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Universidade Federal Do Paraná UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ WILLIAN PERPÉTUO BUSCH HISTÓRIA DA FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: DO HERÓI CIENTISTA DE JOHN W. CAMPBELL AO HERÓI ANTROPÓLOGO DE URSULA KROEBER LE GUIN CURITIBA 2019 WILLIAN PERPÉTUO BUSCH HISTÓRIA DA FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: DO HERÓI CIENTISTA DE JOHN W. CAMPBELL AO HERÓI ANTROPÓLOGO DE URSULA KROEBER LE GUIN Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação em História, Setor de Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rafael Faraco Benthien. CURITIBA 2019 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELO SISTEMA DE BIBLIOTECAS/UFPR - BIBLIOTECA DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS COM OS DADOS FORNECIDOS PELO AUTOR _______ Fernanda Emanoéla Nogueira - CRB 9/1607 _________________ Busch, Willian Perpétuo História da ficção científica nos Estados Unidos : do herói cientista de John W. Campbell ao herói antropólogo de Ursula Kroeber Le Guin. / Willian Perpétuo Busch. - Curitiba, 2019. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Setor de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. O rientador: Prof. Dr. Rafael Faraco Benthien 1. Literatura norte-americana - História e crítica. 2. Ficção científica americana. 3. Heróis na literatura. 4. Antropologia. I. Título. CDD - 813.09 MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO SETOR SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ UFPR watt. : r 1 PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO HISTÓRIA - 40001016009PO TERMO DE APROVAÇÃO Os membros da Banca Examinadora designada pelo Colegiado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em HISTÓRIA da Universidade Federai do Paraná foram convocados para realizar a arguição da Dissertação de Mestrado de WILLIAN PERPÉTUO BUSCH intitulada: HISTÓRIA DA FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: DO HERÓI CIENTISTA DE JOHN W. CAMPBELL AO HERÓi ANTROPÓLOGO DE URSULA KROEBER LE GU1N., após terem inquirido o aluno e realizado a avaliação do trabalho, são de parecer pela sua A;P£0\/AÇAÇ?_________________ no rito de defesa. A outorga do titulo de Mestre esta sujeita á homologação pelo colegiado, ao atendimento de todas as Indicações e correções solicitadas pela banca e ao pleno atendimento das demandas regimentais do Programa de Pós- Graduação. Curitiba, 27 de Março de 2019. 5 MENDES GRUNER Avaliador Interno (UFPR) ALEXANDRO NEUNDORF Avaliador Externo (PUC/PR) Rua General Carneiro, 460. Ed.D.Pedro . 7° andar, sala 716 - Campus Reitoria - CURITIBA - Paraná - Brasil CEP 30060-150 - Tel: (41) 3360-5086 - E-mail: [email protected] Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (1929-2018) AGRADECIMENTOS Sou grato pelos caminhos abertos e a proteção diária concecidas pelo Orixá Exu, Exu Tranca-Ruas, Exu Capa-Preta, Exu Sete-Garras, Exu Marabô e Papa Legba. Pela inspiração concedida por Lilith, Baphomet, Abraxas e a Estrela da Manhã. Aos Orixás Xangô e Iansã por firmar minha vontade e renová-la; ao Orixá Oxóssi por sempre me indicar para onde deveria seguir. Agradeço a minha mãe, Tetê Perpétuo Busch, pelo apoio constante durante a pesquisa e como a primeira leitora e crítica do texto. Mayra Sousa Resende pelas longas discussões sobre Ficção Científica e Fantasia, bem como pela leitura e revisão deste e de muitos outros trabalhos. O apoio de Darko Suvin que acompanhou essa dissertação desde o começo, sempre esteve disposto em responder minhas perguntas e compartilhou poesias que mantiveram minha estabilidade ao longo do percurso. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Rafael Faraco Benthien, que apostou nessa pesquisa e aceitou explorar espaços imaginários e debater sobre magia e alienígenas. Prof. Dr. Sérgio Odilon Nadalin por ser uma fonte de inspiração acadêmica e profissional. Prof. Dr. Hector Guerra Hernandez, Prof. Dr. Clóvis Gruner e o Prof. Dr. Alexandro Neundorf pela leitura, análise e crítica desta aventura. Sou grato a todos que viabilizaram a existência desta dissertação, bem como abriram caminho para o ingresso no doutorado em 2019 no Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Paraná. CAPES/CNPQ pela bolsa de quatro meses. I talk about the gods, I am an atheit. But I am an artist too, and therefore a liar. Distrust everything I say. I am telling the truth. (LE GUIN, 1969) RESUMO O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender como a Ficção Científica foi estruturada nos Estados Unidos durante o século XX. Partiremos da construção editorial de Hugo Gernsback e tencionaremos com as modulações autorais de Edgar Rice Burroughs e H. P. Lovecraft. Na sequência, problematizaremos as estratégias de escrita e de edição, estabelecidas por John W. Campbell Jr., e os seus reflexos nos trabalhos de Isaac Asimov e Robert A. Heinlein. O modelo de herói de Campbell será o cientista engenheiro que faz uso da tecnologia para superar as adversidades. A Segunda Guerra Mundial será um ponto de inflexão, com Campbell aproximando-se da Dianética e depois do Psi, consolidando assim uma orientação para o campo que se aproximava das Ciências Sociais. Noutro viés, a inserção da Ficção Científica como um tópico de estudos nas universidades norte-americanas num contexto amplo de recepção e mudança nos estudos literários marcará outro eixo referencial. A criação do Science-Fiction Studies em 1973 e a atuação de Ursula Kroeber Le Guin como autora e crítica estruturaram um novo modelo de herói: o antropólogo. Palavras-chave: Ficção Científica. História da Literatura Norte-Americana. Herói. Antropologia. ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how science fiction was structured in the United States during the 20th century. We will start with the editorial work of Hugo Gernsback and intend to use the editorial modulations of Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. P. Lovecraft. Next, we will discuss the strategies of writing and editing, established by John W. Campbell Jr., and his reflections in the works of Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein. Campbell's hero model will be the scientist engineer who makes use of technology to overcome adversity. World War II will be a turning point, with Campbell approaching Dianetics and then the Psi, thus consolidating an orientation to the field that approached the Social Sciences. In another bias, the insertion of Science Fiction as a topic of study in North American universities in a broad context of reception and change in literary studies will mark another referential axis. The creation of Science-Fiction Studies in 1973 and the performance of Ursula Kroeber Le Guin as author and critique structured a new model of hero: the anthropologist. Keywords: Science Fiction. History of North American Literature. Hero. Anthropology. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................................................................16 1 INVENTANDO A FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA ......................................................................20 1.1 DE MARTE PARA A ESCURIDÃO..............................................................................21 1.2 A ASCENSÃO................................................................................................................ 39 1.3 CONCLUSÃO................................................................................................................ 51 2 DO ATÓMO AO PSI......................................................................................................53 2.1 OS CONSTRUCTOS.................................................................................................... 54 2.2 A GUERRA, A BOMBA E O PSI.................................................................................. 85 2.3 CONCLUSÃO................................................................................................................ 93 3 ALIENS NAS UNIVERSIDADES.................................................................................95 3.1 ALIENS ERUDITOS, ALIENS CRÍTICOS.................................................................. 96 3.2 OS PEREGRINOS...................................................................................................... 102 3.3 CONCLUSÃO.............................................................................................................. 130 4 ETNOGRAFANDO OUTROS MUNDOS.................................................................. 132 4.1 ANTROPOLOGIA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS...........................................................133 4.2 KROEBER’S................................................................................................................ 137 4.3 ANTROPÓLOGOS, MAGOS, BRUXOS E ALIENÍGENAS................................... 142 4.4 VIETNÃ, LE GUIN E A FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA......................................................... 148 4.5 LE GUIN E A SCIENCE-FICTION STUDIES...........................................................154 4.6 CONCLUSÃO.............................................................................................................. 171 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.......................................................................................174 REFERÊNCIAS..............................................................................................................180 ANEXO 1 - GALAXY 1968...........................................................................................200 16 INTRODUÇÃO Essa dissertação, dividida em quatro capítulos, visa construir uma narrativa da construção da Ficção Científica nos Estados Unidos durante o século XX. Dentro dos estudos contemporâneos sobre Ficção Científica, um dos argumentos mais famosos especifica que a origem dessa literatura se deu
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