DOCSLIB.ORG

ATINER's Conference Paper Series HIS2015-1878

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ATINER's Conference Paper Series HIS2015-1878 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: LNG2014-1176 Athens Institute for Education and Research ATINER ATINER's Conference Paper Series HIS2015-1878 Relationships between Radu Vodă Monastery in Bucharest and Ivir Monastery on Mount Athos Florenţa Teleman PhD Student “Nicolae Iorga” History Institute of the Romanian Academy Romania 1 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: HIS2015-1878 An Introduction to ATINER's Conference Paper Series ATINER started to publish this conference papers series in 2012. It includes only the papers submitted for publication after they were presented at one of the conferences organized by our Institute every year. This paper has been peer reviewed by at least two academic members of ATINER. Dr. Gregory T. Papanikos President Athens Institute for Education and Research This paper should be cited as follows: Teleman, F. (2016). "Relationships between Radu Vodă Monastery in Bucharest and Ivir Monastery on Mount Athos", Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: HIS2015-1878. Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki, 10671 Athens, Greece Tel: + 30 210 3634210 Fax: + 30 210 3634209 Email: [email protected] URL: www.atiner.gr URL Conference Papers Series: www.atiner.gr/papers.htm Printed in Athens, Greece by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. All rights reserved. Reproduction is allowed for non-commercial purposes if the source is fully acknowledged. ISSN: 2241-2891 03/05/2016 2 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: HIS2015-1878 Relationships between Radu Vodă Monastery in Bucharest and Ivir Monastery on Mount Athos Florenţa Teleman PhD Student “Nicolae Iorga” History Institute of the Romanian Academy Romania Abstract The type of relationships established between two Orthodox settlements, one representative for the Romanian territory below the Carpathians, the other gaining its renown prestige from its membership to the monastic complex on Mount Athos, takes shape in the political-social context of the spirituality and mentality of the 16-19th centuries. Born from a hierarchical subordination and a mark of religiosity with multiple implications, the relations established between the representatives of the two geographical areas are determined by the initiative of committing the religious buildings from the Romanian area to important centers of Eastern Orthodox Christian spirituality. The duties and benefits for each party, as established by the act of worship, give shape to these relations, while the documents arising from the relationship between the two settlements, over the passage of time, fill in the gaps and are able to aid us in understanding better the complex mentality of this period of time. The link created, in the name of God, between the two monastic settlements, now allows the writing of a common history: a history not only of the relations between the Radu Vodă Monastery in Bucharest with the Ivir Monastery on Mount Athos, but also the durability and the evolution of the two monastic settlements. Keywords: Radu Vodă Monastery, Ivir Monastery, Mount Athos, dedicated monastery. Acknowledgments: Research finances through the project “MINERVA – Cooperation for the elite career in doctoral and post-doctoral research”, contract code: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/137832, project financed from European Social Fond through the Sectorial Operational Program Development of Human Resources 2007-2013. 3 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: HIS2015-1878 There aren't many moments in which history has connected two geographical areas located so far away from each other, for a period of several centuries and with such important implications for both sides. The reasons for such an approach can be explained through the common religious beliefs they shared, under whose legitimacy the ever changing connection was born, has existed and has managed to secure its continuity. At the same time, the connection was motivated by a clear and decisive context of mutual benefits in facing the adversities of the times. And, in completing the set, it needs to be said that these triggering factors took, aside from political, social and economic shapes, also spiritual shapes, while the consequences of this beginning were spread and diversified on long-term. It is the case of the connection created, for more than a quarter of a millennium1, between sacred Athos, through the monks of Ivir Monastery, and the Romanian territory South of the Carpathians, through personalities of the age, but also through persons not as well known, yet representative for the history of the Radu Vodă Monastery from Bucharest. Born from a hierarchical subordination and mark of religiosity, with multiple implications, the relations established between the representatives of the two geographical areas are determined by the initiative of committing religious buildings from the Romanian area to important centers of Eastern Orthodox Christian spirituality. Located in a larger area subscribed to the act of donation, the dedication of a religious establishment has appeared and has developed in the 16-18th centuries, becoming an important component of religious life and practice. In the beliefs of the Christians, in a hierarchy of good deeds, essential in the relationship between human and the divine, in which the most important act was the erection of a church, the dedication of a religious establishment certainly took a second position2. In this context we can place the act of dedicating the Radu Vodă Monastery to the Ivir establishment, committed by Radu Mihnea, voivode of Wallachia. Starting from the significance of this act, in the following lines I propose the analysis of the reports generated by the dedication act, in the timeline between the years 1613-1863, from the initiation until the end the above named relationships. The interest for this subject is determined by the consequences of the link that resulted, first on the evolution of the two religious establishments and then on the expansion of these relationships in the region North of the Danube river. As one of the first monasteries in Wallachia built by a voivode, dedicated to another religious establishment located outside the country and the first dedicated to Ivir Monastery3, the interpretation of the sources has led us to the conclusion that the Radu Vodă Monastery was a role model in the development of the phenomenon of dedicating religious 1 From 1613 to 1863. 2 Lazăr, 2012, 59. 3 To Ivir Monastery was dedicated another church, act made by a Greek noble named Stelea, in the year 1582, according to Cotovanu, 2014, 253-254. 4 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: HIS2015-1878 establishments in the Romanian Country to Ivir Monastery, and, above, to the monasteries from Mount Athos. We were able to reach these conclusions by analyzing the archive documents resulted from the initiation and development of these ties, by analyzing certain representative works referring to the phenomenon of dedicating religious establishments in the region South of the Carpathians and from the comparative analysis of the consequences of dedicating the Radu Vodă Monastery to Ivir Monastery with those resulted from previous acts of dedication. Our demonstration can only begin by presenting the general context in which Radu Vodă has chosen to dedicate his monastery to a representative religious establishment from Mount Athos. His gesture has an even more complex meaning in the political ambience of the time, for he acted, to a certain point, just as those before him did. This statement is related to the example of the old emperors, kings and voivodes from before, which appears in many acts of worship signed by the Romanian voivodes, in the periods of time before and after the act of dedication the Radu Vodă Monastery to Ivir Monastery, and is important in understanding the context. That is because, in the case of the charters dedicated to the Holy Places, through which certain aid was offered (consisting of gold, religious artifacts, domains, animals, income resulting from taxes etc.) the act of worship expands to new meanings, in the context of the decay and even the disappearance, under the Ottoman rule, of the former supporters of prestigious Orthodox communities4. More exactly, because the Ottoman Empire has granted a large autonomy to the Romanian Countries, the Romanian voivodes have played an important part in prolonging this tradition5. This has only meant an extension of the policy of supporting religious establishments outside the borders of their own countries, as a new and superior stage of manifesting their support, the political, social, material and spiritual implications being entirely diverse. In this so called policy of erecting, centred on prestigious religious establishments located outside the country, that has taken different shapes and levels of collaboration and has extended to every social category, the dedication of religious establishments has taken a central role6. Things can be seen more clearly if we take into consideration the fact that it has been one of the most generous forms of aiding the Holy Places, given the long period of time in which it was activated, namely to the second half of the 19th century7. 4 The Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian and Serbian states; see Cândea, Simionescu 1979, 7-9. 5 Of this contribution, with its significant political implications, wrote: Iorga, 1972; Năsturel, 1973; Georgescu, 1980; Pippidi, 1983; Moldoveanu, 2002. 6 For more information regarding the religious deeds of erecting and dedicating religious establishments, see the works of the fallowing authors: Lazăr, 2012, 59-60, Brezoianu, 1861; Bolliac, 1862; Popescu-Spineni, 1936. 7 The legislative act of Alexandru Ioan Cuza from 1863, regarding the confiscation of monastery goods, also brought in the property of the state the properties of the dedicated monasteries; see Giurescu, 1959. 5 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: HIS2015-1878 The initiation of the ties between the Radu Vodă Monastery to Ivir has another cause. Radu Mihnea also dedicated his monastery to the Ivir establishment as a gesture of gratitude. In order to assure his protection, his father, Mihnea the second, sent him to Ivir when he was young.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preda Buzescu – the Grand Ban of Craiova (1602-1608)
    SECTION: HISTORY AND CULTURAL MENTALITIES LDMD 2 PREDA BUZESCU – THE GRAND BAN OF CRAIOVA (1602-1608) Sorin Bulboacă, Assist. Prof. , PhD., ”Vasile Goldis” University of the West, Arad Abstract: During the 17th century, the grand ban of Craiova was the most important high official of Wallachia, most coveted by the big boyars, big dime with authority in the counties west of the river Olt. Preda Buzescu great dignity ban occupied briefly in the fall of 1600, called Michael the Brave Preda Buzescu Wallachian boyars filohabsburgice leader was an excellent military commander, who has proved his talent in fighting the Turks, decided partisan alliance with the Emperor Rudolf II. No other ban had the autority of Preda Buzescu, between 1602-1608, in the counties west of river Olt, during the 17th century. He had a chancellery that issued documents without invoking the authority of the prince regnant. Preda Buzescu has ordered the Wallachian*s army. For services faithful to the great dime Preda Buzescu full advantage of his generosity Radu Serban. Few months before his death Preda Buzescu, Radu Serban confirms his dominion over the villages Fauresti,, Novaci, Susani, Rudariu and Seaca. Keywords: ban, boyars, counties, millitary commander, Craiova În secolul al XVII-lea, în Ţara Românească, marea bănie a Craiovei este cea mai importantă dregătorie, cea mai râvnită de marii boieri, marele ban dispunând de o autoritate cvasidomnească în judeţele de la apus de râul Olt, cel puţin până la Matei Basarab. Marele ban al Craiovei este, de obicei, cel dintâi menţionat în lista martorilor din sfatul domnesc şi este singurul dregător care posedă o cancelarie proprie la Craiova, care emite documente, valabile în judeţele aflate la vest de Olt1.
    [Show full text]
  • Restitutio Daciae Ii
    Texte digitizate la Biblioteca Judeţeană Mureş în cadrul proiectului "Mai aproape de lectură: biblioteca publică în serviciul studentilor". Proiect realizat cu sprijinul Administratiei Fondului Cultural Naţional. ŞTEFAN ANDREESCU RESTITUTIO DACIAE * * RELAŢIILE POLITICE DINTRE ŢARA ROMÂNEASCĂ, MOLDOVA ŞI TRANSILVANIA ÎN RĂSTIMPUL 1601-1659 EDITURA ALBATROS BUCUREŞTI 1989 CUPRINS CUVÎNT ÎNAINTE Capitolul I - „MOVILEŞTII” ÎN ŢARA ROMÂNEASCĂ Capitolul II - RADU MIHNEA CORVIN, DOMN AL MOLDOVEI ŞI ŢĂRII ROMÂNEŞTI Capitolul III - TRANSILVANIA LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XVII: ACŢIUNI ŞI PROIECTE PENTRU UNITATEA SPAŢIULUI CARPATO-DANUBIAN Capitolul IV - GÎNDUL ŞI FAPTELE LUI VASILE LUPU Capitolul V - ŢĂRILE ROMÂNE ŞI „CRUCIADA” DIN ANII 1645-1647 Capitolul VI - MOŞTENIREA POLITICĂ A LUI MTHAI VITEAZUL LA MIJLOCUL VEACULUI XVII Capitolul III TRANSILVANIA LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XVII: ACŢIUNI ŞI PROIECTE PENTRU UNITATEA SPAŢIULUI CARPATO-DANUBIAN Tratatul de pace de la Zsitvatorok, încheiat la 11 noiembrie 1606, pentru viitorii douăzeci de ani, între Imperiul romano-german şi cel otoman, a fixat în bună măsură cadrul extern în care vor evolua politic mai ales Transilvania şi Ţara Românească.1 Acest eveniment de răscruce a fost, însă, anticipat de o primă reglementare a raporturilor dintre cele două mici state de la Dunărea de Jos şi Poartă. Radu Şerban, domnul Ţării Româneşti, care încă în 1603, prin biruinţa dobîndită lîngă moara de hîrtie a Braşovului (17 iulie), în dauna lui Moise Szekely, protejatul turcilor, contribuise decisiv la restabilirea
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek “Proto-Question” and the Birth of Modern Citizenship
    Chapter 1 The Greek “Proto-Question” and the Birth of Modern Citizenship 1 Natives and Foreigners under the Old Regime In 1611 a group of Wallachian boyars, led by the mare stolnic (High Steward) Bărcan of Merișani, plotted the assassination of the ruling Prince Radu Mihnea (r. 1611–1616). The attack was intended as retaliation for the fact that Radu Mihnea “surrounded them with numerous Greeks from Istanbul and Rumeli,” as a local chronicler reported.1 The plot was soon discovered by the Prince, who decapitated Bărcan along with eight other great boyars. This dramatic episode—the first instance in the Principalities’ history when “blood was spilled because of the Greeks,” as the historian A. D. Xenopol put it—marked the outbreak of what, in retrospect, Romantic historiography would term the “Greek Question” in Moldavia and Wallachia.2 Over the next two centuries (1611–1821), this “question” unfolded as a succession of violent anti-Greek plots, uprisings and legal campaigns by the local nobility and merchants against the unchecked political penetration and dominance of Ottoman Greeks. After the initial 1611 plot, a second major anti-Greek uprising took place during the reign of Alexandru Iliaș (r. 1616–1618); a third under Alexandru Coconul (r. 1623–1627); a fourth under Leon Tomșa (r. 1629–1632); a fifth under Matei Basarab (r. 1632–1654); a sixth under Radu Leon (r. 1664–1669); a seventh under Nicolae Mavrocordat (r. 1716–1717); and, finally, an eighth under Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (r. 1812–1818). This last uprising culminated with the 1821 failed coop- eration and eventual conflict between Tudor Vladimirescu and the Greek un- derground organization Philiki Hetaireia (Society of Friends), leading to the end of Phanariot rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Click Pentru a Rasfoi Volumul 3
    ISTORIA ROMÂNILOR Constantin C. Giurescu Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2019 Editura ALL Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naționale a României GIURESCU, CONSTANTIN C. Istoria românilor / Constantin C. Giurescu; ed. îngrij. de Dinu C. Giurescu. – Ed. a 6-a, reviz.. – București: Editura ALL, 2019 3 vol. ISBN 978-606-587-521-0 Vol. 3: De la moartea lui Mihai Viteazul până la sfârșitul epocii fanariote (1601-1821): cu 233 de fi guri în text și 10 hărți afară din text. – 2019. – Conţine bibliografi e. – ISBN 978-606-587-537-1 I. Giurescu, Dinu C. (ed.) 94 Toate drepturile rezervate Editurii ALL. Nicio parte din acest volum nu poate fi copiată fără permisiunea scrisă a Editurii ALL. Drepturile de distribuție în străinătate aparțin în exclusivitate editurii. All rights reserved. The distribution of this book outside Romania, without the written permission of ALL, is strictly prohibited. Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2019 by ALL. Editura ALL : Bd. Constructorilor nr. 20A, et. 3, sector 6, cod 060512 – București Tel. : 021 402 26 00 Fax : 021 402 26 10 Distribuție : 021 402 26 30 ; 021 402 26 33 Comenzi : [email protected] www.all.ro Redactare : Lia Decei, Diana Mandache Design copertă : Andra Penescu Cu 233 de fi guri în text și 10 hărți afară din text EDIȚIE ÎNGRIJITĂ DE DINU C. GIURESCU IV Cuprins Interior_vol3.pdf 4 11/26/2010 12:00:40 AM Cuprins V CUPRINS Partea întâi Prefaþã la ediþia a doua ..................................................................................... 3 Prefaþã ................................................................................................................ 5 Abrevieri .............................................................................................................. 7 Radu ªerban....................................................................................................... 9 Luptele pentru tron. Simion Movilã 9. Relaþiile cu Ardealul. Rãzboiul cu Moise Székely 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Silks and Stones: Fountains, Painted Kaftans, and Ottomans in Early Modern Moldavia and Wallachia*
    SILKS AND STONES: FOUNTAINS, PAINTED KAFTANS, AND OTTOMANS IN EARLY MODERN MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA* MICHAŁ WASIUCIONEK** Buildings are arguably the last thing that comes to our mind when we talk about circulation of luxury goods and diffusion of consumption practices. Their sheer size and mass explain their tendency to remain in one place throughout their existence and bestow upon them an aura of immutability. This “spatial fix” of the built environment, both in terms of individual buildings and architectural landscapes, means that while they may change hand, they are unable to move across space. This immobility is by no means absolute, as shown by the well-known relocation of the Pergamon altar from western Anatolia to the Museum Island in Berlin, or shorter distances covered by dozens of churches in Bucharest, displaced from their original sites during the urban reconstruction of the 1980s. However, these instances do not change the fact that while both buildings and smaller luxury items constitute vehicles conveying their owners’ wealth and social status, they seemingly belong to two different realms, with little overlap between them. However, as scholarship produced in recent decades has shown, approaching these two spheres of human activity as a dynamic and interactive whole can produce valuable insights into how architecture and luxury commodities construed and expressed social and political identity. As Alina Payne pointed out, buildings and whole sites could become portable and travel by proxy, in the form of drawings, descriptions, and fragments of buildings.1 At the same time, the architectural environment provides the spatial frame for the social and cultural life of humans and objects alike: the spatial distribution of luxury items within the household allows us to reconstruct the topography of conspicuous display and everyday * This study was supported by the ERC-2014-CoG no.
    [Show full text]
  • Posteritatea Lui Radu Mihnea (Moldova Și Ţara Românească Între 1626 Și 1633
    Valentin A. Constantinov Posteritatea lui Radu Mihnea (Moldova și Ţara Românească între 1626 și 1633. Confruntări interne și externe) Domniile lui Radu Mihnea din Ţara Românească și Moldova au lăsat o impresie puter- nică în epocă. Personalitatea puternică a acestui voievod, realizarea pe cale diplomatică a uniunii dinastice a celor două ţări române extracarpatice reprezenta o confi rmare a pretenţi- ilor domnului român de mare suveran, iar realizările lui deschideau un nou capitol în istoria Ţărilor Române. Schimbările de pe eșichierul politic sud-est european, disputele marilor puteri pentru de- ţinerea autorităţii în acest spaţiu au impus alinierea politicii românești la exigenţele timpului. De aceea, prin acţiunile sale, Radu Mihnea a fost nevoit să respecte regulile jocului impuse de mai marii timpului și să se racordeze principiilor dictate de diferitele conjuncturi din această perioadă. De remarcat că acest lucru i-a reușit deplin. Totodată, este importantă și moștenirea politică a acestui domn, care a ajuns, la un moment dat, să-și impună autoritatea sa deplină în Moldova și Ţara Românească. Or, din mai multe puncte de vedere, personalitatea lui poate fi înţeleasă mai bine dacă se ia în considerare posteritatea lui. Mai multe dintre aspectele socie- tăţii românești de după domniile lui Radu Mihnea se leagă, în mod nemijlocit, de moștenirea acestui domn și de măsurile care au fost întreprinse în timpul lui. Astfel, vom putea remarca imitarea de către titularii scaunelor domnești ale Moldovei și Ţării Românești a unor modele promovate de către Radu Mihnea. Un aspect important al posterităţii lui Radu Mihnea îl reprezintă continuitatea liniilor politice și ideologice promovate de către acesta în timpul domniilor sale din Moldova și Ţara Românească.
    [Show full text]
  • Oordonatorul Colecţiei: Şerban Papacostea COLECŢIA „BIBLIOTECA ENCICLOPEDICĂ DE ISTORIE a ROMÂNIEI"
    oordonatorul colecţiei: Şerban Papacostea COLECŢIA „BIBLIOTECA ENCICLOPEDICĂ DE ISTORIE A ROMÂNIEI" ION DONAT DOMENIUL DOMNESC ÎN ŢARA ROMÂNEASCĂ (SEC. XIV-XVI) Ediţie îngrijită de GHEORGHE LAZĂR EDITURA ENCICLOPEDICĂ BUCUREŞTI, 1996 Coperta colecţiei: Veniamin & Veniamin ISBN: 973-454)170-6 CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE Timp de milenii, până în vremea revoluţiilor urbane şi industriale, pământul a fost în viaţa societăţilor umane sursa principală de avuţie şi putere. Stăpânirea pământului a constituit fundamentul pe care s-au structurat relaţiile sociale şi raporturile politice în I lumea arhaică. Cunoaşterea cât mai temeinică a formelor de stăpânire a pământului, a raporturilor sociale generate de ele, este cheia înţelegerii unora din cele mai însemnate realităţi ale trecutului omenirii. Şi în lumea românească medievală, stăpânirea pământului a fost temelia struc- turării principalelor categorii sociale, a determinării raporturilor stabilite între ele şi, produs superior al acestor sedimentări, a închegării şi evoluţiei sistemului de guvernare a societăţii. Ca pretutindeni în Europa medievală, şi în societatea românească a acelei vremi, domeniul a constituit realitatea social-economică precumpănitoare. Orice contribuţie la cunoaşterea acestei realităţi structurale e un pas însemnat în direcţia înţelegerii, la nivelul factorilor determinanţi, a trecutului românesc în îndelungatul răstimp al predominării economiei agrare. Nimeni în istoriografia românească nu a abordat mai cuprinzător şi mai pătrunzător această realitate esenţială a lumii româneşti medievale decât Ion Donat. Spirit lucid şi cercetător pasionat, el a îmbinat în chip fericit competenţe multiple care şi-au pus pecetea asupra scrierilor sale. Istoric prin vocaţia sa fundamentală, Ion Donat şi-a îndreptat de timpuriu cercetările spre problematica istoriografică majoră, în spiritul novator al şcolii istorice şi sociologice din vremea sa, care i-au influenţat gândirea şi activitatea.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Political Relations Between Transylvania and the Polish- Lithuanian Union Between 1613 and 1618
    Annals of the „Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, Issue 1/2014 ASPECTS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TRANSYLVANIA AND THE POLISH- LITHUANIAN UNION BETWEEN 1613 AND 1618 Ciprian RAD Phd. Greek-Catholic High School “Inochentie Micu”, Cluj-Napoca ABSTRACT: THE REIGN OF GABRIEL BETHLEN (1613 – 1629) COINCIDES WITH A PERIOD IN WHICH THE PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA HAD ITS GOLDEN AGE. DURING THE SAME TIME, THE POLISH- LITHUANIAN UNION, LED BY KING SIGISMUND III VASA, WAS A RISING STATE DESPITE THE NUMEROUS CONFLICTS CONFRONTED OVER POWER WITH ITS NEIGHBOURING STATES SWEDEN, RUSSIA AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE. UNDER OTTOMAN SUZERANITY, THE PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA, PURSUED, IN GENERAL, FOREIGN POLICIES WITHIN THE LIMITS DICTATED BY THE LATTER. THE POLITICAL RELATIONS OF TRANSYLVANIA WITH ITS GREAT NORTHERN NEIGHBOR WERE NOT ONLY INFLUENCED BY THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BUT WERE ALSO INFLUENCED BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE’S INTERESTS OR THE ROMAN-GERMAN EMPIRE, WHOSE RELATIONS WERE STRONG TO THESE STATES. PRIOR TO THE START OF THE 30 YEARS WAR, IN WHICH THE TRANSYLVANIAN PRINCE PARTICIPATED, ALONG THE GREAT POWERS AND THE OTTOMANS AGAINST THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN UNION, GABRIEL BETHLEN STRENGHTENED ITS RULE DURING 1613-1618. THE HABSBURGS, WHO DICTATED FROM VIENNA, WERE THE DIRECT ENEMIES OF THE PRINCE. THE STATE GABRIEL BETHLEN RULED WAS CONSIDEREDC BY THE HABSBURG AS THEIR STATE OVER WHICH HAD THE INHERENT RIGHT TO RULE. HOWEVER, THE VERY SAME HABSBURG RULERS WERE THE ONLY ALLIES OF THE KING SIGISMUND III. IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, SIGISMUND HAD OFFERED LIMITED INDIRECT SUPPORT TO BETHLEN’S OPPONENTS OF FEAR OF BREAKING OUT A CONFLICT WITH THE SUZERAIN POWER OF TRANSYLVANIA.
    [Show full text]
  • Bram Stoker's Vampire Trap
    BRAM STOKER’S VAMPIRE TRAP VLAD THE IMPALER AND HIS NAMELEss DOUBLE BY HANS CORNEEL DE ROOS, MA MUNICH EMAIL: [email protected] HOMEPAGE: WWW.HANSDEROOS.COM PUBLISHED BY LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC PREss S-581 83 LINKÖPING, SWEDEN IN THE SERIES: LINKÖPING ELECTRONIC ARTICLES IN COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES EDITOR: PROF. ERIK SANDEWALL AbsTRACT Since Bacil Kirtley in 1958 proposed that Bram Stoker’s Count Dracula, the best known literary character ever, shared his historical past with the Wallachian Voivode Vlad III Dracula, an intense debate about this connection has developed and other candidates have been suggested, like the Hungarian General János Hunyadi – a proposal resurfacing in the most recent annotated Dracula edition by Leslie Klinger (2008). By close-reading Stoker’s sources, his research notes and the novel, I will demonstrate that Stoker’s novel initially links his Count to the person of Vlad III indeed, not Hunyadi, although the novelist neither knew the ruler’s first name, nor his father’s name, nor his epithet “the Impaler”, nor the cruelties attributed to him. Still – or maybe for this very reason – Stoker did not wish to uphold this traceable identity: In Chapter 25, shortly before the decisive chase, he removes this link again, by way of silent substitution, cloaked by Professor van Helsing’s clownish distractions. Like the Vampire Lord Ruthven, disappearing through the “vampire trap” constructed by James R. Planché for his play The Brides of the Isles in the English Opera House, later renamed to Lyceum Theatre and run by Stoker, the historical Voivode Vlad III Dracula is suddenly removed from the stage: In the final chapters, the Vampire Hunters pursue a nameless double.
    [Show full text]
  • Michał Wasiucionek Silks and Stones Fountains, Painted Kaftans, and Ottomans in Early Modern Danubian Principalities
    Michał Wasiucionek Silks and Stones Fountains, Painted Kaftans, and Ottomans in Early Modern Danubian Principalities Working Paper ERC-CoG-2014 grant no. 646489 LuxFaSS SILKS AND STONES: FOUNTAINS, PAINTED KAFTANS, AND OTTOMANS IN EARLY MODERN DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES* MICHAŁ WASIUCIONEK Buildings are arguably the last thing that comes to our mind when we talk about circulation of luxury goods and diffusion of consumption practices. Their sheer size and mass explain their tendency to remain in one place throughout their existence and bestow upon them an aura of immutability. This “spatial fix” of the built environment, both in terms of individual buildings and architectural landscapes, means that while they may change hand, they are unable to move across space. This immobility is by no means absolute, as shown by the well-known relocation of the Pergamon altar from western Anatolia to the Museum Island in Berlin, or shorter distances covered by dozens of churches in Bucharest, displaced from their original sites during the urban reconstruction of the 1980s. However, these instances do not change the fact that while both buildings and smaller luxury items constitute vehicles conveying their owners’ wealth and social status, they seemingly belong to two different realms, with little overlap between them. However, as scholarship produced in recent decades has shown, approaching these two spheres of human activity as a dynamic and interactive whole can produce valuable insights in how architecture and luxury commodities construed and expressed social and political identity. As Alina Payne pointed out, buildings and whole sites could become portable and travel by proxy, in the form of drawings, descriptions, and fragments of buildings.1 At the same time, the architectural environment provides the spatial frame for * This study was supported by the project Luxury, Fashion and Social Status in Early Modern South-Eastern Europe (LuxFaSS), with number ERC-2014-CoG no.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle Ages in Romania Began with the Withdrawal of the Mongols
    The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241– 1242. It came to an end with the reign of Michael the Brave (1593–1601) who managed, for a short time in 1600, to rule Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, the three principalities whose territories were to be united some three centuries later to form Romania. Over most of this period, Banat, Crişana, Maramureş and Transylvania – now regions in Romania to the west of the Carpathian Mountains – were part of the Kingdom of Hungary. They were divided into several types of administrative units, such as "counties" and "seats". The heads of the Transylvanian counties or "counts" were subordinated to a special royal official called voivode, but the province was seldom treated as a single unit, since the Székely and Saxon seats were administered separately. In the kingdom, Romanian peasants, being Orthodox, were exempt from the tithe, an ecclesiastical tax payable by all Roman Catholic commoners. However, Romanian noblemen slowly lost the ability to participate in political life, as the 14th-century monarchs pursued a zealous pro- Catholic policy. Their position became even worse after 1437 when the so-called "Union of Three Nations", an alliance of the Hungarian noblemen, the Székelys, and the Saxons, was formed in order to crush the Bobâlna peasant uprising. Wallachia, the first independent medieval state between the Carpathians and the lower Danube was created when Basarab I (c. 1310–1352) terminated the suzerainty of the king of Hungary with his victory in the battle of Posada in 1330.
    [Show full text]
  • Radu Gioan Bey
    Radu Gioan Bey Radu Gioan Bey , was a Prince of Moldavia[citation needed]. His father may have been the Hospodar Alexandru Coconul.[citation needed] Despite his alleged father's rank, he never became Voivode. He had one son, Martin, who served as a general in the army of George Ducas. Radu Gioan Bey (1613 IaÅŸi â“ 1660), was a Prince of Moldavia. His father may have been the Hospodar Alexandru Coconul. Despite his alleged father's rank, he never became Voivode. He had one son, Martin, who served as a general in the army of George Ducas. The contents of this page are sourced from a Wikipedia article. The contents are available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license. comment(s) so far. Leave a comment. Add a word. We found one dictionary with English definitions that includes the word radu gioan bey: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "radu gioan bey" is defined. General (1 matching dictionary). Radu Gioan Bey: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [home, info]. â–¸ Words similar to radu gioan bey. â–¸ Words that often appear near radu gioan bey. â–¸ Rhymes of radu gioan bey. â–¸ Invented words related to radu gioan bey. Search for radu gioan bey on Google or Wikipedia. Radu Gioan Bey, was a Prince of Moldavia. His father may have been the Hospodar Alexandru Coconul. Despite his alleged father's rank, he never became Voivode. He had one son, Martin, who served as a general in the army of George Ducas.
    [Show full text]