FIFA Model United Nations 2020

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Fédération Internationale de Football Association London International Model United Nations 21st Session | 2020

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020

Table of Contents Introduction to the Committee 6 Topic A: Dealing with Corruption in FIFA 8 Introduction 8 Key Definitions 9 Timeline of Events/ Discussion of Topic 11 Bloc Position 20 Conclusion 21 Further Reading 22 Topic B: 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, Bidding Process 28 Introduction 29 Definitions 30 Timeline of Events 31 Discussion 35 Bloc Positions 36 Conclusion 38 Further Reading 39 Bibliography 40

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INTRODUCTION LETTER

Distinguished delegates of the FIFA Committee,

We would like to welcome you to LIMUN 2020. We are more than proud to have you in our committee and we do hope that you will have a fruitful time while debating upon crucial issues within the FIFA sessions. Your devotion, hard work and responsibility are required not only during the conference but also before your arrival in the magical city of London. You will have to conduct detailed research to k´ow your country’s policy and be able to think of innovative solutions for our topics. That consists a prerequisite so that you can have a unique experience. We firmly believe that this study guide will become food for thought to you who are accepting the challenge of writing an excellent resolution at the end of LIMUN. Apart from that, we do hope that all of you will leave the conference with a better understanding of how the UN works. We look forward to hearing your ideas this February; simultaneously we promise that we will do our best so that these days will become an unforgettable MUN story. Good luck! Ángel Navarrete Torres & Alexia - Ileana Salmon

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Director – Ángel Navarrete Torres

Hello, fellow delegates, and welcome to one of the most exciting committees in LIMUN 2020, FIFA!

Let me introduce myself: I was lucky enough to be born, in 1997, in the most beautiful city the world has ever seen, Granada, located in the south of Spain. I had always considered myself as someone who never liked diplomacy, following my perception of it as something really inactive and incapable of solving complex problems and that the only element that gives you power in this world is money.

However, once I entered the University of Navarra, where I currently study my 5th year of Economics, Leadership and Governance, I realised that diplomacy is useful, but it may only work correctly when personal interests, money and corruption are not the factors that move the world. Combining this way of living (immoral, but way of living) with my passion for sports, in my 13th MUN, the 4th one in London, is just magical.

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Assistant Director - Alexia Ileana Salmon

Dear Delegates,

My name is Alexia Salmon and I have finished my bachelor studies in the department of International Relations & Diplomacy at the University of Piraeus, in Athens, Greece. I am a 22-year-old Greek/French girl who decided in 2018 to spend a semester studying international law and economics at Sciences Po as an Erasmus student. I have always been passionate about public speaking, international affairs and diplomacy. This is the main reason why I started my MUN journey back in 2016. Over the last four years, I have participated both as a delegate and a chairperson in many simulations of the UN, of European & Regional organisations in Greece and internationally such as EUropaS., BISMUN, MILMUN, PIMUN, RhodesMRC etc. I have also served for almost 2 years as the President of the MUN Society of my university.

I firmly believe that MUN experiences can be exciting as well as life changing, since you meet people from every possible corner of this world and you have the opportunity to create an everlasting story with them. I am eagerly waiting to meet in person my FIFA delegates so as to impart the love I have for simulations and to make LIMUN 2020 an unforgettable MUN journey for you all! Be patient, be strong, work hard and come enjoy the FIFA games.

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Introduction to the Committee

The Fédération International de Football Association is a non-profit organization which is considered an international governing body mainly concentrating its operation in the filed of football. It was founded in 1904 from the national associations of France, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland and Sweden and today consists of 211 national associations. The main goals of the committee include: the growth of football in the international level, the accessibility of football for everyone as well as the fair play with integrity. The FIFA Committee is responsible for the organisation and promotion of some football tournaments such as the World Cup and the Women’s World Cup. However, FIFA cannot control the rules of football games since the International Football Association Board is responsible of their creation. FIFA, as a member of the aforementioned Association has to implement these rules and make sure that during all international games the procedure is followed properly1. As a world governing body, FIFA plays a significant role for all international sporting federations in the sectors of governance, regulations and reports while cooperating with legal and accounting specialists. More specifically, FIFA is considered of 8 committees which operate in different fields that affect the football world. Those committees are namely: the Development Committee, the Finance Committee, the Football Stakeholders Committee, the Governance Committee and Review

1 (FIFA). (2019). FIFA Governance Regulations (FGR). Zurich, Switzerland: FIFA Committee. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-governance- regulations-2016-2112075.pdf?cloudid=hoqftq5c00zsy25kio1y

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Committee, the Medial Committee, the Member Associations Committee, the Player’s Status Committee and the Referees Committee2.

The FIFA President holds the highest office at FIFA. He is elected for a period of 4 years by the member associations represented at the FIFA Congress which can vote and be also re-elected. The FIFA Statutes implements the rights and responsibilities of the President. The President has to preside over the FIFA Congress, Executive and Emergency Committee meetings and others. According to the statutes, the congress is the supreme body of the organization. At this forum a variety of articles dictates which issues have to be discussed and which decisions must be taken. Its form is legislative and that is why it is responsible for developing the game, the nature of which has been subject to rapid change over the past few years. At this point it is important to mention that each member has one vote at the Congress. In order to separate powers, the Ethics Committee which operates independently is established as the third judicial body under the auspice of the FIFA Code of Ethics. The Ethics Committee is supervising the entire football community and helps in tackling current challenges such as the illegal betting, bribery and other prohibited activities. According to the Code of Ethics, disciplinary sanctions can be imposed on offending officials, players, player’s agents and match agents3.

Moving on to the Committee’s mandate, it is significant to mention that football may be a simple game, but its circumstances keep changing day by day. FIFA must take into account a wide range of developments and other factors and decide on numerous issues in accordance with football

2 FIFA Statutes. (June 2019). FIFA Statutes: regulations governing the application of the statutes. Zurich, Switzerland. FIFA. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-statutes-5-august-2019- en.pdf?cloudid=ggyamhxxv8jrdfbekrrm 3 FIFA. (2018). How FIFA Works. Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/governance/how-fifa-works/index.html

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 and its regulations. Its main goal is to conduct a financial statement and an annual report concerning decisions and recommendations about challenges and issues of football4.

Topic A: Dealing with Corruption in FIFA

Introduction

4 FIFA. (2019). FIFA Code of Ethics. Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-code-of-ethics-2019- version.pdf?cloudid=la3f5yqsox5cns9oypkg

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Football is played in every country, territory, and remote island on this globe from South Korea to Antartica and more. Since its founding in 1904, FIFA has made its primary goal to encourage and promote international football. With no surprise, football has become immensely profitable in Europe and the World Cup generates billions of dollars for FIFA. However, at a global level, football has endured many decades of illegal activities such as gambling, match-fixing, bribery, money laundering, tax evasion and corruption generally. Today the list of football scandals seems endless. It has affected many countries such as Brazil, China, France, Greece,

Portugal, Romania, Italy, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia and many more5. According to Transparency International research conducted in 2017, 53% of the fans responding had no confidence in FIFA and 46% didn't believe that FIFA was trying to solve the issues and fight against corruption in football. Of the 25,000 participants who responded, the majority mentioned match-fixing and bribing of referees as the main challenges that FIFA has to concur6. Our goal as the FIFA Committee during LIMUN 2020 Conference is to debate the corruption level of FIFA and think of innovative, but most importantly practical ways to fight corruption in the field of football.

Key Definitions

5 Naby L. (October 2017). Managing the Reputation of the Federation International Association (FIFA): The case of the corruption crisis. Public Relations Journal, Egypt. Retrieved from https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/FIFA- Corruption.pdf 6 Unger D. (2 March 2017). FIFA must do more to win back trust of football fans. Transparency International. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/fifa_must_do_more_to_win_back_trust_of_ football_fans

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In order to feel more familiar with the concept of corruption in the football sector, it is of utmost importance to know the exact meaning of some keywords which are related to our issue.

• Corruption: According to Transparency International “corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the

sector where it occurs”.7 • Bribery: According to the Collins Dictionary “bribery is the act of offering someone money or something valuable in order to persuade them do

something for you”.8 • Gambling: According to dictionary.com “gambling is the activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for money or other stakes. It is an act or practice of risking the loos of something important by taking a

chance or acting recklessly”.9 • Match-Fixing: According to Cambridge dictionary “match-fixing is a dishonest activity to make sure that one team wins a particular sports

match”.10 • Money Laundering: According to Investopedia “money Laundering is the process of making large amounts of money generated by a criminal activity such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source. The money from the criminal activity is

7 Transparency International (2018). What is Corruption?. Transparency International. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption 8 Collins Dictionary. (2018). Definition of bribery. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bribery 9 Dictionary (2019). Gambling. Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gambling 10 Cambridge Dictionary. (2019). Meaning of Match-fixing. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/match- fixing

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considered dirty, and the process “launders” it to make it look clean.

Money laundering is itself a crime”.11 • Tax evasion: According to Investopedia “tax evasion is an illegal activity in which a person or entity deliberately avoids paying a true tax liability. Those caught evading taxes are generally subject to criminal charges and substantial penalties. To wilfully fail to pay taxes is a federal offence under

the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax code”.12

Timeline of Events/ Discussion of Topic

A timeline of the most significant scandals at FIFA will be presented to the delegates so that they understand past incidents of corruption, its causes and repercussions as well as to think of possible solutions.

❖ Italy - World Cup 1934:

11 Chen J. (25 June 2019). What is Money Laundering?. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/moneylaundering.asp 12 Kagan J. (7 August 2019). What is Tax Evasion?. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/taxevasion.asp

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Europe went through considerable changes during the 20th century, from monarchy to democracy to church domination and despotism with no political ideology being adopted 100%. Two quite new notions - Fascism and Nazism - made their appearance at that time when football has started to become the sport of the masses. Three leaders namely Mussolini, Hitler and Franco tried to exploit the popular appeal of football so as to take advantage of the propaganda that is used to sports and manipulate the crowds. Having established his regime, Benito Mussolini was interested in making fascism the primary ideology of his people. As mentioned above, sport is something that belongs to the masses as it involves all the fans who are watching the games from the sidelines whilst supporting their favourite team13. That is what Mussolini thought when he realised that he could use this sport so as to modify the opinion and views of the masses. At the beginning, Mussolini and his political party established the Italian League - Serie A. Led by Leandro Arpinati - the grad of Bolognese Fascism - the federation began revolutionising the game. Hosting the 1934 World Cup was Mussolini’s big chance because he had the opportunity to show off his nation’s mettle via the organization of the event as well as through the performance of his nation on the field. He wanted to have the ultimate say in his nation’s result and that is what he exactly did: referees were bribed, and corruption was more than obvious. To be more precise, Mussolini was accused of selecting the referees and dining with them so as convince them about the side they should support14. Indeed, Italy won the first match 7-1 against the USA, which shocked

13 The PA Team (11 March 2018). 1934 World Cup - The story of Mussolini, Italy, and the fascist blackshirts. Italy, Punditarena. Retrieved from https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/1934-world-cup-mussolini-italy-fascists/ 14 Balser B., Santalbano A. (2013). The 1934 World Cup. Duke University, Soccer Politics. Retrieved from https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/research-projects/football-and- politics-in-europe-1930s-1950s/mussolinis-football/the-1934-world-cup/

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 everyone. The same situation followed with Spain and Austria where it was believed that Mussolini had dinner with the Swedish referee - Ivan Eklind - who would officiate the match.In the final, the Italians won the cup on home terrain and Mussolini achieved his ultimate goal: to show off his country on the world. According to the accusations, Mussolini personally selected referees for the matches where the Italian national team were playing, while his government meddled in FIFA’s events, and reorganised the logistics of the matches to further promote fascism. It was not random that Italy won the following edition of the World Cup15.

❖ World Cup France 1998:

Brazil’s capitulation during the 1998 World Cup came out of the blue and shocked the French government. The story began just five days before the final match when Brazil had already eliminated the Netherlands which was until then their most hard encounter during a tournament. The famous football player Ronaldo had opened the score and converted

Brazil’s first penalty. Despite this success, on the 12th of July the day of the final, Ronaldo broke down and cried when arriving at the team’s hotel after lunch. It looked like pressure had taken over him in a level that he could not control it. As the doctors mentioned he was experiencing convulsions, something never seen before in a football player and also declared that he was taking the painkiller Voltaren for more than a month. Unexpectedly, 40 minutes prior to kick-off, Ronaldo announced that he was ready to

15 Hart J. ( 27 July 2016). When the World Cup rolled into Fascist Italy in 1934. The football Times. Retrieved from https://thesefootballtimes.co/2016/07/27/when-the- world-cup-rolled-into-fascist-italy-in-1934/

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play16. This incident created many questions; three possible scenarios were developed so as to understand what was really happening. The first one suggests that Ronaldo was hiding a secret medical condition. Ronaldo had been a football player since 1994 when he was 17 years old and the sudden situation of anxiety and stress was the first and last that has ever happened to him, so that made the incident stranger. The questions that were raised concerns about his health issues which could have possibly been private and hidden from the public with the doctors exploiting the situation and making things worse for Ronaldo by prescribing painkillers. The second scenario postulates that Brazil’s players accepted bribes so as to throw the match. An amount of 15.000.000 € was thought of being offered to the Brazil team as well as the possibility of hosting a World Cup in the future with the prerequisite that they would beat the French team. If this is true, then it is possible that Ronaldo felt uncomfortable with the agreement and changed his mind17. The last theory supports that after the match day, Nike revealed this statement: “With regard to rumours circulating about presumed pressures Nike put on the Brazilian national soccer team so that Ronaldo would play, Nike wants to emphasise that the report of such involvement is absolutely false. Ronaldo and Zagallo decided together to crown this dream which the Brazilian player, probably, deserved to live. In all of this Nike did not interfere in any way. And besides, why should it have?” However, Nike could have easily interfered in the match since it was sponsoring Ronaldo. The company had invested a lot of money in the 1998 World Cup and the majority of their marketing was based around the Brazil national team and more specifically Ronaldo. If Ronaldo decided to give up

16 Elliott N. (2018). The unsolved mystery of Ronaldo’s 1998 World Cup Final. Dream Team. Retrieved from https://www.dreamteamfc.com/c/news-gossip/165418/mystery- ronaldo-1998-world-cup/ 17 FourFourTwo. (27 March 2018). What really happened to Ronaldo before the 1998 World Cup Final - in his own words. FourFourTwo. Retrieved from https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-really-happened-ronaldo-1998-world-cup- final-his-own-words

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 on the game, the company’s reputation could be severely damaged and threatened. If the image of the strongest and youngest football player could fall apart within seconds, then the image of Nike could also fall apart by losing fans and consumers18. Nevertheless, the day of the match Ronaldo managed to provide the team with good opportunities but France after half- time asserted control, with Zidane scoring his second goal. The match ended with a score of 0-3 in favour of France.

The questions about Ronaldo’s health issues remained unanswered; meanwhile a new scandal occurred. After the end of the match and the French victory, the former UEFA president Michel Platini was sanctioned with a six year ban from the FIFA Ethics Committee when he admitted that the win of France involved match-fixing. Platini was banned for eight years in December along with former President, Sepp Blatter over a payment of 2.000.000 CHF. FIFAS’s Ethics Committee, which imposed the ban, said the payment, made at a time when Blatter was seeking re-election, lacked transparency and presented conflicts of interest. Both men denied wrongdoing. Both had their bans reduced to six years by FIFA’s Appeal

Committee in 2016 and the allegations against Platini are still ongoing19.

18 Angeli E. (23 February 2017). Nike’s manipulation of the ’98 World Cup cost football Ronaldo’s finest moment. The Versed. Retrieved from https://www.theversed.com/45278/nike-world-cup-ronaldo-1998-france- brazil/#.UWutiFW12g 19 The Guardian. (18 May 2018). Michel Platini says 1998 World Cup draw ‘trickery’ led to France v Brazil final. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/18/michel-platini-world-cup-1998- brazil-france-draw-trickery

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Michel Platini is pictured celebrating with France captain Didier Deschamps after the hosts beat Brazil in the 1998 World Cup final in Paris. Photograph: Gabriel Bouys/EPA. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/18/michel-platini-world-cup- 1998-brazil-france-draw-trickery

❖ World Cup Japan – South Korea 2002:

In 1996, FIFA decided to give the right to two countries to jointly host the leading football competition, the World Cup. Before the vote, Japan and South Korea decided to join forces and thus took over the organization of the event. Their political and social issues have taken them several years to resolve and so the problems have been numerous at the organisational and accounting level. In the 2002 game, however, favouritism towards South Korea was rather overt. The phenomenon has peaked in the knockout stages when Ecuador’s Byron Moreno has been indicted by Francesco Totti

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and Givani Trapatoni for organized conspiracy against the Italy20. The main cause concerned the incidents taking place during the match. In particular those incidents concern the penalty shoot-out in favour of South Korea in the first half, Damiano Tomazi’s goal which was mistakenly canceled out as a goalkeeper in the extension as well as his second yellow card for a foul on Chong Gong Song. Later, Moreno accused his assistant of making a mistake in the game while FIFA’s President, Sepp Blatter, denied having conspired against Italy but admitted there were errors: “Italy’s exclusion is not just for referees and assistants who made mistakes. Italy also made mistakes in both defense and attack”21.

❖ World Cup Russia 2018:

In 2010, the FIFA Executive Committee met in Zurich so as to select the hosting country of the 2018 World Cup. Russia won the 2018 World Cup in the second round of voting with a total of 13 votes. The Football Federation of the UK and others made allegations of corruption against the Russian team and to FIFA members. They argued that four members of the executive committee had wanted to vote in favour of England while Sepp Blatter said it had already been decided that Russia would win. The 2014 Garcia Report, an internal investigation conducted by Michael Garcia was overshadowed by the the release of Hans Joachim Eckert, FIFA’s Chief of Ethics. Russia’s bid for the World Cup was presented as an opportunity for the country to showcase its progression since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia’s World Cup proposal argued that

20 Bratsos K. (12 June 2014). Ιαπωνία & Νότια Κορέα - 2002. Athens, Greece, Contra. Retrieved from https://www.contra.gr/podosfairo/iaponia-notia-korea- 2002.7141079.html 21 Lothano A. (18 June 2015). Μορένο, ο διαιτητής που έσφαξε την Ιταλία στο Μουντιάλ του 2002. Athens, Greece, Sport 24. Retrieved from https://www.sport24.gr/Files/moreno-o-diaithths-poy-esfakse-thn-italia-sto-moyntial- toy-2002.3535107.html

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 hosting the tournament would be a net positive for the country in long- term, as infrastructure projects had the potential to spark the Russian economy and leave a lasting impact on regional development. Russia was accused of trying to utilise this World Cup as an opportunity to improve its image internationally22. During 2015 an investigation was conducted by FBI members, where some FIFA members were arrested as they were accused of a professional football scam. At the same time, the Swiss authorities raided the FIFA headquarters in Zurich and announced that an investigation would begin into 2022 World Cup in Qatar. The FBI Director James Comey declared that “the defendants have reinforced the culture of corruption and greed which have created inequality for the world’s largest sport”. According to the New York Times, the FIFA executives arrested were facing the charges of blackmail, bribery and money laundering. The defendants have raised over 100 million dollars in the last 20 years. At the same time, 14 total arrests relating to procedures of assigning world cups, marketing and broadcasting rights were announced. On the other side the Russian declared they would make public all the required data and information in order to prove its innocence and irrelevance to the FIFA executive’s actions23.

❖ World Cup Qatar 2022:

The awarding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar created a number of concerns and controversies. The primary question raised was about the country and its suitability of being the host of the 2022 event due to its

22 Bensinger K. (14 June 2018). How Russia won the World Cup. UK, The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/14/how-russia-won-the- world-cup 23 Πρώτο Θέμα. (27 May 2015). Σκάνδαλο FIFA: Ψάχνουν μήπως Ρωσία-Κατάρ εξαγόρασαν τα Μουντιάλ 2018 και 2022. Greece, Πρώτο Θέμα. Retrived from https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/479691/eleghoun-mipos-rosia-katar- exagorasan-to-moudial-2018-kai-2022/

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 human rights issues.It is believed that the country was mainly selected due to its oil and gas deposits as well as due to the fact that it is one of the richest countries in the world24. It is also the country with the highest per capita income globally. A second concern is regarding the issue of alcohol. For instance, all the fans who enjoy consuming beers or any other kind of alcohol during the matches, will have major issues if they act in this way when coming to Qatar. Moreover, the geography of Qatar is a separate issue that has both positive and negative implications: of the seven cities where the matches will take place, five are within a 25km radius. That being said, it is deniable how the police officers will manage the World Cup fans in such short distances so that the country does not experience fights among the fans of opposite teams. Furthermore, another issue concerns the voting procedure. It took four voting rounds to get Qatar anchored, even if the country had well over half of the votes of the FIFA Executive Committee in all four rounds. Whispers and conspiracy theories about what happened in the background, which promises were made, how much money was invested are unlikely to stop nor will we ever know the exact truth. Last but not least, during June-July, months usually when the World Cup is held, temperatures in Qatar range between 40 and 50 Celsius degrees. In such a case, the atmosphere will be uncomfortable not only for the fans but also the participants. One possible solution is to change the time when the World Cup will begin but there are concerns about how fair is to suddenly change a tradition of this event and affect the participation of the national associations25.

24 Papantonopoulou V. (16 November 2014). Κατάρ 2022: το μουντιάλ των ερωτηματικών. Greece, Efsyn. Retrieved from https://www.efsyn.gr/athlitismos/podosfairo/4036_katar-2022-moyntial-ton- erotimatikon 25 Ibid.

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Bloc Position Being corruption an international illness, it is true that it has multiple ways of being committed, especially when large amounts of money may be moved in the operation. FIFA has been the objective of many accusations from diverse entities due to its practices across time.

FIFA Council: The executive body of FIFA and the one in charge of the election of the venues for all FIFA tournaments has been criticized for accepting political pressure since the very beginning of the World Cup in 1930. Since then, they have been involved in various unproven and proven cases of corruption being the most relevant the 2015 scandal, where FBI intervened to solve one of the most complex schemes seen in sports.

National Federations: Related with the FIFA Council, political pressure tends to be impulse by national federations, mainly those electable to host the major tournaments held by FIFA. From this perspective, Italy, France, South Korea, Russia and Qatar are the most well-known examples, but other countries may be affected by this issue. National federations are the ones who have to begin the process of eliminating corruption from FIFA through their internal functioning as well as through their representatives in the FIFA Council.

Confederations: Represented by their member countries, all six confederations must ensure that all practices done by FIFA, and national federations fit in the Code of Ethics and the legislation created by FIFA, taking advantage of their position of intermediaries between federations and FIFA.

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Conclusion

The motto of FIFA is that football is everywhere and for everyone. It is true that FIFA has contributed in so many ways to the development of some continents such as Europe. FIFA has assisted Europe in the development of its economy since it has cooperated with the private and public sector which had the chance to gain significant amounts of money coming from the FIFA revenues of more than EUR 2bn when events such as the World Cup are being organised. Additionally, in terms of equality and human rights, between 2016 and 2019 FIFA has tried to raise awareness about how important it is for women to also participate in football matches, through many initiatives such as the FIFA Women’s World Cup and the Girls Youth Olympic Football Tournament. FIFA has also contributed to make this world a better place through its active participation and promotion of philanthropic events26. However, in terms of organisation, it is said that FIFA has not treated equally all the confederations. In particular,the Confederation of African Football has been treated poorly, even though the roots of the game are coming from the African continent. It is generally admitted that for non- European countries it was always more difficult and complex to get the opportunity to host events such as the World Cup and that is proved since countries in Asia, Oceania and Africa have hosted very few World Cups.

Questions a Resolution should answer:

❖ What is your country’s relation with and position towards the FIFA?

❖ What are the causes of all the corruption in FIFA?

❖ What are the repercussions of the scams in FIFA?

26 FIFA. (2019). FIFA’s key achievements: 2016-2019. Zurich, FIFA. Retrieved from https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/qyxnjzjfwwv5wcpnfugp.pdf

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❖ Is the legal framework of FIFA enough to reduce incidents of bribery and money laundering?

❖ Do you think that the work of the FIFA Ethics Committee is good enough or there is more progress to be done?

❖ Are the corruption events mentioned above solved? If not, how would your country contribute in solving the mystery behind the allegations?

❖ Are there any other important scandals that need to be discussed?

❖ How your country reacted to the issues discussed? What are some useful proposals in order to avoid the aforementioned issues during the World Cup in Qatar 2022?

❖ Should the procedure of voting for the next hosting country of the World Cup be changed? If so, why?

❖ Are there any possible solutions which can be practically implemented so as to solve the issue of corruption?

Further Reading:

In this section, you may find some useful information and further details about our topic. Please, take a look at the links below:

• https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k.pdf • https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/q28gdktklmbx20lrsgyl.pdf • https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/the-fifa-statutes- 2018.pdf?cloudid=whhncbdzio03cuhmwfxa • https://www.academia.edu/24346431/Sports_Journalism_and _the_FIFA_Scandal_Personalization_Co-optation_Investigation • https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-code-of-ethics- 2018-version-takes-effect-12-08- 18.pdf?cloudid=uemlkcy8wwdtlll6sy3j

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Bibliography:

● Angeli E. (23 February 2017). Nike’s manipulation of the ’98 World Cup cost football Ronaldo’s finest moment. The Versed. Retrieved from https://www.theversed.com/45278/nike-world-cup-ronaldo-1998-france- brazil/#.UWutiFW12g ● Balser B., Santalbano A. (2013). The 1934 World Cup. Duke University, Soccer Politics. Retrieved from https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/research- projects/football-and-politics-in-europe-1930s-1950s/mussolinis- football/the-1934-world-cup/ ● Bensinger K. (14 June 2018). How Russia won the World Cup. UK, The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/14/how-russia-won-the- world-cup ● Bratsos K. (12 June 2014). Ιαπωνία & Νότια Κορέα - 2002. Athens, Greece, Contra. Retrieved from https://www.contra.gr/podosfairo/iaponia- notia-korea-2002.7141079.html ● Cambridge Dictionary. (2019). Meaning of Match-fixing. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/match-fixing ● Chen J. (25 June 2019). What is Money Laundering?. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/moneylaundering.asp ● Collins Dictionary. (2018). Definition of bribery. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bribery ● Dictionary (2019). Gambling. Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gambling

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● Elliott N. (2018). The unsolved mystery of Ronaldo’s 1998 World Cup Final. Dream Team. Retrieved from https://www.dreamteamfc.com/c/news-gossip/165418/mystery-ronaldo- 1998-world-cup/ ● FIFA. (2019). FIFA Code of Ethics. Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-code-of-ethics-2019- version.pdf?cloudid=la3f5yqsox5cns9oypkg ● (FIFA). (2019). FIFA Governance Regulations (FGR). Zurich, Switzerland: FIFA Committee. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-governance-regulations- 2016-2112075.pdf?cloudid=hoqftq5c00zsy25kio1y ● FIFA. (2018). How FIFA Works. Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/governance/how-fifa-works/index.html ● FIFA. (2019). FIFA’s key achievements: 2016-2019. Zurich, FIFA. Retrieved from https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/qyxnjzjfwwv5wcpnfugp.pdf ● FIFA Statutes. (June 2019). FIFA Statutes: regulations governing the application of the statutes. Zurich, Switzerland. FIFA. Retrieved from https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fifa-statutes-5-august-2019- en.pdf?cloudid=ggyamhxxv8jrdfbekrrm ● FourFourTwo. (27 March 2018). What really happened to Ronaldo before the 1998 World Cup Final - in his own words. FourFourTwo. Retrieved from https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-really-happened- ronaldo-1998-world-cup-final-his-own-words ● Hart J. ( 27 July 2016). When the World Cup rolled into Fascist Italy in 1934. The football Times. Retrieved from https://thesefootballtimes.co/2016/07/27/when-the-world-cup-rolled-into- fascist-italy-in-1934/

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● Kagan J. (7 August 2019). What is Tax Evasion?. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/taxevasion.asp ● Lothano A. (18 June 2015). Μορένο, ο διαιτητής που έσφαξε την Ιταλία στο Μουντιάλ του 2002. Athens, Greece, Sport 24. Retrieved from https://www.sport24.gr/Files/moreno-o-diaithths-poy-esfakse-thn-italia- sto-moyntial-toy-2002.3535107.html ● Naby L. (October 2017). Managing the Reputation of the Federation International Association (FIFA): The case of the corruption crisis. Public Relations Journal, Egypt. Retrieved from https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/FIFA- Corruption.pdf ● Papantonopoulou V. (16 November 2014). Κατάρ 2022: το μουντιάλ των ερωτηματικών. Greece, Efsyn. Retrieved from https://www.efsyn.gr/athlitismos/podosfairo/4036_katar-2022-moyntial- ton-erotimatikon The Guardian. (18 May 2018). Michel Platini says 1998 World Cup draw ‘trickery’ led to France v Brazil final. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/may/18/michel-platini- world-cup-1998-brazil-france-draw-trickery ● The PA Team (11 March 2018). 1934 World Cup - The story of Mussolini, Italy, and the fascist blackshirts. Italy, Punditarena. Retrieved from https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/1934-world-cup-mussolini- italy-fascists/ ● Transparency International (2018). What is Corruption?. Transparency International. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/what-is- corruption ● Unger D. (2 March 2017). FIFA must do more to win back trust of football fans. Transparency International. Retrieved from

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https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/fifa_must_do_more_to_win_ back_trust_of_football_fans ● Πρώτο Θέμα. (27 May 2015). Σκάνδαλο FIFA: Ψάχνουν μήπως Ρωσία- Κατάρ εξαγόρασαν τα Μουντιάλ 2018 και 2022. Greece, Πρώτο Θέμα. Retrived from https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/479691/eleghoun- mipos-rosia-katar-exagorasan-to-moudial-2018-kai-2022/

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Topic B: 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, The Bidding Process

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Introduction:

The FIFA Club World Cup is the competition that defines the best club in the world and, until the 2020 edition, which will be held in Qatar, is played yearly among the continental champions and the league winner of the host country. However, in 2021, the format has changed to a 24-team tournament27 that will take place every four years, matching the model of the FIFA World Cup and replacing the Confederations Cup as the tournament played the summerbefore the FIFA World Cup.

Although outside this committee, China has been elected by unanimity by the FIFA Council as the venue for this 2021 FIFA Club World Cup. In LIMUN, countries are expected to present their bids to host this tournament and show the world that, most of the times, football politics is what truly determines the destiny of this sport. It is not only necessary to propose the best bid, but it is also crucial to perfectly lobby with other countries, as the host of the Club World Cup will be elected by the members of the “FIFA Council”, being this represented by all the delegates having one vote each.

Votingprocedure will happen on Saturday after lunch to reduce the interruption of the intense debate of Topic A, so delegates must be ready to convince -or have already convinced- other delegates about their bid to increase their likelihood of being elected.

The votings will be doneconfidentially, with each delegation writingtheir preferred choice ona sheet of paper and handing it to the Chairs. Once all delegates have delivered their vote, the Chairing team will count those

27 Sky Sports. (2019, October 24). FIFA Club World Cup: China to host expanded 24-team tournament in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11843622/fifa-club- world-cup-china-to-host-expanded-24-team-tournament-in-2021.

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 votes, announcing the bid that received the least votes, striking it out from the next voting round. If, at the end of a round, there is any country with zero votes, it will be automatically eliminated from the election process. This is especially relevant during the first round of votings, as some delegations may end up giving their vote to other bids and not receiving any. In case of a tie for the last place, not including those bids with zero votes, delegates will have to vote between the tied competitors to decide which one remains in the fight.

Definitions:

FIFA Club World Cup: The major club tournament host by FIFA: it decides which team will be crowned as the world champion for the following four years, from the 2021 edition.

Bid: The candidatures that will be presented by delegates to host the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup.

National federations: The national federations are the highest body in charge of football in each of the 211 members of FIFA and they regulate their national competitions, such as the national league, the cup and the national teams sent to international tournaments.

Confederation: A body that supervises the activities of all national federations belonging to it, and the responsible of organizing the continental tournaments, such as the Champions League, European Nations League and Euro. There are only 6 confederations, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, UEFA, CAF, AFC and OFC.

FIFA: Created in 1904, has been the major body of football for 115 years and is in charge of governing the sport worldwide, apart from a wide range

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020 of tournaments, especially the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.

Timeline of Events:

July 3 - September 4, 1960 - First Intercontinental Cup. The first Intercontinental Cup was played between Real Madrid and Peñarol, as both winners of the European Champion Clubs’ Cup and the Copa Libertadores. It ended up with a final result of 5-1 in favor of the Spaniards, after Real Madrid took advantage ofbeing at home in the second leg of the final,after the first match, played in Uruguay, ended 0-0 28. This was the first intercontinental tournament recognized by FIFA, so Real Madrid were crowned as the first club to become world champion29, although there were already unofficial tournaments such as the Small Club World Cup, that took place in Caracas, Venezuela30.

28 FIFA.com. History of FIFA - Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/about- fifa/who-we-are/history/index.html. 29 García, J. (2018, December 21). How Real Madrid were crowned world champion 6 times: Real Madrid CF. Retrieved from https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2018/12/how-real-madrid-were-crowned-world- champion-6-times. 30 Revolvy, LLC. "Small Club World Cup" folder on Revolvy.com. Retrieved from https://www.revolvy.com/folder/Small-Club-World-Cup/1111539.

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October 22, 1969 - The most violent final in football history31. The tenth edition of the Intercontinental Cup was played by AC Milan, the Europen champion, and Estudiantes de la Plata, the representatives of Latin America. It is considered by many, the most violent football match ever played, due to the extreme tactics employed by the Argentinian side, that were able to demolish the Italian game by raw force, with tackles directed to the knees, the chest or wherever the Argentinians considered necessary to recover the first-leg match that ended in a 3-0 victory tothe Italians. This happened under the amazed look of half of the world, that watched, not believing their eyes, how the referee let Estudiantes play brutally against the Italians32. Here you will have a link to the game, where you can see, for example in the minute 40:25 of the video a small example of what happened33. That would provoke a logical boycott from European teams to the tournament for the next 10 years even though Estudiantes could just win the match 2-1 and, therefore, losing the final.

31 Calemme, M. (2019, October 22). Milan-Estudiantes: Football's "most violent game" turns 50. Retrieved from https://en.as.com/en/2019/10/22/football/1571746442_269867.html. 32 Pulling, C. (2013, March 5). La Bombonera Massacre 1969. Retrieved from http://backpagefootball.com/la-bombonera-massacre-1969/54236/. 33 Pince, J. Estudiantes de La Plata vs AC Milan 1969 Intercontinental Cup 2nd Leg Full Match. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00xvISQvjYY.

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1980 - The Toyota Cup as a solution to the boycott. After that 1969 Intercontinental final, European teams would try not to play the match in Latin America due to the “intensity” shown by Latin American teams since 1965 in these matches. After some years of doubts about the future of the competition, in 1980, the legendary Nottingham Forest, Nacional de Montevideo and West Nally, a British company specialized in sport marketing met to find a solution to avoid the collapse of the competition. Toyota then appeared to propose a solution. They would sponsor the tournament and its format would change to a single match played in Japan. The solution was accepted by both teams, as it was necessary to change the format to a single match and it could not be played in Latin America or Europe, due to the risk it could carry for the away team34.

2000 - FIFA creates the Club World Championship. FIFA wanted to change the format of the Intercontinental Cup - known also as Toyota Cup after the sponsorship but maintaining the presence of the European and South American champions. However, as this was not possible, FIFA decided to introduce the new century with a tournament that would have, for the first time in history, clubs representing the 6 confederations, having Europe 2 representatives: Man. United as European champion and Real Madrid after being named “Best club of the XX Century”; as well as South America, with Vasco da Gama and Corinthians as representatives both teams coming from the venues of the tournament, Río de Janeiro and São Paulo35. Necaxa, from Mexico, would be the CONCACAF representative; Al-Nassr, from Saudi Arabia represented Asia; Raja

34 Nacional y Nottingham Forest, Toyota Cup '80: choque entre dos mundos. (2016, December 16). Retrieved from http://www.mondofutbol.com/es/toyota-cup-1980- choque-entre-dos-mundos/. 35 FIFA.com. Brasil 2000: El mundo recibe una lección de samba. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20131013181838/http://es.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/t ournament=107/edition=3692/overview.html.

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Casablanca, from Morocco, Africa and South Melbourne represented

Oceania when Australia still belonged to OFC36. The tournament was won by Vasco da Gama against Corinthians, showing the superiority of Brazilian football, as would be reemphasised in the 2002 World Cup37.

2005 - FIFA Club World Cup is created. After the Intercontinental Cup of 2004, FIFA decided to combine both the Club World Championship and the Intercontinental Cup, giving birth to the

FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup, held in Japan in 200538. This tournament, as did the Club World Championship, would have representatives from the 6 confederations and, like theToyota Cup, gave the recognition of world champion to the winning team. Only the continental winners had access to the tournament, where the European and South America champions were promoted to the semi-finals, while the other four champions had to play a quarter-final round. Apart from the two quarterfinals, two semi-finals and the final, there were matches for third and fifth place39. Since 2007, the host country’s league champion has access to the tournament, playing a round of play-off for the quarterfinals against the Oceanian champion40.

October 23, 2019 - China elected to host the new Club

World Cup.

36 FIFA.com. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120213165949/http://es.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/t ournament=107/edition=3692/teams/index.html 37 FIFA.com. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120103231107/http://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/editi on=4395/results/index.html 38 FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2005/index.html. 39 FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005 - Matches. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2005/matches/index.html. 40 FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2007 - Matches. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2007/matches/index.html.

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On March 2019, Gianni Infantino revealed that the FIFA Club World Cup would be subject to drastic changes from the 2021 edition. It will be composed by 24 teams41 coming from the six confederations and it will take place each four years, as the World Cup does. As expected, the six confederations will not be equally represented in this tournament, with eight spots given to European teams, six to CONCACAF, three to CONMEBOL, three to CAF, three to AFC and the final spot is given to OFC. Each confederation establishes the parameters that will select the teams representing them in the Club World Cup. The first edition of this new version of the Club World Cup will be held in China from June 17, 2021 toJuly 4, 2021.

Discussion:

When the session after Saturday lunch begins, all delegates who have presented a bid will move to the floor in the order established by the Dais to present their candidature. Each delegation will have 3 minutes for their speech and other 3 minutes to answer questions related to their bid. Once they finish or the time runs out, the following delegation will repeat the process until all bids have been introduced. Once this has happened, all delegations will begin the voting procedure to eliminate the bids that obtain the lowest result. The final winner, apart from feeling the pride of “hosting” the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, will receive a Diplomacy Award in the Closing Ceremony for not only making the bestbid, but also for correctly lobbying in favor of each delegation’s project, inducing people to select that one rather than other delegates’.

41 FIFA.com. Who We Are - News - FIFA Council votes for the introduction of a revamped FIFA Club World Cup. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we- are/news/fifa-council-votes-for-the-introduction-of-a-revamped-fifa-club-world-cup.

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Bloc Positions:

UEFA (Union of European Football Associations): The largest confederation in FIFA, with 55 national federations, will also be the confederation with the largest amount of spots, 8, which will be given to the Champions League and Europe League winners of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 202142. This means that Real Madrid, Atlético de Madrid, Liverpool and Chelsea are already qualified for the tournament. It is also the confederation with the largest amount of FIFA World Cup and Club World Cup trophies, with 12 World Cup wins - 4 Germany and Italy, 2 France, 1 Spain and England and 32 Club World Cups, being Real Madrid, with 7, its major representative.

CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in Spanish, or South American Football Confederation): On the other side, despite the low amount of national federations, South American footballers have proven their talent across history since 1920, when Uruguay obtained the gold medal in the Olympics held in Amberes. 9 World Cup titles - 5 Brazil, 2 Argentina and Uruguay and 26 Club World Cup wins are the best argument for them. There will be 6 representatives from this confederation, being them the winners of the Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana of 2019 and 2020. The other two spots are not yet confirmed, but they will likely be given to the champion and the runner-up of the Supercopa

Sudamericana43.

CONCACAF (Confederation of North and Central American and the Caribbean Association Football): The Confederation of North and Central America and the Caribbean is composed by 33 national federations.

42 Carroll, S. (2019, October 24). Liverpool set for 2021 Club World Cup as format switch confirmed. Retrieved from https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football- news/liverpool-look-set-2021-club-17138190. 43 La Conmebol, a punto de aprobar el regreso de la Supercopa Sudamericana. . Retrieved from http://www.ecuagol.com/ecuagol/index.php?n=150168.

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However, few have reached Club World Cup Finals and the Confederation’s best result in a World Cup wasthe semi-finals of the 1930 World Cup, where the United States managed to finish in third position44. There will be 3 spots for the Club World Cup 2021, but how will they be distributed is still an unknown45. The Confederationhas hosted 3 World Cups, being them Mexico in 1970 and 1986 and United States in 1994.

AFC (Asian Football Confederation): The second largest confederation, with 54 members, has hosted only one World Cup, the 2002 Korea/Japan World Cup but the majority of FIFA Club World Cups, as well as the Toyota Cup during the Intercontinental Cup period. Their best result in a World Cup is the fourth position obtained by South Korea on home soil46. For the 2021 Club World Cup, they have the exact same situation as the CONCACAF with 3 spots whose distribution will be revealed in the next future.

CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football in French, or African Football Confederation): The African Confederation is the one with the largest future potential as many interesting African players are growing in the European leagues. However, their current situation at the international level is that they have only hosted one World Cup, in South Africa in 2010 and two Club

World Cups in Morocco in 2013 and 201447. As AFC and CONCACAF, they have 3 spots available, but the requirements to fill each of them are still unknown.

44 FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de la FIFA Uruguay 1930. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/uruguay1930/index.html. 45 Luque, X. G. (2019, March 16). Así será el nuevo Mundial de Clubs a partir de 2021. Retrieved from https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/futbol/20190316/461049961568/mundial-de- clubs-fifa.html. 46 FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de la FIFA Corea/Japón 2002. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/index.html 47 FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA Catar 2019™ - FIFA.com. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/clubworldcup/.

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OFC (Oceanian Football Confederation): The confederation with the largest difference between national teams, especially before Australia moved to

AFC due to lack of opportunities to qualify for the World Cup48, will only have one spot for the Club World Cup, as it had in the previous format, where the OFC champion had to play a play-off to access the quarter-finals. How will be this spot given is still an unknown and more information will be available in a few months.

Conclusion: All in all, the Club World Cup is a historical football tournament that has evolved from its very first official version, the Intercontinental Cup played between two teams in a two-legged final, to the 2021 model where 24 teams will compete for obtaining the Club World Champion award in an emulation of the World Cup system of groups and knockout rounds after this group period, not forgetting the Toyota Cup years and the pure knockout version used between 2005 and 2020.

Suggested elements for a complete bid:

As delegates already know, this topic will have no debate, so the questions to be answered will represent some suggestions of points that should be included in any bid. Of course, any point not written in this paper that a delegation considers appropriate for the enrichment of the bid is fully accepted and will surely be appreciated by the other delegates.

• Venue: As expected, every bid must support a venue to host the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup. This includes, apart from the cities themselves, all the stadiums where the matches will take place. If they are built

48 Person. (2005, July 1). Australia completes move from Oceania to Asia. Retrieved from https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/australia-completes-move-from-oceania-to- asia-20050701-ge0fqd.html.

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or not, that will depend on the country and its possibilities, but the FIFA criteria for World Cup stadiums - minimum capacity of 40,000 people, minimum of 60,000 for the semi-finals and minimum of 80,000 people for the final.

• Economy: This FIFA Club World Cup must be economically viable to avoid the possibility of cancelling the tournament due to the lack of funding. This includes revenues and expenses.

• Logistics: All cities have different ways of functioning, so the accommodation possibilities, transport through the city, the location of the stadiums and the ease of access to the city may be taken into account.

• Sustainability: Although the event may be a fantastic opportunity to promote the country in an international level, sustainability of the venues, the environment and the football spirit is a key element to make a bid more valuable than others and to set up a reference point in the sporting history in the country.

Further Reading: Due to the special characteristics of the topic, further reading will be mainly dependant on each delegation, as each venue is completely different and, of course, the central common point that is the regulations.

• Guide to the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. This document includes all the necessary requirements to make a brilliant bid and to start looking for information. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/hgopypqftviladnm7q90.pdf

London International FIFA Model United Nations 2020

Bibliography:

• Sky Sports. (24 October, 2019). FIFA Club World Cup: China to host expanded 24-team tournament in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11843622/fifa-club- world-cup-china-to-host-expanded-24-team-tournament-in-2021.

• Kahneman, P. (2011). Thinking Fast and Slow, Chapter 3.

• FIFA.com. History of FIFA - Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/history/index.html.

• García, J. (21 December, 2018). How Real Madrid were crowned world champion 6 times: Real Madrid CF. Retrieved from https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2018/12/how-real-madrid- were-crowned-world-champion-6-times.

• Revolvy, LLC. "Small Club World Cup" folder on Revolvy.com. Retrieved from https://www.revolvy.com/folder/Small-Club-World- Cup/1111539.

• Calemme, M. (22 October, 2019). Milan-Estudiantes: Football's "most violent game" turns 50. Retrieved from https://en.as.com/en/2019/10/22/football/1571746442_269867.html .

• Pulling, C. (5 March, 2013). La Bombonera Massacre 1969. Retrieved from http://backpagefootball.com/la-bombonera-massacre- 1969/54236/.

• Pince, J. Estudiantes de La Plata vs AC Milan 1969 Intercontinental Cup 2nd Leg Full Match. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00xvISQvjYY.

• Nacional y Nottingham Forest, Toyota Cup '80: choque entre dos mundos. (16 December, 2016). Retrieved from

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http://www.mondofutbol.com/es/toyota-cup-1980-choque-entre-dos- mundos/.

• FIFA.com. Brasil 2000: El mundo recibe una lección de samba. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20131013181838/http://es.fifa.com/tou rnaments/archive/tournament=107/edition=3692/overview.html.

• FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Cup Brazil 2000. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120213165949/http://es.fifa.com/tou rnaments/archive/tournament=107/edition=3692/teams/index.html

• FIFA.com. FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan 2002. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120103231107/http://es.fifa.com/wo rldcup/archive/edition=4395/results/index.html.

• FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2005/index.html.

• FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005 - Matches. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2005/matches/inde x.html.

• FIFA.com. FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2007 - Matches. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2007/matches/inde x.html.

• FIFA.com. Who We Are - News - FIFA Council votes for the introduction of a revamped FIFA Club World Cup. Retrieved from https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/news/fifa-council-votes- for-the-introduction-of-a-revamped-fifa-club-world-cup.

• Carroll, S. (2019, October 24). Liverpool set for 2021 Club World Cup as format switch confirmed. Retrieved from

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https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football- news/liverpool-look-set-2021-club-17138190.

• La Conmebol, a punto de aprobar el regreso de la Supercopa Sudamericana. . Retrieved from http://www.ecuagol.com/ecuagol/index.php?n=150168.

• FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de la FIFA Uruguay 1930. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/uruguay1930/index.html.

• Luque, X. G. (2019, March 16). Así será el nuevo Mundial de Clubs a partir de 2021. Retrieved from https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/futbol/20190316/46104996 1568/mundial-de-clubs-fifa.html.

• FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de la FIFA Corea/Japón 2002. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/index.html.

• FIFA.com. Copa Mundial de Clubes de la FIFA Catar 2019™ - FIFA.com. Retrieved from https://es.fifa.com/clubworldcup/.

• Person. (2005, July 1). Australia completes move from Oceania to Asia. Retrieved from https://www.theage.com.au/sport/soccer/australia- completes-move-from-oceania-to-asia-20050701-ge0fqd.html.