegetation.

Socio-economy Some unskilled workers will get temporary employment in this phase. Other workers may also lose job when the plant is not functioning any more.

Health and safety Minor accidents, dust and other emissions are possible risks to workers. The impacts are of low significance, adverse, and temporary. In addition, contamination by sewage is possible. This may cause disease to the workers and the residents nearby. This impact is of high significance.

Noise The noise pollution in this phase is due to the limited vehicular movement transporting tools, dismantled pipes, etc. The impact is of very short duration and insignificant.

6.2.3 Impacts Downstream of the WTP 6.2.3.1 Mobilization Phase There will be no adverse/beneficial effect on the air, soil, water, land, noise level in the downstream area as well as on the health and socio-economy of the inhabitants in the area in this phase. 6.2.3.2 Construction Phase There will be no adverse/beneficial effect on the air, soil, water, land, noise level in the downstream area as well as on the health and socio-economy of the inhabitants in the area in this phase. 6.2.3.3 Decommissioning Phase There will be no adverse/beneficial effect on the air, soil, water, land, noise level in the downstream area as well as on the health and socio-economy of the inhabitants in the area in this phase.

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6.2.3.4 Operation Phase

Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality will be improved due to the better sewage treatment. The impact will be for long term, high significance.

Soil The soil downstream of the WTP should not be affected by the plant operation directly. However, its fertility will be increased if the farmers use the (dried) sludge.

Water bodies There may be contamination of the river due to run off, overflow and leakage from units due to operation and maintenance failure or other unprecedented environmental calamities. This impact is improbable and considered high. During operation of the WTP, there is a possibility for pollution of the groundwater due to leakages of the system for sewage treatment and effluent production, leakages of the system from sludge production. These impacts are assessed as negative with moderate in magnitude. Also, during the drying process of the sludge on the drying beds, there is high possibility for pollution of the groundwater due to infiltration of leachate from drying beds. As the drying beds are covering large area, the possible negative impact is assessed as major affecting wider area, actually wider groundwater aquifer. On the other hand, operation of the WTP will have major positive impact on the quality of the groundwater, as there will be no direct discharges of wastewater into the Little Akaki River and its tributaries. The pollution of the groundwater in project area is mainly due to polluted wastewater through strong connection with the groundwater and leakages of the existing collectors of wastewater. Concerning Surface water including the bottom sediment, the major positive impact from the operation of the WTP is the improved water quality of the Akaki River, on larger area (within the project area and downstream of the Akaki River Catchment). It should be noted that the Akaki River will be at more polluted state than the treated wastewater effluent at least for some time in the future. Therefore, discharge of treated wastewater from the new WTP will play key positive role in diluting the otherwise contaminated River water. A major positive impact from the Kaliti Wastewater Collection and Treatment Plant Project is the improvement in surface water quality in the catchment, as a result of the untreated wastewater being properly collected and treated at the new WTP. Cleaning up the waterways in the catchment area will result in a habitat improvement for aquatic species, improved public health and decrease in waterborne illnesses for humans, and overall improvement in the quality of life. Considering the Hydrology of the Akaki River, so far as the wastewater is discharged directly into the River, it will increase the flows of the river. With collection of the wastewater by the main

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collectors, the quantity of the river flows shall be controlled and decreased up to the location of the WTP. However, at location downstream of the WTP, there will be controlled flow of the Akaki River if the treated water is discharged into the River. Thus, downstream of the WTP there will be increase of the river flows due to discharged treated wastewater, which is assessed as positive impact, with low magnitude. If the treated water is diverted in a pipe for use in irrigation at some other locations, the river discharge will be decreased. This is considered as negative impact on the hydrology of the River. In order to mitigate the impact of using the treated water, it is recommended to use part of the treated wastewater for irrigation. One of the potential use of the treated wastewater is for irrigation as long as the quality of the treated water meets the requirement. The FAO treated wastewater quality requirement for irrigation is shown in Annex 4 The client has conducted a feasibility study on the potential of wastewater from Kaliti treatment plant for irrigationuse. The consultant has reviewed the design document of the study made on wastewater reuse for irrigation downstream of the treatment plant along the Banks of the Little Akaki River and in the Akaki well field area. As revealed from field observations, the current situation is quite different from what is indicated in the irrigation feasibility document. Most of the designated commanded areas are full of settlements except little area along the left Bank of the Little Akaki River (Figure 3.11D). This small area is currently being irrigated by using water from the highly polluted Little Akaki river to grow different types of vegetables. Certainly, the treated wastewater that will be available with this project will be much better than the river water for irrigation and may be used in this small area. However, this area is too small to absorb all the treated water for irrigation. Therefore, unless the treated wastewater is taken far downstream into the Oromia Regional State, the irrigable land is very limited.

The use of treated wastewater for irrigating the Akaki well field has to be seen with caution. Most of the wells in the Akaki well field are unconfined and semi-confined. This has been illustrated clearly from previous studies (Tenalem Ayenew et al., 2008). As the wastewater treatment technology may not be efficient enough to treat trace elements and heavy metals, there is the possibility of polluting the well field. This issue demands further study on aquifer characteristics and groundwater and surface water interactions in the area. Therefore, it is not prudent to use the water for irrigation in the Akaki well field.

Flora and Fauna

Trees can be planted near the site and along the river. They can grow well as they have access to water. The impact is positive.

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On the other hand, if removed gritis not buried properly, it may attract birds, rats, dogs, hyena and various insects. Increased number of insects and wild animals may indirectly lead to adverse impacts to local people residing around the project area. This impact is low, reversible and of long duration.

Socio-economy The WTP development will provide water of a quality for irrigation to the downstream area. The sludge can also serve as soil fertilizer. This will help for income generation. The impact is long term, beneficial and of high significance.

Health The water quality of Little Akaki River will improve since treated water complying with the standard will be discharged to the river contributing to the betterment of the health situation to the inhabitants downstream of the WTP. Health problems associated with the use of contaminated water will improve. The impact is highly beneficial since vegetables grown using the newly treated wastewater and sludge will be healthier when consumed. The effect is city-wide.

Noise and vibration There will be no noise impact.

6.2.3.5 Decommissioning Phase

In this section, the impact on the downstream society and environment when the WTP is being decommissioned will be analyzed.

Ambient Air Quality The sewage odor, dust, and vehicular emission that will be created in the WTP site will not have perceptible effect on the downstream area. In addition, the period is relatively short.

Soil There will be little or no impact.

Water bodies The impact will be due to spillage of the materials mentioned in the above section, which can be washed or leached to water bodies. It will be very low, of short term and reversible. Reduction/lack of irrigation water is another impact.

Flora There will be little or no impact on vegetation.

Socio-economy

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The impacts are reduction/lack of irrigation water and loss of employment.

Health and safety There will be little or no impact on vegetation.

Noise There will be little or no impact on vegetation. Table 6.5Summary of Important Negative Impacts

Impact Type Phases

.

e

Receptor

Objective Subjective

Mobiliz Constr. Decom. Operat Sewer trunk Part of the Project excavation/trenching M3- Soil M site clearing P-M Flora vegetation removal M- M soil erosion/siltation- M- water excavation/trenching L Socio- Property loss P-H P-H economy Accidents loading and unloading operations, H H H Health and reversing machinery, falling from culverts, Safety in trenches, STD, HIV/AIDS H Saudi Arabia Embassy S-H Behere Tsige Park M- M Others Mosque (fence) S-H Existing sewer system M- H Wastewater Treatment Plant Odor from septage receiving station, grit - - H Air Quality removal chambers, trickling filter, anaerobic digesters, sludge handling systems, etc. sewage overflow - - - H Unsafe sludge disposal - - - H Soil/land loss of original function - P- - - M

3 1st M:Medium duration, 2nd M:Medium Significance, P:Permanent, H: High Significance, S:Short duration, L: Long duration 119 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Impact Type Phases

.

e

Receptor

Objective Subjective

Mobiliz Constr. Decom. Operat sewage overflow - - - H Water Unsafe sludge disposal - - - H vegetation removal x P- - - Flora M Accidents H H H H Health and STD, HIV/AIDS - M- - Safety H Health risk - - H Area Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant inappropriate waste disposal - - - H water Unlined drying beds sewage overflow - - - H

Table 6.6Summary of Important Positive Impacts

Impact Type Phases

Receptor

Objective Subjective

Mobilization Construction Decommiss. Operation

Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project

Reduction of L- Water contamination of surface H and ground water Reduction of L- Soil contamination of soil H Employment M-M Improved habitability of the L-H Socio-economy City improved public health - - - L-H Wastewater Treatment Plant Reduction of contamination L-H Water of surface and ground water Reduction of contamination L-H Soil of soil Socio-economy Employment x M-M x

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Impact Type Phases

Receptor

Objective Subjective

Mobilization Construction Decommiss. Operation Improved habitability of the L-H City improved public health - - - L-H Area Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plant Air quality improved air quality - - - L-H Soil/land improved fertility - - - L-H Water improved water quality of - - - L-H surface/underground Little Akaki more vegetation due to increased - - - L-H Flora fertility and availability of cleaner water, healthier vegetables more income due to improved - - - M Socio-economy farming cleaner environment - - - L-H Health and Safety improved public health - - - L-H

6.3 Mitigation Measures 6.3.1 Mitigation Measures in the Sewer trunks Line Part 6.3.1.1 Mobilization Phase Ambient Air Quality The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily, using protective wear and spraying water on dusty work areas. Flora and fauna The impact can be mitigated by awareness creation to the workers and by building soft communication between the residents and workers through District administration and by encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before the project activities. Socio-economy In order to avoid impacts on socio economic environment of project area rehabilitation and RAP has been prepared. The PAPs should given employment priority in the project. This plan provides details on compensation package to project affected families.

Safety The impact can be mitigated by providing protective wear to workers, following safety procedures and isolating the work areas. 121 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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6.3.1.2 Construction Phase

Ambient Air Quality The impact can be mitigated by: • Efficient scheduling of deliveries to reduce traffic load • Employing well maintained and operated equipments, using appropriate fuel mixtures, • Using environmentally friendly equipment with higher fuel efficiency or equipped with air pollution control devices • Avoiding equipment and vehicles idle running; • Sprayingwater on dusty work areas. • Maintaining stockpiles at minimum heights and forming long-term stockpiles into the optimum shape (i.e. stabilization) • Maintaining handling areas in a dust free state as far as practicable. • Establishing and enforcing appropriate speed limits over all unpaved surfaces.

Soil and Water bodies The mitigation measures are cleaning up spills with an absorbent material, in unstable areas constructing retaining walls or barriers to avoid land collapse and damage to built-ups before excavation, covering trenches as soon as possible, collecting excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites following appropriate environmental management practices and replanting. Flora The impact can be reduced by: • restricting clearing of vegetation and removal of trees to the imperative area needed • wherever technically feasible, by preserving indigenous trees found within the impact zone • implementing a replanting program including indigenous trees Fauna Most of the mitigation measures proposed for the impacts on vegetation will also help to mitigate potential impacts on wildlife. Additional mitigation measures include backfilling of trenches and other excavated areas and grading to the natural topography as soon as works are completed to avoid the danger of animal trapping in such holes and to avoid obstruction to animal movements. Poaching of wildlife by the workforce and deliberate killing of wild animals should be avoided. In order to realize this measure, training or awareness creation program shall be given for the project personnel prior to the commencement of the construction works. Socio-economy These impacts can be mitigated to some extent through liaison with local communities, good site management, and maintaining access during installation of the sewer line, utilizing trenchless technology in high traffic roadways, provision of access to all businesses and properties, restrictions on construction hours, and limits on the amount of construction that can occur at any one location at one time.

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Health and Safety Mitigation measures include providing protective wear to workers, following safety procedures, isolating the work areas and introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation through the neighboring areas and awareness creation on HIV/AIDS. Sensitive Areas There sewer trunk line passes through or crosses the:  Saudi Arabia Embassy  Behere Tsige Park  Mosque (fence)  Ring Road (two times)  Railway line under construction (once) The impact on the Saudi Arabia Embassy and the mosque may be mitigated by negotiation at high level and if that is not possible by changing the route at these points. The impact on the ring road/railway line can be mitigated by using micro-tunneling Existing sewer line This impact can be skewed by first discovering the existing sewer line. 6.3.1.3 Post Construction Phase Ambient Air Quality The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily and spraying water on dusty work areas. Soil, Water bodies and Flora The effect can be avoided by awareness creation, proper waste disposal and immediate cleaning of the area. Health Pipeline trenches and other excavated places should be refilled and graded to the surrounding topography immediately following completion of works in order to avoid formation of water points/pools that may become breeding sites for disease vectors. In case pools are formed, they should be drained as quickly as possible before they become ideal breeding places for disease vectors. As preventive measures, construction workers must be informed through awareness rising and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other SIDs. Safety Providing protective wear to workers, awareness creation on safety issues will help to mitigate the problems. 6.3.1.4 Operation Phase Soil and Water bodies Joining pipes and fittings as per standard methods, strictly implementing the design slope so as to ensure the flow of sewage inside the pipes and testing the sewer lines before they are covered with soil can be used for mitigation.

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6.3.1.5 Decommissioning Phase Ambient Air Quality With the use of protective wear, the impact will be minimized. Soiland Water bodies The impact can be mitigated by proper site management. Health and safety Using protective wearing, avoiding spillage of sewage, following environmental management plans will mitigate the problem. 6.3.2 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts of the Wastewater Plant 6.3.2.1 Mobilization Phase Ambient Air Quality The impact can be mitigated by avoiding equipment and vehicles left running unnecessarily and spraying water on dusty work areas. Soil Providing toilet services to workers, restricting maintenance in workshops and using modern vehicles can be used for mitigation. Flora Water spraying and proper site management are suggested for mitigation. Health and Safety Providing protective wear to workers, erecting traffic signs in the WTP site, giving orientation to workers about safety procedures and availing first aid services will mitigate the impact. Traffic Providing alternative routes to the drying beds will mitigate the problem. 6.3.2.2 Construction Phase Ambient Air Quality The potential effects can be mitigated by: • Performing vehicle inspections and maintain equipment • Water spraying dusty work areas and roads • Minimizing disturbed areas • backfill exposed construction site as soon as possible • Limiting stockpile height of topsoil below 2m Soil The impacts would be mitigated by limiting the excavation and installation of pipelines as much as possible to the dry season, protecting exposed areas prone to erosion during heavy rain, putting silt traps in watercourses, re-vegetating exposed areas as quickly as possible, employing modern and properly maintained vehicles and machineries, handling fuels and oils carefully and responsibly,

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providing toilet services for workers, construction sequencing, locating stockpiles away from watercourses, and disposing grit, screenings and sludge from existing lagoons in landfill. Land No mitigation. Water bodies The impacts can be avoided through good site management and taking pollution prevention measures. These include locating storage areas and compounds away from watercourses, appropriate storage of fuel and materials, providing suitable facilities for workers, disposing of waste according to a waste management plan. Flora The impacts can be reduced by: • restricting clearing of vegetation and removal of trees to the imperative area needed • wherever technically feasible, by preserving indigenous trees found within the impact zone • implementing a replanting program including indigenous trees Health and safety Mitigation measures include providing protective wear to workers, water spraying dusty work areas, isolating the work areas and introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation through the neighboring areas and awareness creation on safety procedures and HIV/AIDS and availing healthcare services. Noise and vibration Providing workers with noise protective material, limiting construction to daytime hours, programmed maintenance of vehicles and equipment and using low-noise equipment and machinery can help to mitigate the problem. Traffic These impacts can be mitigated to some extent through liaison with local communities and with good construction sequencing. 6.3.2.3 Post Construction Phase Ambient Air Quality Water sprinkling, using modern vehicles and introducing speed limits will mitigate the problem. Soil Careful dismantling of equipment to avoid any spillage, water spraying and introducing speed limit to suppress dust and cleaning the area immediately will mitigate the impact. Water bodies Immediate cleaning controlled dismantling and properly disposing waste will help to mitigate the impacts.

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Health Backfill excavated places, grade to the surrounding topography and drain pools as quickly as possible. Safety Providing protective wear to workers and following safety procedures will help to mitigate the problems. 6.3.2.4 Operation Phase Ambient Air Quality Operating equipment at optimum/design conditions, housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of the grit and screenings), facility maintenance, operational practices including process control and chemical treatment, continuous process of the operation, operating especially the UASB at optimum condition, planting shrubs and trees along the periphery and providing adequate stack height to exhaust emissions of diesel generators will help in mitigating the odor and air pollution problems. Soil The proposed mitigation measures comprise application of good waste management practices and disposal at landfill. It is also of crucial importance to dispose the sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary landfill. Water bodies If dried sludge contains heavy metals and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, it should be properly disposed in a sanitary landfill with provision sufficient protection of groundwater contamination. Connection of untreated/substandard industrial wastewater to the sewer line must be strictly prohibited. Adequate care should be taken to avoid leakages in the plant. All pipe work and fittings should be a class rating in excess of the maximum pressure attained in service including any surge pressure. Fauna The mitigation measure is proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before releasing. Health It could be mitigated through provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest, proper planning of the project operation and maintenance, proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. Safety Adherence to national rules and regulations and to appropriate contact specifications and guidelines, adopting confined-space entry procedures can be used for mitigation. Noise Noise problems can be reduced to normally acceptable levels by incorporating low-noise equipment in the design and/or locating such mechanical equipment in properly acoustically lined buildings or enclosures.

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6.3.2.5 Decommissioning Phase Ambient Air Quality The impact can be mitigated by using protective wear. Soil and Water bodies The mitigation measure is proper site management. Health and safety Using protective wearing, avoiding spillage of sewage, following good site management plans will mitigate the problem. 6.3.3 Mitigation Measures for the Impacts Downstream of the Wastewater Plant 6.3.3.1 Operation Phase Water bodies Proposed mitigation measures:

• The whole treatment should avoid leakages of wastewater to groundwater • Sludge drying beds should be impermeable • Efficient drainage system for leachate and flood protection structures must be constructed • temporary sludge disposal sites should be impermeable and protected from flood • Only partly divert treated water for irrigation use not to significantly reduce the discharge into the Little Akaki River

Flora and fauna Grit should be buried regularly in earth. Proper fencing should keep larger animals out of the WTP compound.

6.3.3.2 Decommissioning Phase Water bodies Spillage can be minimized by good site management will avoid the impact. Reduction/lack of irrigation water can be skewed by putting in place another treatment plant before the decommissioning of this one.

6.1.1 Concluding Remarks The proposed activity will not result in any significant negative impact to the Environment that could not be mitigated. All the identified negative impacts can be mitigated following the Environment and Social Management Plan. On the other hand, it is envisaged that the project would bring about a number of important beneficial impacts.

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7 STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS

7.1 General The constitution of Ethiopia in its Article 43 and the Environmental Policy require the need to consult the interested and affected parties in the planning and implementation of development projects. Financial Institutions like the World Bank also require different consultations to be made with concerned public and stakeholders.

Accordingly, different consultations have been conducted with the key stakeholders including the PAPs in order to:

 Inform them about the wastewater line and treatment plant extension and rehabilitation project.  Identify the major existing socio-economic problems of the project area with particular focus on loss of property and related effects on the biophysical environment  Assess their perceptions and attitudes towards the proposed project  Identify the potential economic and social impacts of the project.  Find out possible mitigation measures that would help to avoid and/or minimize the major negative impacts and to enhance the positive impacts.

In this section a summarized stakeholder analysis is given. The socioeconomic profile of the project area is presented in Chapter 4.The stakeholder analysis is part of the socioeconomic surveying and RAP assessment.

7.2 Scope of the Socioeconomic Study The study of the socio-economic impact of the proposed project particularly during the construction and operation phases and proposal of acceptable mitigation measures is the most important component of the ESIA study. The scope of the work includes identification of permanent or temporary socio-economic impacts that would be created by the project in different localities at different stages of the project and the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for those who are directly affected by the project activity mainly in terms of displacement and property damage/loss. A detailed account of the socio-economic aspect of this project is presented in the RAP report (Volume II).

7.3 Approach and Methodology The main approaches followed for the socio-economic impact assessment and RAP preparation are the following: a) Secondary Data Collection and Review

Basic socioeconomic data was collected from the different Districts after identifying the areas to be affected directly and indirectly by the project.

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In addition, legal and policy frameworks and pertinent institutional aspects are evaluated. These are presented in Chapter 2. Furthermore, additional documents indicating best practices of wastewater treatment processes and impacts in different countries are also studied. b) Field Observations

To understand and obtain clear picture of the study areas and the socio-economic situation of the would-be affected households, observation have been made in the field. The eastern, western and southern trunk lines, the treatment plant and the downstream areas in Akaki-Kaliti sub-city (District 7) have been visited. The community that would be affected are interviewed. The asset enumeration was made based on the design documents and following strict surveying investigation techniques together. c) Public Consultation

The opinion of the PAPs households and their attitude towards the project was assessed through consultations with the affected households. In the consultation process, the project-affected districts were first briefed on the objective of the project and the spatial extent of the project area.

The districts stakeholders have also been consulted about the project objective and the anticipated socio-economic impact. All meetings are supported with minutes. The minutes of the meetings are incorporated in the RAP report. d) Household Survey

Along the sewer lines all households have been surveyed and total enumeration was conducted and the assets that would be affected are valued based on the guidelines set by the Addis Ababa Municipality. The household survey was also conducted in areas around the treatment plant and downstream areas. It should be noted that the settlement around the treatment plant is very low. Therefore, the sample size is small.

7.4 The Main Stakeholders in the Project Area and the Consultation Process The different stakeholders in the project area are the following.

. District and Sub-city authorities and relevant experts of the Akaki-Kaliti, “Nefa Silik Lafto” and “Kirkos” sub-cities. . Authorities and experts of the seven districts, sectoral offices of the above four sub-cities. . The PAPs at the grass root local community level in the seven districts along the wastewater sewerage line and treatment plant extension and rehabilitation project areas.

7.4.1 Consultation with sub city administrations The consultation process with the sub city administration and with authorities from selected districts was done through interviews and discussions. The main points discussed were:

 Existing environmental and socio-economic condition of the would be affected persons.

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 Major socio-economic and environmental problems in the affected area  Major economic and social impacts (positive and negative) of the proposed project  Proposed mitigation measures in the course of project implementation  The opinions, perceptions and suggestions of the stakeholders.

7.4.2 Consultations with the Project Affected Persons The main points raised during consultation meetings and interviews held with the PAPs after informing them about the project objectives were the following.

 current/existing social and economic problems of PAPs  Problems anticipated by PAPs during the project implementation and operation  Proposed mitigation measures for the anticipated problems and challenges  Opinions, perceptions and attitudes of PAPs about the project.  Major benefits of the proposed project and likely negative effects  Necessary preparations for the project implementation  Compensation implementation mechanism

The minutes of all discussions held with stakeholders are annexed in Volume II.

7.5 Type of Stakeholders Two types of stakeholders can be identified i.e. internal and external. The list is given below. It should be noted that these stakeholders are the main ones. Indirectly many others can be positively affected by the proposed project. However, these are not included in this list.

7.5.1Internal stakeholders The main internal stakeholders are the following.

. “Addis Ababa City Administration (AAWSA) . The Addis Ababa City Administration, Environmental Protection Authority . Nefas Silk Lafto Sub city Administration . Nefas Silk Lafto District Eight Administration . Nefas Silk Lafto District Nine Administration . Nefas Silk Lafto District Ten Administration . Nefas Silk Lafto District Twelve Administration . Akaki Kaliti District Five Administration . Akaki Kaliti District Six Administration . The PAPs and organizations . Addis Ababa City Roads Authority . Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Corporation . Ethio-Telecom

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7.5.2 External Stakeholders The external stakeholders include:

. World Bank . The Federal Environmental Protection Authority currently reestablished as the Ministry of Environment and Forestry

7.6 Roles of Main Stakeholders and Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder's analysis facilitates the assignment of duties and responsibilities to the different organizations, facilitates coordination; creates wise use of human and material resources in the settlement program. In brief, the tasks are outlined below.

7.6.1 Internal Stakeholders The internal stakeholders have the following intervention activities to play for the successful implementation of the proposed project.

A) Addis Ababa City Administration  Allocate budget to the client project office and monitor its utilization  Monitor the implementation and operation of the proposed project.  Coordinate the activities of the Sub-Cities and District Administrations for the successful implementation of the project including the resettlement process. B) Addis Ababa City Administration Environmental Protection Authority  Provide technical advice about environmental protection in the course of the project implementation processes and beyond  Monitor the environmental safety in the project area pertinent to this specific project  Audit the project from environmental protection point of view C) Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation  Follow-up the compensation of lost poles and replace on time to prevent power loss to the project implementation areas households and factories. D) Ethio-telecom  Follow-up the compensation of lost poles and replace on time to prevent communication interruption to the project implementation areas, households and factories. E) Addis Ababa Road Authority  Follow-up the compensation for the damage on asphalt, cobblestone and gravel roads.  Replace and facilitate road access immediately after the trunk line implementation at different crossings.  Arrange and follow-up the provision of alternative access roads F) Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority  In addition to implementation of the proposed project, it shall coordinate the efforts of its branch offices in the three Sub cities to follow-up and maintain water pipes that may be damaged during project implementation.  Follow-up the rehabilitation of the affected part of forest area and “Behere Tsigie” Park

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7.6.2 External Stakeholders A) The World Bank  Finance the project as per its agreement  Monitor and evaluate the progress of the work and check the correct use of the allocated funds  Review work progress reports on the implementation of the project. B) The Federal Environmental Protection Authority  As the project is big and important to the Addis Ababa City Administration in particular and to the country in general the support and guidance by the federal Authority is needed

7.7 Stakeholder Analysis Summary In general, the stakeholder analysis indicates that the project has enormous support both by the community and the different stakeholders stated above. All District and sub-city authorities and experts of the different sectorial offices support the project fully.

Table 7.1 below shows the opinion of project affected households along the sewer trunk lines. The large majority (98.7%) of the households are in favor of the project.

Table 7.1: Opinion of the would be affected households about the project along the trunk lines Opinion Number of Percent respondent’s In favor of the project 294 98.7 Against the project 4 1.3 Total 298 100

Similarly, the household survey conducted around and downstream of the WTP indicates that 93.3 of the respondents support the project. Out of 15 households surveyed only one household was against the project. The reason for not supporting was that the treatment plant should be taken out of the Addis Ababa city limits. It should be noted that most of the settlers around the WTP do not have legal permissions from the municipality.

Table 7.2: Opinion of the would be affected households about the project around and downstream of the WTP Opinion Number of Percentage respondents In favor of the project 14 93.3 Against the project 1 6.7 Total 15 100

In case of the project affected persons along the trunk lines the great majority of the respondents support the project. However, they strongly demanded appropriate compensations and resettlement

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in a timely and just manner (details are included in the consultation minutes which are annexed in Volume II.

All of them appreciated the project and stated the importance of proper wastewater disposal and treatment in the city of Addis Ababa.

7.8 Concluding Remark

In general, the project has overwhelming support by the different stakeholders. All major stakeholders along the sewer lines and the different sub-city and District officials and experts of sectoral offices support the project. The great majority of the project-affected community supports the project as long as proper compensation is made in a timely manner.

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS

8.1 Environmental and Social Management Plans

ESMP is the key to ensure that the environmental quality of the project area does not deteriorate due to the implementation of the proposed development project. ESMP is generally used as the basis for establishing the environmental behavior that the proposed project requires during its various stages including the decommissioning phase. The ESMP for the proposed project consists of set of mitigation and institutional measures to be taken during the implementation and operation phases to eliminate the adverse environmental and social impacts identified and predicted in the previous stages, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan will also include the actions needed to implement these measures.

The ESMPidentifies feasible and cost-effective measures that will reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable level. The plan includes compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost effective, or sufficient. Mitigation plan is a key to ensure that the environmental qualities of the area will not deteriorate due to the implementation of the project. The mitigation plan covers all aspects of implementation of the project in its different phases related to environment.

Mitigation is the design and execution works, activities, or measures to reduce, or minimize the negative impacts of the project on human and natural environments. It is the design and execution of activities aimed at reducing significant impacts resulting from the implementation of the proposed project. Mitigation can restore one or more environmental components to pre-impact quality. If this is not possible, it can re-establish the original properties. The purpose of mitigation is therefore to set in motion predesigned action to reduce the induced environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Compensatory measures aim to produce a positive alternative effect to match identified adverse effects, and are implemented only in areas where significant adverse impacts cannot be mitigated.

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be performed during all stages of the project (namely: mobilization, construction, post construction, operation and decommissioning) to ensure that the impacts are no greater than predicted, and to verify the impact predictions. The monitoring program will indicate where changes to procedures or operations are required, in order to reduce impacts on the environment or local population. The monitoring program for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following objectives:

• to monitor the environmental conditions of the project area; • to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice;

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• to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures • to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.

Separate plans are prepared for the three parts of the project as in the previous chapters. These are the sewer trunk line, the wastewater treatment plan and the area downstream of the plant. The management plans are further subdivided into the different phases of the project: mobilization, construction, post-construction, operation and decommissioning phases. As regards the area downstream of the project, the plans are made in parallel to the phases at the WTP.

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Table 8.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Sewer trunk Line Part of the Project Issue/Environme Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility ntal Impact Implementation Supervision Mobilization Phase Land and Property The temporary and permanent acquisition or obtaining of land for onsite works Before construction starts AAWSA Grievance Handling Acquisition shall be carried out in accordance to the RAP and entitled Framework for the Committee project. It shall be ensured that all RAP activities are reasonably completed before the construction activity starts. All grievances of the RAPs will be reasonably redressed, in accordance to the RAP implementation mechanism suggested for the project.

Flora awareness creation to the workers Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant building soft communication between the residents and workers Contractor Consultant encouraging residents to collect their vegetables before the project activities Contractor Consultant Only marked trees are to be felled within the sewage trunk main alignment whole phase Contractor AAEPA Safety Provision and using of protective wear Whole phase Contractor site manager (Accidents) Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected site manager to occur Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel site manager

Construction Phase Air Dust suppression by water sprinkling Whole phase Contractor site manager Soil Use of well maintained machinery without leaking fluids. Whole phase Contractor (should Site manger be included in the Replacement of lubricating oil only in designated areas. Site manger

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Issue/Environme Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility ntal Impact Implementation Supervision Limitation of movements of heavy machinery and vehicles to the access roads contract document) Site manger and the designated construction site. Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and other earthworks to dry Site manger seasons Covering the trench as soon as possible Site manger collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites Site manger

Implement erosion prevention mechanisms Site manger Water Bodies covering the trench as soon as possible Whole phase Contractor Site manger collecting the excess excavated soil and dumping in pre-planned sites Site manger

Implement erosion prevention mechanisms Site manger Limiting the excavation and other earth works to the dry season (if possible) Site manger Flora Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas Whole phase Contractor Site manger, Consultant Limiting the construction activities within the demarcated areas to an area that is Site manger as small as possible. restricting clearing or removal of trees to the imperative area needed Site manager, Consultant preserve indigenous trees wherever technically feasible Site manager, Consultant implement replanting program End of construction AAWSA AAEPA phase Fauna prohibit poaching and killing of wildlife by the workforce Whole phase Contractor Site manger

backfilling of trenches and other excavated areas and grading to the natural as soon as works are Contractor Site manger topography completed awareness creation for the project personnel prior to the AAWSA Consultant commencement of the construction works

Traffic liaison with local communities Whole phase Contractor Site manager

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Issue/Environme Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility ntal Impact Implementation Supervision good site management (restrictions on construction hours, and limits on the Whole construction Contractor Site manager amount of construction that can occur at any one location at one time) phase provision of access to all businesses and properties utilizing trenchless technology in high traffic roadways when necessary Contractor Consultant

Health Provision and use of protective wear whole phase Contractor Site manager Awareness creation on HIV/AIDS and other STDs Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant Safety Provision and use of protective wear Whole phase Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected to occur isolating the work areas Contractor Site manager Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel

following safety procedures introducing a traffic plan with speed and traffic regulation Whole construction Contractor Site manager phase Post-Construction Phase Soil (littering) awareness creation Beginning of phase Contractor Site manager proper waste disposal Whole phase immediate cleaning of the area End of phase Water awareness creation Beginning of phase Contractor site manager Bodies proper waste disposal Whole construction phase immediate cleaning of the area End of phase

Flora awareness creation Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant proper waste disposal Whole construction Contractor site manager phase immediate cleaning of the area End of phase

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Issue/Environme Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility ntal Impact Implementation Supervision Health backfilling pipeline trenches and other excavated places and grading to the immediately after contractor site manager surrounding topography completion of site works draining pools (if any) immediately after completion of site works

Safety Provision / use of protective wear Whole construction contractor site manager Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are expected phase to occur Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel

Decommissioning Phase Air the use of protective wear Whole phase Prospective site manager sewage odor, dust, contractor and vehicular emission Soil proper site management Whole phase Prospective site manager Spillage of sewage contractor waste Health and safety Using protective wearing, Whole phase Prospective site manager Minor accidents, proper site management contractor dust and other emissions contamination by sewage

Table 8.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Wastewater Treatment Plant Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

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Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

Ambient air Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed Setting speed limits on unpaved access road Whole phase Contractor Site manager Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment Soil Providing toilets to workers Whole phase Contractor Site manager restricting maintenance in workshops Flora Demarcation and fencing off the construction areas Whole phase Contractor Site manger, Consultant Water sprinkling Site manager Health giving orientation to workers about safety procedures Beginning of phase Contractor Consultant Awareness Creation on HIV-AIDS and STDs Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant erecting traffic signs in the WTP site Whole phase Contractor Site manager Providing protective wear to workers availing first aid services Safety Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are Whole phase Contractor Site manager expected to occur Providing protective wear to workers Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel

availing first aid services Construction Phase Ambient air Dust suppression activities (water roads and exposed ground) Whole phase Contractor Site manager Minimize disturbed areas Site manager Consultant

Backfill exposed construction site as soon as possible Site manger

Limit stockpile height of topsoil to 2m maximum Construction materials shall be covered during transportation by truck

Setting speed limits on unpaved access road

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Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment Water locating storage areas and compounds away from watercourses Whole phase Contractor Site manager consultant Bodies appropriate storage of fuel and materials Site manager

providing suitable facilities for workers, Site manager disposing of waste according to a waste management plan Site manager Soil providing suitable toilet facilities for workers Whole phase Contractor Site manager

proper handling fuels and oils Site manager consultant

construction sequencing Site manager locating stockpiles away from watercourses Site manager consultant

Reduction of soil erosion by limiting excavation and other earth Site manger work to dry seasons (if possible) consultant protecting exposed areas prone to erosion during heavy rain, if Site manager consultant necessary putting silt traps in watercourses re-vegetating exposed areas End of phase AAWSA Consultant disposing grit, screenings and sludge from existing lagoons in landfill Whole phase Contractor Consultant Flora Water sprinkling for dust suppression Whole phase contractor site manager Speed limiting Site manager Limiting the construction activities within the demarcated areas to an area Site manager Consultant that is as small as possible. Collection of solid waste only at earmarked areas and appropriate Site manager disposal restricting removal of trees and vegetation to the imperative area needed Whole phase Contractor Site manager Consultant for the project activities preserving, wherever technically feasible, indigenous trees implement a replanting program End of phase AAWSA Consultant

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Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

Health awareness raising and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other Beginning of phase AA Health Bureau AAWSA STDs Noise Avoiding unnecessary transportation of materials to reduce traffic. Whole phase Contractor Consultant Noise Limitation of transport activities to day-time as much as possible to reduce noise. using low-noise equipment and machinery if possible Silencers or mufflers shall be used on construction equipment. programmed maintenance of vehicles and equipment incorporating low-noise equipment in the design design phase Contractor Consultant

locating noisy mechanical equipment in properly acoustically lined design and construction contractor consultant buildings phase Providing greenbelt along the periphery of the WTP End of phase AAWSA WTP manager Safety Provision of protective wearing Whole construction Contractor Site manager Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents are phase expected to occur Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel locating borrow pits far from settlements Post Construction Phase Ambient air Unpaved access roads shall be regularly water sprayed Whole phase Contractor, Site manager Setting speed limits on unpaved access road Preventive maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment to reduce vehicle emissions Soil Careful dismantling of equipment to avoid any spillage Whole phase Contractor Sit manager water spraying introducing speed limit to suppress dust cleaning the area

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Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

Water Immediate cleaning, Whole phase Contractor AAEPA Bodies controlled dismantling properly disposing waste Health awareness raising and education programs about HIV/AIDS and other Beginning of phase AAWSA Consultant STDs backfilling excavated places and grading to the surrounding topography immediately following contractor Site manager draining pools completion of works

Safety Providing protective wear to workers Whole phase contractor Site manager erecting traffic signs Site manager giving orientation to workers about safety procedures Beginning of phase Site manager availing first aid services Whole phase Site manager Operation Phase Ambient air proper housekeeping procedures (regular cleaning of the grit and Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager screenings) facility maintenance proper operational practices including process control and chemical WTP manager treatment continuous process of the operation Running the UASB at optimum condition Planting shrubs and trees along the periphery Beginning of phase AAWSA WTP manager Soil dispose sludge with dangerous substances in sanitary landfill Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager

Water dispose the sludge with dangerous substances in landfill Whole phase AAWSA WTP manager Bodies All pipe work and fittings should be a class A rating in excess of the Construction phase Contractor consultant maximum pressure attained in service including any surge pressure. Fauna proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before Whole phase AAWSA WTP Quality Control releasing Health provision of buffer zones between the plant and the rest Construction phase contractor consultant

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Issue/Environmenta Mitigation measures Mitigation schedule Responsibility l Component Implementation Supervision

proper planning of the project operation and maintenance Operation phase AAWSA WTP manager

Safety Adherence to national rules and regulations Whole operation phase AAWSA WTP manager Appropriate warning signs shall be placed in areas where accidents WTP manager are expected to occur Provision and use of protective wears WTP manager Strict prohibition of operation of equipment by unauthorized personnel Operators shall be provided with regular medical check-up and WTP manager safety training Decommissioning

Ambient Air using protective wear Quality sewage odor, vehicular emission Soil proper site management Spillage of sewage waste or contaminated water, sludge, chemicals, oil, etc. Health and safety Use protective wearing Minor accidents, dust followgood site management plan and other emissions f contamination by sewage

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Table 8.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Area Downstream of the WTP Issue/Environmental Mitigation measures Mitigation Responsibility Component schedule Implementation Supervision

Operation Phase Water only use part of the treated wastewater for irrigation always District admin. AAEPA Bodies AAWSA Fauna proper quality control of “treated” wastewater and sludge before Whole operation AAWSA WTP Quality Control releasing phase

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8.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

The environmental monitoring program is developed to provide a basis for evaluating the efficiency of the proposed mitigation measures and for updating of the actions and impacts of baseline data. It also gives information for adoption of additional mitigation measures if the proposed measures are found insufficient. Thus, it avails information for management decisions taking in the different phases of the project. Monitoring methodology involves:  identification of the relevant monitoring standards;  identification of components to be monitored;  identification of parameters to be used for monitoring  setting the monitoring frequency and responsibilities for monitoring  visual observations and testing of environmental parameters The table below shows the proposed monitoring plan.

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Table8.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Mobilization/Pre-Construction Phase Air pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant emission Monitor that vehicles and construction equipment are regularly maintained Storage and transportation Monitor adequacy of measures undertaken to prevent fugitive Daily AAEPA/Consultant of construction materials, dust excavated soil and silt Trees • Limiting affected zone Ensure that the construction areas are demarcated (fenced) Weekly AAEPA Ensure that only marked trees are cut • Trees cutting Awareness creation Non professional workers Environmental protection (flora, fauna, waste disposal, etc) HIV- Beginning of phase Steering Committee AIDS and STDs safety procedures Semi professional workers Environmental protection, maintenance requirements, site Beginning of phase Steering Committee and sub contractors management Project affected people Beginning of phase HIV-AIDS, STDs, safety procedures, project schedule Steering Committee Environmental • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once during AAEPA Monitoring plantation forest, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry • Water quality • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO , and season) • Noise level 2 CO • Water Quality (pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Turbidity, Temperature)  •Noise Levels- Hourly, Day and Night Time Values

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Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Construction Phase Air/ Pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant emission Monitor that vehicles and construction equipment are regularly maintained Storage and transportation Monitor adequacy of measures undertaken to prevent fugitive Daily AAEPA/Consultant of construction materials, dust excavated soil and silt Soils Excavation and back filling Monitor adherence to contract specifications Daily AAEPA/Consultant Erosion Monitor proper management of excavated soil/silt including Monthly AAEPA/Consultant timely removal of material from construction site Monitor that stockpile height of topsoil does not exceed 2m maximum Monitor that slope protections and grading to the natural topography are done Contamination Monitor that equipment, machinery do not have leakages Daily Consultant Monitor that there are no oil and chemical spills Surface and Ground Surface runoff management Monitor measures to channelize surface runoff Daily AAEPA/ AALSAB/ Water Quality at construction site(s) Monitor that storage areas and compounds are located away Consultant from watercourses Monitor that fuel and materials are stored appropriately (are not prone to damage) Contamination from waste Monitor measures taken to prevent contamination of ground Daily AAEPA/Consultant and sewage generated from and/or surface water from waste and sewage generated from the construction activities project activities Flooding/Water Blockage of drainage due to Monitor to ensure construction activities do not cause flooding or weekly AAEPA/Consultant logging construction activities water logging at the project sites. Solid Waste Disposal of construction Monitor to ensure construction and other wastes are being daily AAEPA/Consultant and other wastes disposed in approved sites

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Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Fauna Protect wildlife Monitor that the workforce is not poaching and killing wildlife in Daily AAEPA/ Consultant plantation area Noise Noise from construction Monitor that noise emissions are within acceptable limits 2-3 months AAEPA vehicles Health and safety of Health and safety Monitor adherence to all occupational health and safety Weekly AALSAB/ Consultant construction requirements requirements workforce Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly AALSAB/ Consultant safety protection kit Monitor that workers are using protective kit Health check up of workers Monitor availability and adequacy of health service to workers Monthly AALSAB/ Consultant

Sanitary conditions of Monitor provision of shelter, water supply, excreta and solid Monthly AAEPA/ AALSAB/ construction campsites waste management at campsites Consultant Monitor that separate toilet services for women and men are provided Road Safety and Traffic management plan Obtain approval to traffic management plan from Addis Ababa Before AAEPA/ AALSAB/ Traffic Management Traffic Police construction Consultant Monitor adherence to the traffic management plan Weekly AAEPA/ AALSAB/ Consultant Review and monitor road safety records to ensure all project Monthly Contractor AAEPA/ Review road safety record related road accidents are being properly investigated and AALSAB/ Consultant reported Socio- Economic Access to public and Monitor impact of project on dwelling and business in the Daily AAEPA/ AALSAB/ Activities private properties project area Consultant Damage to public and Monitor that public and private properties are not damaged by Weekly Contractor/ AAEPA/ private property construction activities (other than those included in the AALSAB/ Consultant compensation plan) Review and monitor property damage report to ensure timely Monthly Contractor/ AAEPA/ resolution of claims etc. AALSAB/ Consultant

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Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Hardship and Monitor to ensure that communities and business face minimal Weekly Contractor/ AAEPA/ inconvenience to public and hardship and inconvenience due to project activities AALSAB/ Consultant business Public Awareness Aware the public about: Review and monitor effectiveness of the awareness campaigns Fortnightly Steering Committee • the long term benefit conducted of the project • the need for public cooperation • Health and safety risks Environmental • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once during AAEPA Monitoring during Eastern and Western Trunk, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry • Water quality construction • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO , and season) • Noise level 2 CO • Water Quality (pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Turbidity, Temperature)  •Noise Levels- Hourly, Day and Night Time Values

Post Construction Phase Air pollution Dust and vehicular Monitor adequacy of dust suppression measures undertaken Daily AAEPA/Consultant emission Monitor that vehicles and construction equipment are regularly maintained Storage and transportation Monitor adequacy of measures undertaken to prevent fugitive Daily AAEPA/Consultant of construction materials, dust excavated soil and silt Solid Waste Disposal of construction Monitor to ensure construction and other wastes are being daily AAEPA/Consultant wastes and other wastes disposed in approved sites Monitor sites are properly cleaned

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Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Safety Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly site manager safety protection kit Monitor that workers are using protective kit

Noise Noise from construction Monitor that noise emissions are within acceptable limits 2-3months AAEPA vehicles Post Construction • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once after AAEPA Environmental Eastern and Western Trunk, WTP and downstream area: construction (dry • Water quality Monitoring • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO , and season) • Noise level 2 CO • Water Quality (pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Turbidity, Temperature)  •Noise Levels- Hourly, Day and Night Time Values OPERATION PHASE Operation and Operation Monitor : Monthly AAWSA/AAEPA/AALA Maintenance of the • correct and design operation of every system unit B System • emergency procedures and requirements (availability) • timely completion of work, • adequacy of implementation of preventive and all Monthly AAWSA/AAEPA/AALA Maintenance unscheduled/emergency maintenance work B • periodic housekeeping of the system, • allocation of human and financial resources for the preventive and unscheduled maintenance Soil Contamination Monitor that sludge with dangerous substances is disposed in Monthly AAEPA sanitary landfill Health and safety of Health and safety Monitor adherence to all occupational health and safety Weekly AALAB workforce requirements requirements

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Category Type of Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Party Provision of health and Monitor availability of adequate number of protective kit Monthly AALAB safety protection kit equipment needed Maintenance of health and Review and monitor health and safety records to ensure all Monthly AALAB safety records of work force project related accidents are being properly investigated and reported Surface and Ground Contamination from waste Monitor Weekly Performance of WTP Weekly at site Water Quality and sewage laboratory and AAWSA/AAEPA every 3 months at EPA laboratory Environmental • Ambient air quality Monitoring ambient air quality, water quality, and noise levels at Once during AAEPA Monitoring during WTP: construction (dry • Water quality Operation • Ambient Air Quality Parameters- NOx, SPM, SO , and season) • Noise level 2 CO • Water Quality (pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Turbidity, Temperature)  •Noise Levels- Hourly, Day and Night Time Values

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8.3 Implementation Arrangement of the EMMP

A Project Steering Committee (PSC) that is composed of officials from the city administration, AAWSA, affected sub cities, AAEPA, AASLAB, MoWUD, AARA, EEPCo, should be established. The PSC will oversee the whole work and coordinate collaboration between different concerned offices and bodies. It will meet once a month to review progress, to discuss the implementation issues and give directions. The implementation of all the physical works will fall under the responsibility of AAWSA. However, if need be it can be strengthened with additional engineers and environmentalists. AAWSA shall also have an Environment and Safety Section that will follow up the EMP during project implementation and operation to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts. AAWSA should hire consultant/s and contractor/s for the construction and installation activities. The respective contractor/s shall have environmental specialist to provide key inputs to the project implementation. The environmental monitoring / auditing will be carried out by AAEPA and (AASLAB) through a checklist. This checklist will be developed by the Consultant as part of the construction supervision plan. An awareness creation committee shall be formed that will be responsible for the awareness creation to the public, the semi professional workers and the other workers. It will be composed of experts from AAEPA, AAWSA, AASLAB, AAHB and the consultant. The proposed implementation arrangement for the project is shown in Figure 8.1:

Project Steering Committee

Contractor AAWSA Awareness Creation Committee

Environment and AAEPA Safety Division

Contractor’s Environmental Management Unit

Figure 8.1 Proposed organization chart for the implementation of the EMMP

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8.4 Training on Environmental Aspects

Training on environmental and safety aspects will be organized by the ACC for all officials associated with the project and contractors’ work force. The training will be conducted in different phases: for technical officials and for workers of contractors. The training course will focus on environmental and safety issues during the different phases of the project, orientation of environmental legislation in the country, case histories of similar projects completed, elaboration on the EMMP for easy comprehension. In addition, there will be awareness creation to the public. Detailed training modules may be prepared by the ACC, before project implementation as part of supervision plan.

8.5 Environmental Management Budget The environmental management budget in the project comprises environmental monitoring, compensatory plantation, and training and awareness creation and compensation for the PAP. The table below gives a summary of the budget. Table 8.5 Summary of the budget for environmental management Component Stage Item Quantity Total Cost in Eth Birr (A) Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Air All phases Dust Management Part of Contract with sprinkling of water, Covering construction material during transportation by vehicles Water quality Construction erosion prevention Part of Contract mechanisms Silt fencing around stockpiled soil near water Construction Incorporate water Should be covered impermeable layers in engineering cost

in the sludge drying (not considered in beds the present design but it should be included) Soil contamination Construction Construct landfill Should be included in Engineering Costs All Phases proper waste Part of contract cost disposal

Operation disposing grit, Operation cost screenings and sludge from existing lagoons in landfill 154 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Component Stage Item Quantity Total Cost in Eth Birr Flora Construction Demarcating Part of Contract construction areas Post Construction Compensatory 400,0004 plantation program at least 3 saplings for each tree felled (staggered to follow Civil Works) including 3 years maintenance Construction Proper fencing of the Birr 200/m2 Should be included in Fauna WTP compound the engineering cost (but not included in the present design i) Post construction draining pools (if Part of Contract Health any) All phases Availing Health Part of Contract and Services Operation cost Safety All phases Demarcating Borrow Part of Contract and Areas Operation cost Placing appropriate warning signs Provision and use of protective gears Traffic At crossings with the utilizing trenchless Should be included in Ring Road and the technology in high the engineering cost New Railway Line traffic roadways (but not included in the present design) Total 400,000 (B) Monitoring and Training Costs Air Preconstruction Monitoring one 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000 location each at the at Birr1000 each eastern and western sewer trunk line one at the WTP site and one in the downstream area Construction Same as in pre 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000 construction phase at Birr1000 each Same as in pre 4 qualities 4 locations 16,000 Post construction construction phase at Birr1000 each Operation At WTP 4 qualities 1 location 4,000 at Birr1000 each Water quality Preconstruction Monitoring one 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000

4 5workers for 10 months/year for 3 years at Birr2,000 per month plus cost of saplings 155 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Component Stage Item Quantity Total Cost in Eth Birr location each at the at Birr100 each eastern and western sewer trunk line one at the WTP site and one in the downstream area Construction Same as in pre 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000 construction phase at Birr100 each Post construction Same as in pre 5 qualities 4 locations 2,000 construction phase at Birr100 each Operation At WTP Built into operation costs of WTP At Little Akaki River Built into operation costs of WTP Soil Operation Monitoring that Part of operation cost sludge with dangerous substances is disposed in sanitary landfill Flora (Pre) Construction Monitoring that only Birr 200/person/day marked trees are cut Fauna construction Monitoring that Birr 200/person/day poaching and killing of wildlife by the workforce is not practiced Noise Preconstruction Monitoring one 4 locations at Birr 20,000 location each at the 5,000 per location eastern and western sewer trunk line one at the WTP site and one in the downstream area Construction Same as in pre 4 locations at Birr 20,000 construction phase 5,000 per location Post construction Same as in pre 4 locations at Birr 20,000 construction phase 5,000 per location Operation At WTP One location 5,000 soil Operation WTP Sludge Part of operation cost Characteristics Training Preconstruction 1 Program for official 250,000 rank 1 program for Workers of contractors 1 program for technical staff of 156 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Component Stage Item Quantity Total Cost in Eth Birr WTP 1 program for other Workers WTP 1program for public

Monitoring and training cost 373,000 Total Cost (A)+(B) 773,000 Contingency 10% 77,300 Grand Total 850,300

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9 SUMMARY OF THE COST ESTIMATES FOR THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

The cost for RAP can be categorized as implementation cost and administrative costs. The details of how the budget was calculated is given in the RAP report (Volume II) a) RAP Implementation budget

The budget that will be required to implement the RAP is worked out based on the inventory made by the consultant in the project area, i.e., along the trunk lines. On this basis, the required cost for compensation is calculated using the rates indicated in the RAP report.

The budget includes compensation for loss of crops and trees, for rehabilitation/resettlement measures (income restoration, skill training, transportation costs, etc). Table 9.1 summarizes the budget associated with the compensation for the PAPs.

Table 9.1: Estimated cost for compensation Description Unit Quantity Unit rate5 Total comp. Amount Housing unit with block wall& CIS roof m2 1510 3500.00 5,285,000.00 Housing unit with mud wall & CIS roof m2 5200 600.00 3,120,000.00 Housing unit with stone wall & CIS roof m2 40 3000.00 120,000.00 Housing unit with CIS wall and roof m2 3914 300.00 1,174,200.00 Foundation for housing unit m2 181 1500.00 271,500.00 Septic tank m3 348 2000.00 696,000.00 Fuel tank m3 208 5500.00 1,144,000.00 Fence with stone m2 610 400.00 244,000.00 Fence with CIS m2 2000 200.00 400,000.00 Fence with block m2 1428 450.00 642,600.00 Stone retaining wall m2 90 400.00 36,000.00 Eucalypts tree piece 397 350.00 138,950.00 Telephone poles piece 26 1000.00 26,000.00 Electric pole s piece 89 2500.00 222,500.00 Asphalt road m2 1719 874.00 1,502,406.00 Coble stone road m2 616 397.48 244,847.68 Gravel road m2 2349 300.00 704,700.00 Total 15,972,703.68 Social and Psychological cost @5 % 798635.18 Contingency @ 10% 1597270.37 Sub- total 18,368,609.23

5 Estimated based on the compensation guideline of Addis Ababa city administration 158 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

With regard to the cost required for the committee that shall be formed to implement the proposed compensation plan effectively, it is estimated by taking into considerationthe necessary days, the per- diem and fuel requirements. Table 9.2 gives this summary. Table 9.2: Estimated administration cost of RAP implementation for 7 Districts S/N Members Position Day Unit rate /Birr No. of District Total 1 District Administration Chair Person 7 150.00 7 7,350.00 2 Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00 3 District Finance & economic office Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00 4 District Land administration Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00 5 Community representative Member 7 150.00 7 7,350.00 6 AAWSA Member 7 150.00 7 7350.00 Sub Total 1 44,100.00 1 Driver 7 100.00 7 4,900.00 2 Surveyor 4 130.00 7 3,640.00 3 Daily laborer 4 80.00 7 2,240.00 4 Fuel (150 km will be covered) 19.00 7 19,950.00 5 Oil ( 5 kilo per car) 80.00 7 2,800.00 Sub Total 2 33,530.00 Total=Sub Total 1+ Sub Total 2 7 77,630.00 Contingency @ 10% 7 7,763.00 Grand total 85,393.00

Thus, the total cost for compensation is estimated to be Birr 18,454,002.23, out of which the direct compensation cost accounts for 99.56%. b) Environmental management and monitoring budget The environmental management budget includes the following (see Table 8.5 for detail):  cost for mitigation and enhancement including 10% contingency 440,00  cost for monitoring and training including 10% contingency 410,300 The total environmental management and monitoring budget will be 850300 Thus, the overall cost, i.e. including compensation, mitigation and monitoring as detailed in Tables 9.1, 9.2 and 8.5 becomes about ETB 19,400,000.

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ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 Conclusions

The Kaliti WTP which is found in the Kaliti catchment started operating in 1983. It has a design capacity of about 7,500 cubic meters per day or an equivalent population of 50,000.The present coverage of the wastewater management of the city is not greater than 9.8%. The existing sewer lines cannot accommodate the high volume of sewage waste as a result of which sewage overflows on to streets and into the watercourses. Septic pump-out trucks do not access all areas to service the new high volume customers. Sewage from septic tanks and latrines continue to pollute groundwater. There are uncontrolled and open wastewater disposal, illegal connections of sewerage to storm drainage lines and to nearby rivers. The situation is affecting the public health and the aesthetics of the city. The existing lagoon treatment system is already operating beyond its design capacity. Considering all this condition of the city, the need for an improved wastewater management system (wastewater treatment plant and collection system) is indisputable. It is therefore, planned to expand the existing sewer line and install a new wastewater treatment plant. The new treatment plant will be installed in the same site where the existing plant is operating. The existing plant will continue to work until the new plant becomes operational. In order to maintain current treatment as well as future goals, UASB and high rate Trickling Filtration systems are recommended for the new treatment plant. In the first phase, the new plant will have a capacity to treat 100,000m3/d, which is more than 13 times greater than the existing capacity. The new sewer trunks that will be built will relieve the existing sewer lines. The selected technology for the new treatment plant allows the possibility of installing other necessary treatment systems on the existing site without needing additional land and without disrupting the existing treatment systems. It also allows the existing lagoon systems to be used for tertiary treatment and storage. The selection of the treatment technology was carried out based on construction and operation cost, space requirement, ease of operation, etc. Accordingly, the selected treatment technology is appropriate. Modifications to the existing sewer trunk line are proposed in order to achieve the future goal of increasing sanitary service within the Kaliti catchment. Increasing the capacity of the sewerage system will prevent flows from being diverted directly into rivers, which will prevent eutrophication of water bodies and possible detrimental health effects. The selection of the sewer trunk routes was governed by many constraints:  The preference for gravity flow system  The proposed large diameter sewer trunks  The unstructured nature of the roads and buildings  The presence of local creeks,

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 the management of compensation process for private properties to obtain a right-of- way for the construction of the sewer trunk lines The preference for use of gravity system is commendable since it will avoid problems associated with power interruptions and will minimize the operating cost of the sewer lines. Therefore, the selected routes for the sewer trunk lines are appropriate. The analysis of various alternatives carried out indicates that selected options are environmentally sound. The environmental and social impacts of the project have been studied dividing the project into three parts: the area where the sewer trunk lines are to be built, the WTP and the area downstream of the WTP. A total number of397trees are likely to be cut in the Sewer trunk line area. Most of the environmental impacts identified in the sewer trunk line area, are of minor to medium significance and of short-term duration. Therefore, they can be mitigated following the proposed mitigation measures. As regards the socio-economic impacts in this part of the project, both positive and negative impacts have been identified. The negative impacts include land, property and social issues. Moreover, the PAPs have shown positive attitude for the project so far as they get proper compensation. Accordingly, a compensation and resettlement action plan with a grievance accommodation mechanism has been developed to respond for the PAPs. Many of the adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts in the WTP site are minor and can be easily mitigated. The identified “major impacts” are all subjective which may happen under rare conditions, as in case of negligence, accident, etc. These also have appropriate mitigation measures and are indicated in the ESMP. Downstream of the WTP, the impacts are mainly positive since the effluent that will be discharged into Little Akaki River will be as per specified standard. The effluent from WTP will therefore be of a higher quality than the water in this river and will provide improved condition for the river ecosystem. The noise levels in project area are anticipated to be within the stipulated limits. There is no existence of endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area. The proposed project will give a long-term solution to the sewage disposal needs of Addis Ababa. With proper maintenance and environmental monitoring, the project is not expected to have adverse effects on the environment and on the surrounding community. In general, the ESIA study indicates that the implementation of the project is expected to have enormous significance. The positive impacts by far outweigh the negative impacts. The implementation of the project will improve the health and livelihood of the city residents and downstream users of polluted river waters as it reduces the prevalence of waterborne diseases. The project will also create short and long-term employment opportunities and potentially enables reuse of the treated wastewater for agriculture and industrial purposes and allows to produce biogas for energy and organic fertilizer (compost) from the by-products of wastewater treatment process in the future. The sludge can also be used for electricity generation through pyrolysis.

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The project is important and timely to reduce the problems associated with the disposal of wastewater in the city of Addis Ababa. The project will certainly play important role in bringing about a more ecologically, socio-culturally and economically sustainable and equitable environment in the Kaliti sewer catchment of Addis Ababa city. After a careful review of the design document and the existing and generated environmental baseline data, the consultant has come to the conclusion that it is possible to mitigate almost all of the environmental and socio economic impacts due to the implementation of the proposed project with about ETB19,400,000(compensation/RAP and environmental and social management and monitoring plan). Therefore, looking at the benefits against the negative impacts and the cost, this project will be environmentally and socioeconomically feasible.

10.2Recommendations Overall, the ESIA shows that the benefits of the Kaliti WTP and sewer line expansion and rehabilitation project outweigh much more significantly than the adverse effects. The adverse impacts identified can be mitigated through implementing the proposed management and monitoring plans to acceptable limits. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the project with strict observation to the environmental and social management and monitoring plans. However, the project supervision consultant once mobilized should prepare “Construction Supervision Plan” before the beginning of construction works and this plan should be part of the contract. In addition, the environmental management plans should be made part of contract documents of contractor so that ESMP compliance is ensured. The ESMP recommends environmental monitoring at the different phases of the project. The monitoring should be conducted to check the efficacy of mitigation measures. An environmental checklist should be developed by the Environment and Safety Division for the daily environmental audit of the project activities. This should be filled up by the environmental expert (EMU) of the contractor and should be verified by the AAEPA.

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SELECTED REFERENCES AAWSA, 2001.Wastewater Master Plan – Volume 3, European Commission, p109.

AAWSA, 2002. Wastewater Master plan Volume III, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

AAWSA, 2010a. Detail Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants &Sewerage Network for Akaki Sewerage Catchments of the City of Addis Ababa (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report). Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

AAWSA, 2010b.Feasibility study of treated waste water from the Kaliti treatment plant.Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

AAWSA, 2012.Final irrigation feasibility report of Kaliti wastewater treatment plant expansion and rehabilitation and sewer lines in the Kaliti sewage catchment. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Adrianus van Haandel and Jeroen van der Lubbe, 2007, Handbook Biological Waste Water Treatment – Design and Optimisation of Activated Sludge Systems, The Netherlands, p570

Alberta Environment, 2000, Guidelines for Municipal Wastewater Irrigation, Edmonton, Alberta, p30.

DerejeNegussa, 2001. Groundwater pollution vulnerability Assessment using RDASTIC approach in Akaki river basin.Unpublished M.Sc thesis.Addis Ababa University.

Environmental Protection Authority and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Guideline Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia, 2003, Addis Ababa, p.103.

Environmental Protection Authority, Standards for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia, 1997, Addis Ababa, p.35

Getnet Sewnet, 2012. Predictive modelling of kaliti wastewater treatement plant performance using artificial neural networks.M.Sc Thesis.Addis Ababa University. P.97.

Government of Canada, 2010, Municipal Wastewater System Effluent Regulations, Vol. 144, No. 12, p69.

I. H. Farooqi, FarrukhBasheer and RahatJahanChaudhari, 2008, Constructed Wetland System (CWS) for Wastewater Treatment, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Mississauga, pp1004-1009.

J. B. Ellis, R.B.E.Shutes and M.D.Revitt, 2003, Constructed Wetlands and Links with Sustainable Drainage Systems, Environment Agency, Rio House, Bristol, p.190.

Merz, Sinclair Knight, 2000, Guidelines for using free water surface constructed wetland to treat municipal sewage, Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, p.133.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 2003, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p.1819.

MogensHenze, Mark van Loosdrecht, George Ekama, DamirBrdjanovic (Editors), 2008, Biological Wastewater Treatment – Principles, Modelling and Design, Cambridge University Press, p.518.

Roberto Reinoso, Linda Alexandra Torres, EloyBecares, (2008), Efficiency of natural systems for removal of bacteria and pathogenic parasites from wastewater, Environmental Research Institute, University of Leon, Spain, p.7.

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental and Social Management Frame Work, June 2004

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Wastewater Committee of the Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers, 2004, Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities, New York, p.129.

World Health Organization (WHO), 2006, Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and grey water, Volume 2: Wastewater in Agriculture.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1 List of Project Affected People and Property Table A1.1 Goods and assets affected Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 1 Yohans Dgafee 6.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 2 Samia Melena 39.4 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 3 Kabansh Ferede 51.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner c servant 4 Woubshet W/gabriel 21.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 5 Tilahun Dgafee 30 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private 6 Sefa Oumer 60 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private 7 Aynalem Haddis 15.8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 8 Mulugeta Mersha 14.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Private 9 Bayush Dgafee 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner 10 Bezu Fikre 20.9 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner small trade 11 Hailu shibeshi 13 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 12 Danil Alemayhu 116 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner no job 13 Taytu Beyene 49 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner housewife 14 Weynshet 88 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner housewife

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Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 15 Nimani Finet 140 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner farmer 16 Fantu Nemani 57.2 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner House wife 17 hasen Nesru 14 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender 18 Danil Talore 16 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp. 19 Tedla Sige 20 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp. 20 Ejigu Minda 30 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner guard private emp. 21 Alemnesh Ghana 77 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner House wife 22 Moke Kebede 0 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 23 Gonfa Hude 35 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pension 24 Mewled Abdella 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 25 Lubaba Adem 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 26 Haru 7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 27 Mudin Kemal 72 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 28 Fikre Moges 31 House & fence Dwelling Partial Owner Private 29 Mubarek Muzemil 32 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner Business man 30 Degitu Daba 33 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 31 Dino Kedir 83 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender 32 Lemessa Koricho 55 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Private emp. 33 Shikur Zeleke 28 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 34 Tofik Ali 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender 35 Mustefa Mudesir 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 36 Miftah Shamil 25 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 37 Shiferaw kebede 46 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private emp

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Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 38 Dejene Gashaw 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 39 Asrara Nesro 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 40 Fekie Hasen 38 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner vender 41 Akmel Hasen 62 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner 42 Worknesh Ali 34.5 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 43 Abdella Hasen 39.5 mud house &fence Dwelling Partial Owner vender 44 Ayelch Megerssa 6.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant 45 Muzeyn Ahmed 13 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 46 Hunde 32 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 47 Nure Musa 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant 48 Mareguwa Birhanu 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 49 Mebratu Debo 34 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 50 Asmare Ayele 20 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 51 Wudma Debo 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner privat gurd 52 Fantaye Lmane 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner vender 53 Negash Muzeyn 20 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner small scal ent 54 Gadissie Muleta 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner 55 Hailu Bekele 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pension 56 Fanaye Wordofa 24 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 57 Genanaw Wondimu 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 58 Endalkachew Dote 17 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business man 59 Ngash Bekele 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 60 Tesfaye Asule 21 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private

167 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 61 Mulu Getahun 19 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 62 Merkebu Kassa 26 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 63 Askale Bereda 68 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner business 64 Aselefech Mengiste 36 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 65 Awgichew Tilaye 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private 66 Megerssa lelissa 161.8 mud house & fence Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 67 Bizunesh Demissie 66 mud house & fence Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 68 Solomon Bekele 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private com.emp 69 Mkuria Tesema 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business 70 Simur Ayenew 10.2 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 71 abreham Zeberga 7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner 72 Aynalem Habte 12.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 73 Leta 6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 74 Nuria Omer 9 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 75 Tariku Tesfaye 7.7 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 76 Ashenafi Kebede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business 77 Aliye Deremo 12.2 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 78 Hadosh Baraki 12.5 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business 79 Alemu Taddese 14 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 80 G/egziabher T/hymamot 0 Dwelling Partial Owner business 81 Solomon G/hiwot 0 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 82 Takele Beyene 0 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 83 G/meskel Teklu 14 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner Farmer/investor

168 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 84 Yinegrutal Abate 9.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private com.emp 85 Netanet Degu 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 86 Tshome Belay 55.2 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner NGO 87 Gugsa Mahetem 31 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 88 Nekhewot 15 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 89 Resom G/Silasse 17 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 90 Tekalgn Werkae 40 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner NGO 91 Mamite Desta 53 mud house & fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 92 Erkiyhun Ferede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 93 Hana Getahun 12.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner business w 94 Solomon Hirpa 23.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner business 95 Sebsibe H/Mariam 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 96 Tewodros Abate 10 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 97 Yared G/medhin 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Student 98 Begashaw Kebede 3.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 99 T/hymanot Berehe 10.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 100 Teshome Zewdu 11.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner p.cmp.emp 101 Kdija mohamed 4 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 102 Zelalem Kassa 4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 103 Fikre Adera 8.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 104 Enkutatash G/Egizeabher 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 105 Tekleab Girma 9 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 106 Shewaye Argaw 7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife

169 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 107 Emebet Tamirat 12 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 108 H/Mariam Terfa 5.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 109 known by GPS 17.8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 110 Billgn Tamre 0 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 111 Brahanu Endegena 10 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil serevant 112 Zerehane taddese 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 113 Alemzewd Abebe 10.2 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 114 Yarad Lsanu 9 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 115 Solomon Kebede 10.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 116 Luel Eleas 4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 117 Yeshetela haile 8.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 118 Zenashe Gezahgn 8.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 119 zerfabelen Desta 6.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 120 Getachew Diriba 4.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 121 Teshome Abebe 6.7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 122 known by GPS 11.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 123 Girma Mulugeta 4.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 124 Mulu Geleta 8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 125 brtukan Geleta 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 126 Lasab Belayneh 8.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 127 Banche Desta 13 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 128 Bacha Berhe 34.2 mud house & hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 129 Bekele Werga 8.1 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner

170 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 130 Kebede W/mariam 3.8 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 131 Demeke Batabe 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 132 Tadele Sheferaw 7.6 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 133 Agze Brhanu 11 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 134 Tega Tolosa 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 135 Wedage Amare 7 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 136 Meseret Kebede 22.6 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 137 Yrgalem Temesgen 13.3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 138 known by GPS 13 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 139 Kebede Senbeta 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 140 Genet feleke 19 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 141 Abebe Mekonnen 3 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 142 Yeshi Ayele 17 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 143 Debebe Bekele 10.5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 144 Dereje Mengesha 3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 145 Tegaye W/mariam 6.6 Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 146 Seged woldabe 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no 147 Tizita Tilahun 5 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner no 148 Mengistu Begashaw 8.1 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner no 149 Tilahun Melaku 19 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 150 Lakew Derbew 63 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 151 Abeba Abreha 32 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 152 Kassahun Asfaw 39 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private

171 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 153 Yeshigeta Tamre 0 Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 154 Tsega Alebel 75 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest 155 Tlaye WALJRA 0 Dwelling Partial Owner private 156 Erbka T/silasse 11 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 157 Walelu Zewde 34 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 158 Abera Kefa 13.7 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 159 Alem Dejene 40 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 160 Worke Addise 14 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 161 Kyesha Gnbure 15.8 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 162 Ermiyas Wondmagn 39 fence CIS & HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 163 Maledu Tegabu 9 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 164 Endalkachew Adnew 20.5 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business 165 Degfee Agonafer 33.3 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp 166 kassa Berehe 16 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner daily laborer 167 Enana Mehret 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 168 Metasebia Tesfaye 16 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 169 the Biniams Shemels 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner Student 170 Desalgn Gebessa 43 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp 171 Kitaba Gudeta 74 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no 172 Dinknesh Begashaw 27 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner comp.emp 173 Konjet Getachew 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner 174 Kebebushi H/mariam 52 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 175 Amare Engdawork 106 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner

172 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 176 Tena Mengistu 28 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner no 177 Zewdu Tilahun 3 FENCE CIS Dwelling Partial Owner no 178 Zenbech Ayele 56 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 179 Ayelu Bedane 42 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 180 Negusu Mezemer 6 FENCE CIS Dwelling Partial Owner priest 181 Eynesh Weldeyes 29 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 182 Melese Hasen 70 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 183 Girma Endeshaw 17 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest 184 Yatnesh Welde 75 mud house & HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 185 Fikre Husen 85 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 186 tegereda Debalk 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 187 Estifanos G/tadik 50 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner 188 Etenesh Eshete 26 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 189 Tadese Nega 45 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 190 Demitu sory 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no 191 zelalem Mengistu 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no 192 Taye Abebe 7.75 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil servant 193 Tesma Weldeyes 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 194 Bushra Mussa 4.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner priest 195 Muktar Ahmed 5.7 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 196 Tegaye Teka 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 197 Yonas Taye 45 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner priest 198 Getye Mikre 13 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife

173 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 199 W/gebrail Nrayo 12 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 200 Tekabech Alemu 31 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 201 Ngatu Asfaw 18 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no 202 Ene-Mesfin Alemu 17 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pastor 203 Tamrat Chernt 0 - Dwelling Partial Owner private 204 Ene-Lulet Girma 21 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 205 Yeshe Bekele 19 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 206 Zemerkin Dembue 18 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 207 Yeshareg G/sillassie 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 208 Mengistu Haile 37.5 mud house & hollow BLOCK fence Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 209 Yirga Desta 0 Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 210 Ephrem Teklu 12 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner no 211 Alemayehu W/Gebriel 41 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 212 Aleme Tefera 10 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 213 Nebyat Tefera 28 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 214 Bayush Teggn 93 mud house &fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 215 Mengistu Zewde 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no 216 Bereka Eshete 8.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 217 Erstu Fantaye 26 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 218 Tiruye Engdasew 0 Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 219 Molla Getahun 11.6 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 220 known by GPS 12 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 221 Mesfin Arega 5.3 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private

174 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 222 Abdrahman Yakobe 8 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner private 223 Fantanesh Alemu 38 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 224 Rede 0 Dwelling Partial Owner contractor 225 Tesfaye H/michiel 77 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner pensioner 226 Bogale(org) Taddese 57 fence CIS& HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner metal workshop rented 227 Abebe 13.3 fence CIS& HOLLOW BLOCK Dwelling Partial Owner 228 kelemwa Kabthymer 66 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner house wife 229 Onta Mote 83 mud house Dwelling Partial Owner private 230 known by GPS 27 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner 231 Hasi Donomam Muzeyim 19 fence CIS Dwelling Partial Owner business 232 Mesfin Alemu 47 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner private 233 Ephrem Gezahgn 0 Dwelling Partial Owner no 234 Tensae Birhanu 10.4 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner civil 235 Abu Dabi 0 Dwelling Partial Owner 236 known by GPS 0 Dwelling Partial Owner 237 known by GPS 27 fence hollow block Dwelling Partial Owner 238 known by GPS 0 Dwelling Partial Owner 239 Fekadu berta 22 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 240 Senayt Kifle 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner house wife Fully affected 241 Aself Haile 19 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 242 Sheawalem Hasen 23 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 243 Yeshewaget Teferra 31 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private Fully affected 244 Zulfa Abdu 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner House wife Fully affected

175 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 245 Nasir Kedir 24 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 246 Kamil Sani 34 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 247 Birhanu Zrgaw 39 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 248 Triku W/yohans 21 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 249 Tesema Awgchew 48 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 250 Girma Worku 30 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private emp. Fully affected 251 Taddese Zirkwa 21 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 252 Niri Shifa 22 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 253 Bambeta Wegeta 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 254 Abera Haile 32 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 255 Fetiha Mubark 23 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 256 Tekle sifer 41 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 257 mohamed Sifer 44 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 258 mohamed kedir 40 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected 259 Kifle Nemaga 40 mud house Dwelling Total Owner Private emp. Fully affected 260 Tesfaye 25 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 261 Taddese Ajma 144 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 262 Bayse Bekele 26 mud house Dwelling Total Owner civil servant Fully affected 263 Tamrat Kebede 38 mud house Dwelling Total Owner private artist Fully affected 264 Belaynesh Kebede 38 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 265 Ayana Gebre 63 mud house Dwelling Total Owner civil servant Fully affected 266 Shamil yasin 33 mud house Dwelling Total Owner daily laborer Fully affected 267 Mubarek oumer 28 mud house Dwelling Total Owner vender Fully affected

176 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Name of level of effect household or Description of houses and Use of the (total, partial, Tenure Employment status Household number business owner Fathers name plot area construction property minimum) status of all adults Comments 268 Birhanu Asrat 17 mud house Dwelling Total Owner private Fully affected 269 Tega G/mariam 0 CIS house Dwelling Total Owner private Fully affected

Table A1.2 Affected Businesses level of effect (total, Description of houses and Use of the partial, No. Name or type of business Plot area construction property minimum) Tenue status Comments 1 Garage 25 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner 2 Muez garage 30 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner 3 plc 22.8 CIS house Business Partial Owner 4 JICA Training center 25 meter fence stone wall Business Partial Owner 5 Agriculturalinputs supp. 12 meter fence stone wall Business Partial Owner meter square CIS 6 Spice factory 757 STORE&FENCE Business Partial Owner 7 Abdi Garage 405 METER fence IS Business Partial Owner 8 Awash Tannery 125 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner 9 Anjela store Business Partial Owner 10 Nfas Silk lafto forest 240 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner 11 Bihere Tegy Park 56 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner 12 Joint Enterprise coop. 9 eucalyptus trees Business Partial Owner cis houses &12 meters stone 13 comet transport 450 wall fence Business Partial Owner 14 Defense Construction 6 meter CIS fence Business Partial Owner

177 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

level of effect (total, Description of houses and Use of the partial, No. Name or type of business Plot area construction property minimum) Tenue status Comments Agricultural Marketing 15 enterprise 12 meters stone wall fence Business Partial Owner meter squ.CIS STORE 208CUBIC METER FUEL 16 Mekan yesus workshop 1110 TANKER Business Partial Owner 25 m3 Septic tank 17 Washed coffee enterprise 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner 18 Agrisco 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner 19 Lika plc 19.3 meter hollow block fence Business Partial Owner Nefas Silk lafto district 9 20 mosque 12 meters CIS fence Business Partial Owner 28 m3 fuel tank and 25 21 Defense Construction. 12 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner m3 septic tank 22 Saudi Arabia embassy 37 meter stone wall fence Business Partial Owner 23 Micro enterprise 78 meter squ.foundation Business Partial Owner 24 Micro enterprise 65 meter squ.foundation Business Partial Owner 25 ETHIO Marble Industry 206 Meter squ.CIS STORE Business Partial Owner meter squ.FoundationCIS 26 MICro enterprise 37 STORE Business Partial Owner 27 G.A.D construction p.l.c 23 meter fence CIS Business Partial Owner 28 Fetno derash ider 16.3 meter CIS FENCE Business Partial Owner METER 29 known by GPS 38 SQUA.FUNDATION Business Partial Owner

178 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Table: A1.3 Impact caused by displacement (household) No Name Loss of loss or loss or difficulty loss of access loss of access loss of Comments . land (m3) decrease of of access to to health to public access income educational services network services 1 Fekadu Berta 22 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 2 Senayt Kifle 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 3 Aself Haile 19 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 4 Sheawalem Hasen 23 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 5 Yeshewaget Teferra 31 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 6 Zulfa Abdu 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 7 Nasir Kedir 24 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 8 Kamil Sani 34 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 9 Birhanu Zrgaw 39 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 10 Triku W/yohans 21 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 11 Tesema Awgchew 48 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 12 Girma Worku 30 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 13 Taddese Zirkwa 21 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 14 Niri Shifa 43.5 No No No No No Loss of mud house and CIS 15 Bambeta Wegeta 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 179 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

No Name Loss of loss or loss or difficulty loss of access loss of access loss of Comments . land (m3) decrease of of access to to health to public access income educational services network services 16 Abera Haile 32 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 17 Fetiha Mubark 23 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 18 Tekle sifer 41 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 19 mohamed Sifer 44 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 20 mohamed kedir 40 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 21 Kifle Nemaga 40 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 22 Tesfaye 25 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 23 Taddese Ajma 144 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 24 Bayse Bekele 26 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 25 Tamrat Kebede 38 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 26 Belaynesh Kebede 38 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 27 Ayana Gebre 63 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 28 Shamil yasin 33 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 29 Mubarek oumer 28 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 30 Birhanu Asrat 17 No No No No No only loss of dwelling mud house 31 Tega G/mariam 16 NO NO NO NO NO Los of CIS house sand fence

180 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA o f the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Annex 2. Professionals Involved in the Study

No. Name Academic Rank Specialization Experience Involvement in the project (Yr) 1 Tenalem PhD, Professor Hydro- 25 Hydrology and Ayenew geology/Hydrology hydrogeology, water quality (Project Coordinator) 2 Feleke Zewge PhD, Associate Environmental 20 Wastewater treatment Professor Engineer processes and technology 3 Zebene Kifle PhD, Associate Chemical Engineer 24 Wastewater treatment Professor processes and technology, report writing impact assessment evaluation 4 Kasahun Bedane M.Sc Environmentalist 26 Evaluate the biological environment and environmental health. legal and policy frameworks 5 AmareMekonnen M.Sc Environmentalist 22 Evaluate the physical environment for the ESIA 6 Teklemarim M.Sc Sociologist 34 Socioeconomic evaluation Mengestie 7 Adefris Demise M.Sc Socio-economist 28 Prepare the RAP

8 Almaz Shitie M.Sc Environmentalist 26 Water quality assessment

9 Workneh Tefera Diploma Surveyor 10 Surveying the trunk lines

14 Zewdu M.Sc GIS expert 7 Prepare maps and spatial Alebachew analysis of design documents

181 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Annex 3 Historical water quality records in the project area

Se Total tt- ColiFo C Susp. Solids Diss. Solids la N N N P rm N P D BO C SO Alkal Gre Location of sample's site O bl TKN H O2 O3 O4 o. H O D5 L- 4- inity ase D e 3 - - -

Inorg Orga Inorg Orga sol anic inic anic inic . m mg mg/ m m mg mg m mg mg mg/ MPN/1 Unit g/l /l l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l g/l mg/l g/l /l /l g/l /l /l mg/l l 00ml LITTLE AKAKI & TRIBUTARIES S.of Rubber shoes fact 8. NI 51 22 NI 10 40000 1 debrezeit Rd. 2 L 8 399 90 150 714 91 0 22.4 58 0 L 0 13 6.8 380 NIL 000 7. 0. NI 19 0.0 NI 3 North west of berehere TSGE 7 3 68 68 6 30 268 16 L NIL .4 5 1.3 22 L 7.6 180 NIL 32000 6. 5. 33 7. NI 24000 4 Near Mekanisa liquor factory 7 7 2 478 15 28 489 110 40 4.8 7 0 L 65 45 3 148 NIL 0 7. 2. 21 21 42 2.6 NI 52000 5 Near diversion point to swer 6 3 1 180 120 90 547 41 1 0.8 .6 4 2.2 65 L 9.5 308 NIL 00 7. 0. NI 8. 1.1 6 Near Jima road Tsige 9 6 55 40 NIL NIL 348 11 L 2.5 8 9 6.2 50 60 5 140 NIL 3100 Downstream Akaki bridge on 8. 0. 54 31 32 0.0 11 56000 7 Jima road 2 8 2 339 116 196 678 74 2 13.5 .3 3 4.4 0 5 9.8 330 NIL 000 1 7. NI 31 15 53 NI NI NI 54000 6 South of Berehe bridge 1 L 2 252 73 83 541 59 0 13.4 .5 L L 65 L 8 320 NIL 00 1 East Paulos&Pestros church- 7. 5. NI 1.1 7 Ambo road 5 8 7 8 NIL NIL 153 NIL L NIL 1 9 1.3 15 3 2.4 100 NIL 18 2 South of Gulele soap fact. 8. 7. NI 0. 0.1 1 Ambo road 1 7 7 3.5 NIL NIL 150 NIL L NIL 5 2 0.9 25 2 0.7 76 NIL 240 2 North of Gulele soap fact. 7. 7. NI 0. 0.5 NI 2 Ambo road 9 1 7 3.7 NIL NIL 96 NIL L NIL 6 3 2.2 5 L 1.8 68 NIL 9200 2 MekaneyesusLidetabrige(Sth.M 7. NI 51 26 NI NI 95000 4 ercato) 4 L 6 535 98 166 573 152 2 34.5 63 L 3.5 83 L 9 375 4.3 000 2 NI 38 21 68 NI NI 22 48000 8 Upstr. Kaliti treat. PtConflunet 8 L 2 100 80 140 933 173 0 27.4 .4 L L 5 24 6.5 400 4.6 00 2 Down st.Kaliti treat. Pt 8. NI 41 28 80 NI NI 23 94000 9 Confluent 1 L 1 105 90 210 969 236 4 44.8 .6 L L 5 20 9.6 410 4.5 000 3 Upstream Awash Tannery 7. NI 16 16 42 NI NI 52000 0 Effluent 9 L 6 102 40 54 479 32 3 21.4 .6 L L 60 10 8 236 NIL 000 3 Downstream Awash Tannery 8. NI 20 22 45 NI NI 83000 1 Enffluent 2 L 2 117 80 110 526 69 5 33.7 .2 L L 75 14 8.5 84 5 000 3 Upstream Aday Ababa 8. 0. 14 4.9 71000 2 Enffluent 2 8 86 42 42 52 479 30 2 14.3 28 5 6.6 60 14 11 136 NIL 00 3 Downstream Aday Ababa NI 10 14 28 5.2 11. 68000 3 Enffluent 8 L 1 64 40 50 479 30 3 14.2 .4 8 6.2 60 14 2 85 NIL 00 3 Upstream Awash Winery 7. 6. NI 0. 1.5 14. 4 Enffluent 8 6 21 12 NIL NIL 259 NIL L NIL 7 2 1 35 13 4.6 144 NIL 78000 3 Downstream Awash Winery 6. 5. 34 7. NI NI 25000 5 Enffluent 7 7 5 486 16 30 508 118 40 4.9 6 L L 66 45 3.4 146 NIL 0 3 7. NI 46 66 58 0.0 69000 6 Upstream Abattoirs Enffluent 7 L 6 428 360 325 549 112 5 34.2 .1 7 3.1 75 4 11 320 5.8 000 3 Downstream Abattoirs 7. NI 48 68 0.0 13. 57000 7 Enffluent 6 L 5 444 353 364 555 116 7 35.6 71 5 1.8 85 2 2 340 5.4 000

KEBENA & TRIBUTARIES 5. NI 27 2 South east of EFTC 8 8 46 35 NIL NIL 442 8 L 7 .5 2.6 8.8 38 4 9 276 NIL 12000 Kechene behind main post 7. 20 17 55 NI NI 32000 8 office 7 2 2 134 89 87 429 81 6 21 .5 L L 64 15 9.8 230 NIL 00 7. 21 24 58 0.0 NI 44000 9 kechene near Zewditu hospital 6 2 7 144 150 98 435 65 8 22.4 .1 5 L 65 15 10 225 NIL 00

Se Total tt- ColiFo C Susp. Solids Diss. Solids la N N N P rm N P D BO Orga C SO Alkal Gre Location of sample's site O bl H O2 O3 O4 o. H O D5 n.N L- 4- inity ase D e 3 - - -

Inorg Orga Inorg Orga sol anic inic anic inic . m mg mg/ m m mg mg m mg mg mg/ MPN/1 Unit g/l /l l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l g/l mg/l g/l /l /l g/l /l /l mg/l l 00ml KEBENA & TRIBUTARIES(CONT'D) 1 7. 3. 38 0.3 53000 0 Misrak secondary school 7 7 97 63 52 39 341 24 91 14 .7 8 3.5 45 15 10 184 NIL 00

1 On Bantyiketu downstream 7. 0. 41 184 303 357 512 57 64 20 41 0.0 0.8 48 4 10 330 NIL 86000 182 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013

Se Total tt- ColiFo C Susp. Solids Diss. Solids la N N N P rm N P D BO C SO Alkal Gre Location of sample's site O bl TKN H O2 O3 O4 o. H O D5 L- 4- inity ase D e 3 - - -

Inorg Orga Inorg Orga sol anic inic anic inic . 1 Bambi bridge 7 4 0 5 .9 3 000

1 7. 0. 12 30 1.1 12000 2 Downstream Urael Bole bridge 7 8 7 24 58 38 334 10 88 12 .7 9 0.8 46 6 10 180 NIL 00 1 South of st Joseph church and 7. 0. 32 1.0 4 Cemet 9 6 82 48 32 54 446 36 83 17 .3 2 2.6 56 6 8.5 256 NIL 470 1 0. 11 32 0.0 5 Near Bole bridge 8 6 2 60 56 21 489 44 72 17.3 .3 5 0.4 47 5 8.6 326 NIL 38000 1 Kurtume B. Zeleke road N.st. 7. NI 1. 1.1 12. 8 Mary sch. 8 6 4 7 NIL NIL 164 NIL L NIL 1 8 3 22 4 4 78 NIL 4600 1 kechene near kechene bridge E. 7. 4. NI 13 0.5 73000 9 of Univ. 8 8 40 36 NIL NIL 465 NIL L 4 .2 9 3.5 70 9 9 232 NIL 00 2 6. NI 0. 0.0 10. 57000 0 North of French embassy 8 6 7 11 NIL NIL 338 NIL L NIL 6 5 1 57 3 2.7 166 NIL 0 2 Kechene near st Peter 7. 3. 12. NI 10 1.6 NI 3 Tubercul. Hosp. 6 7 26 5 NIL NIL 407 NIL L 3.5 .3 5 6.2 48 L 6 250 NIL 85000 2 8. 0. 13 51 1.4 11. 73000 5 KurtumeHabteGiorgis bridge 1 6 7 93 42 66 512 35 42 22.7 .6 8 2.2 63 8 2 286 NIL 00

GREAT AKAKI 1 Near end of Bole airport 7. NI 21 1.1 3 runway 6 1 37 32 NIL NIL 258 18 L 17 .3 8 8.8 35 10 4.8 140 NIL 5 2 7. 7. NI 0. 1.1 6 Near Legadadi 7 7 4 5 NIL NIL 161 NIL L NIL 6 9 2.6 2 4 2.5 132 NIL 13 2 Near by pass bridge (Akaki 7. 4. NI 0. 2.9 13. 7 city) 8 7 11 10 NIL NIL 306 NIL L NIL 9 7 2 22 7 4 184 NIL 3600

ABA SAMUEL LAKE 3 7. 6. NI 0. 3. 8 Ababa Samuel dam Enffluent 3 7 7 1.2 NIL NIL 320 NIL L NIL 6 0.1 1.3 50 8 1.8 190 NIL 350 3 Aba Samuel (Eastside-1km 1. NI 0. 0.0 3. 9 from dam) 7 4 7 2.2 NIL NIL 306 NIL L NIL 6 7 1.3 48 5 1.8 182 NIL 350 4 Aba Samuel (Westside-1km 7. 3. NI 0. 3. 0 from dam) 1 8 8 1.3 NIL NIL 300 NIL L NIL 6 0.1 0.9 50 6 1.6 176 NIL 280 4 Aba Samuel (Eastside-3km 7. 1. NI 0. 0.0 3. 1 from dam) 1 8 10 1.3 NIL NIL 332 NIL L NIL 7 7 0.9 52 5 1.6 196 NIL 360 4 Aba Samuel (Eastside-5km 7. 1. NI 0. 0.0 3. 2 from dam) 1 9 10 1.4 NIL NIL 330 NIL L NIL 6 7 0.9 52 5 1.6 198 NIL 230 Hydroensulpide H2S concentrationis NIL for all tests

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Annex 4: FAO Guideline for Wastewater Use in Agriculture Table .A4.1 Recommended microbiological quality guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture Catego Reuse condition Exposed Intestinal Faecal coliforms Wastewater treatment ry group nematodesb (geometric mean expected to achieve the (arithmetic no. per 100 ml) required microbiological mean no. of eggs quality per liter A Irrigation of crops likely Workers,  1  1000d A series of stabilization to be eaten uncooked, consumer ponds designed to achieve sports fields, public s, public the microbiological quality parksdd indicated, or equivalent treatment B Irrigation of cereal crops, Workers  1 No standard Retention in stabilization industrial crops, fodder recommended ponds for 8-10 days or crops, pasture and treese equivalent helminth and faecal coliform removal C Localized irrigation of None Not applicable Not applicable Pretreatment as required by crops in category B if the irrigation technology, exposure of workers and but not less than primary the public does not occur sedimentation

Table A4.2 Guidelines forinterpretation of water quality for irrigation

Degree of restriction on use Potential irrigation problem Units None Slight to moderate Severe Salinity 1 Ecw dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0 or TDS mg/l < 450 450 - 2000 > 2000 Infiltration 2 SAR = 0 - 3 and ECw > 0.7 0.7 - 0.2 < 0.2 3 -6 > 1.2 1.2 - 0.3 < 0.3 6-12 > 1.9 1.9 - 0.5 < 0.5 12-20 > 2.9 2.9 - 1.3 < 1.3 20-40 > 5.0 5.0 - 2.9 < 2.9 Specific ion toxicity Sodium (Na) Surface irrigation SAR < 3 3 - 9 > 9 Sprinkler irrigation me/I < 3 > 3 Chloride (Cl) Surface irrigation me/I < 4 4 - 10 > 10 Sprinkler irrigation m3/l < 3 > 3 11 Boron (B) mg/l < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0 Trace Elements Miscellaneous effects 3 Nitrogen (NO3-N) mg/l < 5 5 - 30 > 30 Bicarbonate (HCO3) me/I < 1.5 1.5 - 8.5 > 8.5 pH Normal range 6.5-8

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1 ECw means electrical conductivity in deciSiemens per metre at 25°C 2 SAR means sodium adsorption ratio 3 NO3-N means nitrate nitrogen reported in terms of elemental nitrogen Source: FAO(1985)

Table A4.3 Threshold levels of trace elements for production Element Recommended Remarks maximum concentration (mg/l) Al (aluminum) 5.0 Can cause non-productivity in acid soils (pH < 5.5), but more alkaline soils at pH > 7.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate any toxicity. As (arsenic) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/l for Sudan grass to less than 0.05 mg/l for rice. Be (beryllium) 0.10 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/l for kale to 0.5 mg/l for bush beans. Cd (cadmium) 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solutions. Conservative limits recommended due to its potential for accumulation in plants and soils to concentrations that may be harmful to humans. Co (cobalt) 0.05 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/l in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils. Cr (chromium) 0.10 Not generally recognized as an essential growth element. Conservative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants. Cu (copper) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in nutrient solutions. F (fluoride) 1.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils. Fe (iron) 5.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of availability of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead sprinkling may result in unsightly deposits on plants, equipment and buildings. Li (lithium) 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg/l; mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus at low concentrations (<0.075 mg/l). Acts similarly to boron. Mn (manganese 0.20 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/l, but usually only in ) acid soils. Mo (molybden 0.01 Not toxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to um) livestock if forage is grown in soils with high concentrations of available molybdenum. Ni (nickel) 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l; reduced toxicity at neutral or alkaline pH. Pd (lead) 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations. Se (selenium) 0.02 Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as 0.025 mg/l and toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with relatively high levels of added selenium. As essential element to animals but in very low concentrations. Sn (tin) Ti (titanium) - Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance unknown. W (tungsten) C (vanadium) 0.10 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations. Zn (zinc) 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0 and in fine textured or organic soils.

1 The maximum concentration is based on a water application rate which is consistent with good irrigation practices (10 000 m3 per hectare per year). If the water application rate greatly exceeds this, the maximum concentrations should be adjusted downward accordingly. No adjustment should

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be made for application rates less than 10 000 m3 per hectare per year. The values given are for water used on a continuous basis at one site.

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ANNEX 5: USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR for discharges from wastewater treatment plants

A significant element in waste-water disposal is the potential environmental impact associated with it. Environmental standards are developed to ensure that the impacts of treated waste-water discharges into ambient waters are acceptable. Standards play a fundamental role in the determination of the level of wastewater treatment required and in the selection of the discharge location and outfall structures.

Regulations and procedures vary from one country to another and are continuously reviewed and updated to reflect growing concern for the protection of ambient waters. In Ethiopia, there is no well established guideline and standard for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit programme in 1972 to control water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters. Accordingly, industrial, municipal, and other facilities are required to obtain permits if their discharges go directly into surface waters. Under this programme, secondary treatment standards were established by USEPA for publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), governing the performance of secondary waste-water treatment plants. These technology-based regulations, which apply to all municipal waste-water treatment plants, represent the minimum level of effluent quality attainable by secondary treatment in terms of BOD5 and TSS removal as presented in the following table.

Table A5.1 USEPA, NPDES AND EC EDR FOR DISCHARGES FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

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Annex 6Environment, Health and Safety Aspects of the Project Workers in every occupation can be faced with a multitude of hazards at the workplace. Occupational health and safety addresses the broad range of workplace hazards from accident prevention to the more insidious hazards including toxic fumes, dust, noise, heat, stress, etc. Preventing work- related diseases and accidents must be the goal of occupational health and safety programs/activities rather. Hazards in workplace manifest themselves in a variety of forms, including chemical, physical, biological, psychological, non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Therefore, appropriate consideration must be given during the design and implementation stages of the development project in order to eliminate or reduce work place hazards associated with the project thereby ensuring the health and safety of workers. Most effective hazard preventions begin in the design stage of the proposed activities. The type and level of hazards are generally related to controllable factors such as workplace design, installations, equipment, tools, processes, work procedures, raw materials, byproducts, and the degree and sophistication of employees’ training. Administrative and managerial facilities generally involve less risks and hazards than industrial settings. A6.1 Environment/Ambient Factors

Noise

Noise limits for different working environments are given in Table A7.1. No employee may be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day. In addition, no unprotected ear should be exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of more than Leq,fast 110 dB(A). The use of hearing protection must be actively enforced where Leq,8h reach 85 dB(A). In the project activities, where such conditions are present, the Contractor or the Client should avail hearing protection to workers. Table A6.1 Noise limits Leq, 8h and maximum Lmax, fast Location/activity Equivalent noise level Maximum noise level

Leq,8h Lmax,fast Heavy industry 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) Light industry 50-60 dB(A) 110 dB(A) Open offices, control 45.-50 dB(A) - rooms, service counters or similar Individual offices 40-45 dB(A) - Hospitals 30.35 dB(A) 40 dB(A)

Vibration

Exposure to hand-arm vibration from equipment such as hand and power tools or whole body vibrations from surfaces on which workers stand or sit shall be controlled through selection of 188 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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equipment and limitation of exposure time. The limitation for vibration and action values, i.e. the level of exposure at which remediation should be initiated are given in Table A7.2. Table A6.2 Vibration exposure and action value limits (acceleration, m/s2) Description Hand-arm vibration Whole-body vibration Daily exposure limit value standardized to 8hs reference period 5m/s2 1.15m/s2 Daily exposure action value standardized to 8hs reference period 2.5m/s2 0.6m/s2

Illumination

Work area light intensity must be adequate especially in the operation period of the WTP, for the general purpose of the location and type of activity and must be supplemented with dedicated workplace illumination as required. All light sources should be with minimum heat emission. Reflection from flickering light/glare should be avoided at work place. Temperature

Indoor temperatures that are conducive and appropriate for the type of work shall be ensured. Risks of heat or cold related stress must be adequately addressed and feasible control measures implemented for the work in adverse environment. This is important in areas where digesters and burners (flaring) are present, i.e., in the WTP. Hazardous substances

Handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances such as chemicals, gases, vapors, fumes, dust, fibers, etc. shall fulfill the requirements of the national and international standard guidelines. One or more of these substances will be used by the project. Therefore, the Hazardous Materials Management Plan should address applicable, essential elements of occupational health and safety management including:  Job safety analysis to identify specific potential occupational hazards and industrial hygiene surveys, as appropriate, to monitor and verify chemical exposure levels, and compare with applicable occupational exposure standards  Hazard communication and training programs to prepare workers to recognize and respond to workplace chemical hazards. Programs should include aspects of hazard identification, safe operating and materials handling procedures, safe work practices, basic emergency Precaution must be taken to keep the risk of exposure to hazardous substance as low as possible. Work processes, engineering and administrative control measures must be designed, maintained and operated so as avoid or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the working environment. The number of employees exposed or likely to become exposed must be kept at a minimum and the level of exposure maintained below internationally established or recognized exposure limits. When hazardous materials are in use above threshold quantities, the management plan should include a

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system for community awareness, notification and involvement that should be commensurate with the potential risks identified for the project during the hazard assessment studies. Air emissions and ambient Air Quality

Emissions of air pollutants can occur from a wide variety of activities during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of the project. The sources are mainly point sources, fugitive sources, and mobile sources. Where possible, facilities and projects should avoid, minimize, and control adverse impacts to human health, safety, and the environment from emissions to air. Where this is not possible, the generation and release of emissions of any type should be managed through a combination of different methods such as process modification, and application of emissions control techniques. Projects with significant sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines (see Table A7.3). Table A6.3 WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines

Point Sources

Point sources in the project include digesters, flaring apparatus, standby diesel generator.

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Stack Height

The stack height for all point sources of emissions, whether ‘significant’ or not, should be designed according to GIIP to avoid excessive ground level concentrations.

Fugitive Sources

The two main types of fugitive emissions are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM). Other contaminants (NOx, SO2 and CO) are mainly associated with combustion processes, as described above. Projects with potentially significant fugitive sources of emissions should establish the need for ambient quality assessment and monitoring practices. Open burning of solid wastes, whether hazardous or nonhazardous, is not considered good practice and should be avoided, as the generation of polluting emissions from this type of source cannot be controlled effectively.

Particulate Matter (PM)

The most common pollutant involved in fugitive emissions is dust or particulate matter (PM). This is released during construction operations, transportation, material handling, open storage of solid materials, and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads. Recommended prevention and control of these emissions sources include:  Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water suppression, or increased moisture content for open materials storage piles, or controls, including air extraction and treatment through a baghouse or cyclone for material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins;  Use of water suppression for control of loose materials on paved or unpaved road surfaces. Oil and oil by-products is not a recommended method to control road dust. Examples of additional control options for unpaved roads include those summarized in Table A7.4. Land-based Mobile Sources

Similar to other combustion processes, emissions from vehicles include CO, NOx, SO2, PM and VOCs. Emissions from on-road and off-road vehicles should comply with national or regional programs. In the absence of these, the following approach should be considered:  Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, fleet owners / operators should implement the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs;  Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel consumption, including measured acceleration and driving within safe speed limits.

Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations

Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfide, methane. Odors from treatment facilities can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding community.

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Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality

Projects with the potential to generate process wastewater, sanitary (domestic) sewage, or stormwater should incorporate the necessary precautions to avoid, minimize, and control adverse impacts to human health, safety, or the environment. In the context of their overall ESHS management system, facilities should assess compliance of their wastewater discharges with the applicable water quality standard for a specific reuse for irrigation.

Table A6.4 Fugitive PM Emissions Control

Waste management

Facilities that generate and store wastes should practice the following:  Establishing waste management priorities at the outset of activities based on an understanding of potential Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) risks and impacts and considering waste generation and its consequences  Establishing a waste management hierarchy that considers prevention, reduction, reuse, recovery, recycling, removal and finally disposal of wastes.  Avoiding or minimizing the generation waste materials, as far as practicable  Where waste generation cannot be avoided but has been minimized, recovering and reusing waste  Where waste cannot be recovered or reused, treating, destroying, and disposing of it in an environmentally sound manner 192 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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Hazardous Materials Management

Hazardous materials can be classified according to the hazard as explosives; compressed gases, including toxic or flammable gases; flammable liquids; flammable solids; oxidizing substances; toxic materials; radioactive material; and corrosive substances.  The overall objective of hazardous materials management is to avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials or accidents (including explosion and fire) during their production, handling, storage and use.  Projects which manufacture, handle, use, or store hazardous materials should establish management programs that are commensurate with the potential risks present. The main objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the protection of the workforce and the prevention and control of releases and accidents.

A 6.2 Occupational Health and Safety

Building and structures

Buildings and structures should be designed and constructed in accordance with the national and international health and safety requirements. Surface structures and installations should be easy to clean and maintain, and should not favor for the accumulation of hazardous substances. Buildings must be structurally safe, provide appropriate protection against the climate and noise conditions and have acceptable light. Fire resistance, noise absorbing materials should, to the extent feasible, be used for cladding on ceilings and walls. Floor should be level, even, and non-skid. Heavy oscillating and rotating equipment should be located in dedicated buildings or structurally isolated sections. The workplace must be adequate for each worker for safe execution of all activities including transport, interim storage of materials and products. Passages to emergency exits must be free of obstruction/obstacle at all times. The number and capacity of emergency exits must be sufficient for safe and orderly evacuation of the people present at any time. Confined Spaces

Engineering measures must be implemented to eliminate, to the extent possible, the existence and adverse effects of confined space. Unfavorable confined space must be provided with permanent safety measures for venting, lighting, monitoring, and rescue operations. The area adjoining an access to a confined space should provide ample room for emergency and rescue operations. Access

Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles should be segregated and provided for easy, safe and appropriate access. Equipment and installations requiring recurrent servicing and cleaning should be provided with adequate permanent means of access. Hand, knee, and foot railings must be installed

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on stairs, fixed ladders, platforms, permanent and interim floor openings, loading bays, ramps, etc. Coves shall, if feasible, be installed to protect against falling items. Installations, equipment, tools, and substances

Installations, equipment, tools and substances shall be appropriate and suitable for use and with minimum or no health and safety hazards. Appropriate shields, guards, or railings must be installed and maintained to avoid human contact with moving parts, or hot and cold items. Equipment must be provided with adequate noise and vibration dampers. Electrical installations must be designed, constructed and maintained to eliminate fire or explosion hazards and risk to the employees. Safety signs

Hazardous and risky areas, installations, materials, and safety measures, emergency exits, etc. shall be appropriately marked. Signs shall be in accordance with the international standards, be well known to, and easily understood by the workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate. Lighting

As far as possible, natural light should reach workplaces and be supplemented with sufficient artificial illumination to maintain and improve workers safety and health. Emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be installed and automatically activated upon failure of the artificial light source to ensure safe shut-down, evacuation, etc. Ventilation and temperatures

Sufficient fresh air must be supplied for indoor and confined workplaces. Factors to be considered in the design of a ventilation system include physical activity, substance handled and process emissions. Mechanical ventilation systems shall be maintained in good working condition. Point- source exhaust systems required for maintaining a safe ambient environment must have local indicators for correct functioning. Air inlet filters must be maintained and be clean and free of dust. Air distribution systems must be designed to avoid exposure of employees to undesirable draughts. The temperature in work and rest rooms, and other welfare facilities should, during service hours, be maintained at a level appropriate for the purpose of the facility. Fire detection and fire fighting

Workplaces must be equipped with fire detectors, alarm systems and fire-fighting equipment. The equipment shall be maintained in proper working conditions. It should be adequate for the available facilities, physical and chemical properties of substances present. Non-automatic fire-fighting equipment must be easily accessible and simple to use in the event of fire. Fire and emergency alarm systems shall be both audible and visible. First-aid

Appropriately equipped first-aid stations shall be provided and be easily accessible throughout workplaces. Eye-wash stations and/or emergency showers must be provided close to all 194 Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC

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workstations where the recommended first-aid response is immediate flushing with water particularly in case of contacting corrosive substances. First-aid stations and rooms shall be provided with gloves, gowns, and masks for protection against direct contact with blood and other body fluids. Sanitary and welfare facilities

Washbasins with running hot and cold water shall be installed in sufficient numbers as demanded by the character of the work and where contaminants or pollutants are released and confined in workplaces. Adequate supply of drinking water shall be ensured for all workers. Water supplies shall be conveniently located especially for areas of high physical activities. Drinking water supplies shall be clearly marked especially where non-potable water is also available. Welfare facilities including locker rooms and adequate number of toilets with washbasins, and room dedicated for eating free of any possible contamination should be provided. Separate eating facilities need to be provided for employees wearing clean and soiled working clothes, respectively. Gender-segregated changing rooms with lockers should be provided when special work-clothes are required. Hot and cold water shower facilities and washbasins should be available close to the locker rooms. Separate lockers must be installed for isolating street-cloth from work-cloth when the circumstances (dirt, dangerous substances etc.) so require for employees exposed to hazardous conditions to avoid contamination. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Employees shall be provided with appropriate personal protective equipment that will offer/serve appropriate personal protection. The use of protective equipment shall be actively enforced by the management unless the hazards are eliminated or sufficiently reduced through technological or procedural change.

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Annex 7. Format for asset survey along the sewerlines

Kaliti WASTE WATER TREATMENT REAHABILITATION PROJECT AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS, LAND RESOURCES, STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY DATA SHEET

GPS Position: X______Y______Z______Date______

I. General

1.1Household head name______2.Father's name: ______3.Mother'sname ____ 1.2 Age ______1.3 Sex: 1. Male 2. Female 1.4 Occupation ______1.5 Religion ______1.6 Address: Sub-city______Wereda______House no. ____ 1.7Family size: 1. Males ______2. Females ______3. Total ______

1.8 Education: Pre-school 1st cycle primary 2nd cycle primary Secondary College preparatory College 1.9 Is the family head or is there a family member with disability? 1) Yes 2) No II. Type of property affected:

2.1 Type of housing:

Type Size (m2) Height (m) 2.2 Hollow blocks with corrugated iron sheet ______2.3 Mud with corrugated iron sheet ______2.4 Stonewall with corrugated iron sheet ______2.5 Mud house with grass roof ______2.6 All with corrugated iron sheet ______2.6 Septic tank Meter cube ______2.7 Ownership: 2.7.1 Rented from Kebele 2.7.2 Rented from individual Owner’s Name: ______2.7.3 My Own Ownership title number ______2.7.4 Noownership title 2.8 Use:

2.8.1 Dwelling 2.8.2 Business Type of business______; monthly income from business (birr) ______

Additional observations/Remarks______

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2.9 Fence 2.9.1 Stonewall meter length ______meter thickness______2.9.2 Corrugated iron sheet meter______2.9.3 Wood meter______2.9.4 Hollow block 2.9.4 Other ______

Additional observations/Remarks______

2.10 Number and type of affected crops and trees

2.10.1 Type of crop______, land in hectare (harvested/covered)______Yield (Qt/ha)______Production in Qt______

2.10.2 Type of tree______, Number of tree: Big ______, Medium ______, Small ______

2.10.3 Type of fruit tree______, Age of tree______, Productivity in Kg.______, Cost for land improvement (Birr)______, Cost to grow______

2.11 Affected pubic infrastructure 2.11.1 Telecommunications: 1. number of poles______1. Number of p.b.x______2.11.2 Electric: 1. Number of high tension power poles ______2. Number of normal poles ______

2.11.3Asphalt road: ______meter by ______meter= ______square meters 2.11.4 Coble stone road: ______meter by ______meter = ______square meters 2.11.5 Gravel road : ______meter by ______meter= ______square meters

Additional observations/Remarks______

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