Criminalité Urbaine En Equateur : Trois Essais Sur Les Rôles Des Inégalités Économiques, La Taille Des Villes Et Les Émotions Andrea Carolina Aguirre Sanchez
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Criminalité urbaine en Equateur : trois essais sur les rôles des inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et les émotions Andrea Carolina Aguirre Sanchez To cite this version: Andrea Carolina Aguirre Sanchez. Criminalité urbaine en Equateur : trois essais sur les rôles des in- égalités économiques, la taille des villes et les émotions. Economics and Finance. Université de Lyon; Faculte latinoamericaine de sciences sociales. Programa Ecuador, 2018. English. NNT : 2018LY- SES051. tel-02068954 HAL Id: tel-02068954 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02068954 Submitted on 15 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N°d’ordre NNT : 2018LYSES051 UNIVERSITÉ JEAN MONNET SAINT-ÉTIENNE Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique Lyon Saint-Étienne, UMR 5824 Université de Lyon École Doctorale de Sciences Économiques et de Gestion 486 Urban Crime in Ecuador: Three essays on the role of economic inequalities, population density and emotions THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES ÉCONOMIQUES Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Andrea Carolina AGUIRRE SÁNCHEZ Devant le jury composé de: Fabien CANDAU, Professeur, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (Rapporteur). Nelly EXBRAYAT, Maître des Conférences HDR, Université de Saint-Étienne (Directrice de thèse). Carl GAIGNÉ, Directeur des Recherches, INRA de Rennes (Rapporteur). Camille HÉMET, Maître des Conférences, École Normale Supérieure de Paris. Carolina CURVALE, Professeur, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales - FLACSO. Fernando MARTIN, Professeur, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales - FLACSO (Directeur de thèse). Stéphane RIOU, Professeur, Université de Saint-Étienne (Directeur de thèse). Tanguy VAN YPERSELE, Professeur, Aix-Marseille Université. Cotutelle Internationale Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Étienne, France et Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Ecuador I II To my daughter, the source of my inspiration and my force. Thanks for being unconditional, for your love and support during the achievement of this dream. I love you Amelia III IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As an Economist, I realized about the importance of creating knowledge by using good quality data and appropriate methodological techniques. The National Secretary of Planning and Development taught me the methods to obtain information. The Université de Saint-Étienne taught me the methods to investigate and create knowledge. This doctoral degree is possible thanks to the advice and encouragement of many people who have supported me day by day. My sincere gratitude to my supervisors for their unconditional encouragement. Mr. Stéphane Riou trusted me as a researcher since the beginning of this project. He has provided me with valuable guidance in this academic challenge. I am also in debt for always supporting my personal challenges. Ms. Nelly Exbrayat encouraged me to continue this research every day. She has shared her expertise and taught me to develop as a researcher. About all, I am so grateful to Nelly for always being aware of my well-being and that of my family. I extent my gratitude to Mr. Fernando Martin for providing good working conditions in Ecuador. My gratefulness to the Doctoral School of Economics and Management 486 for financing this research through a Doctoral contract. I am also grateful to the Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique Lyon Saint-Étienne, UMR 5824 and the Université Jean Monnet of Saint-Étienne for providing excellent working conditions in France. I express my gratitude to Mr. Carl Gaigné and Mr. Fabien Candau for accepting to report this dissertation. I also thank Mr. Van Ypersele, Mrs. Hémet and Mrs.Curvale for participating in the composition of the jury. This thesis would not have been possible without the special support of Mr. Julien Salanié. He shared his expertise in solving any methodological issue and provided me constructive remarks in each chapter of this thesis. I also thank Mr. Pierre Philippe Combes for providing valuable advices about Urban Crime. I am indebted with Mr. Clement Gorin for taking time to listen and discuss my numerous interrogations. My gratefulness to Mayor Guido Núñez, member of the Ministry of Interior, Mr. Alex Tupiza, member of the Attorney General’s Office, and Mr. Paul Coello, member of the National Secretary of Planning and Development. In the GATE laboratory, I had the opportunity to meet great colleagues with whom I shared special moments. Thanks Adrien, Magaly, Mustapha, Nicolas, Pascal, Ruben, Stéphane, Sylvie and Sylvia for pleasant lunch times. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Richard Baron for valuable advices during my stay in France. Thanks to Ms. Antoinette Baujard for financing my participation in several workshops. The achievement of this challenge has been possible thanks to the unconditional support of my husband Daniel Zurita and my daughter Amelia Zurita. Daniel encouraged me to overcome my limits day by day. Our little baby Amelia inspired us to pursue our goals and be better persons. In the end, the opportunity to live in a different country has only strengthened our familiar ties. Finally, I express my gratitude to my parents, sisters and friends with whom I shared wonderful moments in France. My parents Antonio Aguirre and Patricia Sánchez, and my sisters Lizeth and Cristina closely accompanied the realization of this dream. My friends Valeria, Marcela and Gabriel joined to discover the beauty of each French place we visited there. V VI ABSTRACT Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events. Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels. First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls. Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant. Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito. Keywords: Economics of crime, urban economics, development economics, income inequality, city size, soccer, property crimes, violent crimes. VII VIII RÉSUMÉ L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse vise a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille