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SFD Promotion Initiative Bishoftu Ethiopia Final Report

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SFD Promotion Initiative Bishoftu Ethiopia Final Report SFD Promotion Initiative Bishoftu Ethiopia Final Report This SFD Report was created through field-based research by UoL as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative. Date of production: 04/03/2016 Last update: 01/08/2016 SFD Report Bishoftu, Ethiopia, 2016 Produced by: Oscar Veses Barbara Evans Andy Peal Haile Dinku ©Copyright All SFD Promotion Initiative materials are freely available following the open-source concept for capacity development and non-profit use, so long as proper acknowledgement of the source is made when used. Users should always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. This Executive Summary and SFD Report are available from: www.sfd.susana.org Bishoftu Executive Summary Produced by: UoL Ethiopia 1. The Diagram 2. Diagram information the south is dominated by hills (BCP, 2015). The geographical area of the city is about Desk or field based: 15,273 ha, and it lies at an altitude in the range The SFD was generated from field-based of 1900 m. to 1995 m. above sea level. It has a work. mean annual temperature of 27ºC and mean Produced by: annual rainfall of 746.6 mm. Univesity of Leeds (UoL) with support from Mr. Several industries operate in the city and there Haile Dinku, WaSH capacity building are opportunities for agro-industry processing, consultant from WaterAid Ethiopia. hotel and tourism development. Due to the Collaborating partners: improvements in road infrastructure, water supply, health facilities and greenery WaterAid Ethiopia, Municipality of Bishoftu, development, the population is increasing Bishoftu Town Water Supply and Sewerage rapidly (EC, 2015). The current urban Service Enterprise population is 128,272, not including the peri- Status: urban areas of the city. Final Physical risks to the city include flooding in the Date of production: rainy season and illegal settlement with urban- rural boundary conflicts (BCP, 2015). 04/03/2016 The city has no sewerage system; the whole 3. General city information population uses onsite sanitation technologies, Bishoftu is in the state of Oromia, Ethiopia, mainly pit latrines. Faecal sludge emptying is approximately 47 km south east of Addis done by vacuum trucks and discharged in an Ababa. Its topography is undulating and open dump. characterized by flat land on the north and east parts of the city, locked by several lakes, while Last Update: 01/08/2016 2 Bishoftu Executive Summary Produced by: UoL Ethiopia 4. Service delivery context with no penalties issued for illegal dumping (BST, 2016a; BST, 2016b, BST 2016f). The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia included the protection of public health in the 5. Service outcomes 1995 National Constitution. The Article 90.1 The majority of the population use pit latrines states that “to the extent the country’s (97%), around 2% use flush toilets connected resources permit, policies shall aim to provide to septic or fully lined (sealed) tanks (with no all Ethiopians access to public health and outlet or overflow) which are mainly found in education, clean water, housing, food and high-income households and hotels, spas, social security”. lodges and recreational centres focused on At national level, a seven year program (2013- tourism) and approximately 1% of the 2020) under the name of One WASH National population practice open defecation (BST, Program (OWNP) was launched in September 2016a). 2013 by the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) The frequency with which emptying occurs with additional support from UNICEF with a varies depending upon the number of people total budget of more than USD $2 billion using the facility, but the minimum time is (Goyol and Girma, 2015). every three months up to more than a year. In 2013, in order to meet national and global Two private companies carry out emptying commitments, the GoE developed the services using vacuum trucks. On average Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy, Sanitation they make 6 to 7 trips per day and, depending Protocol, Strategic Sanitation Action Plan. The on demand, as many as 10 trips per day (BST, plan was created to facilitate changes in the 2016c). sanitation and hygiene situation in Ethiopia and Bishoftu has no sewerage system or treatment promote improved sanitation (MoH, 2013). plant. All faecal sludge is discharged without There are no by-laws regarding solid or liquid treatment either locally into the open (storm) waste management. There is also a gap in drains, transported and discharged into Lake plans, strategies and responsibilities of the Chelelaka, or taken to the Golba dumpsite public institutions in charge to regulate and (BST, 2016a). The dumpsite receives all waste coordinate the sludge management (BST, from the city (organic, inorganic, solid and 2016a, BST, 2016f). There is also a lack of faecal wastes) coming from industries, awareness of people about the need to have households, public and private institutions. It is proper liquid and solid waste management, simply an open field, with no protection or making it difficult to advance towards a unifying appropriate design details for the handling of guideline to manage all wastes within the city wastes (Figure 1). Both the municipality and (BST, 2016d; BST, 2016e). the BTWSSSE are aware of the problem of the improper final disposal of the faecal sludge. However, the Health Extension Program (HEP) They report that they are willing to increase is an essential service providing advice to communication and coordination in order to families and improving sanitation and waste improve the sanitation situation (BST, 2016a; management practices at household level BST, 2016f). (BST, 2016a; BST, 2016d; BST, 2016e). The Bishoftu Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service Enterprise (BTWSSSE) manages the city’s water supply network, while the municipality has overall responsibility for faecal sludge management. Emptying services are provided by two private companies who operate under a service agreement with the municipality, using an agreed emptying tariff structure. However, the standard of service is considered to be low and is poorly monitored Figure 1 Golba dumpsite in Bishoftu (photo Credit: Oscar Veses) Last Update: 01/08/2016 II Bishoftu Executive Summary Produced by: UoL Ethiopia All drinking water comes from groundwater Two private companies provide faecal sludge sources. Wells are protected by a fence but emptying services in the city. They operate there is no buffer zone surrounding them with under signed agreements with the municipality. both agricultural and cattle raising activities Several international organisations, NGOs and found near the wells. However, all wells are the government at regional level provide located away from waste disposal sites, funding to the WaSH sector. latrines, septic and lined tanks. The mean water table level is greater than 15m below Key Stakeholders Institutions / Organizations / ground (BST, 2016f). The situation described above is reflected in Municipality of Bishoftu Water Utility (BTWSSSE) the SFD which shows that 85% of the excreta Public Institutions generated is considered to be ‘unsafely Health Extension Workers managed’. Although no data is available on the (HEWs) percentage of pit latrines that are covered Two private emptying service when full, that number is estimated to be 15% Private Sector providers of the total faecal sludge; this percentage is considered to be safely disposed, as shown on Development Several international the SFD. Partners, Donors institutions and NGOs Due to the poor disposal arrangements, a new Table 1 Key stakeholders waste treatment site was designed and partially built three years ago. This is in a 7. Credibility of data different location to Golba and covers a land The main data sources include published area of around 4 hectares. When completed, national level WaSH policy and implementation the site will receive both faecal and solid documents – these are available online with wastes. The solid waste landfill component – a public access. However, a literature search sanitary landfill - has been completed but due revealed that no local or city level documents to budget limitations and a lack of skilled are available with public access. The visit was capacity, it is yet to be commissioned. therefore essential to collect data on WaSH Operation is expected to start within the next services and, in particular, to gain access to year (BST, 2016a) unpublished reports on service outcomes and The proposed faecal sludge treatment plant details of future plans for the sanitation sector has not been built. The new facility will include in the city. a faecal sludge drying beds with facultative The main uncertainties of the data are the and maturation ponds to treat the liquid fraction percentage of people using onsite technologies (BST, 2016a). and the percentage of the population that use 6. Overview of stakeholders pit latrines that are covered and safely abandoned when full. The main stakeholders are outlined in Table 1. The Municipality of Bishoftu is responsible for 8. Process of SFD development faecal sludge management in the city. All data were collected by unstructured key The Bishoftu Town Water Supply and informant interviews. The unstructured Sewerage Service Enterprise (BTWSSSE) has interviews were useful in gaining access to the mandate to deliver water supply and unpublished reports, including the technical sewerage in the city. However, as there is report of the proposed new faecal sludge currently no sewerage system, it only manages treatment plant and the sanitary landfill for the water supply service. BTWSSSE owns two solid waste. Some of the interviews were operational faecal sludge vacuum trucks, but conducted jointly with a group of stakeholders. these are not used. This allowed for an open discussion and cross- checking of data. Health Extension Workers (HEWs) are the main actors in advising people at household Key Informant Interviews (KII) were conducted level to carry out good WaSH practices. with senior representatives of the public Last Update: 01/08/2016 III Bishoftu Executive Summary Produced by: UoL Ethiopia institutions, one HEW and the owner of one of the private companies.
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