Corruption in Latin American Football”

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR JAVIER BACHILLERATO EN CIENCIAS

MONOGRAPH “Corruption in Latin American football”

STUDENT: Angel Gabriel Landin Cali

ADVISER: Lcdo. Mario Cadena

THIRD OF BACCALAUREATE - COURSE C

2017 – 2018

GRATITUDE

First of all I thank God; thanks to him I have appreciated life and all the blessings and opportunities he gives me in my daily activities. To my parents, who are the engine and companions in my life, thanks to them I can be in this prestigious school that gives me all the facilities to make me the best possible person. These three that I just mentioned, are together my fundamental pillar that lead me to present this work with a lot of devotion because they are my tools to carry out projects in my life.

SUMMARY

. Corruption in sports is an issue that is hitting society today because it is observed by the vast majority of inhabitants. In football, corruption is what prevails in this type of sport, related to the management of money within this sport has shot to the clouds at an immeasurable speed.

This bought modern footballers who earn more than twice the players of two decades ago, this is not a matter of discussion right now nobody is able to decide how much a person worth. What you can judge is the quality of their performance on the court and as many say they are worth more but play less. This is due to several controversies of rigged matches, fixed venues, purchased championships. The only thing that worth now in football is marketing, good image and of course, salary.

South America, the underdeveloped continent, unfortunately is the most involved in these cases of corruption, maybe to get out of their situation, this does not start from the bases but from the fruits, that is, the most small play for the love of football, colors and competition but the more "mature" people who gave the role model have forgotten that they were once

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children and they just get to damage the illusions of some young people dabbling in the sport to feed their pockets.

INDEX

GRATITUDE ...... ii SUMMARY ...... iii ...... iii INDEX ...... v INTRODUCTION ...... vi CHAPTER I ...... 1 FIFA in Latin America ...... 1 1.1 Examine compliance with the regulations established by FIFA in Latin America ...... 1 1.1.2 Articles in the regulation that are broken...... 3 1.2 The analysis of the case "children with mustache" ...... 5 1.2.1 Consequences of the illegal act...... 6 CHAPTER II ...... 8 Influence of corruption in Latin American teams ...... 8 2.1 Types of crime that have become evident within the football federations ...... 8 2.1.2 Poor allocation of assets by federations...... 10 2.1.3 Matched Matches...... 12 2.2 Controversy of the final of the Copa Libertadores 1990 ...... 14 CHAPTER III ...... 17 Influence on future athletes ...... 17 3.1 Assessment within the UEJ of the perception of corruption in football ...... 17 CONCLUSIONS ...... 22 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 24 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ...... 25

INTRODUCTION

This monograph is a full informative work with the sole purpose of evaluating the perception of both, young athletes who aspire to become in professionals, and the common people who simply see football as a sport of entertainment, but not to delve into the judicial sphere, being most partially possible and expressing purely objective, non-subjective opinions.

The Organization that represents FIFA (Fédération Internationale Football

Association) in South America is CONMEBOL (South American Football Confederation).

With ten members, it is the confederation of FIFA with the fewest members. Founded on July

9th 1916 in Buenos Aires Argentina. Being the first confederation of nations more longevity, with a difference of 40 years with the next to conform. Its headquarter is located in the city of

Luque, Paraguay.

After the FIFA organization, the South American Football Confederation is the one that has the highest number of complaints filed among them: crimes of injury of trust, appropriation, money laundering, production of non-authentic documents and criminal association. Two waves of arrests and numerous accusations in recent months by US and

Swiss officials investigating rampant corruption at FIFA have placed behind thirteen top soccer officials in the region, more than any other in the world. But one of the most closely linked to this research is the match-fixing because it is believed to be the one that has the greatest influence on the perception of those close to the sport. It has this hypothesis since it goes beyond all political, judicial, economic, ethical, etc.

It is also involved in the social and psychological, personal the researcher seeing they from a point of view as a lover of football, but also show me that my club of preference did not achieve on its own merit all the achievements it possesses, it would devastate me completely.

Although it is true the other illegal acts can be solved by law but who gives back the confidence to a young man who strives to become professional, but sees that others easier enter the big leagues by paying managers. Or as an amateur you can be a member of a club or go to the stadium knowing the outcome beforehand of the party.

For these reasons I present "Corruption in Latin American football”.

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CHAPTER I

FIFA in Latin America

1.1 Examine compliance with the regulations established by FIFA in

Latin America

The criminal investigation conducted by the New York Public Prosecutor's Office on the award of media rights and marketing rights and South American sponsorship of the competitions organized by FIFA is due to charges brought against bribery, fraud and money laundering.

One of the latest accusations was the bribery of the opening of the media and the marketing rights of the FIFA games in America, where the audience was welcomed and the price quotation for the inauguration of the Copa América Centenario, competition where only select soccer players of Latin American countres particioated including special guests, in 150 million dollars an exorbitant amount of money, the most valued of that level of selections.

Where also the prize to the winners was the highest never seen before a level of selections but nevertheless it is estimated that less than 110 million dollars went directly to the

CONMEBOL authorities, and only the remaining 40 million were for the winners, referees, safety in stadiums, etc.

It is also known that some monetary benefit has been received to secure future versions of international tournaments such as Copa America, Copa Libertadores and Copa

Sudamericana their television rights. This is evident in the Copa América Chile 2015 where the company tournaments, traffic and the complete game, received 50% of the rights reserved for it and the other 50% distributed among to another 3 companies. After the tournament, due to strong complaints of inequality and investigations, Datisa, Communication Company, admitted his bribe and proceeded to distribute his profits that did not belong with his competitors to avoid a sentence.

Eugenio Figueredo, former president of CONMEBOL, acknowledged that, as well as other executives of the organization, he received money from telecommunications companies to promote commerce, he also accepted that the presidents of each federation received the monthly salaries that were not included in the Official balance sheets. In November 2015,

Sergio Jadue, after resigning from the presidency of the ANFP (Federation of Chile), traveled and settled in Miami, United States, through an agreement with the FBI, to collaborate with corruption investigations. Jadue pleaded guilty to the charges, which would result in a

reduction in the sentence. He also paid a bond of $ 1 million dollars, with the right to be free, but with restrictions, while the investigation and trial.

1.1.2 Articles in the regulation that are broken.

In this space we will focus on reviewing certain articles in the regulations stipulated in

FIFA that have unfortunately been disregarded, as we have been doing with a fairly impartial objectivity or issuing opinions.

As mentioned in the FIFA Statute, article 13 item 1h: "Members are obliged to respect the rules of the game." What is not done in Latin American football, to observe a precise example of the violation of this article it is not necessary to relocate so far to the present times? On September 6, 2016 in a game of South American Qualifiers for the World Cup

2018 during a match between the Bolivian and Chilean teams, within the Bolivian team was able to witness the participation of a soccer player whose nationality did not belong to the same but Argentine.

In the previous subchapter we stated certain points of bribery in the competitions of this sport which is logically an irregularity in any organization and it is no less in the most powerful of the world, FIFA. Article 17, item 1, of the FIFA Statute highlights the following:

"Each member shall administer its affairs independently and without interference by third parties."

This means that the confederations that are the voice broadcasters in the various continents, in this case the South American Confederation of Soccer or Conmebol organizes their respective tournaments without being pressured, and by means of communication that request the rights or places of the events in order to be able to have more income. Neither the teams that are the protagonists watch for places or times of the competition in order to be favored. In short, the members of the soccer organizations having a meeting about the conduct of a sporting event using their own judgment about it, with the expenses and income that they think necessary, and with time and venue that they create the most appropriate for that competition.

"Let investigate them, who are dirtier than a potato." Antonio Valencia (2015)

1.2 The analysis of the case "children with mustache"

Having already commented on the general irregularities that occur on this side of the world, the time has come to delve deeper into our surroundings. Ecuador cradle of series of alterations to the norms arranged by the maximum organization, as its own name gives us to understand this case is about adulterations of identities.

This case was witnessed in 2015 and was not the first such problem occurred in the

Ecuadorian ranks, but impressively our soccer is organized by beings of the naivest and innocent not to say "known", the members of the Ecuadorian Football Federation (FEF).

"Whenever there is a scandal of identity theft, or falsification of birth certificates, lawyers appear to claim, very picturesquely, that they" knew nothing of the affair "and that they are" victims "of documentary robbery." Vasconcellos, 2015, p.22)

The first time that this rule was missed was during 1999 when seven Ecuadorian U-

17s who had participated in the South American of Uruguay that year were already of age, one of them Walter Ayoví, captain of the absolute selection in the present, who at that time

played with the name of Walter Corozo. The most striking of all these are the resolutions that occur after knowing these actions, the regulation stipulated in the FIFA Statute dictates that these soccer players must be disqualified for life in the selection of their country of nationality but a recourse to the Constitutional Court condemns them to a year of not being taken into account to the calls and allowed them to continue in activity in later years, which raises doubts if the directors of the ETF are receiving some kind of monetary stimulation.

The same happened 2 years ago when Ecuador for football merit came to qualify for the U-20 World Cup but shortly afterwards the false documentation of 2 players who had a more advanced age was known that allowed them to compete even in the South American, which is a qualifying tournament.

1.2.1 Consequences of the illegal act.

According to the regulation Ecuador had to have lost the points of each of the matches where any of these two players participated, which mathematically left the tri-color outside the World U-17 Chile. "They cannot take away a right that we have won on the court," said

Saltos Guale. The FEF with an unknown arrangement next to the Conmebol simply detached the players Byron Castillo and Jhon Pereira from the Ecuadorian team for the World Cup.

"To declare himself incompetent with regard to the Uruguayan Football Association's

intention to exclude, disqualify or withdraw prizes from the U-17 selection of the Ecuadorian

Football Federation regarding the FIFA U-17 World Cup" (Espinoza, 2015, Diario El

Universo)

Chiriboga (2015) expressed in a press conference in the house of the selection the following:

The decision was made pursuant to the complaint filed by the Council of

Citizen Participation and Social Control, on the identity and documentation of both

players, who will be excluded from the Tri until the corresponding investigations are

carried out by the institutions in charge.

With respect to the leaders who took this decision without relying on FIFA regulations and having taken the name of the CPCCS; Xavier Burbano, Counselor of the

Council for Citizen Participation and Social Control (CPCCS), asked the Public Prosecutor's

Office to investigate 7 of the current 10 members of the Board of the Ecuadorian Football

Federation (FEF) for an alleged Asset Laundering offense with FIFA Gate, Luis Chiriboga

(ex-president of the FEF) and his lawyer Carlos Sánchez.

CHAPTER II

Influence of corruption in Latin American teams

2.1 Types of crime that have become evident within the football

federations

Once entered into the objective issue that the writer seeks to clarify the reader we can now introduce ourselves more thoroughly on specific cases that have tarnished the image of football, the problem with more frequency that can be observed are cases of corruption, whether this commercial or sports, directly from a team, this makes us think that the only important thing for the constituents of this sport the only thing that matters is the trophy but capital.

In 2015 some of the main leaders of Latin American football linked to FIFA were immersed in an investigation into millionaire bribes initiated in the United States and that ended with arrests in Switzerland. Among the 14 accused by the US authorities are the

Uruguayan Eugenio Figueredo, representative of the South American Football Confederation

(CONMEBOL) to FIFA and vice president of FIFA, and Rafael Esquivel, vice president of

CONMEBOL. It is unfortunate to see the new leader of that time of the maximum organization of South American football having entered 2 years ago with the idea of cleaning, those funeral times have found it with the same cases and even worse.

According to a document from Department of Justice of the United States, in 2013 the

10 presidents of the football federations that are part of the Conmebol would have received bribes of up to 7.5 million dollars each. Bribes with the mission that the leaders vote for a venue and thus be able to host a sports tournament with massive demands such as the World

Cup Brazil 2014 and Copa America Chile 2015 as it can be understood that way there is more income for those countries, not just the internal federation of that country but all lines of communication and in general all the country's trade during the event.

"The level of corruption in which they are accused is disproportionate," said US

Attorney General Loretta Lynch. (2015)

2.1.2 Poor allocation of assets by federations.

To be able to understand money laundering in an accurate manner, it is an operation that consists of getting funds obtained through illicit activities appear as the result of legal activities and circulate without problem in the financial system.

This is how they have lasted so long in power because it is an organization with hundreds of affiliates to their ranks, not series extraordinary think that the gains were high but in recent years have become exorbitant.

On June 6 of this year, allegations of money laundering by the last 2 presidents of the

CSF were known. The details of the appropriation of the money were detected by international auditors who reviewed the Conmebol accounts from 2000 to 2015, including transfers of Conmebol’s funds to private accounts of Nicolás Leoz for the amount of 28 million dollars. In addition, international transfers were detected in favor of third parties, without adequate documentary support, for supposed services rendered, for 58 million dollars.

Osvaldo Granada (2017), lawyer of the Conmebol warned:

It happens that we reviewed all the statutes from the year 2000 to 2015 of the

Conmebol. In none of them does it authorize the payment of private bribes. The

defense, between lines, recognizes that it is not Leoz's money and that it is money

from the Conmebol.

If we can observe the complaint is issued by the same organization led by the aforementioned people, that is, they committed certain of their thefts, and no hairs in the language and back of all even their own lawyers what makes the author question: Who can come with the courage to say what happens to internal and exterminate it once and for all?

Because when everything was hidden and things went as they wanted and nobody said anything out of fear it was the color of roses but now nobody wants to take charge because the same lower members of the corrupt nest want to continue denying what happened even to continue the irregularities, of course they are not affected.

2.1.3 Matched Matches.

There is a list of countless matches that can be mentioned as fixed, the perspective of each individual and their hobby depends but there are 2 very specific matches in which nobody can turn a blind eye, we have to go back to the World Cup 2002 in South Korea &

Japan where the locals indisputably qualified to the 8th finals after crossing the group stage.

In the elimination round, the Japan team was among the top 16 while their neighbors advanced to the next round with a very suspicious performance of the judge in charge of the match, South Korea was facing one of the favorites, Italy. At the start of the game the referee orders a penalty for the hosts who subsequently missed it, Italy at minute 17 against all adversity put forward on the scoreboard, there was a very aggressive match that the referee allowed between them a play where the Italian soccer player Francesco Coco gets a nudge in the face from a rival who opens his eyebrow and had to go to emergencies to be sewed.

That merited an expulsion but the referee did not show even a verbal reprimand. At minute 87 the central judge determines a throw-in in favor of the Koreans when it is clearly seen that it belonged to the Italians, a move that would later end in the equalizer goal. To

conclude this very poor performance by the third arbitration team to dissolve the tie they decide to continue the game with a goal of gold, the next team to score the match ends at that

moment and wins, a method that was no longer in force of the regulation since World Cup

1994 USA. Where they expelled Francesco Totti the best Italian soccer player of the moment for a supposed simulation of lack in addition to canceling a goal, later the Asians scored the winning goal.

The referee of the match an acquaintance for all of us, nothing more and nothing less than the Ecuadorian Byron Moreno who was later found with drugs at an airport where he was investigated and admitted having been bribed even threatened to fix parties.

Once inside the 4th of the end the curiosity towards the match of the hosts was intense, everyone wanted to see if it was help or the revelation of the team that could eliminate the great Italy. South Korea had to measure forces against Spain another power of football, however it seems that the history of the previous match was repeated, the Red they annulled 4 goals without any foundation that had to go up to the scoreboard, the match ended

0-0 Unlike the previous match, they went to penalties where the Koreans painfully agreed to

go to the semifinals of the tournament where they were eliminated by the vice champion of the World Cup. Some say that in the semifinals it was not helped because the public had realized what they tried to do and the pressure was so great that they stopped doing it. Later they lost the match against Turkey to define the 3rd place of the tournament.

2.2 Controversy of the final of the Copa Libertadores 1990

I have left as the last item in this chapter the most famous tricks in Latin American football one day that was pure sadness and impotence for all the Ecuadorian people whether or not amateur club involved.

The author refers to the final of the Copa Libertadores in 1990 between Barcelona

Sporting Club vs Olimpia of Paraguay. An impeccable year for the whole of Guayaquil was an exceptional campaign until it was played with the worst nightmare of any club, the black hand of the Conmebol, unfortunately had to compete against a team from the same headquarters as the maximum organization and whose president was also before also of the club, how curious. It was the first time that an Ecuadorian team came to these instances, faced the vice champion of the last edition and everything starts from there, the year before that, the champion was Atlético Nacional de Medellín became the first champion team of the

championship most important in South America at the club level, so why think about an arrangement if last year game was not, of Atletico Nacional, draw their own conclusions.

Returning to the theme played the final round trip, the game was played in Asuncion where Olimpia took a good lead 2-0, Barcelona was forced to win in the return by a difference of 2 goals minimum if he wanted to continue fighting for the title and go to elongate. I arrived so longed for day on October 10, 1990 the trophy of the Copa

Libertadores, for the first time in Ecuadorian territory, the air smelled like candy, until suddenly everything was transformed into a tale of terror, ending the first time Barcelona gets the goal of the discount that deluded him more and more with the cup but nevertheless without any reason they annul it, the referee determined out of place when it is clearly noted that the player Manuel Uquillas was 2 meters in a valid position. However Barcelona put on the hero's outfit to conquer the tournament and at minute 62 goes ahead 1-0 the feat was possible again, then at minute 74 of the match the referee sentenced the Paraguayan club with a penalty in favor of the Guayaquil squad that the soccer player Trobianni misses with a fault of the goalkeeper of Olimpia Hugo Almeida to advance from the bow 3 steps when the regulation specifies that the goalkeeper must stay on the goal line but the penalty kick must be repeated that did not occur. Barcelona thrown to the attack in a formidable play of Acosta obtains that they demolish it evidently inside the area it was a new penitentiary for the bullfighters that Mr. Loustau, judge of the encounter, did not dictate. What was worse still is that after that play Olimpia would tie the match with a lethal counter-attack, because

Barcelona advanced all their lines and tied the game at minute 81. There was no time for more and culminated the game 1-1 wich decree Olimpia champion of that year.

The only thing that encourages Barcelona's people is that 19 years later there was an honest and courageous man who said the truths about the matter, Luis Cubilla (2009) technical director of Olympia at that time stated the following:

When the first final was played in Asunción, we made an approach with the

Uruguayan referees who were my compatriots (Juan Daniel Cardellino), but in that

match we did not need their help because we were superior to Barcelona 2 to 0, and

the night before the match we plan to send the brave bar from Olimpia to the BSC

training camp and soften them. For the final in Guayaquil, with the 2 to 0 achieved in

Asunción, we could even lose 1 to 0, and it was there where Loustau paid the favor to

the Conmebol for Italy 90 and gave us a little hand. Oswaldo (Dominguez Dibb)

pressed him so hard, even questioning his appointment even though we knew he was

going to favor us. The naive Ecuadorian managers imagined that between Loustau and

Oswaldo there was a distancing; but the decisions of the Argentine referee to annul a

legitimate goal to 9 of them (Uquillas), the non-repetition of the penalty missed by

Acosta with the advancement of our goalkeeper Almeida, was also key in the

conquest of our second title.

CHAPTER III

Influence on future athletes

3.1 Assessment within the UEJ of the perception of corruption in

football

If you have been an observer and retailer, when you get to this point you will have an idea of the next topic that will be illustrated. We have tried on the line of successes and failures that has taken the highest football organization in South America, both continental and national levels, which makes one think how can anyone stop this? It is that to see who are the ones who reach the top and how they do it, they become bad examples and this resorts to being an inverted pyramid, everything is born from the most insignificant ones that see the easiest way, if not the only one, is to be used as puppets and will give you more opportunities leaving aside the work, sacrifice and color for the shirt that is what embellishes and made the football so big.

That is why we enter even more, at a precisely intercollegiate youth level to investigate the true roots of this problem because we should be sure if this starts already in clubs and players with important trajectories or recognitions or practically inculcated from early ages is that is why we decided to interview with the respective permissions, 2 coaches

of the Unidad Educativa Javier with many experiences both outside and inside the institution with future athletes to better understand how is the perception and attitude of a young person facing these irregularities that curtail their dreams.

1. Do you know any of the illicit activities that are committed in Latin

American football? Which ones?

The coaches are aware of the presence of the activities mentioned in football in the region:

Yes, the one that Mr. Chiriboga was committed to. I am aware of the money laundering that he obtained with many sponsors and television channels, as well as bribes to help certain Ecuadorian teams including the national team to reach the long-awaited world ranking. (Bellolio, 2017)

2. Did you hear these types of irregularities years ago? Which ones?

Bellolio (2017) when interviewed affirmed that:

A bit, before it was difficult to know some kind of action that was carried out

furtively since journalism did not have the same pressure that exerts in the current

times adding the help of social networks that any ordinary person suspecting

something can say in some media.

No irregularities were denied in soccer in remote years, until it is thought that there was more because they had greater freedom for the press and without the presence of social networks.

3. Do you think corruption in football influences future athletes?

"In sports performance, many ask" Why sacrifice so much if those who have priority are dummies or children of former players? "" (Bellolio, 2017)

A problem not only sports but social, the great disorder that is possessed in the present century, a misconception of "the end justifies the means" and no one looks at what really matters what values are.

4. Why do you think that the evidence of the intervention of the football’s organization just comes to light in the results of the games?

In the opinion of Bellolio (2017): Due to corruption and the demand for a lot of money that is handled in world football, I think that the fact that they are exorbitant amounts generates a lot of suspicion about what it implies for investigations.

I agree with the coach's opinion, as in any action there is a reaction, the opposite part of the coin, that is, the teams that have not been helped otherwise have their suspicions that is why the rumors and the investigations that end up coming to the light.

5. As a coach, have you noticed changes in the perception of football in your students?

"Yes, in some things. For example, discouragement, disillusionment, less effort, no longer play for ideals or honor, is played by fame and money. "(Bellolio, 2017)

It is the biggest problem we have to face and the initial objective of this work, the disappointment of the sport so loved for so many years that suddenly we turn 180 degrees to what we knew. We must rescue the feelings produced by this sport that unites hundreds of families and relive those stories of feats that so captivated us.

6. Have you ever been a victim of a rigged match?

When consulting the coaches if they have directly witnessed in any way with these illicit activities, they responded as follows:

"Sometimes I do, but I always try to handle myself in another style, because I have to be an example of future players." (Bellolio, 2017)

Unfortunately we have shown that organizations can reach their dark hand even in youth competitions that are the future of their own professional tournaments so they "work" so much.

7. How do you persuade your leaders raise awareness that they mustn`t break

FIFA rules and then not be harmed in their career?

The message of the coaches is very clear:

"Try to be honest and good people, football today gives us many surprises and

everything you do wrong is reversed." (Bellolio, 2017)

Simple and concise, I'll keep the last part of coach Marco Bellolio: "Everything you do wrong is reversed." There is nothing to explain why 8 of 10 federation presidents are currently arrested, many teams lost their categories and several players suspended without any club that wants to hire them.

CONCLUSIONS

It is a pity, a real disappointment, how impressive a person can be for ambition, be it for money, power or fame. It took decades for an outside agent to leave unscrupulous football face up and not fear the most powerful organization on a global level and with even more members than the UN, if we are talking about FIFA.

Can you imagine that? Not only play with the work of some honest offices within the organizations, you must see at least one, not only with professional footballers who from a young age if they took a position of correct discipline and hard because the life of professional sportsman should be of sacrifice in the physical environment. They get in touch with any ordinary person who, to get out of their routine, pays their ticket to a stadium to entertain themselves with a football game because after all that is what we hope to entertain ourselves with a healthy game.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• There must be a legislative and oversight organization in FIFA that works independently to take care of all these alleged illegitimate events that occur within FIFA and all its delegations.

• Fixed and more strict regulations must be established to players, clubs and federations that accept or offer some kind of sports scam, since only the leaders are being sanctioned.

• And as everything in life, values are instilled within families, so must be infused the examples of the good athlete from early ages within the schools and sports academies.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

 CONMEBOL. (19 de Junio de 2017). Obtenido de http://www.conmebol.com/es/manual-

prevencion-lavado-de-dinero

 El Espectador. (6 de Junio de 2017). Obtenido de

https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-internacional/conmebol-denuncia-dos-

de-sus-expresidentes-por-lavado-de-dinero-articulo-697226

 El Financiero. (3 de Diciembre de 2015). Obtenido de

http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/after-office/suiza-confirma-arresto-de-presidentes-de-la-

conmebol-y-concacaf.html

 El Telegrafo. (8 de Marzo de 2013). Obtenido de

http://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/deportes/1/loustau-le-debe-un-titulo-de-america-

a-barcelona

 FIFA. (Abril de 2016). Estatutos de la Fifa. Obtenido de

https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-internacional/conmebol-denuncia-dos-

de-sus-expresidentes-por-lavado-de-dinero-articulo-697226

 Wikipedia. (s.f). FIFA-Gate. Obtenido de

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_de_corrupci%C3%B3n_en_la_FIFA