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College of Social Science and Humanities COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPERTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES URBAN EXPANSION AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE FARMING COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF DUKEM TOWN, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA By: ABO SAFAYE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PRINCIPAL ADVISOR- Wagaw legesse (PhD candidate) CO-ADVISOR- Getnet Tarko (PhD) Gondar, Ethiopia September, 2020 DECLARATION I, Abo Safaye Dadi, declare that this thesis is the result of my own work and that all sources or materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged and cited in the text. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master degree at University of Gondar. I confidently declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institution and anywhere for the award of an academic degree, diploma, or certificate. SUBMITTED BY: ABO SAFAYE ____________ ____________ Signature Date I UNIVERSITY OF GONDER APPROVAL SHEET As thesis advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis prepared, under my guidance, by Abo Safaye, entitled Urban Expansion and Its impacts on the Livelihoods of the farming communities in Dukem town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. I recommend that the thesis was carried out under my supervision. Principal advisor: Wagaw legesse (PhD candidate) Signature_____________Date __________ Co-advisor: Getnet Tarko (PhD) Signature_____________Date____________ II UNIVERSITY OF GONDER CERTIFICATION PAPER As member of the Board of Examiners of the MA Thesis Open Defence Examination, We certify that we have read, evaluated the thesis prepared by Abo Safaye and examined the candidate. We recommended that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the Thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental Studies (GES) Internal Examiner: __________________ Signature____________Date _________ External Examiner: ___________________ Signature_____________ Date ___________ _______________________ ____________ ____________ Department chairman Signature Date III Abstract Urban areas in Ethiopia have been growing very quickly in recent decades, which have led to ever increasing demand for land for housing and other non-agricultural activities. Dukem town is one of the highly experiencing agricultural land conversions for different purposes. This has several impacts on the peri-urban areas of the farming communities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess Urban Expansion and its Impact on the livelihoods of the Farming Communities: The Case of Dukem City, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. GIS and remote sensing were used to analysed the phenomena of agricultural land transformation into urban land use. Data sources were both quantitative and qualitative data collection. In assessing the impacts of urbanization on farmers, a sample of 150 of farmers were selected out of the 32,015 displaced and non-displace farmers from three kebeles. The necessary data were gathered through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews and both close- ended and open-ended questionnaires.Quantitative data were analysed by the use of mainly mean, frequency distribution tables, percentages, standard deviation. Qualitative data were organized and analysed in word description form/ in the form of verbal/ narrative information. The processes of rapid urban expansion have caused an extensive Agricultural Land Conversion (ALC) that has seriously affected the livelihoods of farming communities, through reducing farmland size, amounts of food crop production and number of livestock, which lead to landless, displacement, unemployment and food insecurity. The results indicate that built-up areas were fast increment from 90.23ha to 1000.45ha in (2000-2010), from 1000.45ha to 2243.24ha in (2010-2020) and a total gain 2153.01ha within 20 years (2000-2020). The mean land holding size per household was 2.02 hectare. However, after urban expansion the mean total land size owned by households decreased to 0.98 ha and also the crop production per farm household was reduced to 14.63 yearly mean total quintals from 34.33. Similarly, before urban expansion nearly 12 mean livestock assets per households. But, after urban expansion the average livestock assets per household dropped to 7. The study recommends that compensation law should be revised in a manner of the current issues and inflation rates and local government, non-government organizations, private investors and higher education institutions should provide trainings, skill development and other capacity building services to these farming communities. Key Terms: Urban expansion, Farming communities, Displacement, Compensation, Land use/land cover change, Livelihoods. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMNET Before acknowledging the individuals and institutions, I would like to thank the Almighty GOD for giving me the strengths and patience to reach this far. First of all, I would like to express my great respect to my advisor Wagaw Legesse (PhD Candidate) and Co-advisor Getnet Tarko (PhD) for their constructive comments, suggestion, advice and encouragement. Second, I thankful to Dukem town Land management office for providing me the necessary data for the study I also thankful to some my staff members Kebede Tirfesa, Dereje Tefera, Getu Kebede for their technical and moral support to complete this thesis Last but not least my family and others who helped me and contributed helpful advice in accomplishing my thesis work. ABO SAFAYE September, 2020 V Table of Contents Contents Pages Abstract........................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMNET.............................................................................................V List of tables.................................................................................................................IX List of Figure................................................................................................................XI List of Appendices......................................................................................................XII ACRONOMYS..........................................................................................................XIII CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study.................................................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................4 1.3. Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................6 1.3.1. General Objective................................................................................... 6 1.3.2. Specific Objectives................................................................................. 6 1.4. Research Questions...........................................................................................7 1.5. Significance of the Study..................................................................................7 1.6 Scope/Delimitation of the Study........................................................................8 1.7. Limitation of Study...........................................................................................8 1.8. Organization of the Thesis................................................................................9 1.9. Operational Definition of Related Words and Concept....................................9 CHAPTER TWO..........................................................................................................11 Literature Review.........................................................................................................11 2.1. Urbanization and Urban Sprawl..................................................................... 11 2.2. Urban Sprawl..................................................................................................11 2.3. Causes of Urban Expansion............................................................................12 2.4. Impacts of Urban Expansion.......................................................................... 13 2.4.1. Positive Impacts of Urban Expansion...................................................13 2.4.2. Negative Impacts of Urban Expansion................................................. 14 2.5. Rural- Urban Linkage.....................................................................................15 2.6. Urbanization in Africa.................................................................................... 15 2.7. Urbanization in Ethiopia.................................................................................17 2.8. Urbanization in Dukem town..........................................................................18 2.8.1. Driving Factors of Urban Expansion.................................................... 18 VI 2.8.2. Positive Impacts of Urban Expansion in Dukem town.........................19 2.8.3. Negative Impacts of Urban Expansion in Dukem town....................... 19 2.9. The Conceptual Framework of the Study.......................................................21
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