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Quiz3-2005.PDF (1.5M) Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3 1. One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study 10. The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas brain function is describe a. stereotaxic surgery. a. the settings on a stereotaxic apparatus for individual b. autoradiography. strains of rodents. c. experimental ablation. b. the location of a brain structure relative to bregma. d. immunocytochemistry. c. drill bit diameter, length and approximate size of lesion. 2. Experiments in which part of the brain is damaged and the d. the strain, age and weight of an animal. animal's behavior is subsequently observed are called a. lesion studies. 11. A chemical that is used to preserve and harden the brain is b. tracing neuroconnections. called c. structure-function tasks. a. Nissl substance. d. sham-lesion experiments. b. a fixative. c. an excitotoxin. 3. Which of the following is the rationale for lesion studies? d. PHA-L. a. The change in behavior that follows a brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain 12. Which of the following is NOT a function of formalin? area. a. It slows bacterial growth. b. Lesions are simple to make within the brain. b. It kills destructive microorganisms. c. Brain lesions reliably produce marked changes in c. It prevents autolysis. behaviors. d. It hardens the brain. d. Brain lesions are specific for fibers of passage. 13. Which method identifies the inputs to a brain region? 4. Why should a physiological psychologist be competent in a. A retrograde labeling method. many experimental techniques? b. An electrolytic lesion study. a. Only studies using the most current methodologies will c. An anterograde labeling method. be published. d. Computerized tomography. b. Often, if one technique won't work, another will work. c. It is a guideline suggested by the American 14. Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the Psychological Association. specific affinity of antibodies for d. All techniques have limitations, and a combination a. cytogens. approach provides different types of information about b. nerve cells. a problem. c. a peptide or protein. d. white blood cells. 5. An advantage of temporary brain lesions is that a. each animal can be its own control. 15. Most commonly, metal macroelectrodes are used to record b. axons passing through the region are spared. electrical activity c. only brain tissue near the electrode tip are destroyed. a. of many specific neurons deep in the brain. d. only cell bodies are damaged. b. of individual neurons. c. from evoked potentials. 6. The advantage of ____________ lesions is that they affect d. from the scalp, producing an electroencephalogram. only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region. 16. Metabolic activity of regions of the living human brain can a. excitotoxic be revealed by b. MRI a. a CT scanner. c. RF b. 2-DG autoradiography. d. subcortical c. measurement of Fos protein. d. a 2-DG-PET scan. 7. Which of the following describes the procedure used to make a sham lesion? 17. Which labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up a. Cool the brain with a cryode. by dendrites or cell bodies and subsequently transported b. Locate the site of the lesion on a stereotaxic atlas through axons toward terminal buttons? prior to inserting the electrode. a. Anterograde. c. Produce a lesion on one side of the brain only. b. Presynaptic. d. Do everything that would be done to produce a lesion c. Retrograde. except do not turn on the current or start the infusion. d. Postsynaptic. 8. If a specific brain lesion causes an increase in behavior, 18. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators can be measured what can we conclude about that brain structure? by implanting a a. It may be part of a circuit that inhibits the behavior. a. metal macroelectrode. b. No conclusions may be reached. b. microdialysis probe. c. It causes the behavior. c. glass microelectrode. d. It inhibits the behavior. d. neuromagnetic recording device. 9. The device used to implant an electrode or cannula into the 19. A procedure that uses electricity to eject a chemical from a brain is the micropipette so that the effects of the chemical on the a. stereotaxic apparatus. electrical activity of the cell can be determined is called b. electroencephalogram. a. microiontophoresis. c. macroelectrode. b. microdialysis. d. oscilloscope. c. excitotoxic chemistry. d. in situ hybridization. 30. The synapse between the terminal button of a motor 20. What instrument can be used to infuse several different neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber is called the substances by means of iontophoresis? a. interpositus cleft. a. A multi-barreled micropipette. b. myofibril. b. A microelectrode. c. neuromuscular junction. c. An autoradiograph. d. motor junction. d. A micropipette. 31. Muscle fiber contraction depends on 21. Single-unit recording refers to recording the electrical a. entry of potassium ions into the fiber. activity b. the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. a. on one oscilloscope. c. the concentration of glycine within the synapse. b. of one set of nuclei. d. entry of calcium ions into the fiber cytoplasm. c. of a single neuron. d. of one hemisphere. 32. The total stretch exerted on a muscle is detected by a. Golgi tendon organs. 22. Which of the following is a protein produced when a neuron b. intrafusal muscle fibers. is c. extrafusal muscle fibers. stimulated? d. gamma motor neurons. a. Potassium chloride. b. Fos. 33. The physical effects of a muscle twitch last longer than an c. Kainic acid. action potential because d. 2-deoxyglucose. a. of excess K+. b. muscles lack elasticity. 23. Which of the following methods can be used to directly c. it takes time to get rid of Ca+2. detect the presence of receptors in tissue? d. All of the other alternatives are correct. a. High-performance liquid chromatography. b. Immunocytochemistry. 34. The monosynaptic stretch reflex c. In situ hybridization. a. excites inhibitory interneurons. d. Microiontophoresis. b. helps maintain posture. c. contains only one interneuron. 24. The strength of contraction of a muscle is determined by d. is directly controlled by the brain. activity of a. microfusal muscle fibers. 35. The advantage of adjustable sensitivity to changes in b. gamma motor neurons. muscle length is that the c. intrafusal muscle fibers. a. All of the other alternatives are correct. d. alpha motor neurons. b. role of the brain in controlling movement is simplified. c. result is increased speed and efficiency. 25. Which of the following correctly describes what body d. more control that occurs in the spinal cord, the fewer builders are doing when they show off their muscles? messages need be sent to and from the brain. a. Exhibiting organizational effects of androgens. b. Flexing muscles. 36. Weight lifters who inject anesthetic near their Golgi tendon c. Contracting flexor and extensor muscles. organs d. Contracting limbs. a. block messages to their CNS. b. All of the other alternatives are correct. 26. Changes in muscle length are detected by c. can lift heavier weights. a. Golgi tendon organs. d. run the risk of tearing a tendon from a bone or b. extrafusal muscle fibers. breaking a bone. c. gamma motor neurons. d. intrafusal muscle fibers. 37. The results of stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex controls 27. The sensory organ in a skeletal muscle is called a movements of the a. myofibril. a. eye muscles. b. muscle spindle. b. fingers. c. motor neuron. c. stomach. d. motor end plate. d. genitals. 28. Which of the following controls the sensitivity of the muscle 38. Which of the following are involved in the planning of spindle to changes in muscle length? movements? a. Extrafusal muscle fiber. a. Somatosensory cortex. b. Motor endplate. b. Primary motor cortex. c. Gamma motor neuron. c. Motor homunculus. d. Golgi tendon organ. d. Premotor area and supplementary motor area. 29. A single myelinated axon of an alpha motor neuron serves 39. Which of the following pathways control movements of the __________ muscle fiber(s). fingers? a. a single extrafusal a. Ventral corticospinal tract. b. several extrafusal b. Corticobulbar pathway. c. several intrafusal c. Rubrospinal tract. d. a single intrafusal d. Lateral corticospinal tract. 40. The descending lateral group a. controls postural reflexes. 49. Stereotaxic surgery can be used for purposes other than b. controls independent limb movements. producing lesions. c. controls coordinated limb movements. a. True d. controls reflexive eye movements. b. False 41. Which of the following does NOT originate in the brain 50. The rationale for lesion studies is that the function of a stem? brain area can be inferred from the behaviors that can no a. Rubrospinal tract. longer be performed after an area is damaged. b. Ventral corticospinal tract. a. True c. Vestibulospinal tract. b. False d. Tectospinal tract. 51. Preparing an animal for stereotaxic surgery is called 42. Apraxia is characterized by histology. a. muscle weakness or paralysis. a. True b. All of the other alternatives are correct. b. False c. an impairment in learning a skilled movement. d. the inability to properly perform a learned, skilled 52. Some microelectrodes are made from glass because it is movement. such a good conductor of electricity. a. True 43. Apraxia of the left limb caused by damage to the anterior b. False corpus callosum is called ________ apraxia. a. left parietal 53. Microdialysis is used to measure the brain's secretions. b. callosal a. True c. constructional b. False d. sympathetic 54. When an axon in a muscle fires, the terminal buttons 44. All of the following are nuclei of the basal ganglia EXCEPT release norepinephrine. the a.
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