SCIENCE FICTION I AN !NTRCIlUCTION FOR LIBRARIANS

A Thes1B

Presented to

the Depart..nt at LibrarllWlhlp

hpor1&, KaM.., state College

In Partial ll'u1f'lllJlent

at the Require..nte f'ar the Degrlle

Muter of' L1brartlUlllhlp

by

Anthony Rabig . DeCtl.ber 1974

i11

PREFACE

This paper is divided into five more or less independent sec­ tions. The first eX&lll1nes the science fiction collections of ten Chicago area public libraries. The second is a brief crttical disOUBsion of science fiction, the third section exaaines the perforaance of SClltl of the standard lib:rary selection tools in the area.of'Ulcience fiction.

The fourth section oona1ats of sketches of scae of the field's II&jor writers. The appendix provides a listing of award-w1nD1ng science fio­ tion titles, and a selective bibli-ography of modem science fiction.

The selective bibliogmphy is the author's list, renecting his OIfn

1m000ledge of the field. That 1m000ledge is not encyclopedic.

The intent of this paper is to provide a brief inU'oduction and a basic selection aid in the area of science fiction for the librarian who is not faailiar With the field. None of the sections of the paper are all-inclusive. The librarian wishing to explore soience fiction in greater depth should consult the critical works of Damon Knight and J&Iles

Blish, he should also begin to read science fiction magazines.

TIlo papers have been Written on this subject I Elaine Thomas' A

Librarian's .=.G'="=d.::.e ~ Science Fiction (1969), and Helen Galles' _The__Se_l_e_c­ tion 2!. Science Fiction !2!: the Public Library (1961). Neither was fully satisfactory as an aid for the librarian who must select in this field.

The Galles paper drew heavily on sources frca the mid-19508, as it had to, and is nOlf outdated. The Thomas paper, While still useful for a brief historical sketch of the genre, doss not renect fully the ohanges that took place in science fiction during the 19608. iv

This I&per renectll these changes, in the final list and in the disoussiOll8 of the writers, to a greater extent. HOlfever, this I&per

will alao soon be obsolete. New writers are cOIling into their Olfn in

this field very rapidly! a nUllber of new nun are &IIsUll1.ng proIlinence

today, nutes that were unImOlfn five "ears ago.

So, the librarian II8.Y find this I&per to be of soae use--for a

the. But its l.I8efulneaa will be short-lived. The critical discussions will be lIdequate for several years, perhaps, and the list will be l.I8e­

ful &II a guide to earlier II&ter1al, he-ever the I&per will not serve &II

a real selection aid to the world.ng librarian for aore than three or

four ,,-ara. Science fiction, lin &IIy area of literature, changes. No

cheoklist can keep up With theee changes. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE • • ,. •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 111 m-pter

1. SCIENCE nCTION IN PlmLIC LImlABI COLLECTIONS • • • • • • • 1

CHECKLIST tEED !If COLIBCTION EVALUATION • • • • • • • • • 1:3

CONCLffiIONS OJ' EVALUATION or COLLECTIONS •••••••• 20

2. SCIENCE FICTION. A CRITICAL DISCtESION •••• • • • • • • 22

COlITEMPORARY SF. A OAFS ULE HISTORY ••••••••••• 26

THE VALlJl!5 AND FUNCTIONS OF SCIENCE FICTION • • • • • • • :3:3

:3. SCIENCE FICTION AND LIBRARY SELECTICII AIDS •••••••• 44

SOURCES OF SCIENCE FICTION CRITICISM ••• • • • • • • • 58

4. MOOERN WRITERS OJ' SCIENCE FICTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

BRIAN V. ALOISS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

FOUL ANDERSON • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65

ISAAC ASIMOV ...... ,...... 66

J. G. BALLARD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 A.LP!iED BE:STER • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68

JAMES BLISH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69

JORGE LUIS BORGB5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70

RAY BRAD.B11RY •••••••••••••••••••••• 71

ARTHUR C. CLARKE •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 HAL CLEMENT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7:3 PHILIP K. DICK •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74 PHILIP JOOE FARMER • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 IWlRY IWlRISON •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • 76 vi Chapter Paee ROBERT A. HEINLEIN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 DAMON KNIGHT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 78 llRI'rZ LEIllER • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 79 PREDERlK POIIL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••• • • • 80 CLIrraRD D. SIMAK • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 THEODORE STUftGEON • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 JACK lIILLIAMSON • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • 84 PIERS ANTHONY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 JOlIN BRUNNEIl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87 SA!'IUEL R. DELANY • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 THOMAS M. DISCH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 IWILAN ELLISON • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 DAVID GERROLD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 ftlANK HER1lERT • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • 93 DEAN R. KOONTZ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ R. A... IJ.FFERTY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ UIlSULA. K. I.E GUlN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95 BARRY N. MALZBERG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96 LARRY NIVEN • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • •••• • • • 99 ALEXEI PANSHIN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100 JOANNA RIES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100 ROBERT SILVERBERG • • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • • • 101 NORMAN SPINlW> • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 103 KATEVILHELM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 104 ROGER ZELAZNY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 104 v11

Chapter Page

APPENDIXES

A. JlOOEBN SCIENCE FICTION I A SELECTIVE BIllLlOORAPHY. • • • • • 107 B. SCIENCE FICTICIf AWARDS. • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • 121 B~~OORAPHY •••••••••••• ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • 125 1

CHAPT!R 1

SCIDCI lI'ICTIOlf III PUBLIC LIBIWlY OOLL1IC'1'IatS

Dur1118 the Oourlle ot tbla atlll,., the aoience netieD collaeti_ ot ten Cblcaso &rll& publie librari••ere exaa1ned and. Ollllpared. to a cheokliat at nelftla and. antholost... The 19)8-65 partieD ot the oheok­ liat w.. taken oblen,. frlIIl the liata prepared. by Ducm lnigbt am the Soience notion Writers ot A.-rica, both at .bloh ••rs published in I!!­ brar7 Joumal. The 1965-74 aeetieD ot the liat ... 4run pr1ur1l,. frlIIl liats ot Hugo and. "ebula award. .innere IIDl1 nOlline.a, thea. awar4a are siv­ en every year tar the best aoience nction. The Hugo ia siven by rell4­ ere, the "ebula ia ghen b,. the Soience netieD lIr1tere or berica. To aOllS .xtent, the 1965-14 list reneots the author'a tnc.ledge ot the ne14. The liat dcee have ...knes_, theae .111 be diao_ed.

The librariea viaited .ere, The Cbloago Public Library aDl three ot ita b1'anches (Scoteda1e, Cbloago Lawn, aDl Brighton Park), the Oak

Park Public Li1lrar1, the South Stieb.,. Publio Li1lrar1, the Oak Lawn

Public Librar1, the Br1dgev1_ Public Library, the SUDit-Argo Public

Library, aDl the Bedtord Park Public Lib:rar;y. Theae librar1es .ere obo­ sen tar exa- natieD beea.e the,. .ere convenientl,. located. Hc.ever, ' the,. vary en01lflb in aise to give a_ indieatiClll of the representation ot acience nctiClll in the colleetions at J.arse, aedia, am saall publio libraries. The cam catalogs ot thes. libraries .ere checbd spinst the list, the n1lllbers ot titles bl liated writere c.ned b1 the 11brar:l....ere ncted. 2 It was touad. that writers who becue prClll1nent in the neld dur­ 111g the 1940e IUIIl 1950. were better r-preeented tbaD th.e who becaae prclII1Dent duriJIg the 19608. The .01ence notion write:Ell be.t :ElIpreHnt­ ed in the libmry collectlons wer- Hobert A. HeWein, Arthur C. Clarke, Isaao Aelacw, lIay Bradbury, Poul. ADde:Ellon, IUIIl Hobert.SUnrberg. Also wen r-preaeated wer- J..... Bll.h, Harr:r Harri.on, JCelth La_r, Cllf'fcmi

Sbak, GomOll DloDon, IUIIl IJ.0Jd. Bigle.

The .urprt.1Dg denclenc:r In the.e collectlons was in titl.. by

Theodor- Sturgeon. sturgeon 1. one of the neld'. _jor write:Eli. He baa been writ1Dg about as leag as Hobert He1Jllein. Critic Daaon ID1ght baa called sturpon -the aoet acca.pll.hed teohn1c1aD th1B neld baa pro­ 1 duce4, bar nobody, not ..... Bradburr.- Hi. newel "ore TbaD HDaD won the 19511- Intematicmal JU.taay Aw&1'l1, hi••hort .tory -Sl. Soulpture­ won the Hugo IUIIl Nebula ..a1'd.B. -",Ve:::n:.;:,.:, ~ ! was .CIII1nated trn: the Hugo

..&1'11, hi. newella -It All tlen Were Brothe:Ell, Would You Let 0IIe IIarr:r

Your Sl.ter?" was a Nebula runner-up.

Pour of the librarie. ~ed no titl.. by sturgeon. The u1n branch of the Ch1CB80 Public Library, wlth a collectlon of alaoet nn

Dillion 1'olUlle., ODled aUy three of sturgeon'. books, the aoet r-oent of theee be1Dg the 1958 callectlea, ! Touch ~ Stre.,. The Bridgert.

Libmry ~ed .ix title. by sturpon, thue had been r-oeln4 in done­ tions.

'l'h18 apparent neglect of the work of one of .cience nctlon'. _jrn: authors 1. perhape due to the fact that nr:r little .r h1B work 18 a't'&1lable in ha1'd. C098:El1. J'or years, !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! baa been aftileble

~ea IQ:Ilght, In S-.roh of Wonder (ai ed., Chicago, Ad....nt' Publi.hers, 196'7), p. 115. , cmlr in paperbackI the cmlr war t. obta1D the book in bud ccwers 1. to purchase Duen 1D1s!tt'. lUltholes7 ! Scieace nctlcm. ArgOSl, which 1Il­ clllle. the full text af the nertel. The cmlr otMr sturgeCll .cieace fictlca tltl.. available in bard COYftB are tlw collectlCl1U1 SturgeCll I.

All" ani !!1:! ani CUe ani !!! Dreaaer (a receat cellect1C1l not .mel! b7 Dr ef the 11brar1e.). Kurt Vennegut'. boob wen CMDM b7 all the 11brar1.. rt.lted. 'l'h1s was expected, .1nce Vannegut _ t1nal17 aobi.... beat_ller .ta­ t1ll!l.

In the *r 1914 lu1ll!I ot !!!!. )lap.'ne ef Fantasl ani Sclence nc­ tion, Harlan nlleca lleted the elght writers he telt to be the beet working in the field at this ti... Ther arel ](ate WUhelR, R. A. Lafter­ tr, J.... Tiptree, Jr., Th_ M. Disch, Rebert SUnrberg, Barry K.

Mal.berg, Gene Volte, aDd Jouma RWI8. Of theae writers, Rebert SU.er­ berg was best rIIpreaented in the llbrary celleotiCl'lS. Gene Volf. bad no titl.. OIl the checkllst, aIl4 the collectlClDB werll Rat eearcbed tor hill boob.

Of the ather IIU: writers, Tiptrlle and R_ w.n nat npresented in UI1 af the library ccllectloaa. Thill le probablr due to the tact ttat nelther baa 7IIt publ1ebed. in bud c_rIIl n.lther _ 7IIt built up a large bod.r ot work. Tlptra. baa net ret written a nertell he baa pub­ lished cmlr ene book, a paperback collectlon of ehert etCllr1... J_

R_ haa publillhed two nertels, 'both paperbacks and 'both lI.bula n

Ba:rr7 Mal.berg ls the autbor af a dOllen scl.nce ficUCIl boobI two of t ... tan appeared in bard COYers. Of those two, H.rortt'll World recehed poor rIIrtenl it w.. nat owned b7 &D1 of the l1brar1.e nslted.

The other, Bercn4 Apollo, wca the 1913 Jolm V. Cupbell lI1fam tor the 4 best so1ence fbticm nonl ~ 1972. Belcm! Apollo v.. the CIIly I!alsberg title OIIDII4 b1 aD1 of the libraries, it v.. ClIfDII4 b1 only three of thea.

Ch1lla«O Pullic's aa1D brancb CllfnII4 other boob b1 JIIalzberg, but they vere not sci_ fietim titles Uld tbll8 vere net cOllll14ere4 in this stul,..

R. A. lAtferty baa written D1:4e so1_ fieti. boob. ()Ie of his ncnrela, !!!! Jlallter, v.. a HlIgO an:!. .ebula nmunee. The DeY11 l!­ Ded v.. 011 the .ebula ballet. Three of IAtferty's boob vere pubUsbed

in bard-bcnud editi_, The naae !!. Green, Strange DoUe, lUll! Arrl.,. at Buterwine. '!'he fUst tvo vere the IAtferty titles uaually ClfDed,

0111,. one 11'brar:r ClNDe4 Arrive at Eaaterwine. Chicaco Public's u.1n branch _114 !!!!. naae Is Green lUll! Straus! Do,",.. Br14g..i.... ClfDed

four of the ~per1l&ok Laf'f'ert,. titlea, tblllle were !!!! Jlallter, Fourth laDBi_, I!!!. Jleefll .!?! 1aftIl., an:!. !!!!!!. HtlIldred. Grand.aethers. HCllfever, this lib1:ar7 OIIDII4 nOl1e of Laf'f'erty's aore recent worb.

Th_ M. Disch b&e written seven science fietiClll boob--f1ve nonla Uld two sbort stor,r colleeti_. TWo of tblllle boaIal, Cup Cancen­ traticm lUll! !!!s.lli!!. ~ .,Nev:::=.....H",e;::I4::." were bard-bouDd. Six 11braries

ClfDII4 no Disch titlea. Ifo 111lrary Cllfned the early ~perb&ck ncnrela,

The Genocides and ~ Round. !!!!. B_. Chicago Public's u.1n branch

CIIfJItlll eaRp OcmcentratiOD am. !!!! ~ !.!!t Ifev Held. Br1dgerlev CllfnII4 the latter an:!. the ~perback colleetiem 102 H-Bcabs.

ltate Vilheb is the author of ll1ne science fietiCID titl... Of the.e, caly tbree vere ~per~k orig1Jlala. Vilbela VOll. & Nebula for

hereahort stor,r -The Planners.· Since auch of her vCllrlt baa been in

baxd-ecnrere, me vou]4 expeet a fev aore of her boob to appear em 11­

1Irary shelV88. Four of the 11bru1.ea ClfDII4 no Vilhela titles, no 11brB.l7

ClfDII4 .ore than four of her boob. 5 '!'he collect1QD8 were e:a:u1Ded fflr Utl.. 111 llarllm ElllSOll, su­

1181 R. Delany, aDd Roger Zelasnr. E111.OD baa WOIl four Hugee aDd two

Ifebu1&e. Zelasnr baa WOIl DO HugOll aDd two Xebulu. Delany hu WOIl OIle

Hugo aDd four .ebu1&e. In teJ:IIII of the ntaber of uards rece1nd., thHe

_ 1I'8re perbape the aeet prcm.nent writen in the field clur1.n« the 1I1d­ dle aDd late 196011. All three han publi.hed anoh of their beet wflrk in paperback. DelluQ' haa publ1Bhed DO titlea in hUcl oonrs. Zelazny' baa published s_ bard-bound books. ElllBOIl baa tiu'8e .01en08 fict101l t1­

U .. aftilable in ha1'cl-bo1m4 ed1U_.

rour of the librari.. CllIIIed no 1Cll1B0Il title.. Three CllIIIed no

Delany t1tl... Three CllIIIed no Z8J:amr titles.

Q:l17 two librari.. owned afire than OIle title 111 Delany. !!!!!., his 1968 Hugo nmnee aDd firBt bsrd oQftr publ1catiOll, was CllIIIed 111 .....­ en of the librariea. South Stiolmer owned four DelluQ' titles (countiDg the paperback ODe-vol1Dltl ed1tiOll of '!'he J'all 5]!!!!!. Towers as three nw­ elB). Br1dgn1.. CllIIIed seYeD of Delanr's ten books ('!'he .l!!! 5]! the rowen q:a1n 001D1ted .. three), incltll.1ng hie Kebula"",'nn1 ng nwelB The

Einste1Jl IntereeetiOll aDd Babel-17.

Of the .ix libraries Which owned EllisOD titles, three OII'ned CI:l..l7

OIle. Chicago Publ1o's -.1.n branoh CllIIIed three. Chicago LPn aDd Br148e­ ri.. CllI'Ded two. The titlee CllI'Ded 111 the Chicago libraries were ~

'S'bst rClillarrow, ~ Beut that Shouted ~ ~ the Heart 5]!!!!! Iflrld, aDd Partnen in 100000er (written in collaborat101l With other writenh all three are shflrt story collect10118. '!'he fint two COllta1n the .toriea

fflr which Ellison WOIl hi. awams IUlll ther u.b up a good saapl1Dg of his wflrk. Ten of Ell1Bc'. bocks are K1en08 fietic title••

Reger Zelazny', in teras of nllllber of title. CllI'Ded, w.. better 6 rwpresented than ElllsCll or Delany. Of the s..en libraries which arned. zelamy titles, CIle arned. six boolal by Zelsmyr CIle arned five. Two 11­ braries arned three Zelazny titles. Zelazny's two Hqgos we:J:e for the novele This I_artal aDd Lord ~ LiI5ht. One 11brar1 oned ~ Iuartal.

NClIIll oned !!!!!:!!. tiff Lis;bt. The Nebulas were for short wO%'kB, these we:J:e

"'!'he DOCll'II of His Face. the ta.pe of His Iknlth" &Ill! "He Who Shapes."

The lstter Willi e~ed to novel length and. Willi published. as The Dl:eu

Muter, CIle llbrar1 arned. this novel. Two 11braries amed the short story coUeotiCll Ths DOIml !! His Face. !!l!. ta.p! !! .!.I!!. "nth aDd other staries, a bud cover editiCll flit Eelsllll11'. short wark, includ.1D« one of his f1Dest .tarie., ",\ Roes for looles1llllta••" ThB ze1alllD1 titles that appeared llost ~uent11 1:A librar1 cclleotiClllll wen ths recent novele, ths bud-bcnmd titles. This is a sballe, because Zeaey's earlier work

Willi his beat, Ze1alllD1 is still a goal writer, but it appears that his beat work 111 bar.red frOII librar1 shsl..... because it 414 not appear in hard. covers. Any librar1 that confines itself to ClIll1 bard-bouDd .tar­ ial should be certain that I!!!. DOClDl ~ His Face, •• 111 tt. first zelsll­ ny title acquired. Roger Zel.uny i. the author of thirteen booka.

Qte of the writers who becaae ~nt 1:A ths 19608 is l1.reula

IC. I.e Guin. Her f'1rst novel WIIB published. in 1965. Her 1969 novel I!!!. !!!!i .!f!!!! !! Darkness WCIl both the Nebula IUd the Hugo. I!!!. Il'arthest Shore WCIl a NatiCll&1 Book Awaxd far Chi14rwn'. Litersture. I!!!. Lathe

~ Hea_ Willi a Nebula nOll1Dee. "The VCll'd far War14 is Forest" won a

Hqgo l1li beat novells of 1972 aDd WIIB CIl the Nebula ballot. With the prestige flit a NatiClllL1 Book Bam, l1li well l1li the Hugos and. the Nebula,

!1mula Le Guin should ruk fairly high on a 11brar1'. science fictica purchase list. Three of the 11brari.. oned no I.e Guin titl... Of the 7 .nen .hich d14, CID17 three

17 tlfO of the 11brar7 catal088 (Chil4nIl'. catalOfP!l ••re not .llU1Jled, .0 ._ than two 11bZart•• a,. ha.,. ..MIl thi. book). UZlSlIla Le Guia baa writtq n1Il. newel.. Pour lfere paper'-ck arlC'.']., inclul1ng The !!fil!!:!!! of Darka.... Thi. book, h.e.,.r, ... 1.sued. in a hut-boUllll ed1UCID in 1969 aDd rellll1ned in print fflr • ..,.ral,.ears. Acqu:l..1UClIUI d.part_ta bed ..pl. oppflrtllll1t7 to obta1R w.. book. It caD eml,. be caecl1ll1ed tt.t theM ••part_ta ••re .ot b.p1Dg track of the n.ld.

AIlotber writ.r .bo beoue prt)II1nent dur1J1g the 1I1d4l. 196011 1.

Larr7 l1.,.n. R. baa lfCll three Hugoa aDd a ••bulal at thi. wriUIIg hi. newel Proteotflr 18 a cemt.nd.r fflr the 1974 Hugo. 0nl7 three lib1'll.r1.. tlIfUd l1li7 If1.,.. Utl... TIro of the•• 11bZart•• ~ed 0Il1)' the hut-bound ed1U_ of ---A Gift troa Earth. Except fflr thi. book, 1I'1.,.n'. lfflrk baa appea:rell CIII17 in paper~k.

Robert SllftrMrg, .. Iloted earli.r, 1••ell rep:reaented 111. t.ra of nober of Utl.. ~ed. KCBt of the l1b1'l1.r1.. ~ CD17 S1l.,.rllers'. bam cewer U tl.., 1I1..1ng .fIr. .uch .. !!!!. Masial ~ !!!!. aDd !IE !e! L1ne, two paper~k arlg1aal. aDd both .ebula nc.1n.... Sll.,.rbarg ... a product1.,. writer through the late 19.5Oa, but acb18ftd real proain.llce in the n.ld in the 196011. Sll.,.rllers 1. pro'-bl7 .ell repre••nted 111. the librar7 oolleat1ou because he 1. a reaarkabl,. prolinc writer, aDd because he writ•• in other areu ....11. S1lyerberg baa writtell boob

OIl b1.tflr7, aroheol0C7, .ool0C7, aDd ..tranCllll7I he baa alao written a

Iluabar of b1Qgrapbl... L1b:rar1amI are .1apl,. ._ l1ke17 to be faa1l1ar .1th the _ 'Sll.,.rbel'l!"' thaD .1th the _ "Delu7.'

It appeara tt.t the chief barr1er to acqu1r1Dg a repre.qtat1.,. 8 scl••ele fioUCII ccl1.etlC11 ln tile publ1c l1'llrar7 ls tile blU 8p'pt t .. paper'back. A s.cClll4arr barri.r 111 • s1aple 1&ok of faa1l1ar1tywlth tile fi.ld.

Fcl1C1f1q 18 • l1st of Hugo-trSn-1Pg ud. R.bulao4f1nn1 ng nona.

TIle l1st 1Jdlcates wlletller tiles. titles are CIIJled by Ch1cago Publ1c's u1n branch ud. by tile Oak Park Public L1bru7. The.. l1brari.s ~.. tile largest ccl1.etlona of thee. vislted. The f.-r serres tile clty of Ch1cag. ud. coopemtes wlth ether l1'1lrar1 s,..t••, tile latter 111 the

:Nterence _ter ud. CIl.. of tile chief llIterl1'1lrar1 lean SClllZCllll tor tile

8 Subur'ban Li'llrar1 S,..tea in Ill1ne1ll. 8X 1JI41catN tile Utle ls ..ed.

Hugo Anzd CPL Oak Park -TIle Deacl1Bbed -Man, by Alt:re4 Bester X I They'd Bather l!!. Rlght, by CllftOll aal RileY' let CIl. l1st Double ~, by Robert A. HeW.in X X !h!. Blg I!!!., by rrtt. Lelber ! .Q!!!. .!! CCIIlIclence, by Jane. B1111h X Starlship Tr!Y)!!11i, by Robert A. He1.lll.1Jl ! Cuticle !£.. LelbCllflts, by Walter JII. JII1ller, Jr. I X Strause't' .!!. !. Strazlse !!!!!!.. by Robert A. Heinlein X X !!!!. .!!!!!. .!!. tile II1gh CUtle, by Phil1p K. Dlck !.!:l. St&t1OJl, by Cl1ftard D. Sbu X I !!!!. Waalerexo, bY' rrtt. Lelber X 'l'h1. lJuIcxrt&l, by Roger ZelallZly

~, by J'razIk Herbert X The !!!!!!! I!. !. Hareh JIIutree., by Robert A. Heinle1D X I ~ !! Light. by Roger Ze1asBy Stan! OIl Zaulllar, by Jobn Brunner X X -----TIle Left HaIIl of DarialeBe, by tJrlIula K. Le Gu1D X R1 "por14, by Larry li1Yell 12!2!!!: Scatte:N4 Bodles Go. by Phil1p Jeee FarMr x --The Gode The...l .... by Isaac A81allY X X 9 N.bula pam CPL oak Park fiOll.rs far AlS!%!l.OI1. 117 Dani.l X.;ps X X Babel-1? 117 Suuel R. D.l.uy !!!!. Bll111b1n Inbrs.ctlO11. 117 Suuel R. D.1aDy Rite or Pa!!ap. 117 Al.xel PaDahin !!!!!o ~ C!I!np!. 117 Robert S11Yft'berg X R".SY008 --­wlth ..... 117 Arthur C. Claro X X

~. I!!!.!!!!i !:!!!!! ~ »&rime... B1g!orld. u4 I!!!. f!!!!!. ~­ .el..... 81.0 WGII ••bula ..udal "BrBhip or tMM un.. 1. lnll1cate4

OIl the Hu«o U.t.

It .hOlWl be noted that DOll. or the follOlliq n_18 bu been publ1.he4 1D a bard-boUllll e41ttCIII r I!!!. Big !!!!o. !!!l!. Iuortal. !!g:­ world. Babel-1? !!!!. E1ute18 InbrsectlC111. aDl !ll!. !!! Pa!!ap. It would appear tbat whil. l1brar1.a _,. be o.piq u .,.. out for q1lB11t,. acienc. fictll11l.. the,. do not watch the paperback racks ....'r1 olOBel,.. If the,. do. the,. alapl,. do not purobu. the booial beea•• or ..l.otlon pollciea re.trtctll18 paperback purobu... beea•• or blu

'P'lIIIt the paperlack. or becaUll. of 1JuIIleq~b kBOlIle4p or tile fieW.. Thia la regrettabl.. .1.ace ao auch .ol..ce fiottCIII 1. pub11ahe4

onl,. 18 paperback. 0a.-thUd. or the tltl.. l1ate4 &~ WBrB paperback

mg'l"'a. Mall,. earl,. titles 18 tile fi.ld are no lClllpr aftilabl. ln

hazd OonD. thua _king it lID11kBl,. that l1brar1.a will ...... ffort to &OClu1re thea. The ao1ODCtI fiction appear1Dg in paperback i. not n.c­

....r11,. 10ll-qualit,. _tortB11 IIaZI7 of the paperbacial are _jor Utl... ID 1968. four or the ...... n !I.bula final1Bta far be.t n_l were paper­ back or1g1Dala. ID 1971. three or the aix 1I'ebula fineHata w.re :Paper­ back ar:Ig'ln8le• 11'1.... or the ton ••bula w1DnBrs were :Paperback mgt­ na1B. 10

The foll.1Dg table 1JI4ioat.. tlw :repzueatatica of elder ud. aewer write:N 1a the colleoticaa eD.ll1De4. The libraries are 1Dd1oate4 by J1.lIIIbers at the top of the table. Ifllllbe:N 1JI. the bad,. of the table sh. the allllber ef titles by these write:N ~e4 by each library. The write:N liste4 are thCll4l who t...,. bHD 1JI.flueat1al 1JI. tlw field's h1a­ tarJ ud. thc.e .ho t...,. becOlle proa1rIellt in :Ncent years.

1 2 4­ 6 7 8 9 10 binleill 18 I, it 12 i ,. 2 12 9 14 &81&01' 16 11 12 9 5 8 1 8 8 10 Clarke 19 19 12 7 4 :3 1 12 12 1:3 Bradbury 8 8 5 6 :3 5 4 4 5 5 SturgaOD :3 2 6 1 - - - 1 - 1 Blish 10 5 6 6 1 :3 1 :3 :3 :3 ADde:NOD 17 16 6 11 4 2 2 7 9 7 Dick :3 1 7 :3 - 2 - 1 1 1 nlisCll :3 - 2 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 Delany 1 1 5 1 - 2 - - 1 1 Sll.,.rberg 14 5 12 6 :3 6 2 8 8 ? Zel.almy :3 5 6 :3 1 - 1 - - 1 V1lJwla 4 - 4 :3 - 1 - 4 1 RulIs - - 18 Guia :3 1 :3 1 -- -- 1 1 Mal.berg 1 - - 1 - - -- 1 lA.ffert,. 2 2 4 -- - - 2 1 :3 Disch 2 1 2 - - - - 1

"-" 1Dd1oates no titl.. ~e4.

It should be a0te4 tt..t library lIaber ? ... 1_te4 ill .. ex- t_I,. a..u build1Dg _ state4 tt..t a Dllllber ef boob We:N 1a atca:age ud. tt..t tlwse 414 Dot appear in the cam catalog.

All the libraries .ne4 s_ IIDthologies, ellCh .. Du. KD1ght's excellent ! Science JI'1ctim Arg!!l, or !!!!. Soience JI'1ct1C11l Hall !!! bile. 11

!:nn libD.ry nuller 7 CllnlC a I1U11ber of oollectiOM, aacmg thea tour of the receDt antbologl.es edlted. by Roser Elwoai, .cienoe fictlan'. Boat prolifio antbolog1.llt. It 18 apparent that eY8D tbeu6b the collectlana

-.y be weak in terM ot titles by 1ndlY11aal autbore, the libraries do watob tar antbologl._ and acquire .ome .01eDoe fictlC11l in thi. _ere

The Checkll.t

'!'be 1938-65 portlC11l of the tollc.1ng oheokl18t ls priaar1ly a oOllb1nation ot the oheokl1eta publlebed in L1'br!rY Joumal, CllDe w.. Da­ aGil lidght'e -Solence J'1ctlem Bulce- (I..J, J1lIl8 1, 1966) and the Sclence

J'1ctlan lriters of Aaerioa liet (-... Baalc Sc1ence J'1ctlG1l Collectlem­ by Alexel Panah1n, !!i, J1lIl8 15, 1970).

Thi. partloa of the liet OClllta1nB aoat of the field'. olaeelceI

ClII1••1C1118 here, .ucb .. Huxley'. Brave !!!!. World and ~tin'e !!.' ar the nlmlle of H. G. Well., are due to the dates of arig1nal publ1catiem

(in the Huxley and Zaa:ratin exaaples, 1932 and 1924, re.pectlvely).

'!'be 1965-74 sectiem of the liet 1. baaed. ln part em the li.t. aentioned abGn, but. pr1ur1ly CIID lieta of titles that ban been nomD&­ ted. tar, ar bave wan, awards in the field. It reflects the aut.bor'e knc.ledge of the tleld to eOlle extent, and that knc.ledge 18 nct encyc­ lopedlc. The list 18 weak ln teras of titles by writere who are jmt beginning thelr careers, ar juet nc. achieYing proII1nence. bong theee are Gene Wolte, Glen Cook, Rlcba%d .... Lupott, M. Jom Harr1.on, Geo.

Alec Effinger, and Andrew J. Offutt. Soas Vr1ters bave been omtted trOll bcth partlCIM of the liet alllPly became they bed no titles on el­ ther the !'n1ght or SPV'" checkl1eta and, to the aut.har'. knc.ledge, no award. or n081netlC1118. The.e wr1tere incl.. ROIl. Rocklynne, T. L. Sherred, Lee Hof'f-.n, Chad Ollnr, JOIlepb1ne Sarlon, J.... Sa.ll1.e, J..&rr:r 12

Eisenberg, M1r1aa Allen De Pard, Dand R. Bunch, &D! Jotm Sladek.

'.!'be aoet glar1Dg oa1saiCl1!l, perbaps, 111 that of ADdre !IortCll!l, who hae been noa1Dated for awards but who bIi4 no titlea ClI!l tbt K'II1gbt or SIWA lists. IfGrton's Utles are found in librar1_, ltut tbe1 are often placed 1D the jU\'8D1le newels seotiCl1!l. This l18t does not in­ clllle newels CClI!l814end chie:f17 &8 jtrr8n1lea (thus the a'tl8ence of ~

HeWe1D &D! A81J1ov Utl_) except 1D the aue of U'rIIula. I.e Guin, three of whose newels -.y be CClI!l81dend jll9'8D1les-ClI!le of these WClll tbt IfatiC111­ al Book Award for Children's Literature. This newel &D! the two :rela­ ted newels are 1Dcluled chien,. because of this award.

other ClJI1niCl1!l8 1nclllle J.... H. Sclul1ts, Robert 11'. Young, Gz:eg

Benfard, Gerard CCllIIf&1, Rictw:d. JIlatheSCll!l, Bob 51.-, Brian ". Stablefard,

111111&11 iWIa, IC1t Reed, ani!. RClI!l Goulart.

AD,._ faa1l1ar With the writez:e 1Dclllled CIIl the 1965-74 seotiC111 of the list cClll1d note OlI1asiCl111l of Utles by theM writez:e, Utles that should be l.ncluled in any z:epz:esentaU'19 l18t of their WGrb (SilverbergI

TClWer of G1&Bs, !!!! Secend T1:ip, Burbbill StatiCIII, st. ale HerbertI

!!!! ~!!l.. Rei_berg, Dest1DaUClllI ~, I!!! 9.2! II&brs, et. ale

Dischl The Genoc14ea, etc.). To nep these ClJI1l18iCl1!l8 f'rc. affeot1ng the reH1ts of the eu-"·Uw of callectiCl1!l8, all Utles by the writers z:epruented that appeared 1D the card catalop were noted.

The checklist appears on the foll~ng llBgM. 13 1938-196.5 Llet

Aldl... Br1an. !!!! ~ Lisl!t I!!!:! !!!!. !!.s AftemoCIII g! larth !2 .Q!! lteplace .! JIIaD? ADd.eraCIII. Poul. Brain Vaft The :i~ Cruaa4. Var _ ...!!! i1y-Men

A81acw, Ieaac. The Cane at Steel S i'01IiiL.tIon i'Jiuw (J'ouIIdation. J'ouIIlatlOll am EIl­ - l!!!:!., am SecOD! roundatiOll) -­ I Robot The if&&cI. SlID. The J!!!!. g! the Robote BAter, Altftd. '!'he Deaollahe4 JIIaD !be Staft !t Deiit1Dat1C111 Bllah, J..... ClU.. ~ r11sl!t (TetralCIQI Thel S-.u .!!!!!. Staft, ! Y.!! !!!! !!!!.)Staft' Bartbua. £!!!!..!!!!!.' am !!!!. I!:!.­ !!l!!! at '!'1.. ! 2!!!.sf'CaiiiCirenoe :!'!!! S-'U., Staft

Boucher, Antbony, ad. ! Tftaau:g' at Great Science nou.

BrII4burr, Ra;r. Jahre.bdt !ll. Tbii GOlI.n ~ !! !!!!. ~ The Illustrated JIIaD !be Mart1an Chroli1cl..

BroIm, Ji'redr1o. !!!!i!!!! .:;:TTI!=':.;."",ra=.

BUllr.JII, Alg1a. Rope ~ Vho?

C&IIpbell, JobIl V. Cloak at A.sir Who aoU' Thera? The iit01IIIl11 ns Sci.nce fiatlC111 AntbolW (ad.)

Capek, Karel. !h!.!!!: ~ !!!!. !!!:!:!. Clarkll, Artbur C. Acroes the Sea at Staft Ch1l4hOOi'"s bI- The ftl am the Staft S~5r !'!!!.!!!! ooean. f'roa !!!!. Staft Clea.nt, Hal. 1I1...1011!1. Gravitl ••adl. 11. Colller, Jom. hDalell!!!! GoalJl1/dlta. CCIIIkl1D, Groff, 84. Tbe Bellt at So1e_ J'1otl. ! TzW'"""azi"'"!! Solenoe J'1otlm De Caap, L. Sprague. D1Y14e UI4 Rule LMt »ar""'iiiieu-J'all Rc;iia Queen - Del He,., Luter. I .....

Dlok, Pbil1p IC. !!!!..!!!!!. 111 the ~ CuUe Solar Lottery

D1cbm, Gcmlllll H. D~I rar-r, Pb1l1p JOile. I!!!. LcmtrB Gra"fe8, Robert. latch!!!! lart_1Dd !!!!.

Heal1', 1ayJI_ J. aDd J. J'ruoll1 1IeC-.s, edll. AllY.llturea ~ I!!!. !:I!! !!.l!!!:!. Re1llle1D, Robert A. II!!!. Rona. E-Door 1Dto S_r DOiibi.8i~ .!!!!!. spiC!Su1t--VUl Tranl Tbe IIaII Iho Sold the Jloem ii8ihiiiM1iii'".""'CiiIl.iii"a-­ The Jlutera iiiY'or'£ 1:D 2100 Sirth cOi'­ starahip Trooper!! Str!¥er ~ !. Str!¥e !:!!!!!! laldo ! !lepo, Ino, Herbert, lI'raftk. Dune The DDrR ~!!!! §!!. (alao publlahe4 all Ull4er l'raallure UI4 .....!! century Sub) Hoyle, J're4. !!!!. Black £!2!!!

Jl':n1gbt, Dum. Par oat Aeentury of Gnat Sbort Sclenoe J'1otlm Ii_lll (84.) ! aentpa;z it801_ J'1otl. (ed.) Kornbluth, c. M. ! Mle BeyCllld !!!! .!!!!!!!! Kornblutb. C. M. ao:l Pohl, J're4er1k. C1.II41ator-at-lu !!!!. Space Jlerehantll

Leiber, rr1til. !!!!. B16 !!!!. CC!!JU1:8 !!!! Cather »arkDe•• 15 Lelbe1', Fr1til. I!!!. VUIIlerer LeIria, C. s. .!!:!!. PerelUlllra TrilOQ (.Q!!i!?!!!!:!. Silent Planet, f!!!.­ lUIIlra, &IIll. !!!!i lI14eOWl Streyth) llaeDonald, John D. Ballr_ of tile Sld.ea ~ !?! tile Dreuera JIIcHugh, Vlncent. !!!! '1'h1n!d¥ !?! l!l. Dar11llg

JII111er, Valter JII., Jr. ! t!enUole far LelbClfltll Cl1'lrell. George. 1984 Pll4gett, t.1e. Robots --Haft Ro '1'a1ls PaD8bC11'11, Bl:J.,.r. ! JII1rror !!£ Obeeners

Pratt, J'letCllwr, 811. Var14 of VClllder

B1IIIIIell, Eric 1'rsDk. S1n1eter Bam1.er

Sllecldey. Robert. tJntouehBd. l!l Ham HaDdB

SIleU, JII. P. ~!?!!!!!.!!!.

Shute, kYil. ~!!!:!. lIBach

Slu.k, Clifford D. CUl D:!!. Ia !!!:!. S1Bplut '1'h1M Val Statlcn

Sld.nner, :B. F. Vald.ea 'l'lro

SlI1th, I. I. gm, Luaan

Sta]l1edca. Olaf'. !!!!!:!. l!:IIll !?! !!!! (OIIIllb1l8 Tolae-fift IIcrnls) Stewart, Ge«rge R. Earth Abidee

Stu:rgean, 'l'headore. C&Y1ar The ::r'"s J.ele (alec pnbl1ebed .. .!!:!!. Syntllet10 JII_Than HlIMD i8iiiiI Pl,. !

Tuoker, V1lscm. '1'be!!!!!ls.!!!!!. Silence Vance. Jack. !h!. D1'!fjart JllaBtere !h!. DyI!!f Earth

Van Vogt, A. E. Slan TiieVOY!fl! ~ !!!!. SJ!,O! Beyle Thi V.part Shop! of 1eller 16 Van Vost, A. E. -'l'be Varld. -of lfull... V1.dal, Gca:e. K..1ab Vannegut., Kurt, Jr. cat'. Cnllle '!'be S1.reJIa ot Titan PlAyer PiaiiO"

V1"'•••00, Jack. 'l'be HlI8I1014a Tlii Legioo ~ Sl!:C!

V~e, Berlla%d. Li.bo

VyMhaII, Jolm. 'l'be!!!l.!!.!!!! Tr1tf'14a.

1965-1974 L1.at Al41ISB, llr1.an V. 1lIIretoot ---1B the HeIId. ADlerBan, Poul. !!!! ~zcarld.er S8ftII. "S--ta

Anth~, P1.erB. Chthan MacroIcope

Aa1.cw, lsu.c. 'l'be Aaacw lflii :rr• Thi..elYM ii1'sht"tiJi. !!!!. other Start_

Ballax'd, J. G. Chraaopolle !!!!. other Start_ Vera1l1oo SaDi.

BaISB, T. J. ~ l!!!. !!!I!!!!:!!

Biggle, IJ.o,d, Jr. Vatchers ~ the ~ Blish, J..... Black Eutar BarPl, Jorge Lui.. The Aleph !!!!. other Start_, 1933-1969

1lrld1luJ:7, 1Ia:1. 1. ~ !!!!. Bcd.y necrtr1.cl Brmmer, J oIm. J'roII 'l'b1a I!!l. J'CI1'Wam The J=t Orbit out ot !!l. K1JI4 rl'Jiiiet OTYO'ur CIrn The Prcd.uCt1Gii8oTTi.. lflii Sheep Look !iF ­ Tiii Square. ~.:Y!!. City Stallll 00 Z&IIlI1be.r The Whore !!!!!. 17

Br1aJrt.. Ed. bong the ~!!!!!. Otber Bftnta Le841y !!E. 12 !h!. Apooa­ !n!!!. Clarn. Arthur C. !leDlleSY0U8 wlth llaJI& 2001. A S]?!De'"Ql;a;l !!!!. V1iiJ .!!:!!!. the ~ Crtehtan. lI1ellael. -The Tera1nal -Plan DaY1dean. AYrUl. ROI!!! Dragon

Delany. Suuel R. Babel-17 Dr1:rt.s1Ua The tinateln Intereectlon Thi rail Of the TC*8rII lo'a---

Dlck. Phil1p K. !!! And.rol.ll. Dreu !!!l !D.ectric Sheep? !!!!. Preserv1J!« Jlach1ne !!!!. Three St1S!!ta !!!l Palaer El4r1toh Dlcnon. Gordon II. DID!!r--Huunl

Dlseh. Thoua M. C..p Concentratlon P'un wlth Your Ifew He_ ~----

1l:111eon, Harlan. Alone Ap.1nat TOIIarralf The Beut that Shouted Loft at the Heart of the World Y'iiave Ifo MOUth aD! I MiiitScreu -- Partiirah Vonder(Collaborat1oee with other wrttere)

J'UIIer, Phllip Joee. The Book of Ph1lip Joee raner S MiilOiis Rher'lXit iiiiht !!!l LiAAt I! !!1!'£ Scattered. Balles Q2

Gerrold. DaY1d.. Wilen !WILD W.. One YMtftdal's Ciii'ldiin

GIIDIl, Jues. The Listenere

Harr1son. Harry. Blll the Galactlc Hero ii&k8 ROO. i !!!!!!. RoOil Helnleln. Robert A. Tbe MOOIl Is a Ilareh Mlstre.. The Put t'tJrOlll5h TOIIorroIf !!!!. BnOlllb m ~ Herbert. Pt'ank. DUlle M..slah 'l'h8 S&Dtarop Jlarr1er Keyes. D&IIlel. nc*ere m Al&!rDon 18

KOOI1tz, Dean R. ! Darlme.. !!!!l .!!..2!!! Latterty, R. A. The Dertl Is DlI8d N1ne HUIIIbiii' Griiilaotllera Paat 1Ilaater S'iii'Dr Do1Dsa lA_, Kelth. !fine .!'Z lA_r A~orDe._ iellifOrthe ~

LeCu1n, !lI:Isula K. I!!!. D18,.....ed The JUtbnt Share Tiie Lathe or Hea"n Thi Left Hiii! or Darkn..s The TciiibeOfAtlan ! Wi-.r4 !f"Eartlwea Lelber, J'rlt.. !!!!.!!!i!!! J'rlt. Lelber Le., Stanislaw. So1l.r1s

Mal.berg, Barry H. Bezanl Apollc The D..truatlO1l or the T"ple iii"'tiili BncloeUX'8- ­

Mcoaff'rey, Anne. DryClllfilf5ht D!'!fIjOD!IlIBst

Moareock, Michael. An Allen Heat hhOl4 tile !'an

N1"n, r.rry. m~~!m. If.utna~ Rl....ar:a-- Worlcl !!! l"taa" PaMb1n, Alexel. Rlte!! Puay;!

PisereMa, Doris. Rater JIIBUoe ~R14er

Reynolcls, Jlaok. Couune ~ A.D.

1hIU, Joanna. ADd Cbaoe Dled Mcnic .!!! Pani:llse

Sll"rberg, Robert. The Book or SkaJ.le Daimr""iii£ to tile Earth Dl1J!! Iuli.­ Earth's other ShIldcwr Th. MaakB Of Ti•• irsbt!lnp-­ 19

Sl1.,.rberg. Robert. ~~ltl nlp !!!l other Iaplaualbll1U..

! !!!!. ~ Cup UDtu1llar Territ01'l Y1! ~ Y!!!. Sl-.k, CllffODl D, The B_t ScieneM notlon Stm.. at Cllffar4 D, SlKk lftii Gii1itll1 ll..enatiCIII - ­

Sm-th. Ccml.va1ner. !!!! Planet B!J!r SJ:!,O! LCIl'Ils

Sp1nD4. IfClJ:W&l1, !!!4 ~ llarrClI1 '!'he r.at Hiii'i'Ili at the Go14en HODle The JIIen !!! ~ Jiiigie StIJr8eCBI. Theodore, .!1!!!.!!!l the Dreuer Sturpaa !!. All.,. !!!!!. !!!!

T1ptree. J..... Jr, !!!!. ThOUBaDl Light Yean ~~

VaneM. Jack. !!!! Blue larId

Vonnegut. lurt. Jr. Slaucht!rh0uae-n.,. Welo_ !! !!!!. IlC!!ll!y H..e

White. J..... ~ Ellcape Orblt l11helll. ltate, ~ Thil)_ta1rII Roo. aDl other Stari_ The nller Tb1JIg ­ Jllarpr!t !!!!. ! V1111..aa. Jack. !!!!!!!!!l Chil4reD

ZelAzny. Roger, !!!! Doo:ra ~ !!!! race. ~ r-p! ~ Hle Mouth aDd other Stm_ '!'he Dreu Jllaater 'fOiir tar Tca~ Iiii8 Ofthe DeII4 J&Cik Of Siiil.. LOid Of LIih! Thi. Iaortal !! Dle !!! ltalbar

AntMlogl" AabO". laue. eel. !!!!!!!12 11Imere (2 YOl.) ElUIl_. Har1all. ed.. DIDero. n.l_ 'p'D. DU!f\!roua Vlel_

ID1ght. Duon. eel. A ScleDce notlC111 ~ Orblt {14 Yol. tc date} 20

Merm. JlIlith. ed. bgJ~'" Sw1Dp SJ' Year s Best SJ' -n;ent tbrougb 12 ...olUIIMJ 'f'&r1_ titl.., "et .-01_ in 1968)

Ifebula Award Stort.. (obeaen by the So1enoe J'1ot1OJ1. Irtten of AurtoaJ eight vol_s to date, 'f'&r1oua eel1tara)

The So1ence J'1ot1Cl11l. Hall ot Jaae (chosen by the So1enoe J'1Ctillll Ir1ten - --- ot America. Vol. 1 lIll1tecl. by Rob­ ert S11Yerberg. Vol. 2A and 2B lIll1tecl. by Ben B_.)

Sllftrbe1'g. Robert. eel. !!!!. Mrrar !! Int1D1t:r

V1laClll. Robin Scott. edt CJ.ar1.cm (, ...01. to date) Theae Who .2!!!. ! Sc1_ J'1ot1. R"'er

Conclua1oaa ot the BYaluation of Oollect1_

The colleot1oaa of the l1bn.r1.es ezu1neel tar so1ence fiot1on

titl.. renlllled the alltbar ot the ooapla1.Dt of the l1terary cr.I.tic who

1aIIezrted that no work w.. be1J1g 4.e 011 omteaporar;r writenJ he hia­ selt w.. wrtting a stully ot Henr;r J...... 'hen ..b4 why he If" doing

a stully of J.... 1IIat... of warld.ng 01\ oOJl.teaporar;r Wr1.tere b1.elt. he repl1eel that there w.. not yet enough scholarly op1n1.011 aY&1l&ble 011 whioh he ooul4 baIIe such asstully.

L1bn.r1.. appeared to be f'a1rly well stoolald. with titles by wrtte1'll who beeue proa1.nent dur1Jlg the 19'1-Oa and 19508. except tar

Theodare Sturgecm. The ....rel1ot is in aa. th..e wrttenJ any l1bn.r1an who has .....r heard the tera -so1ence notion- knClIrs that Robert HeUle1n and Iauc Aa1acw are g1aDta in the field. mars that Arthur C. Clarke wrote 20011 ! Space O1:y!!ey aIlIl is theretare a.. popular nar than he w.. betare. The pp in SturpOll tiU.. is apparently 41» to b1&8 ap1D8t the paper~k.

The HeUle1na, Aa1a_. aIlIl Clar.... the wrtten Who ha.... been

1Jl the neld tar tbirty yean, the.. are the wrtte1'll that 11bn.r1aD8 are 21 fUI1llar with. Thell. are the writen that artiol.. 011 .ci.nce fiotiOll are aen 11_1y to ..ntica.. '!'be writ.n or the 1960& and 197011, if they are proUfio .nough, 11_ Robert Sllnrberg, _y be ginn a prcUn.nt plaoe 011 the .he1na but they are nat 11_1y to be ..l.cted witb care.

IYeD S11nrberg, w.ll repre..nte4 111 tans of naber of tiU.., has nat had .cae or bie be.t bOGb .toclald 011 UbDry .he1n., tbHa 1IIollJi.

Dy1M Ina14., Thoma, !!!!. lIaIIila !! '1'1.., and !h!. ReaUty '1'r1p. Librar­ iana _y knOll that thell. writan are &Ctift, _y haft beaIll of ~lan

:nliacm, Suue1 D.1aD)', or:ll. A. Laffeny, but they are Dat .. fu1llar lIitb theae _a .. they are witb H.1IIl.in, ABbot' or alar_. If the 11'bmr1&na 40 nat fol1011 .oi.nce fiction olea.11 th....1n., or arrange to han a etaN' ...ber il8ep track or the fi.ld, thi••ituatiOll "'irtually

1\I&mB'teM that llrit.n Uila :nl1aOll, Latf.n1, JIalIIbere:, and R.... w111 nner be w.ll-repreeente4 OIl l1bDry ahe1na. ~n or tlf8nt11e&r8 fra. nOlI, when the.. writera are repme4 .. the Grani Old lien and Vcaen or

.ci.nce fictiOll, their work will probaDly nat be aft1lab1. in bar4 cwen.

'!'be a1tuatiOll for th.a w111 be allCb the ...... it i. for Sturponl few l1brari.. OIIn111e: their tiUes IUIlI tboee that 0lI1l thea an1ne: OII1y bar4

OonX' tiU.e 8ft1I though .cae of th.ir beat work i. aft1lab1. OII1y in papert.ck.

Libraries are acqu1r1ne: OClllteapclZ'&r)' .ci.nce fiction, but they appear to be haphuar4 in ••lect1lle: itl tb1& would .xplain, perhaps, the preHJloe or the worila of John lloyd Ilbi1. 'l'b_ Diech'. bocila are abe.nt.

It appeara that Ubrary ooll.ctiCIIIII are lleak 111 the area of 0011­ teapara:ry .ci.nce fictiClll e1ap1y beeauae Ubrariana are nat fu1l1ar lIith the field tcday. 22

CHAPTBll 2

SCIEJifCl rImOl.. A CRmCAL DISCt8SIOK

Science f1ctlcm has soast1a.s be.a ref.rred to as a 11terar,r ghettoI it has alao be.n called the cmly l1t.rature worth rel41ng. Soa. ha.,. aa14 that sc1.nc. fictlClll will OIl. day d8Your the u1.Jultreu. tbat the l1terature of the future will be sc1.nc. fict1C1l1. The ClII1y CIlI. of thea. stat.aents that a aan. un CUI &£". wUh is the firet. sc1.ace fict1cm is a l1terar,r 8fwtto. perhapll by ita 0IfJl chOOll1ag. perhapll notl n.verthel.... it is. "oat ac1.nce fict1cm boob s.ll about four thou­ lI&IId cop1.s. Analog. the best04.ll1ng sc1.nc. fict1C1l1 ugu1ne. bu a aoatbly c1roulat101l of about 110.000 cop1.s. Sc1.ace fict10a teday sb­ ply does not have the wid. appeal that straight uinatre.. fiot1C1l1 bul the reaaona for this will be the sUbj.ct of a good deal of speculat101l lat.r in this paper. Scieno. fiot101l is not l1bly to nallOlf up the aa1.JuItreu at any t1ae in the foree_bl. futurel hOlfever. it oanaot be d.nied that uinatreu writ.re are begian1ng to _ scae so1.nce fict10a conc.pts in th.1r worb. nOlf that thes. ooacepts are aore faa111ar to the pn.ral public ud therefore aore respeotabl.. R1cha.l Cr1clrton

_s th. 014 id.a of space pru in The An:lroaeda Strain. All.n Drury d.p1ota a flight to IIarB in -The TbrCIlI. -of Saturn. Ira Levin IId4s anoth­ .r pebble to the aounta1n of 4yetop1an novels with This hrt.ot !2!l.. Arthur R.nog gives the aan-v.rell8-1.JuI.ot not1oa (an 014 giu1ck that bu been run through dONna of W aov1..s) another go-round in The

Swara. Of cours•• noa. of thes. boob are labelled sc1.nce fiot1on. 23

Betore go1ug aD7 further, det1n1UODlI U'e necessary. It should

be noted that defiD1UODlI in this area U'e notort_ly YagWI. SlIU1ug up theee aebuloua eat1U.., -so1ence fiot1Cl11- am -M1aetreu,- 1n pre­

c1se wor4a is roughly equ1Yalent to gather1ug qU1cbllnr in a s1en.

lfben DaaClll KDight set dCln1 the ..sllJlpt1_ lIDiI.er which he worbd u a cr1Uc or the t1eld, the firet ane Usted. was,

That the terII -sc1en08 ficUCIIl- is a Jdea_r, that try1Dg to get two eathua1ute to ape CIIl a det1D1Uon or it 1... aaly to blOCllly laluokl.., that better labele have been densad. (HeWe1n's sugeatian, -speculative fiot1on",- is the beat, I tb1nk), but that we're staek with tb1s _, aDd that it will do us no particular hara it w. re...ber that, Uke 1he Satmday hen1ug POlIt,- it aeane what we point to when w. say it.

In b1s 1960 cr1Ucal study, !!!!. !!!l!!. !d.1!!!!, X1Dgeley AIds de­ t1ned sc1.n08 fiction as,

•••that c1aell ot proe. narraUve treating at a s1t_UCIIl that could not arise in the world we IaIC111, but whish is hypothes1Hd CIIl the b&e1s ot s_ 1naoqUan 1n science or techDolCfD', or pseudo­ so1enC8 or peeudo-techno1ogy, whether htIIIII.D. or extnterreetr1&l in or1g1n.J

Robert He1Dlein ottered b1s defin1Uon in a 1957 leotuze,

A baDly short defiD1Uon or alaOlit all sc1eace fiot1ll1l Jdpt reM, real1stU speClllaUan about poea1ble future ennte, bued so1­ 141y ClI1 _equate IaIC1111l1d&e or the real world, put am present, aDd an a thorough UDdefltu41ug or the nature aDd s1gD1fioanoe ot the scientific .-thod.

Heinlein then noted that his defiD1UOI1 would. ccwer all science fict1Cl11,

1aeted ot alaoet all, 1t the word. -future- were croeeed out.

~"CIII. ID1ght, In Search at WllDI!er (211 ed., Cb1cago, Advent, Publ1shere, 1967), p. 1.

JK1ngeley AIds, If.. Map! or Hell (,.. York, Harcourt, Brace aDd World, Inc., 1960), p. 18.

4RObert A. HeWe1ft, -Science nct1an, Ita Ifaturn, Jl'aulte and Virtues,- The So1en08 not1Cl11 If_l, 1 UClII aJIll 6001&1 Cr1t101s. (Chicago, Advent, PubUShers, 9 ,p. 22. 24 Theae det1D1tiona do not take in ew:t)thing tbat is repzded u science fiction. AD eXllllple 18 Philip K. Dick's 1962 nOYel. Ie!.!!!!.1A !!!!. .!!!I! CUtl.. This book is s.t in • world 1JI whicb the UIl1ted States lost the SecCllll1 WCIdd. War. The 1. Chi. pla)'ed a l.up part in tbll nOYel, the scientific _thCld did not. In faot. science pla)'ed no part in the nOYel at all. The book won a Hugo award .. beat science fiotiOll n....l

~ the year. The.'bcmI det1D1ti_ woal4 not 1nol1ll. this book. :r-t it

1a repzded u a clusic ~ the fi.ld.

There are two d.t1D1ti_ or science fictiClll whioll are particu­ larl)' good. TMe. are the definiti_ offered. by TheCllere SturpClll aDd

Su.l R. Delan)'. SturpClll aa14 that -a good science fiotiClll stO%')' is a stO%')' .botrt hUII&D be1J28a. With a b_ prebl••• &lid • b_ solution. which would not baTe happened at all Without ita science content.-5

In the Deoe.ber 197) iA. ~ Galaxy upsine. sturpon .labor.ted 011 this state..nt. He noted tbat all the d.t1D1tiClllB leak s_bat. ud tbat science fiotiClll _ot be preoiael)' d..fiDed. HCM....r. his CClllcept ot sci.nce fictiClD rests not on the scientific ..tbal. or S)'Bte. ~

IalCMledp. blrl; ClIl the eT,ylaclogical root ~ the w= -science.- the Latin sclenti. whioh __ not -..thai.- or .~- but sbpl)' -IalCM1~.­

His c_oept ~ science ficti_ u -IalCM1~ notion- penita incl_ion of ~!!!!!!. ni... the worb ~ Kurt V_.gut. aDd star1u such u thou ~ Jorge Luis Borges. bMed not on the ph)'Bical sciences but on ph11118oph1cal CClllceptB. All knCJlrleclce is grist tor the II1U.

Su.l Delan)'. in an 1Id4re.. at the 1968 MLA s.1l1.D&r on sci.nce fiction. pTe his definition. _ tbat ..parates science fictiClll tro.

5Stat...nt by TbeCldere Sturpon 1JI an IId4reH at CaraYU Hall. If_ York. If_ York. Jul)' 13. 1952. 25 uturallstlc fiction, troa fantasy, a d.fln1tlCl1l that mequat.ly ccwem all tile subcategori.s of sci.nce fictlonl

SubjUl1cUrlty ls the tenalon _ tile tb:rea! fit Man1ng that runa betw••n word and obj.ct. Suppose a sert.s of words 18 ~s.nted to IllS as a pi.ce of ra~. A blanket 1nIllcaU.,. t.ulO1l 1111'_ the whole sert.sl This happelled. • • The subj\DIctlrlty lnel fflr a sen.s of wordtl labeled utural­ lstlc fictlon ls d.nned bYI Could baft ha~ed. • • hntasy takes tile subjlDlctlrltyOf"natlsUc fictlC111 and throlrs U ln ra.,.n". • • I Cou14 !!!!i !!!!! happened. But whell spaceshipB, ray guDlI, fir .fIre accurately aDJ correctlon of laflM that lDdlcat.s tile tutura appeam 1n a s.rt.. of words and urke lt as sf, the sllbjunotlrlty level ls ohanged oace .flrel ••• !!!!!. !!!!i happened. Eftnte that ha.,. not happened lnolu1" sneral sub-catepr1". • • whioh d.nn. the suboete«art.s of sf. They lnclu1. .ftnts that ~ha:3' ••ewn~ ~!!!:! not happen•••nente.!!!!1 ~ ~pp! m··· D.1anJ cU.s thee. sub-cat.gort.. as 1nclu11ng t.chnolog1cal and soclolog1cal precllctl.,. stori.s (aight happen), sel.nce tultasy stori.s

(wl1l not happen--!l!!. Xaft1an Chron1cl.s, !!!!. Dybl Barth), and tile d7lStopias (ha.,. not happened yet--Bra.,. II.. Wflrld, 1984).

H. also not.. that -•.,.nte that ha.,. not happened- lnclu1.s paat

•.,.nts as w"ll as tutura--!!!!. ~ !!!. !!!!. !!!m cuu. fite hera. In a footnot., lie pa1nte out that utural1stl0 fictlClD8 can be rapmed as parall.l...flrld stori.s 1n Which anJ dlvergence troa reallty ls too slight to be .,.rtfled.

Par the purpoll.s of this stu1y, D.lany·s d.t1n1tioa wlll be ra­ garded as the d.fillltioa of the scleno. fictlon stClrJI a starr of • .,.lIte that ha.,. lIot happeneel.

-Jllalut:Nu- _y be d.f1JIeel as ai••tlc fictlm, fictloa that

6Su11lll 11. D.lany, -About n.,. Thoueand. On. HUDIlrad and Sewnty n.,. lorde,- SPI the other Sld. of lI.alle., eel. Th_ D. C1a:NeCII. (Be-l1ng GraBll, Ohiol B_ling Graft UJl1.,.nlty Popular Prue, 1971), pp. 140-141. 26 treats l1fe in the here aDd DOIf. in Delan1's te~, a stO%')' that could !!!!!. happened.

Deluy's elefin1tlclll hu a naber f4 KftI1t&a- OYer the others c1tacl. here. lI'1rst, it 1.Dcltdes all the cate8O%'1ea f4 science f1ct1m,

1.Dcltd1.Dg the parallel wo:del stO%')', Which w... not neceaaar1.ly encc.p&lIIIed by the others. Sec-', Heinle1.D's an! Allis' elef1n1t1OM specifically required. science (1.D the senee f4 teclmology or scientific uthc4) to be a part f4 the stO%')', an integral part. To a le..er extent, Stur­

~ClII's elef1n1t1C111 requirecl. this also. Stur~OIl'S def1n1UCIIl is a par­ ticularly goc4 one since it pen1ts 1nclllll1011 of speculaUn fict1~ treat.ents of 1cl.... :t.ron all areas, not juet teclmology, in its ar181.DaJ. forn, the presence f4 the tern -goccl.- elenotea that goc4 science fict1ca

.lIlIt alao stan! as goc4 fict1m.

Delany's elef1n1Uon, hOlrner, conrs the entire field aDd el1s­ t1ngu1shes between its VU'1ollll cate8O%'1es. Though AIep1 Panah1n is correct in stat1.Dg, ... he baa senr&! U_, that 'WIere is no ~Deral1y accepted. elef1n1t1Cl11 of scienoe fict1C11l, it .uet be recosniHcl. that nme of the elef1n1t1OM conrs so1ence fict1Cl11 ... tully ... Delan1's, unl_ me gees Dum Knight's route, so1enoe fiction -.eans what we po1.Dt to

When we aay 1t.­

COI1teaporar;y SF. a C!Lp!ul.e H1atorr

.Us noted earl1er, .eet so1enoe fict1ll11 booa seU about four thouaancl. oop1.es, the -.guinea elo not enjoy nry high c1rculaUOM. ConparaUvely fa people in the Un1tacl. states rem science fict1Cl11.

There are reaaOM for this state of affairs.

IIc4ern science fiction dates back, not to H. G. Vella, ... OI1e night expect, but to 1926, when Hugo Gemebaok publ1shed. the first issue 2:7 of AlI&Zing Stories. That year saw the birth of the science fiction pulp _l!l'ozines. Since then, lII8l1y of the field's _jor stortes have appeared in science fiction magazines and mOISt major writers have l184e their Dalles in the genre lI&gasines. Prior to 1926, lI&jor writers hlId written science fiction (although the field did not yet have a specific lWle setting it apart frOJI other literature), these writers incluied lIe11., Poe, AmbrOISe

Bierce, Arthur Conan D071e, Yevgeny Zpyatin, and othera. Science nc­ tion appeared in general _guines and was acoepted by the pUblic, it continued to appear in general magazines, Without the "science fiction" label. The pulps sstablished an outlet specifically for science fiction, and coined the tera "science ficti!JD", it was to the pulps that the ten was applied. The pulpe hlId several faotors working against them, as far as their public iaege was concerned. The main factor was the fact that the aagallinee hlId to fill a certain nUllber of pages each month, if good. stortes were not available, bed stories were published. Good stortss appeared in the 19208 and 30s, by writers like Stanley WeinbaUII, Edmond

Ha11llton, and Murray Le1nBter, but a large nUllber of had stories .ere pUblished as .ell. Science fiction became identified in the publio mind with l!l'or1sh lI&g&Z1ne Clmlrs, the term "soience fiotion" bel!l'oD to carry the oonnotation of poor writing and sloppy thinking, or worse, no real th1nk1ng at all. As a result, scienoe fiction was ignored by orttios and by the general public for years.

In the late 19308, scienoe fiotion beglU1 to _ture. John W.

Campbell became editor of Astounding and bel!l'oD calling for stories in whioh the Writing was oompetent, in whioh the charaoters and the scienoe were handled plausibly. He did not always reoeive this, bed stortes fotmd their way into Astounding, as well. But Caapbell received good 28 work of't.en enough to change the field, the writers he developed inclul.­ ed Robert A, Heinlein, IB&&c ABiaov, A, E, Van Vogt, and Theodore stur­ geon, These lIlen and others who wrote durl..ng th1a period shaped science fiction, set new stands'tlis for it, Many of thea are still writing,

While no one was looking, then, acience fiction bad IIl&tured, the bug-e;yed aonsters were gone, the IIIlId scientists bad gone the wsy of the dinossUI'8, and stories were being written that explored the 1DopLct of science on individuals and on society,

There was still, hOllever, that lingering i~ of science fiction as poorly written slop--the legacy of the pulps. The general public con­ tinued to ignore science fiction. .Another factor contributing to the neglect of science fiction is the society in whioh we live, its values and the che.n6es that occur in it.

AIIerios. warshipe facts and mar-hOll. The aen AIIerios. reveres are the ones who knar hOlr to keep the _ohines running for our factories, our araies and our data banks, "ectanics are more highly valued than teachers, at least in terms of financial rwvazds. Our leaders are not dreamers, they are hazd-headed realists who deal with the world as it is, MOllt people operate that way, dealing with things as they are right nOlI, that is a matter of practical day-to-day n_ssity. A nation of hazd-headed rsalists is not liksly to shOll much intenst in a 11tera­ ture with a reputation far sloppy thinking, warse writing, and subject utter that everyone mars is iapOllsible anyway. Besides, through the late 19408 and 19508, people were getting all the soience fiction they oared for f'roIl the newspapere--nuclear weapons, satellites, etc. This still holds true today, even more so, In newspapers, and general mags­ sines, one finds discussions of the pOllsibil1ties of genetic engineering, 29 .coloe1cal dl_aaters, and bam...1ng 'black hol._ far .n.rgy.

Dur.l.ng the 1960s anather chaD88 took place in the fl.ld, nIN writere appeared.. Vr1tere who tw4 be.n &Otl.,. 1D the 19508, sucb aa

Robert Sll.,.rberg and Harlan El11SClll, bep.D to write a 41fftrent k1Dd

of _tary. Where the _jar ••pbU1e of science fictlC11l hid ClIlce been 011

teobDoloe1cal SpeculatiOll an! _oclo1oe1cal theor1sinlh the .aphas1s waa

nClllf ._ 11bly to be em 1D!lv1dual huaan be1ngs an! OIl the _oft sci­

.nces, sllCb aa 11Jl8'\l1stics and peychol087, Oft 87th an! pb1l-ClJlb7. The

nsl_ vera .are 11kely to be dark OIl.S. The roots of sci.nce fictlO11

had been in the hard sc1encss, nClllf the roots vera 11bly to be in 0lIZ'

ClnI d.ark sid.s. Sclence fir pe.1Jl_clencs v.. 11bly to be used .. sl.­

ply a tnae Oft .hicb to hang a stn.1ght -peopl.- st.,.. L1ter&r7 ex­

pert..nt becaae ._ CCUClll vlthin the fi.ld aa sci.nee fictlO11 writere bep.D to ..t&pt a1Dstreu 11t.rary techniques to selene. fictlOft' an .:!t­ ..pl. of th1e ls John Brunner's 1968 nOYel Stand Oft ZIU1IIlbar. In h1e d.plctlen of the world of 2010, BruJUl.r ••s .xcerpts troa bcolaI, tel.­ n_l. progrulI, DlNIIp&pere, att••pUng to present uta to the reed.r

in .. any for.s aa the reader reeel".. data ncsraally free the world around Ms. This 1_ an ..t&,tatiOft of tbl doc_terJ techniques used by Dee Pusee 1D hi_ tril087 U.S.A.. an! 1D tbl nonl IU.clcentm. The • techniques _caetl.._ ..t&pted by science fiatlcm writ.re w.re ba1'dly nIN, 1D Brunn.r'_ bock, they ••re entirely appropriate.

There w.. _tlll no widespread publlc acceptance, fc: the reaa_ already noted, critical acceptance v.. slClllf in coe1.D8, but the critics were a 11ttl. WaDlllr tClllfud tbl fi.ld than they had been. Qr1tical ad­

.,.relty tClllfud scl.nce fictlO1l .x1.sted in part for tbl .... __ tt..t

call1ed the pub11c adwre1ty, but there w.re ather f&Otc:e at work. ~. )0 ot tbelle is cited. in C. P. Bn.'s The 'nrc CUltures. Bn. c1t.. the 8%84­ w.l separation of 11teDr1 1ntelleotlSla &lid. sc1snUnc intellectlSla into two d1st1not groups wh1ch han l1ttle contact w1th ellCh other. Sc1ent1ate in 8fteraJ. an not active in the creation ar the cr1t­

101s. of literature. The _jar t_ of llten.ture &lid. l1ter&r7 criti­ cu. tar the paat severaJ. decad88 haa been in the raa1JI of the Jdaet10 nOftl--the book tlat deals with l1te as it is, in the bare-aal-n.. It will 8IlJdt the existence of the taJI&1ble producte of science aDd technol­

QQ, but wUl not oona14er poas1ble future resulte of so1ence. 011 a suller scale, th1s is the soh1s. that BneM eDJdne4 in h1s book. Alao, sc1enoe not1oa writers an not, lilt a rule, .en &lid. w_ with traln1Jlg in l1terature, at least, they have not been in the paat. ,,",-ueDtl:r, tbay have been people with .ore 'baokgroUlll! in scienoe than in llterature.

So. tba critical soom heaped uponnsc1ence nct10n -.:r well be due in part tc the -'nro CUltures- sch1s. tlat Sn. haa cited.. Dur1ng tba Cupbell ;rears the vriUng ot science nct10n not up to the level attained. by Shakaapeare or J .... Jf11C8, but it at least o_petently Written. It sUll isn't lIP to that level, but it c_­ paraa favorably .1th .uch current uinatreu _ter1al. The criUcal d.ngra41ng, tban, is probably due to tba subject _tter-ac1enoe aDd teclmolog:r. The tara of so1enoe nct1an frequent.ly deaaDded an -1488 as hero" approach, rather thaa a -pereCill as bare- approach. Cr1t1ce aocue­ tCMd to l1terature .h1ch toc_s on 1nd1v14uals -.:r be expected to tab a 41. new of l1terature in .h1ch clan.cterisat1CD lI&y tab a back s88t to the dep1ct1oa of wbole planete, or social develClpll8nte, ar the expoa1­ t10n of the poaa1ble emcte of technolog1cal breaktbro\I8bB. The wark at Robert He1Dle1a etten an ezaaple here. His Writing is s.ootb aDd 31 ...;r to read.. He i_ a co.petent Iltoryteller, he i_ a four-ti.. Hugo

WiDDer alIl1 ill rightl.:r rega1'ded all a giant in the field. The fuc1natiClll in MD7 of Heinlein'll Iltari_, bCllfner, ill not reall;r in hi_ characte:re. the;r are enpg!D« enollSh, probabl.:r beca1llle He1Jlltb hi...lf ill enpg1D«.

TbIl fuc1JlatiCill in a Heinlein Iltar;r ill prbaril.:r in the 14... being tbram arcd, in the bpllcatiClllll of teolrDological dnelopaentll, in the thearisiD«. Hill Iltar;r in I!!!. Scienoe J'1ot.1Cl1l !!!:!! !!!!!!.' -TbIl RClIlIla

II1IIlt :Roll,- ill a, good ell&Jlll1e of tb1ll. The charaoters are alHet Ilec­

CIIId.ar:r here, the nader'll interellt ill hea pri-nl.:r by the netiCill of those aewing 1'CI84wa:JII, alIl1 the oClllll14eratiClll of the 4eY&lltating ettecte a Iltrike by the ..12 who IIIL1ntain th08e 1'ClII41l sight han.

Public op1D1Cl1l ClIl Ilcience fictiClll toda;r ..,. be a little aare fayorable. thanb to Il_ intelUgent filM like 2001. ! Spaoe Oly!!!l alIl1 to teleY1_iClll _eriell like star~. HCllfner, the iaage of poor

WritiD« alIl1 Ilhodd;r tbinldD« ill _till perpetuated, W _c1ence fiotiClll ill Iltill pubUllhed, alIl1 for enr;r intelligent fiUl like 2001, ! .::Cl".oc=k­

~ ();ange, or Sc!ylent Green, there are onr a d_ lib I!!!. Green nw. The n1lllber of reall;r goad Ilcienoe fieticm filu 0&Il probabl.;r be coated ClIl CIIlIl'Il f1D«e:re. Japue.. scw1.., the teleY1lliClll eer1._ pro­ du0e4 by I%Win Allen (r4nd !!!!!!. Giante, Tille Tmmel. L08t ~ SJ!!,!l!, TC!]'!8! !! !!!!. llott_ !! !!!!. !!!), alIl1 __ of the SatUDla;r cartOQll _hCllfIl han probabl;r done sare to hurt. the iaage of eeience fiotiClll all intel­ ligent entertdmlent, all not8wortb;r literature, than all the W Iltariell eyer publillhed in the Ilcience fieticm aapsinea.

~e factor worIdng to ra1H the public'll :reprd ffSr Ilcience fic­ tiOll ill the fact that u.1nat:reall writerII han begun to ...pt Ilcience fictiClll the..1l for their Cllfn worb. Bose ellallp1ell han alread;r been 32 cited. othem incluie Michael Cr1.chtOll's The TerJll1nal Man and ThOllllL8

Page's The Hephaestua Plague. The label "science fictiOll" is still avoided, hOlfever, and with good reasOlll it hurts sales. Moat soience fiction books, as already noted, sell only about four thouaand oopies.

In the book stores, and in sOlle libraries, soience fioticm books are plaoed in a separate rack, often well out of the way of moat ouatOllem who will flock in to buy the new novel by Michael Crichton, but who would never oonsider rellding a novel by Roger Zelatmy.

A fftll science fictiCll wr1.tera realize the harIl dCl1e to their careers and their financial statua by the "soience fictim" label. In the book review colmm of the May 1974 issue of The ""!line !!!. Fantasy and Soience Fiction, Harla.n Ellison notes that Kurt Vennegut, Jr., does not want that label to appear on his books, or in any .terial Wr1.tten about him, he notes that Theodore sturgeon is a prime example of the daaaga done by the label and says that if sturgeon's work had appeared outBide the normal science fiction urkets, SturgaCll would long ago have achieved II&1nstream success and accla1m. Barry N. Malzberg, also noted in the Elllson article, stated in a letter in the July 1974 isa118 of

Fantastic that he is phasing out of science fiotion, and gradually out of full-tille writing if he can afford it. He saY" that part of the rea~ son is set dOlfn in his novel Herov1t's World (a ..rcileea diss"ction of the world of science fiction writing, publishing, and f'alIdOlll).

The wr1.tem Who l1114e IlIUI8S for theuelvea in science fiction during the 1960a incluie Harlan Elllam, Robert Silverberg, Barry N.

Malzberg, ThollBB M. Disch, Joanna RUBB, tJraulB K. I.e GuiD, Larry NiYen,

John Brunner, Kate Wilhe1Ja, Roger Zelazny, and R. A. La.fferty. A nftll crop of writers is springing up nOlf, in the 19708. Names to watch are JJ

J..ell T1ptree, Jr., Da~1d. Gerro14, George Aleo Effinger, Ed Bryut, Dor1l1

P:!.lIerohia, VOIIda JIIcIJItyre, SlIMtte HIlden Elgh, Gord.. Ekl1llld, Gerard

C_..,., J.... Sutherlalll!, Gene Volfe, ud Glell Cook.

The Value. u4 P'lmet1_ ot Science nct1.

ODe tuDct1cm that baa been frequelltly cWII8d tar .01ence fic­

t1cm 111 the pred1et1ft tuactlcllll .01enoe fioUon IItar1.. gift &R aocurate

picture at what the tuture will look 11b. Eftryone baa by nClll' heaxd the .tory at the 1Jlftntar Who W&ll clem.ed a patnt em the pert.oope be­

came Jul.. Veme clellcr1becl CIIIe 1a cleta1l 1ft 20,000 LaM\!!! u.t.er !!!!.

~, Another IItory frequently uaed to .hClll' bClll' cl..e 1I01eace fict1.

wrttere haft be8ll to depicUIIg the actual lltate at the future 1. the OIIe

in wh10h the FBI in...... John V. Cupbell'. office 1ft 1944, The J'llI

W&II cemcemed abtnrt the publ1caUem at "Deadl1ne,- by Cleft Carta111,

'!'he IItory hypothe.1zed .. atea beab wh1ch uaed uru1l11l &II the t1a.1.­

able ..tertal, The rBI w..ted to b.CIll' wh1cb ...ber ot the l!U.hattu

project bII4 been leakillg intaruUOII, Robert Heinlein'lI 1942 IItory,

"Valdo,- 1 other eX&llple at a 1I01ence fioU. precl1ct1aa, IJI th1•

• tory, a attl1cted by ..,.HthllD1a gran. den... a .yate. of leftre

and. ..chaa1cal 11Bka8-a to euble h1. to a.n1pulate objecta aroUDd h1.,

ThlI ater,y extrapolateII lIuch lID &naII«8.ent of 11.DJla6e1l to their \188 in

hud1111g zwl1caet1ft ..ter1alll. Such 11Jlllagea are used today and. are

kIlc:llrll &II -WaldOOIl.- In add1Um to the.., aol8ace fiCUClD wrttere bII4 alao be8ll taking the deftlopaeJIt ot llpace traftl tor granted Img betore

the general pub11c aIld 110118 utroaoaere bII4 IItopped regaxd1Dg it &II a

total 1.pcall1b111ty,

HCIll'eftr, the only th1Dg &R:Y'CltIe, fro. Robert He1nlein to Herun

1fabD., caR say about the future With certainty 111 that it will be d1tterent. J4 Soience fiotion wrttem do not hold a foolproof' crystal ball, any more than the lWlD COZLlO%ation dOH.

Heinlein spoke of his am pred.1oti_ in h1a article "Soience

J'1otion. Its Ifature, Faults, &lid Virtues." He stated that ""aldoss" were dertnd :rrc. a 1918 Popular Reohanica article o_:m1ng a MIl afflicted witb !IY1'sthenia gmY1s who had deY1sed lenr arranse..nts to help hbself. Heinle1n adapted the idea for a story, -1D8 his am tschnical l8olrgrouDd to depict tbe 1ndllBtrtal lI8e of suoh lenm and linkages. His story "Solution Ulleatisfactory," whicb dealt With the ilqlact of atc.1o weaJlOllll, W&8 drun froa inforation available to scien­ tists all onr the world before securtty restrtcti_ were plaoed on such 1nf'arution. Heinle1n noted tbat soience fiction's successful pro­ pheoiee were lIIIde by ..n wbo foll_ed ourrent science and teclmology and extrapolated the most likely probabUities, by those wbo ude eftClrta to depict all the poesib1lities--eoaeth1ng like betting on enry barse

1n a race, and f1nally, that the lIr1ters &lid the soientists were sOlle­ ti..s the ease people.7 ThIl8, while science fiotion writsrs have s-ua.. described future devel~ents fairly acourately, th1a should not be taken to mean that soience fiotion gins a true pioture of tOllOZ1'lll"S world. Tbe pre­ dicti_ of science fiction sbould not be taken &8 l1t8lrlll state..nts of Ifbat the shape of the future Ifill be, they should be taken &8 enter­ ta1Iling ficticnal explorati_ of poeaible future events. interesting, poeaib1e in s_ cues, and perbapll they Ifill turn out to be aoourate

7Robert A. Heinlein, "SiI1ence Fiction. Its Ifature, Faults, and Virtues," The Science notion Ifonl. I tion &lid Social Criticism (ChicagoI venti Pub shem, ,pp. -2. 35 farecasta. But they are not necesaarily true pictures of the future. Another function frequently claiaed. for science fiotien is that

it arouaes an interest in science in yomg people, this is !mom aa the

"camy-eoated. science pill" theory. AasUll1ng for the aoaent that this is true, it would be in itself a jUlltification for science fiotion's cen­

tinued existence, for heaTlly stocldng the shelves of libraries With

the works of Robert Heinlein, leaac AshOT, et. ale A literature that

could inspire an interest in science in ita readers would be incredibly

ft.l.uable in a world where science am. teohnology haft such an iapact. H(IIIIever, it does not necesllar11" work that va". The case of this author

is an exaaple. Beginning vith an interellt in science that spsnned. grade school am. high school, the author discO\'ered. science fiction during the freshuD Jf/&r of high school. Science reading fell off, am. science fiotten reading increaaed.. The author deToured as auch science fiction

as he could afford to b~, he aleo read peripheral ..ter1al, such as

criticisa of science fiotion, c_nts by science fiction vriters on

their influences, faTortte writers, etc. Science fiotion finally, through references in stories am. artioles, introduoed. the autlulr to vriters like

Borgea, Hllke, Nertda, and L(IIIIry. The annual Jtdith Merrll anthologies

incltded. stortes by people noraally regarded. as outside the field of science fiotiClll, such aa John Updike, V1l11.u Burrougbe, am. Donald Bar­ thelae.

Along this odd route into the reala of aodem literature, there vaa very little stiaulus in the direotion of science, the ccncepts that

• scienoe fiction writer uses in one of his stories haTe to be laid d(lllln in the story itaslf-unless a question is raieed. in the reader's aiOO,

or ths concept itaelf is extre..ly fascinating, vh;r should the reader )6 look outside the story at all? Once the author had begun relldlll6 in the areM ot aadem fiction and poetry, readlng in the solences _ed altogether, the -Two Cultures- schisa took ewer. At this wrtt1ll6, the author ls just beginnlng to realll11S har far beh1nd. he ls ln the area ot sclence.

Sclence fictlon probably can arouse an lnterest in sclence in readers who rate aboys ave%'&flB ln curioelty, but perhaps just as likely ls the sltuation ln Which the person already inclined tarard the sclences dritts lnto sclence fictlon because lt ls the only area or aadem litera­ ture that deals wlth sclence at all.

Ben Bova, ln his artlcle -The Rele or Sclence notlon,- notes that sclence fictlon serves the functl_ or a aadem ~hology. He states those functl_ listed by Joseph Caapbell, the aadem ~hology aust 1nduce a teel1ll6 of &1Ie, or _jesty. It aust define and uphold a syetea ot the uniYerse, shar a JllLttem that accounts tor both the

Imam and the lnooaprehenalble aspects or b_ existence. in th1Jl case the JllLttem ls so1Jmce. It aust support the social eatabllshaent, usu­ ally. nnally, lt aust serve as an eaotlonal crutob, help tbe 1ndlY1d­ ual aeet the UlI&yo1dable cr1aes or liY1ng, t1nd a place tor hi_elt in the world around hia. Bova givea his new or har solence fiction aeets those funettsull

Certalnly sclence fictlon tries to 1nduce a sel\8e of wonder about the physloal unberse and aan's am bterior private unlverse. Sclence fiction depends heanly an barn sclentific underet&lll11ng as the baIIlc underplnn1ll6 or a unlYBreal O1'der. Science flctian does not tend. to eupport a given politioal establisbllent, but on a dseper leTel lt alaost lnY&r1ably backs the baalc tenet ot Vestem clnll­ _lonl that ls, the concept that the 1ndlY1dual &aD ls worth aore than the ~lsatiOD-"'hateverlt _y be-and that nothing ls aore 1aportant than h'-D freedoa. Vhether or not sclence fictlon helps people through eaotlonal crtses ls aore dlfficult to tell, and probably the only reu.1ning test to the genre's clala to ~helog1oal stature. It ls lnterBst1ll6 J7 that sclence flctlon has a huge readereh1p uong the young, the ad­ olescents who are trylng to figure out thelr 0lIJl 1ndlv1dual places 10 the unlverse.S

Sclence ficUon can serve all the functlons of a aadem mythology, or at least three-quarters of them.

There ls a Uterary advantage to sclence flctlon. Sloce the

!'serious" navel has been for so long Ued to the here-.nd-nOlr, 1t makes certa1n types of stor1es difflcult to teU, Alexel Panab1n has noted that When Death of a Sa1eSIllUl appeared, a llUSSUCIIl was raised, was leg1­

Umate tragedy posslble 10 aadem Uaes? Psnah1n states that 1t ls pos­ slble, but lt ls slaply not coapaUble wlth the reaUsUc mode, the con­ s1deratlC11l of all the d~ls of nQX'lla1 da11y Ufe, such as jobs, MUs, and Ileals. He goss on to note that the sett1ngs of other worlds and other U ..s perfon the sue functlon for the sclence flctlon writer that the IlOors and Seacoast Bohea1a d1d for Shakespeare-they dlspenee wlth the deta118 of the here1nd-nClll. They are the sett1ngs of dxeaaa and nlghtmares, sett1ngs for tales that can get dOlrn to serious OOll81deraUCIIl of what we:L'U'B and a1ght be, that ooae to gripe wlth the darImess and glory wall at US. These settlogs clear the flctlona1 decks for actlon so that the writer can get dClllD to busloess wlthout hav1ng to worry about h1s hero's 1and1O%d or relaUYetI. 9 These sett1ngs g1VB the Wr1ter auoh

Ilore freedoa thaD he can f1nd 10 the a1..Uc novel.

Sclence fictlon ls also rega1'ded as a good aedlum for soc1&!

Stlen Bava, "The Role of Solence F1ctlon," Sclence F1cUon, Today and TOIIorrOlr, edt Reg1nald Bretnor (New York, Harper 8< ROIr, 1974), pp. 10-11.

9Alexel PaDsh1n, "A BaBl0 Sclence F1ctlon Collectlon," L1!xrary Journal, 95 (JlD1e 15, 1970), PP. 222)-2229. J8 or1tlc1s.. Solence flotlm baa produoed. soae worb of soolal or1tiols••

..eng the. Brave !!!!. World. !2§!t. an! !!!! Spe.oe IIerchaZlte. but the value ,;,' ,.I'. of sc1ence fiotlm and of literature in general should not be regaxdecl

solely ln terM of soo1al or1tiols••

AftIlur Koestler, in his essay ·The Baredoa of fantasy." states. '03 Swlft's Gulliver. Huxley's Brave In World. OfteU's IlJIetHn­ 4)t.'- nptT-rour. are great lIorb of literature 'IlecatllMl in the. the i1d­ gete of the future an:l. the cd41ties of allen worlds .erve ..rely as ;:i:J a baokgroUlld or pretext for a social .....p. III otbar wcm1a. they are literature pIlltol..1y to the extent to lIhioh they are not solence Is fiotlC111. to lIhioh they are warb of dlso1plined b'glnatiQII an:l. not of 1II1l1a1ted :rantuy.10 Ie Ue state. that .clence fictiQII can never be art became our h.glnatiClllS 113 are lia1ted, lie cannot identlfy lIith .t:mnge be1nga ln sUange ennran­ ,yJ! _teo V1thout that identificatlon ard Wllleratan:l.lng. there can be no art. Koestler 1I0uld appa1'lll1tly regud. as literature only those lIorb 'H lIh10h carry soae soclal .eeeage. or at least exclUile troa the rea1JI of .h'! literature all .00ence fiotlon whlch doe.·not u.ke SOM profoUlld social J;) ooaaent. fiil Sclenoe fiotion's role u soclal or1tic lIU tba subjeot of a "} .r, 1959 s:rapoelU11. The Solenoe rtotion lfonl. Ta.d!!!tion an! Soclal QB:.

tr-~ tlo1s.. In his essay ·The rau_ of the Sclence rtotlCl11 Royel ... Social

Criticl•••• c. II. Kornbluth polnte out that sclence fiotlon baa produced no worb of soclal or1tiol•• to equal !!!!. June;1e. 11'101e Toa's Cabin. or

Babblt. These boob changed th1D@8. Nmed people to setlon. Sclence

fiotlllD bas not. Kornbluth belteves that this ls becauee .01ence fictiCll1

l°Arthur K_tler. "The Baredoa of lI'antasy.· Sclence rtotl_. The ruture. ed. Dlck Allen (New York. Haroourt. Brace. JOftnovich. Inc•• 1971). p. ,10. 39 teDl.s to .aile people think, rather than II&ke the. want to act. The trap­ pinlll!l of the future, the alien world. that are 110 often the sett1Jlg of the .cienoe fictiOll .tory telld to auk the fact that the the.. being 11 tJ:eated in the .tory ...,. have a bearing 011. today'. world. In hi. e...,. in the .... book, Robert Bloch J*1nta out the nUII­ ber of .cience fictiOll .tor1.e. 1ft which the .ocieties of the future lIee. to operate with the aue basic attitule. aD! cultural ...uaptiOllll of twentieth century, Jdddle-elaA bllrica,12 CritiCII of .cience fictiOll froa Robert Bloch tc JClIlmI& BUll. have noted the aPJl8.ftllt failure of i_­ ginatiOll in the field 1plicated b,. this trallllplant1ng of .adem .area aDd attitules 1JIto future .oci.t1•• where they do not belClllg.

'l'h1. pre••nce of .adem attitul•• 1JI future .0000etie. i. both a goal. aDd a bad th1ng. It i. goa! becauae 1t -.lteII .ocial c_ent poaai­ bl., far a writer to II&ke a .tate.ent oODcem1Jlg 8oa. present-day prob­ le., that proble. hu to be present in hi••tory in recosntsabl. fora.

Thoa. attitule. of .ademod.,. ..-rica that •••• out of place 1JI a .ci­ ence fictiClll .tory can lea.,. the way open far .cc1al couant in the coure. of the .tory, o_t that can be jUllt .. biting .. any dOD. 1n the a1Datraa.. It ill a bad th1Dg, b~..,.r, becaua. it alllO leave. the way open for .tor1.e. in whicb thoae attitules aD! .are. are n.ver quee­ tiOlled but tabn for granted. Soienc. fiction, at itll beat, n.ver taklla any ClIle lIet of ...uaptiOllll .. given but qUIIlltiOllll the. cOlllltantly.

11e• PI. larnblutb, "Tbe Failure of the Soi.noe J'1CtiOll Nonl aa Social Criticill.," The Soienoe J'1ctiOll Ifonl, I tion aD! Social Critioill. (lh1cago. Advent. Pub illherll, , PP. •

l~obert Blocb, "Iaag1.natiOll and Pladem Social Critici••," The Science J'1ctiClll Nonl. I natiOll aDd Social Criticill. (Chicago, Advent. Publ1.herll, 9 ,pp. 07- o. 40 In the ellsay "The Boredo. of Ji'aDtasy,a Arthur Koestler has alsseel. the point of science fiction. Science fiction writing does require an act of disciplined iM«1nation. atJnl1aited fantasiA" do not get pUb­ lished_ story in which anything goes is boring. There bas to be an internal logic to a story, a pattern, and once the pattern is estab­ lished, the story oeases to be unlill1ted fantasy. Vt.t Koestler is

401ng when he says tt.t Brave !!!!. Vorld and ~ aD literatuze to the extent to which they aD not science fiotion, is saying tt.t if a book is good, it O&IIJlot be science fiotion. In stating tt.t we cannot aooept or identify with alien beings because our iM«1nations aD lialted,

Koestler bas failed to ask hi..elf. the next question i.plied by that state.ent, Presllll&bly the science fiotion lfr1ter is a huaan being, so

IIhy should the writer be able to illlll.g1ne a being so alien that identi­ fication cannot take place?

The alien beings and settings that Koestler fims too exotic to be acoepted do serve a function in science fiction, they reflect various aspects of oureel.,.s and our world. They e:mggerate one factor, and ask

"What would happen if this were so, inste-.i of that?" They contndict beliefs that we regard .. trutt., in the context of alien societies, and ask "HOIf would we react if we encountered beings who did not belie.,. the 8&IIe things we did? Could it be that their beliefs are closer to truth than our OIfn?"

Stanislaw Lea sUDlecl. this up nsatly in a paasags of his novel

Solaris, a oharacter sp8&kI!I of asn's exploration of space, his atte.pts to -.ke contact with an alien life fOXlll on the planet Solaris. "Ve don't want to conquer the cos.os•••Ve are ClII1y ..eking Man. Ve have no need of other worlds. Ve need II1rrors•••Ve are searching for an ideal 41 "13 iuge ot our c*n world. • • The busineH ot science fiction, ita function (aasUll1Dg that it should be required to have a utUitar1.an function ot s_ sort), is the uking at JI1rroft1, soienoe fiction shC*s m aapects at ourselves, ot our society. This is the tunction at any signifioailt literatura--it should tuzn all the idols upside dCJIIJI, shake up our aasUllptiona, oontra­ dict the th1.Dga we tab tor granted aDd MIca us elllUl1ne thea closely! it should griD! up all the aaCl1'lld OOllS tor haaburger.

In 1969, "The Double. Bill SyapoeiUII"'waa publishecl.. This book­ let oonta1n«l. the vi..s of a nUllber at science fiction writen aDd «I.i­ tcms concerning the state ot science fiction today. 0Jla at the quastiona

..ked was "What do you consider the raison d'lt.re, the chiet value ot soiance fiction?" An..ers rang«l traa the flippant (Daaon IQI1gbt. "nCD and aoney." Eric Frank Russell. "Doesn't have to have a value-.ny a01'll than Hollywood d08S.")14 to the serioue. Harlan Ellison _end.

I suppose the proper poapoua an..er 1&. "u a vebicle tar soc1&1 _tire, allegary, and parable". But it that's the best.e can do, than we ought to pack up our tTP"riters aDd sUently steal pay. Such vehicular qualitles sbould be side-eUeata, fillipe to the .un course, wbioh should be tha portrayal at the huun oCllll1ition. When soienoe fiction does tbis, it baa a reuon, when it doesn't, it is precisely what the cleda call it...capist fiction. I love it, ~5 the best I can c_ up with tar a reuon is. it!!., because it!!..

Ellison's _er olai.. tor soience fiction the saae value that aain­ streu literature poeseHA. the portxayal at the huun cOlldition.

13stan1SlUl Lea, So1&r1s (N.. lark. Berkley, 1971), p. 81.

14BUI Plallami and Bill BOIlers (<

15""11"'''i and BOIlers, p. 28. 42 What preclsely ls the hUllall cOlldltiOll? There ere nearly four bllllon people ln the lIorld, and therefore nearly four b11110n &IIlIlI8rs.

In Aspects of the Novel, E. Pl. Forster sald that there were five Kin facts ln h1lMll 11fel blrth, food, Bleep, love, an:! death. In his play

Callgula, Albert eaaue has the title character Slm lt up this waYI -Plen dle, an:! they ere not happy.­

So11tlJ1e? Hatred? War? Greed? Courase anc1 cOll&1'dlce? Love?

PlB1!UItreu writers have eDll1nec1 all these at one ti_ or another, so have sclence flctlon vritere. HOlIever, there ls an area of h\DIU. e:l:ls­ tence that has been largely rejected by the KiDlltreu of 11terature, an erea very .uch a part of ccateaporary 11fe an:! llhich 11111 have a great iapact on the future I the quest for lmOllledge by ~he uee of the sclentlfic _thod and the iap11catlons of that new knOllledge.

This area ls for soae reason 19nored by the a1nIItre&ll Writsrs, this erea ls the root of sclence fictlon's open-endec1ness. A8 long U there ls nell lmOllledge, there 11111 be new sclenee fictlon. Tak1ng scl­ enee ln sturgeon's seue, &8 lmOllledge rather than technology, lie reallze that new develop_nts 1n ph11osophy, soclology, psychology, an:! the other -soft sclenees- prov1d.e room for sclenee fictional speculetica.

Robert Helnleln once cWaec1 that sclenee fiction IIU the OI11y fora of 11terature capable of capturing the spirit of the .odern 1I0rld, the helldloDg rueh of never-enc11ns change.16 He spoke of technolosically oriented stori.., the type lmOll11 toc1ay U -haxd- scienee fictlon. Plany stories today ere 11/ally to have 11ttle of the scientlflc .ethod In the.,

l~Obert A. Helnleln, -Sclence Fictlcal Its Nature, Faults an:! Virtues,- The Sclence n.tlon Novell I tica uc1 Soclal Critic1B. (Ohicagol Adventl Pub11shere, 9 ,pp. 0 7. 4)

".ry 11ttle technology, but there 18 alwa18 the baa1c CCillcept, the eDll1­ nat1C11l of the worlda we could create for oursel".a, the I11ghtaarea we could br1Dg into real1t)', and the explaratiCill of wb;r we create thea.

The knOlfled.ge involved in that area is as ftl.14 a baa1s for sc1en08 f1c­ tiDD as technological knOlf1e4ge.

In eDll1D1ng this upect of the hUll&ll cllld1tiClll, science fiction treata an area that is ignored by the u.1nstreu, tells atortes that cannot be told in the fara of the lI1ast1c IIOftl.

HOIfever, the quest for nft knOlfled.ge and the enainatiCll of ita

1ap11catiOllll 1a not the onl)' aspect of the huun cDDd1tiCillI it is s1apl)' the only aspect not touched. upon by the aa1natreu. Science fiot1C11l treats this upect, but this alme 1a not enough. Science fict1m, and an)' other 11terature, is at its beat IIhen it tabs us into the a1l1ll aDd heart of another huaan being. It is capable of do1l18 this, it is capa­ ble of treating theaes involrlll8 IIhole societies, and ec1ent1f1c develop­ aents. '!!hbB. at ita best, so1en08 fictim 18 as wortb;r of attention as the best "serious" literature.

A substantial nuaber of the writers Who cCllltributed to "The

Double. Bill S;rapoa1\111" atated that the chief ftl.ue of ao1ence f1ctim is ita enterta1naent ftl.ue. Science fict1m is fun to ~, it is so11d enterta1naent. This seeas to be the czly neceseary justification for the detect1" stories, the ..ste~, the gothica, aDd aoat of the novela currentl)' e4om1118 the 11brar)' shelves and the best-seller Hsta. Should it not be enough for so1ence fictiCill u lIell? At ita lIorat, science fic­ tion 111 as poor and cl1ched. u the lIorst of any other genre. At its best, 1t is as thought-provot1ng, u a"arable, as the best of any other field of l1terature. 44

CHAPl'Ii:R 3

SCIENCE J'ICTION AND LIBRARY SELECTION AIDS

The revi_ -.gad••s .xaa1J\ed ••re Publ1.heD W••kly, Library

Journal, BookUst, am the JC1rkua Bevi_. The I1rkua B.vin ... exa­

lI1ned for science ficUm title. reviewed durillg the penod 1969-731

i.sues for the penod 1965-68 ••re not availabl.. The otheD were

.xall1ned for the penod 1965-73.

In the nUllber of .ci.... f~cticm titl.. revi..ed, Publ1.heD

We.kly ...rges as the lead.r in thi. area for on. re..onl Publi.heD

W••kly rertew. paperbackll. Th. ~D tab not. of paperbacka only CD

rare OCcaaiCD. Since .uch sci.nee fiotion appeare .. or1g1D&1 paper­

back ..t.nal, it i .....nUal that ccml:raga of scienc. fiCUCD tab paperbackll into account. In ign.or1ng paperbackll, Library J oumal, Book­ l1st and the JC1rkua B.rt.. have s.noUIIly UBited their UII.fuln••s to the librarian ••l.cting in thi. area.

During the penod 1972 and 1973, Publi.hen W••kly revi..ed 179 science fictim titl.., Lib1'!rl Journal rert..ed 95. The Kirkua Bert..

Ccmlred 135 Utl.s and Bockli.t rert..ed 62 .cienee ficticm titl.. (Thre.

inue. of Bookli.t trOll thi. penod ••re Bining, hClll.ver, it ••••• fair­ lyaccurate to ••ti.t. a total of, at .oat, 85 .cienc. fiction titl•• reviewed). Dur1ng thi..... penod, Publi.heD W••kly gave forty n.ga­ the rert... to sci.nee fiction title., about 22lC of the total DUllber

of rert.... Book11.t pr1nt. no n.gativ. rert..., this __in. pr1nta review. of rec_nded title. only. Th. K1rkua B.rt.. ran 18 n.gative 45 reviews, llC of its total nuaber of sc1enoe f1et1C1ll rev1ewe. LibrarY

Journal gave negative reviews to 22 science f1ctiClll titles, 2lC of its total. The nUllbere of negative reviews 1nd1cat. only def1nite negative revi...--th.,. do not inclule reviews which d&Im with faint prais., or thOlle which do not state _ wa,. or the other whether the book is recOll­

..nded. The total nUllbere of reviews run by theae MgaIlines do not re- fleet science f1et1011 titles listed &II jUYell1.1es.

ane of the interesting things about the negative reviews given by these MgaIl1nes during the penal 1972 and 1973 is the accla1a With which SOlIe of these titles "ere peted b,. the readere and wrttere. Publishers Weekly gave negative renews to Isaac Ae1aaY's I!!!. Q!!!:!. Tbea­ e.lvea (Hugo and Nebula "inn.r), Barry II&lllberg's Beyond Apollo (John

W. CaIIpbell award-Best SJI' Newel of 1972), Robert Silverberg's Dying

Inside (Hugo and N.bula noaln.e, John W. Caapbell special pard for ex­ cellence in wrtting), Gen. Wolfe's -The Fifth ---Heed of Cerberua (Hugo and Nebula nOll1nee), J olm Brunner's !!!!. Sheep ~ 11:2, and Barry !Ialsberg's Herov1t's World. Of thess titles, LibrarY Journal gave negative reviews to Th.

Fifth ~ !d. Cerberus, Dying IlUIide, and H.rov1t's World. Tbe Go'Ie

The.elves W&ll soaewhat aab1valently reviewed. I!!!. Sheep Look .:!:!:2 "&II favcml.bly received. No notice W&ll given to Beyond Apollo.

The K1rkua Review ra.pped The Q!!!:!. The.elvee and Dying IlUIide, and gave favcml.ble reviews to I!!!. Fifth H" of Cerberua, !!!!. Sheep ~ !!!' Beyond Apollo, and Herov1t's World.

Bookl1st reviewed Th. ~ Tl\ltJadlves, !h!. Sheep Look !!:2, and Herortt 's !!.!!E:!!. The others ".re not noted.

Since 1965, L1b!'arY Journal baa aanaged to give n.gat1ve reviews 4.6 to a nWlber of iII.portant science fiction titlesl these include the fol­

10lfing. Harlan Ellison's Alone Apinst TOIIorrar (one of the few hanl. cover collectiOllJl of his storin), Brian Aldin' Barefoot .!!! !!!! Head, Tha.aa Disch's aa.p Concentration (Nebula noainatian declined by the author), Noru.n 5pinrad.'s ~ Jack Barron (Hugo and Nebula nOllinee),

Roger Zeluny's Lom of Light (Hugo winner), Harry Harrison's !!ake !2!:!!.! !!ake Roo.l (bailie for the filII. SOllent Green), SllYerberg's Dying Inllide,

WoUe's ~ rUth Head. ~ Cerberue, and Ma.1Bberg's Herorlt'e World.

Kirkue hu done about the same, rapping Larry Il1YeD'e ! Gift fro. Earth, lI'r1.tlPl Leiber's The Wanderer (Hugo VinDer) , Philip Joee Jl'arlRer's

~!!!!!! Scattered Bodin ~ (Hugo Winner), SllYerbllrg'e Dying IJUl1de and

TllIler ~ Glaas, Asi.av's !!!!. ~ TheaeelYes and The Early Alliaav,

George Alec Effinger's What EntropY Means ~!!!. (Ilebule nOllinee). several of DaII.on Knight's Orbit anthologies, and capped all this with a favorable review of a collection by Roger Zelazny, The Doore ~ !!!!. hce. the T.mpe of His !'Iouth !:!!!!. other StoriesI that review called four of the II.ore con­ ventional storiee in the book "extraom1Dar;y" and coapletely ignored three II.orlng and pOlferful stories included in that book, two of which helped ..!at Zelasny a ..jor naae in the field.

Aabivalent reviews were giYen by Publishers Weekly to Gore Vidal's

Meniah, Gomon DickBon's Soldier, ~ !!!!l (HugO Winner in shorter Yer­

Ilion), Zelany's Lom ~ Light, Jaan Sch.its's The Witches ~ K&rree,

Larry 111Yen's Ileutron star, Judith !'Ientl's anthology Eng] and Swings ~ (atrociOUlS title, but an iaportant collection that introduced the II.ore avant-game English science fiction to Aaerioan readers), Kate Wllhel..' s

!h!. DOlfIl8ta1rs ROOJI, John Brunner's Stand ~ Z&nsibar (Hugo winner, Ileb­ ula noainee), lJrIIula Le Guin' e ------The Left II88i of Darknnll (Hugo and Nebula 47 wiMer), and Clifford Siaak'a !!!!. Goblin Reservation (Hugo nOll1nee), to

DaIle a fn.

All thia ia not to allY that theae ugallinea are valuellllla &II aelection aida in acience fiction--a good deal of higb-quality acience fiction haB been recOlUleDded by theae ugazinea. Publiahers Veekly ia a good eD.llple here. Aaong the books favorably revined by thia aga­ zill.e fi'oa 1965-73 arel Vonnagut's Cat's cradle, John BZ'IIIIller'a !!!!.

Squares ~ !!!! City, Burgeaa' ! Clockwork Orange, Daniel le)'llll' J'lCllers far !lgemCD, Piers Anthony'a Chthon, Harlan ElliaCll.'a D!I'1fI!roUII Visions

&Il.thologiea, Michael Mocroock'a Behold !h!. ~, and a Il.uaber of others.

Library Journal, X1rkUB Revin, and Bookliat also recOllllend a good deal of quality aaterial.

HClfever, it auat be noted that these revin aagaa1Des leave gaps.

They fioequently give unfavorable revins to titlea that are of high quali­ ty, or aiaply do not revin thea at all. Even Publiabera Veekly, with i tI!I large nuaber of revina of acience fiction titlea, puaea over a maher of titlea, particularly titlea pUblished by Ace Books. Relative­ ly fn titles :trOll thia iaporta:At pUblisher of acience fiction are noted in the paperback aectiCD of Publlllhen Veekly. Since 1965, caly 38 Ace titlea have been revined here. Ncne of Saatwl Delany'a early nevela, incll.diM hia two Nebula will1lllra, were noted. Roger Zelaany'a two award wiMing Il.evela and hia fint ahort atory collection went mmoticed. Moat of the revina of Ace titlea went to the excenell.t aeriea of Soience Fic­ tion Speciala, thia aeriea eDded in 1971. Since then, little notice haB been given to Ace titlea in Publiaben Veekly. B:arly nevela by Gordon

Eklllllll have not been aentioned I Il.nao...r Doria Piaerchia'a Miater Juatice received no revin. Barry PIalzberg'a two novela and two ahort ataxy 48 oollectlCl1111 were IIJd.pped. over.

Pub11l1hers Weekly givell falrly good paper'-ck coverage--lt& 11l1t­ ings far Ballantine, Bantu, Avon, and DAW Bocks tab ln a good n1lllber of their tttlell. HCIlfe".r, Publillhers Weekly IIl.ply dOllIl not haYS the llpace to gi". full coverage to thill neld or any other &II far &II paper­ backs are conClllll1ed. The PplI that are lett ...y tum out to be large anell. The PplI take In novelll and IIhort IItory collectlCl1111 by ...jor writers of the neld lIuch &II Phi11p X. Dick, Harlan El11l1on, Robert 811­ verberg, Jack Vance, J. G. Ballard, and relatlve nncfters 11ke David aerrold and Dean R. Koonts.

Ear11er, tltlell that had reOlllved unfavorable revi..s !rca Pub­ lillhers Weekly were 11sted. thOlle tltlell were only for the period 1972 and 1973. Ot.hers II1nce 1965 that received nepUve revinll incll.ded

Harry Harr1l1on'lI Make R_I Make Rooal, 811verberg'lI Thorne (Hugo noal­ nee), Joanna. RUllII' Picnic .!!!! P&ndll1. (Iebula noa1nee), V1leOl!l Tucker'lI Year !! i!!!. Quiet Sun (Iebula noalnllll), 811verberg's ! !!!!. of Chanf5!11

(Nllbula winner), and Barry Malsherg'lI U111vene Day (whioh exeap11nes hill .tortell dlla11q vith space travel, CIIIe of the aOllt laportant and reprellent&ttve of Malzherg'lI books). Theil. are ...jar titlell, by .0" of the neld'lI .000t lIIportant writers. It ls ham to lIee the re&ll0Il for thelle reactlonll to the•• bocks.

Pub11l1hers We.kly hall IIhown ln the put, after all, that it 111 not hOll­ t11e to UI1caYentlO1D&l vork, thill 111 proven by the favorable revlewll of

Cnp COI1011ntratlG1l, 5 Jack Barron, and the DangeroUII Vllllona antholo­ giell.

The revlew of Unlverse Day took exceptlon to the bock'lI bltter and cynical lllant. The review of Thorns, ln full, fo11C1lfIlI 49 The eetting ill the earth, a 10Dg tiae in the future, in thia nn' novel by a wen known wrtter of Ilcience fietioa, The villain ill a II&IlIl aedia aogul. who baa Mde a fortune paDder1ng to the public'll taste far the vicar10Ull enjoyaent of the pain of etheDl. SIlIUlltll will enjllJ the Iltory all w111 people who llke lengthy deecrtpti­ of Ilurgern aedical atuiente will prcbably f1Dd it hilar1ol.8. 7

Rear the opening of the book there i. a Ileetion of two-aDd-one­ half pagee in whioh astronaut Minner Burri. i. Ilubjected to Ilurgical ex­ pertaente on an allen planet. Phlllically altered, he retunus to Eartb, hia difficulty in accepting hill n.. fora aakell hia vulnerable to the above-aentioned aogul., Duncan Chalk. Chalk -.nipulat.. Burrill and LCII&

Kelvin into a delltructive love-lata relationship net to aake a_y, but to 11tarally feed 011 their pain. They overcOlle Chalk in the end by learn­ ing tc accept the.elvell, by learning to accept and love each ether,

They lave learned fToII their pain,

"Lengthy deacrtptions of Ilurgery" are nowbere to be fod, aIld it ia ha1d to eee why Mdiatll would enje:r and aedical Iltuientll find hi­ lar101.8 a Royel dealing witb tbe attaapt of two people to coae to teras with the.al\'811 and each other.

The outlltanding enapla of unjUlltified roasting of a eoience fic­ tion title by theea u.gar;inell ill the treataant siYeD to another S11ver­ berg novel, Dying !allide,

Dying Iuide Wall revined by PubllllheDl Weekly, Librar;r Journal, and the X1rkuB Ravin, Bookliat did aot revin it, indicating tlat it wall not recOllaen4ed far purcbaae, Tha novel received De fayorable re­ vinll, the revin in Librar;r Journal Wall the aoat &lSgw,tin,

Dying Iuide conceme David Sellg, a -.n born with the ab11ity to relll1 the aindll of thClle aroUJd hia, Rather than vining the power

17PubllaheDl Weekly, 192 (July 10, 1967) p. 188. 50

.. a gift, selig 8ees it &8 a C\l1'lle-he can feel noth1ng but guilt for

Ms ab1l1ty to "apy" em othem. HOIIever, it 18 a poIIIlr he caDnot help

1181ng, any Ilore than a n01'll&1 person could help 1181ng M8 !lands. H1s pOller an:l. Ms guilt shape Ma an:l. aold h18 atUt1J1es tOllam Maaelf an:l. others, ult1_tely _Id.ng it 1.poss1ble for h1a to ach1eve any Id.nd of n01'll&1 relat10nsMp with other people. In Ms forti.., he baa no close

Mend8' he aakea a Ileager liY1ng ghostwrlUng tera papers for Co11lllb1a

8t1J1ents. The pOller that ahaped h1s life 18 gradually fad.1ng aq. He baa alwa)'B hated it, ~ he knOllS that it is the one rsal contaot he baa ever had lf1th others. Ult1_tely, the death of the pOIIer aakes 1t pos­ sible for h1m to beg1n life &8 a noraal huaan beine:, to accept Muelf an:l. reach out to other people.

The L1!lrary Journal revin, in full, follOllSI

A streaJl-of-eonsc1ousne8S narrathe of "gifted" a1ddle~ 1n­ tellect~ David Selig, whoae ability to read the thoughts of others is slOllly but 1neluctably dying Pay. P'lashbacks to he puberty an:l. college da)'lS, interspersed with accounts of Me life .. a tera paper ghost-wrtter for et1J1ents at Coluab1a University, reveal Selig .. an introvert, a lur1d an:l. pu111. voyeur of the ecstasy and SD1TOll in the liftll around h1a. selig's "gift" is a c\I1'lIe, h1s tool for self­ d-..naUon. "AlII I such trash?" wonders Selig. Yes, and the voyage through Me warped, aorb1d, sp1teM soul aaks8 the book depress1ng enterta1nllent at best. Explicit accounts of sleuy sex give tMs book an X rating. L1ke Selig, Sllverberg's latest novel is "dyin~8 inside." --Robb1n Ahrold, Tiae-L1fe cable Coaaun1caUons, B.Y.

!"rOIl Publishers Weekly, Drtng Inside elicits the follOlline: I

JU8t turned 41, David Selig is facing the loss of supem01'll&1 pOllers that he had taken for granted aost of M8 life. He had the gift of read.1ng people's a1nde at Will, not just sldn1ng the eur­ face, but probing deeply. Instllad of explo1Ung Ms pOIlUS, David drifted through life 011 the fringes of acad.eaia, enjoying second­ hand thrille by turnine: on the sex lives of others, never able to enjoy eaotional fulfillaent on Ms OlIn. NOlI he survives by ghost­ Writing tera papers for Coluab1a undergraduates. As he feele h1s

18L1brary Journal, 98 (January 15, 1973) p. 183. 51

clairvoyant forces waning, he relives his life and his sp.oiled love affaire, trying to figure out where he went wraag. Silverberg seeu to be taldng a giant step from his usual fantasy novels to 1I&1n­ streall fiction. :But his anti-hero is so vacillating and ineffectusl that it is difficult to sYJIpathize With hia ... he has just about ~ it in the typical grCllring-up-Jewish-in-New York school of fiction. 9

From the KirkUB Review,

What's dying inside of David Selig--4Jeedy aetropolitan neurotic, fortyish, who tailore tem papere for his student cl1ents--is his pCIlrer to penetrate minds.

When the collections of the ten Chicago area libraries were exa­ mined for science fiction titles, it was found that not one library OIfned this book. This is not surprising.

Dying Inside was nominated for all three science fiction awardsl the Hugo, the Nebula, and the new John W. Caapbell aeaorial award. Al­ though it won none of these awards, the CII.Ilpbell pard cOll&1.ttee llIIve

Dying Inside., special award for excellence in writing. It received favorable reyiews in AnalOflj end !!!!. Magazine of Fantasy!!!!!. Science .!!!.2.­ tion. In the latter, Joanna Russ said, "

The reviews of this book in library selection aids will be con­

19Fublishers Weekly, 202 (october 9. 1972).p. 106.

ZOKirkuB Review, 40 (octobft 1, 1972) p. 1165.

21The Jt!ae:uine 2!. Fantasy!!!!!. Science Piction, 45 (July, 1973), pp. 70-71 52 sldered in order of descendlng quality. The I1rkus Review says that

Mauch of the tel\lllon and excitellent of Sllverberg's other work has gone

under." The book ls "slOll'." This ls K1rkus' chief gripe. lt ls, ln

fact, perhaps the only unforgivable sln an author can oOlllllt In twentleth

century popular AIIerican literature--to be short on tenslon and exclte­

aent, to be "slOll'." AesUll1ng that by tenslon, exclte..nt, and fast pace,

the nrkus Review refers to a swlft actlon story, lt le obvioll8 that the

reviewer slllply doss not reali88 that tenslon, exclte..nt, and fan pace

are not appropriate for e.,.,r,' star,'. They would certainly have been in­

approprlate for Dying IMide. A revillll'er who cannot see that the.. and

sUbjeot utter are detel'llinante of·ennts and writing style in a ncwsl

has no btl81ness reviewlng books.

PublishU"e Veekly says that Silverberg's "antl-hero ls so vaoil­

lating and lne«ecttal that 1t ls dlff10ult to syapathize wlth hia as he

bas just about had lt ln the typlcal grGIring-up-Jewlsh-in-lI_ York school

of fiction." J'1ret, Dying Inside ls not typlcal grOlfing-up-Jewlsh-ln­

New York fictlon. The fact that Selig ls JllIl'lsh ls not treated as the

doll1nant force in shaplng hls characterI rather, 1t underecOJ:es, eapha­

Sl88S Selig's apartnesa-1Dd that apartne.. ls the result of his tele­

pathic pOll'er, not his ancestr,'. Second, why ls lt dlffioult to syapa­

thize wlth Selig? Because he ls vacillating and lneffectual? Davld

Selig ls the charaoter he had to be, shaped by his "gift." A charaoter wlth Selig's background would not be the oOllpetent-un type of hero

found In the worlas of Robert Heinleln. He would be nailed, unatable,

introverted. Certainly, Selig oould have said to hiuelf at any polnt

ln his life that he would stop torturing and pitying hiuelf. llut he did not. Does this lI&D the oharacter unworthy of reader syapathy? 53 Most people are vac11latlng and lnet1'.ctual. W. go through our 11Y.s wlth a huge n\lllber of people we never told ot1', wlth shortcoUnga that we blu. on ourselYes or on circuaatances, reallr;ing what w. could be-­ and are not. These thinga w.lgh us dlllfn &IS long .... 11..... rew of us

.....r find the courage to tbrlllf ot1' that burd.nl 1f •• do not .xpect that k1nd of oourage f'roIt a real hUlUJl belng, why should w••xpect 1t !rea a flctional oharact.r? It ls p0881bl. that these renn.rs .xpect .scape of seae sort wh.n th.y read a nO'l.l, that they f ••l the cban.oters sbould be the oeapet.nt II&It type. This is a li.ltat10n that sbould not be 1.­ posed on any area of literature. Would the Publishers ' ••kly renew.r rather fit all fictlonal characters lnto the 1I&Il••old so that tb.y would all be dytl&lllc and d.ol81....? can anybody lugin. a d.cls1.... !IalI­ let?

P':l.nally, there ls Llbrary JOU%D&1's renew. Thls cae alaost has to be gone O'I8r lin.-by-line for a full re....latlon of lts slopplnese.

It w111 sumce to say that Abrald's c_nts re....al that be has not carefully read. the book. ror ane thing, s.x in a Si1Y.rberg n0'l81 is ne....r "sl.ar;y." It ls an lndicator of the proc.ss of camaunlcatlan (or of 1ts brealallllfn), of contact betw.en people, of the qusst for unlty-­ ca. of S11yerberg's buic the••s. rar another, the only thing that ls really oouunlcated by this rertew 18 that Abrold, the renn.r, dlslikes th. oharact.r David S.Ug. The 1I&Il. holdJl true of the PubU8hers ' ••kly renw. In Llbr!J:'Y Journal, S.Ug ls clescribed .. "lurid." That i8 quit. a strong word, ••anlng "causing horror or rsvulslon." Its us. here, even &lSSua1ng it to be true, and the .valuation of DAng Insid. on the buls of the review.r's dislike of the protagOllist ls an .xaJI­ pl. of a cardinal sin of book reviewing. 54 No book can be juiged by whether or not 1te p1'Otagonl8t 18 like­

able or adalrable. Flct1en 1s full of characters who would be 1ntolera­

ble after five alnutes of exposure to thea. The ane that cOlles to 11101

1uedlately 18 SUlly Glick In Buid Schulberg's What Malats S&I!I!Y ID!!1

Schulberg's novel ls a powerful one, a good one. Is Gliok's character

a polnt agalnst tb1s novel? No, 1t ls notl the novella what It ls be­

ea,.e of the unBcrupulo1l!l aaora1 character of Glick. II:ven though the

story 1s told by a narrator who views Glick w1th d1staste, Suay Glick

ls the focus.

What COtmte In a novel ls not whether the characters are llkllablel

what ...tters ls iohe way the characters are handled. Are they CClll81stent?

Do they act u such people would act? Are they appropriate for the

theae ani the story? In Dying me1de, the answers to those qUIIBtlons

are yes, yes, ani yes.

J':1nally, David Selig ls not "trash." He ls a charaoter in nux,

tmdergolng a profOUlld change and try:\.JIg to cope with 1tl at the end of

the novel, he f1nally beg1n.B to cOIle to teras wlth life aDd w1th b1a­ self. If tb1s ...1at8 Selig trash, the. there ls not a hUIU.JI belDg in

the world who ls not trash. Presu.ably, we would all recelve negative

revilJlf8 trOll LibrarY Journal.

It would be tmreallsUc to expect the selectlon aids to give

cOllplete coverage to tb18 f1eld of wrlUDg. The aagazlne8 do not have

the space to revlew everytb1ng that COlles out In any partlcular area,

let alene Bclence fictlen. HClIrever, 1t ls not tmfalr to expect trOll the

people who review Bclence f1ctlon an acquaintance wlth work that has

gane before ani a faa1liar1ty with the f1eld u 1t IB today. It 18 not

tmfair to expect from thea a realluUon that sclence flcUan can be 55 senom, that rell4ers of so1ence ficUan are nat necessarily 'bra1n.....·8!' cues. It is nat unt'a1r to expect thea to realise that science fict1011 does nat dependsoldy 011 the presence of aliens, t1.. uchines, or fu­ turist1c settinsa.

EYen the fayarable reYiews ginn at t1aes indicate a lack of parene.,. of what baa been going on in science fiCUOIl, 1Jl111cate an att1tme t_am science ficUon relI4ers that is nat ""'r1 high.

In a coaaent on the paperback ed1t1an of Harlan Ell1san's antho­ logy, Ap.1n. D&DfI!rcus V151ane, Publishers Weekly statee, 'Ellieon'e antholcg1ee are eseenUal to any library of the @'III%'e, lIIld aaD liTely rell41ng for nan-af1c1ana4oa Who saaeU_s like to zero in OIl what the epace nuts are up to.,22 In reviewing the collecUm of ecolcg1cal d1aaater storiee, SaYing Worlde, edited by Roger nwoo1 lIIld Virginia Kidd, Publishers Weekly _ye, 'Depreea1ng•••no pos1Un eolut1ane are offered. Soae etoriee Clll.ly barely qualify Ul sf, and 1ntereet1ngly, those which d_hich have bona fide aliena or eo.. euch in thea-aaD the beet re1l41ng.,23 In the reYiew of DaYid Gerrcl.d'e 1973 noyel !!!!. !!!!!. l!!!2 Folded Hi.elf, Publiehers Weekly _ye that 'After relI41ng this CIlIe, U .. uchine add1cte will n.....r be..qll1te able to look at the _get

&8&1n Ul • e1aple plaything.,24

The tera 'epace nute' 1e derosatory, whether it 1e inteJll1ed to

2~bliehers Weekly, 204 (Auguet ~, 1973), P. 285.

23Publ!ll hers Weekly, 203 (ky 28, 1973), p. 36.

24 Publ1ehers Weekly, 202 (Deceaber 11, 1972), p. :34. 56 be or not, As to BcienOB fiction being indicated. by "bcaa fide alieu or BOlle Buch" (whatever SbB Buch iB--lt will be tabn to sean future settings, tin uchineB, etc,), the nuaber or Bcienoe fiction storieB which do not inclul.e theBe elesentB would probably Btagaer thiB reviewer,

AlBC, the reviewer BtateB that the Bcience fiction storieB are, "inter­ estingly," the beBt reming, Why Bhould that fact be BO intereBting?

Perhape the reviner is not accustOlled. to viewing Bcienoe fiotion as goo1 reading, The id.. that tille uchin__ addicts have been vining the device as a slaple plaything is SurpriBing, No devout reder of tise travel BtorieB iB likely to have BiBSeel WellB' ---The Tise Machine (1895), Ray Bradbury'B "It. Solllld of Thllllder" (1952), Fritz Leiber'B !!!!. Big .TI:!.!.

(1958), Robert Silverberg'B ~ the 1!!!! (1969) and Halflalbill Station

(1967), or MlohUl !'Ioareock'B ":Behold. the !'Ian" (1967), among othere.

It has been a long tin Bince Bcience fiction readere oould view the tlae uohine as a Blaple plaything, To:t1nd thiB Btatesent, then, in a review of a 1973 novel iB to find the wordB of a reviewer who 1a a~nt­

11' UDha1liar with the field. he is disCllBBing,

The final abBur4ity is in the PubliBhers Weekly revi_ of ThOMB H. DiBch'B nn novel, 1J!t. The revi_ BtatBBI "DiBch uy have done what aany Bald couldn't be done--vritten a Bcience fiction novel that warks out as a very good novel, ,,25 bong the Bcience fiction novels that work out as very good novelB arel Theodore Sturgeon'B ~ Than H1Dl&D (1953), AlgiB Bul.rye' Bogue !'loon (1960), Walter Miller's! Canticle !2!: Leibow­ itz (1959), Orwell's i984 (1949), Bradbury'B Fahrenheit 451 (1953), Philip

K, Dick'B '!'he ~ in the High Cutle (1962), Daniel KeyeB' FlOlfers for

25PubliBhere Weekly, 205 (January 7, 1974), p, 56. 57

Alfl!mon (1966), severo of Vonnegut's novels, Clarke's Childhood's ~

(1953), an:!. a nUllber of others. The list is a fairly long one. To II&Y that sOlleone _Y (bplying that, then ae-in, he _y not) have written a science fiction novel that worlal out as a good novel bpliH that no OIIe has done so before. The revi..er should knOll better, even if the "lIl&JIy" he refers to do not.

It should be noted that this discussion of soience fiction revi..­ ing has COll~ the rec_ndaticns of the library selection aids to titles that have received or been nOllinated fer awuds in the field.

Awazds are essentially populartty CClllteSts, the awud is not necessarily given to the best book, but to the· book on which c_eMIlIS can be reached. The Hugo awud is given by the re~ers, who yote fer their choice for the year's best book. The Nebula is given by the Science Fic­ tion Writers of Aaerica. Beolal o_idered for the John W. Cupbell awud are noainated by their publishers an:!. yoted on by a cODitwe. In each case, cOllsensUlS is necessary. on the whole, the choices have been good ones, but there have been lapses. They'd Rather Be Right, the 1955 Hugo

Winner, is nOlI forgotten. Two of Kurt VClllDegut's nGnls, The Sirens ~

Titan and eat's Cradle, should have won HugOll but did not. Barr1 Malz­ berg, whOlle Beycmd Apolle received the ea.pbell awud fer best novel of

1972, has stated that Silverberg's Dl1De; Inside should have taken all the science fictiOll awuds fer that year.26

While evaluating the perfcranoe of review aae-sines ae:-1nst the results of popularity polls is perhaps not the best way to eval1l&te, it

BUISt be realised that there is a sort of validity for the ..thod. This

2~ If. l!alrlberg, "Robert SilYllrberg," !!!!. Mapz1ne ~ Fantasy !!!!. Science Fiction, 46 (April, 1974), p. 71. 58 n.l1dit:r spr1.nge f'roIl the tact that there are two basic ph110l!l0ph1es of selection of 11brar;r _ter1als.

~ce about the second, the l1brarian who operates totall:r by' this selectiem theery sets his 0lI1l bel1ef'll of what people should read up as the standard. To operate totall:r upon the first aeans stocJdn« the

11brar;r shelns pr:I.aar1l:r with best sellers, fflttl l1brar1ea, if an:r, ignore the first phileaoph;r. This expla11111 the presence 111 un:r 11brar;r shelns of Valley.!! the Dolla, !!!!!. Stm, and othere. The .electien pol1cin of aOllt 11brar1es are apt to be an aaalllU of these two basic ph110l!lophies.

The beat seller lists indicate a consensus of the natill1's read­ ers. The Huge aDd Nebula awards in1icate a cona_us of science fiction readers am. writers. The presence of a book ClIl the best seller list is orten justification enough for a 11brar;r to purchase it. The Hugo aDd

IIebula winners and nonnees are the science fictie equivalent. These rev1f1tt1 aagazines do not have enough space to cover science fiction full:r. Hwenr, it would net take nr:r auch space to siapl:r l1at the neainees fflr these ....ards. This could be done by' clllltaoting the Science

P'1ction Writers of ,uerica, aDd by' wriUng te the World Science P'1ction

Cmnnti., C_ittee. If the selectim aids were te do thill, the:r weuld greatly increase their usefulnellll in the area of scienoe fiction.

Sources ef Science Fiction Criticism

Since the lltandud 11brar;r selection aids do not oover science ficticm fully, or intelligently at ti..s, the l1brarian Who selects sci­ ence fiction titlell must go to other 1I0urceS for reviflttls and for back­ grould infClrll&tiQll if he ill nct already fu1liar with the field. 59 The shelf of crtUcal literature dealing wlth Belenee fictlon ls

a relaUvely suJ.l OI1e. llookB that the librar.l.an (or anyone elBe, far

that IIII.tter) seeking a backgrouDd in BClenee fictlll11 would. find Iloet

llBefu1 are the fo11ll111ngl Sclenoe nctloo Handbook, by L. Sprague de

CUp, 1a Search !! Wonder, by DIUIIlI1 Knight, The Science nctlll11 Novell

I!aginaUon !!!!. SooW CrtUC1111l' !!!. ~ of .!!!ll' by K1lI8IIley Anll'

Solence nctlon. Today IIJId TOIIarrllII, edlted by Reg1nald Bretnor, ~

111111011 Year Spree, by Br1an Wlsll, The ll1al1ll !i !!!!:!!! IIJId More 1118111111

!i HalId, by JIUI.. lllish.

AlA1B8' book 18 a recent hi8tory of the field, taJdng Mary Shel­

ley'8 F1'ankenatein B8 II 8tart1ng PQ1nt. The de CaIIp book 1ncllJ1e8 II

h1atory of 8cience fictlon traclng 1t back to 1til anclent Greek or1ginB I th1a book alBo incllJ1e8 brief cr1tlcal 8ketcbea of eighteen proII1nent

801ence flotlen wrlters of the 19)08, 408 and 50s. !!!! Sclence nctloo

Novel, N... !!!l!!. !! .!!!ll, aD! the Bretnor book are cr1Ucal exu1naUClI18

of 801ence ficUOI1. The Sclence ncUon Novel fooua.. an the field aa a lledlUJ1 of 8001al crttlc1Bll. The An8 book ls the first crlUcal 8tlJ1y

of BClenee fictloo by 801111011e who 111 not connected with the field (at leaat, he was not at the tlM he wrote 1t). Though QIIe can argue with the Ans book, wlth sOlIe of lt8 flat 8tatellentll aD! lt11 empba818 IlI1 the

IIOCW crttlc1B1l aapeot of sclence fiotlan, 1t 111 an 1nforllll.tlve 8tlJ1y.

Sclenoe nctlO1l. Today!!!!. TOIIorrllll 18 II oollectloo of e8BayS OIl varloll8 aapect8 of the field, &liang thell are Ben llova'lI "The Role of Sclence nctlan," Theodore sturgeon's "Solenee nctlO11, Morels, aD! Religion," and "Sclenoe nctlon, N... Trends and Old," by Alexel IIJId Cory PanIlb1n.

Freder1k Pohl offers a view of the publillbt.ng of IIclence fioUen aD! the ecanOll1ca inVolved, and JBek VlllilUl8en eXlUl1nes the current wave of 60 college courses on science fiction.

The Knight and the BUsh boob consist largely of revins, but the revins do not stop with plot SUllll&ry or stateante lib "I oouJ.dn't put it dCllfn." These boob helped set the standud for criticisJl of the field by insisting that soience fictim shouJ.d be intelligently written.

In .s.dition to giving baokgroUDd infonation, these boekB can also be

UIIed u retrospective selectim aids, partioularly the Knight book.

BUsh's More Issues at Hand includes a long chapter, "lIaId.ng Waves," OIl the changes that took place in scienoe fiction in the 1I1cl.-19608 and an eX&Jdnation of a nuaber of the writers who be_ prOll1nent during that tille, such as Harlan ElUsm, Brian Aldi88, and J. G. Ballud.

Tvo boob by Su MoekCllfitz shouJ.d be .entioned here I Explorers of !!:!!. Inf1n1te and Seekers of TOIIarrCllf. These boob are biographical and bibliographical sketohes of a nUllber of science fiotion writers.

The first oovers earUer writers, ending with Stanley Weinbaua, who died in 1936. The second oovers writers such u HeWein, AeiIlOV, Bndbury and Sturgeon, the writers who becue proldnent in the 19408 and 19508.

While the boUe lI&y be of s.e use, it .ust be noted that a number of writers including Jues BUsh, Duon Knight, P. Sohuyler Miller, and

Harry Harrism, have pointed out flI.uJ.ty oritical .ethode and factual inacouracies in MoekCllfitz' works.

In .s.ditiClll to the books noted above, critical uterial also appeare in a number of u.g&Ilines, chief uong these are Extrapolation, e4ited by ThOllU Claresen, and Riverside Quarterly. Both include critic­ al articles and book reviews. Extrapolation baa also printlld eectione of iJlportant critical worb, including Aldi88' The Billion I!!!: Spree,

Alexsi Pansh1n's tftt.hon1ng study, The World Beyond the Hill, and Jack 61 VllU&IIlSen's &. Q.s. Vdls! Critic !f Propss, ExtrapelatiCllll's editer,

ThUll.l!l ClaresCllll, has uo.bled • book .r critical articles, §!!. The

other ~ !!. Reali... Many ef the article. are fro BxtrapelatiGll, though other aagasine. are repre.ented.

In recent yeare, .tuUe. of individual writera have begun te

.ppear. Alexei Panahin's Heinlein in Diaenaiun wu the tirat full length

critical werk dev8ted to ••ingle .cience fictien writer. The -Vritera

fer the 70s- .eries fro. Varner Paperbacks devoted a vel.uae te Kurt VGIl­

negut, Jr. Richard Lupef'f wrote a beek length .tlJ1y .r l!ldga1\ Rioe Bur­

roughs titled &Ser ~ Burn.! !WIter !!. Adventure, The critical seurces give the Ubrarian a background in the

hi.hry and gr.th .r science fiction, they provide hi. with the _.

of _jor writera and acquaint hi. with the field'. cludc titlo•• Nerally, h.over, tho Ubrarian noed. a .ourco of inferaati. about n"

titlo.. For revi... that cner .cionco fictien intell1.(pUltly, the be.t

.eurcos are tho scionce fiction ug&lIiaos. Analos'. reviews are uinly

plot stllllMr1ss, but P. Schuylor Mllor al.o USU the award w1nnora lIlId

aOll1noos in hi. calUJIDII. The 8thor ug&lIines do net, thUll, UDlo.s the

Ubrari.,. bec.o. a .e.ber of each Vorld Scienco nctic ConvontiOll, ~­ 1!s. .is partioularly valuablo u a .oloction aid. Thoeden sturgeon re­ view. beeks fer GalaxY' though the revi... hore so..ti.e. lean t.ard plot suuary, sturgeon digs deoper thm'l !liller does, frequently injocting

a goed doal ef genuine crttici.. into t1le review.. Fantasy &lid Science

notien's revi... are written by a Duaber ef peeple, uong the. JCIILIIIl&

Rues, Jamos BU.h, Avraa DavidsGll., Sidnoy Cel.ell&D, Goerge Zobrew.k1, and

Harlan ElUsllll. Thi. JUga.ino'. review. are the be.t, they dig tho deop­

est inte tho beeks. The recent review thore ef Reger Zol&sny's nnel, 62 !! Die .!!!. ltalbar, eXUl1nes n.t enly that beek, but exaa1nes it ap1nst

Ze:l.aJuQ"s past work, giving a fine critical everv1... ef Zelazny's career.

Harlan Ellisen's nvieva have eunned the werk of Barry MalBberg in depth, gutted s.....ral of the current "best ef the :rear" anthologies and questianed the selection and publ1shtng practices that lead te the pack­

~g IlIf s_ti....s sediocre stenes as the bet. hatastic is a good source of nviews of fUltasy titles. basing and .!! also nvi boob.

J. relatively nn JUgaBine, vertex, nCIIII in its aecw year, nvi s boob, but the reviews hen range in quality :f'roIl excellent to insUle. The revin of RendeBveus !!!!!. RRM cornctly notes that book as ane of the outstanding science fiction titles .of 197:3, the revi... of Herovtt's ~ is apparently the work of sOlleme who did not nad the book carefllJ.ly.

The only proble. with using science fictim JUgazines as revi... sources for seleetion purposes is that the reviews frequently do not appear until after the beek is en the stands. Beeks have onen been available fer twe sonthe er Sft'tl befft'tl the nviews appear. In the ease of paperbaek titles, this can be disastrous, since paperbacb soae­ tises go out of print with amuing speed. Publ1shers Weekly and Library

Journal, for all their faults otherwise, at least l1st the titles wen in advance of pUbl1catiOl1' the l1brarian knaws what to look for and when to look for it. The advantage to using science fiction ugazine. as review sources is that the reviewers knCllf the field lIueh sore thoroughly than the reviewers for the standard selectillll JUgazines. The selecting l1brarian sheuld acquire a background in science fiction and use the standard review ugazines only as advance l1sts of science fiction titles, relying sore heavily on the scienee fietion ugazine. for revi...s and criticiss. 63

There is en. other major 8dvantage to llB1ng science fiction

u.gaz1nes as review sources. These lIIIl.glUIl1nes review vartOIlB fan pub­ l1cat1ons such as s1ngle....uthor b1b11ographl. and indexes to magal101n.s.

StaJ1daJ:d selection a1d8 for 11brarians take n. note of tho amateur pub­

11cations, Which is strange because those amateur pUb11cat1«lS are .uch

.ore comprehensive than material pub11shed by the 11brary-er1entod pub­

11shing houses. 64

CHAP'l'I!:R 4­

IIODEIlIf VRI'1'DS or SCIDCli: I'ICTIOI

This s.ctlem of tba stld:r of aclence t1ctlcm ls 1.nt.n4ed to give a briet dlaouaalcm of tba worb oe sea. of tod&:r'. ujor .cl.nce t10­

UGII wr1ter11. It ls not poulbl. to dlsCUH all of tbaa 10 d.pth 10 th1.a space.

Br1an V. Aldl.. ls em. of Bngland '. bn*: IlIICIII'n sol.nce t1ctlem wr1tus. He doea not, hClll'."1', ocmt'1.na M ••1t .01.1:r to sol.noe t10­

Ucm. His noent non1, ~ !IluI4-Reared !!!l.' w.. a be.t ••11.1' a Bn«­ lan4. Sace 1951, Aldl.. baa been tba llt.:r&1'1 edltor of tba oxt01'4

1la1l. R. edlta an annual antho1oc:r with JIa1'1':r Harr1scm, and alao edlta a aapsa. of .01.nce t1ctlcm or1tlol.., SJ' Rori._.

Ald1a.' .tori.. bepll to appear 1ft tba lata 194Oa1 a 1962, a

..r1.s of .hort pl.ce., tile Hotho.. ..r1.s, wcm tba H\IgO 10 tba short t1cUcm cat.gor:r. In 1965, M. nOftlla "TIM S&1ha TrH" wem a ••bula pard. H1a noent non18 1oo11d. R.port ~ ProbablUty ! an4 !u'etoot

!!! !!!!..!!!!!.. iJ__s BUsh d..cr1hed tba toran .. the t1nt att.apt to

.Aapt tba J'rench ant1-nOft1 to sol.lIoe t1ctlem, d.t1n1U.....n 1.11 lta failure.Z1 !u'etoot!!!!!!!. ~ ls s.t a Burope, In tile att.nath of a war tousht with p8:rchocball1oal w.a~ I ."r:r cbuacte1' 1. cm a aare

01' 1... p8raanent ao14 tr1p, a atata ntl.cted 10 the ~ of tile

Z1J.... BU.h, More I..ues at HaDIl. (Ch1cagol M...nt. Pub11aban, 1970), p. 128. - ­ 65

D_l. BUsb baa pointed. out that the l&DgIaae teobD1quas ot Jues Jf1108 were uaad. ln tb1.a book, auIl that tbo.. teobD1q_ were appropr1.ate in 4ep1ot1Jl« snob a setting, suob oharaoten.28 other boo. b7 Al41as inoltde !!!. ~ IJ.sbt Tears, 4e&l1Df> witb the anoOUDtar batwean un auIl aD allen raoe wMob un don not reoOSD1.e .. intelllput, The !!S!!­ t8DlDOii !!. Barth (the Hothouae atort..), GrerbaaDl, lartJlrorlal, ~ aan

Replace .!!!!!!!' St&rnaDI, auIl C8' ....' .. g!!!, Gza1M !!!~. The last ls a oollaotlCl1l of abort atortes trOll the lata 195oa, spum1DC a11110DB of JeU'8 of un's f'utu:re. Al41ss' aOllt recant warb inoltde the sbort story oolleotlCl1l JI_t !!. Boll)!!!, J'raDbDatS1D UDbcnmd, aD4 !!!!. Kiev M1Dute -Hour. He receDtl,. publ1abad. a b1etory ot aoleDoe fiotlCl1l, -Tbe Bl111Cl1l !!E !E!!..

Poul ADdenClll baa WClll five HU«o ..ard.a auIl two Jlebtl1& ..uda, ull1Dg Ma, with J'r1t. Lelbar auIl Harlan Ell1aoa, ClIle of the field's aoat bClllored wr1tera. ADdenClll ls a wr1ter of w14e raaa- aD4 ftZiet,., do1n« wark Ub !till !!!IS!!. Crua84e, deallDf> wlth a bald of laI1&hte who turD the tables oa &lleD lnftd.era 1D 1)11.5 A. D., --'fau Zero, aD excellnt e_ple of sclence fiotloa with a aol14 teobDological buls, auIl "The

S'-r1Df> of noab" with equal skill. III atort.. lib "Tbe Shar1Dg of noab" auIlIIS...... 's II:DI!," ADdenOD ~ M_lt oapable of wr1t1Dt> stortea wMoh have .. anob eaotloaal 1apaot .. &D7 of Rarlu BlUsoa'••

"Tbe Shar1Dg of neab" tocus.. ClIl the q..t tar veDgO&Dce b,. a w_ whOlle huabald w.. killed auIl eaten b7 a ..abar of aD &lln race 1IIIIler sttd,.. Tbe stQl'7 tuma OIl a blological tact, aD4 oa the w~'s reall­

28Ja_ Blish, More I.s.. at H&DIl (CMcago, AdveDt, Publlshen, 1970), p. 140. - -­ 66 AtiOll ot the 4itterence between vellg8ance and justice. ·Journer·e End.· an earlier atorr. 4epicta an enoounter between two 't*lepathe who have aought eaoh other ter J8arlI. hop1llg to build. a lutine: relati_hip. Wben ther nDallr aeet. ther can Clll.lr hate eaoh other because each in­ atantl,. knllll'a all the other'a aeoreta. abaMa. gulltaI thouah ther knClf that theae th1nge are OOllJlCIII. to all people. the,. w111 not lIdait to &n7­ one that theae thi. enat in the..elvee. ·The Queen of Air and Dark­ neee· involvee an alien race which ue. ayth and .uperetitiQl1 ae w"pGI1B epill8t h1DllU1 oalaaieta. Andereon·••tortee. at their be.t. 4epict the eft.ota ot technological 4evelopJlenta on in4irl4ual•• IUlll explore the iaplioeti_ at concepts like telepath7 Cae in ·Journer·e 1n4.).

An4ereaa baa won Rugae ter the tallClf1ne: .tarie.. ·The Loqe.t

VOJBse.· ·lfo Truce with 1.1••• ·The Shar1.ne: at n_h.· ·The Que.n at

Air an4 »arkn....• and ·Goat SCIIIg.· "The Queen at Air and Darkn...• and ·Goat Sene:- aleo won Nebulae. AnIlereaa'a 1973 newel. !'IIople at !h!. !!!!!!.. wae noainatAcl ter the Kugo and Ifebula PIl1'd.e.

18&&0 AIIiaew ie one ot the neld.·e beet knOlfA authore. He baa written eOll8 ot .oience notiClll·. aoat _orable .toriee. Relativ.l,. little ot bi. output. hClfever. hU been eoience nctiClll. Alliaew hae written a large nllllbar at boob on .cience. hietorr. literature. and

..the..tiOli tor the saneral relIder. In the area ot .oience notion. he write. what i. calle4 ·hull· .oienoe notion••ali41,. teohnalogicall,. baee4 .tortee. 111. aoat recent n_l• .!!!!. ~ The_el.... i. an exaa­ pl., it 4eale with a nn enerQ .ourue. the electrCIII. pllllp. IUlll the reali­

Ation bJ a tn illllirl4uale that the uee ot the pllllp oould. re.ult in the 4e.tructiaa ot two univeree••

111. robot .tori. are aaeng bi. aoat faaoua. The,. inollll.e I 67 !i Robot. -The Cave. -of Ste.l. UIll --The 1fabd SlDl. The•••tort•• put aJl _ to the robo't-J'rar1kBJlBteln wave of the 19208 and )08 and eet up tbe poe­

tul.ate. nCllr ImCllrn 1n 1IC1.nce f1ctlll1l u the thrH lu. of robotlce. coa­

BClII .ene. OOllO.pta that vould be alecet certa1n t. be tbe a_mina lu. of robot behartar if robot. w.re real. -The Cave. -of Ste.l and --The: JiakBd !!!!!. are excell.nt exupl.. of the: .-rs1ns ot .01.nce f1otlll1l &JIll II18terr.

CIl. of AII18OY· ••pec1alti... "ooll.otlOD of .tort.. 1n which ....18CI'I

bl... the.. two 118nre. bu been publl.bed. ....18""·. 1tpter1... He baB

al.o written a .tra18ht u.1nBtreu IIYIIt.rr n_l. ! Ihitt !!! D..tb (aleo

publ1.bed .. Tbe D..th Deal.a).

!D 1966. hi. loUllllat1ll1l TrllOQ (lo1mIlatlon. Foundation!!!!!.!!­ R!!:!.. &JIll S.oa 101llll!&t1on) w.. siven a .peclal HlI80 .. be.t nOYel

eert... The•• nOYela .pu centurle. ot tut1lX8 I!lU.acUC hi.torr and caapr1•• llIl. ot .ctence f1cUoa·. olae.lc varb.

Othe:r ....18ov tltle. lnclld. Pebbl. !! !!!!. ~. !l!!. ~ !?!. !!!!.­

Dity. Barth I. ~ Bn01!ih. !!!! Barly ....1_. Nightfall.!:!!!!. other Stort••• and !!!!. 1'lart1u lay. "atBOW' bu e41ted two Yolue.. of H1I80 w1nD1ns .hart t1otlll1l. !!!! .!!!!!!!. VlDDere. IIDd a coll.cUca ot .cl.no.

t1ctlm .tort.. f'roIl the 19)08, Before 1h! Golden N.!..

J. G. Ballud wrtt.. .:I. G. I!BlJUll .tort••• no one 81ee can do

BaUeTl\l .tor1••--the,. are ot a ll:1nd.. OlUUIot be .uoce••tul.l,. 181tate4.

H. 1. OD. of the Boat OOl1trovezUal writ.re of .01.nc. f1otlll1l. and lDl­

doubtedl,. on. ot the Boat experlMntal. Hi••tort•• turn ava,- froe the

c_ntlcmal heroe•••BJll1f1e4 b,. R.Weln·••up:re..l,. OOllpetent ohar­

aotea u4 tOCllB ClII the people who do not act. hi••torte. exu1ne tie••

• xu1n. people and thelr leek ot perceptlCl11. H. bu written ••veraJ. novels d.al1ns with world-w1cle catutropbe•• th..e are !l!!. Drarned Warld. 68

!!!!. Burning World. !!!!. ~ !.!!!!. lfOllllen. lLIII! Tile Crzatal World. H. baa writt.n a n1lllber ~ .tort••••t 1n a place oalled V.%'II1l1C11l SUIlla (001­ lected UIIl1.r tile Utl. Ve%'ll1llC11l SaIlll.), wben _n .oulpt o1olll.e. wllere

J18,.obotrop1c b_.. nfl.at the _tal lLIII! ..ot1C11l&1 .tate. ~ tlle1r OIIMn. when plute .1JIg. Hi. fi:rat science fictiClll .tGr)'. "Pr1.. Bel­ led_." wu one ~ the... In 1966. Ballard bePJI ...ri•• ~ what he oalled ·cClllll.ued nOYels" which lett BaD,. ~ hi. :re&.:ra belr114.nd. and ._ hCllltll.. Tile•• pi._ 1nollll.. ·You aIlll JII. an4 tbe CCIIltinuus" an4

"You, C08&' JIIer11,.n JIIODr011." 'l'IIo ~ hi••tort•• 1nvolved hi. 1n a CCIII­ tron:ra,. 1n EIIglallll, thN. w.re "The Aa....1JIaUCIII ~ Jom ntspral4 bnned,. Ccma14end. u a DOIInh111 Motor bee" and "Plan for tbe Aa....1na­ tion of Jacquel1n. IC.llDed,.." The latter. Ballard -18. "18 about tile popular 1..... of Jacquelln. bllDed,. u tranalated through all the tel.­ ris1C111. nn.paper an4 upsiD. _1&," the foraer 1s. &1141,. put. a brilllant .tGr)'. Ballar4's boob 1Jlclud. T.%'II1Jlal Beacb, Cbronopol1. !:!!!!. otller

Stort... !!!!. V01ces ~!!!!.. PalI.port ~ :ftem1tl. !!!!. Atroc1tz ICdI1b1­

~. aIlll the recent nO¥lll Cruh.

llf're4 B••ter'. output haa ben 41.t1.Jlgu1.bed. but • ..u. Al.x­

.1 PaDahin haa called hi. tile ".QlIt 1nteu. lLIII! tlaaboyant writ.r .01­ .nc. fict1. hall .ver pro4uced... 29 Hi. nOYel -The De••ll.hed -JIan 4e­ p1ated a .oo1.t,. lf1th • t.l.pathio pollce farce. aIlll a &aD wbo 4and. to oouU .UDl.r 1n .p1te of the 04d••pln.t hi.. Thi. w.. tile fi:rat no­ vel to be alfar4ed tile Hugo. !!!!. Starll lIZ D••t1JIati. tells ~ a que.t

29Al• xe1 PaDahin. ". Bas1c So1.nce not1on Coll.ot1.... Library Journal. 95 (Jun. 15. 1970). P. 2226. 69

tar ...nge~ in a telepart1ng society, s.aual R. Delany baa noted. that

IIUIy readere I.IId wr1tars oClDll1der it to be the e1!l8le beat science fic­ tim n091l1. D..m Jln1g1rt, noting the book's incms1stanc1es, 1te tlaws, fin4s it -grote~uely .orlns•••Beater baa u4e a work of art out of

juak._30 Beater baa wr1tten e_ of the field'e beet ebart etori.., aaClllg the. -'CIIIIll,. J'ahrenhe1t,- "The Men Who Murdered IIgbe..ed,- -or fi_ I.IId Thizd AV1IDua,- u4 -Adaa an4 10 !!lYe.- Bester had been snent tor yeare, work1ns .. an ed.1tor tor HOl1.!&Y U8U1ne, but reoenUy lett that poe1t1m and returned to writtnB, hie shart stories ha... appeared

10 recent 1..lIIs ot eo1ence fict1m -ep""s I.IId a new IIwel 1e eolwcl­ uled. tor serial1u.Um 10 AnalOS, begiDD1ns with the I_.ber 1974 1..118.

J.... BUsh hu been wr1.t1og sa1en.ce fiction since 1939. Ulld.er the ....e William Athel1ns, Jr., Bl1sh hu .ritten. soae ot the best sci­ ence fiot1m or1Uc1e. available. 'l'lro yo1Ulllls ot his oriUcal work are available, !!:!!. I..ue !!.!!!!!!' I.IId ~ IesUIB !! l!!!!!. Bl1eb br1JI&w to his or1t101e. a ial0l11ed.ge of other anaa of 11taratun, not jlllt so1ence t1oUm, whioh enabl.. hi. to do a better job .. a cr1t1c than .oat. Hie oritio1s. views adience fiot1on .. be1ns subject to the _ re­ quire.ente that fiction in general .uet ...t.

ns _n fiot1C1l shOlle carlItul tholll!tbt I.IId extrapolaUCIl 10 teras of science omtent--the ccaa1derat1Ql1 of the 1.pl1caU0D8 ot 14.... All exu.ple ot th1a 1e the tetralOl!tY C1t1.. !!!. night, prior to this eeri.. anU-gravity derloee, lmS a stock 1te. in ec1ence fict1m, .ere .... tabn to their logical oonolua1C1l. wby 118e the. dtl:Ply to :r-wr epace­

3~aaOll IIl1gbt, In Search of 'ClDdsr (at 114., Chicago. Advent. PubUehere, 1961), p. 236. 70

.b1pel w~ Ilet .pacefar1ng olU••? The ••rie•• t~1r11lg 111 O8Iltllr1.. of futu:N hi.tOXT. 1. 011. at tile olae.l0 warb at .01811ce fietlC1l. Ki. IlOftl ----A cue at O_ole_ trOll the 1959 Hugo. aDd 18 repDled .... at .01ence fietl_·. fin••t .XlIJIpl.. of rellg1Ot18 .peculat101l. In the Apr.l.l 1m 1••ue of!!!!. ..,nn. !! hntaal !!!!!. Science notlO1l. Leeter 4.1 Re7 net.. that a w1cleepread criticl•• of Bll.h·. wark 1. that lt 1. oolA. He hrther Dotee that ._ reatere ooaplUn that tllere le Uttl. oharaClteri..t1_ ln eOll8 BUeh .tarie.. Th1a 1.

4ue to the taet that .uoh of Blleh·. wark has been cerebral in _tUN. that .xplaraU_ of ocaoept in .01811ce fietlca .tarie. eoaetill.. lla1te the rooa far oharaoter d.....lopaent. A8 eu.aple. prortng that BU.h can create olaractere that live. he olt.. the Donl The rrosen Year aDd the .hart .tOX'J -Slll'taoe Tenelcm.-,1

Bll.h·. newel. 1II01llie BlMk l!'Aaater aDd I!!! Day After JlliSJl!Dt. both 4Ml1ng wlth rellg1oU8 the.... ~!! Eagl••-on. of tile be.t DOY­ e18 dM11Ilg with pelanloe. K1cI Mr aenturz. Doctar Mrabill•• aDd The Varr1are !!!!!l.. A D1lIIber or oollectlO1l. of Bll.h·••hort .tarie. have be.1l publl.b8d.. aDd Bll.h hae aleo written edaptaU_ at the ~ Trek eeri•••

Jorge LIli. Barges 1. not a .010ce fiotlca writer. teobll1call7

.peaking. He 1. a poet. _yiet. aDd .hart .tor,r writer who .hould. have wca a .obel Prin in Uten.tUN 78&%'11 ago. Vbe:re .olence fiotlca otten has 1te roote in .01.nce aDd 1te .mot OIl people. Barge. oho_a .. hi. eource ...ter1&l pb1loeophiC&1 oOllcepta. llterarr the•••• dreau aDd

)1Leeter 4.1 R.7. -The l1&li4 at 1••ue.- The ",,,tD. at P'ultaay aDd Sal.no. notl_. 42 (April 1912). p. 76. ­ 71

.,-1;holOS1. In the MDDer of sc1ellce f1ct1C11l, his stmes explore the

111J111e&UCIIl8 of theae CClllceptl!, ther are s.e of the aOllt brilliant

specul.&U", tantas1es ever vr1tten. IlaD.r of tbell were written in the

194011, but ther dl4 not begin to appear in Engllah traulaU_ IIIItll the 1960s.

ODe ot tile central the.eIl in uay ot Barps' stm811 is that

.an C&U u.,.r ft&llr hope to UllderstaDl. the l1li1verae, Ile -r have the truth in h1a bulla, but he can neyer be oerta1n that 1t is the truth.

He traquentlr .es the labyrinth &II a srabol tar the unl.-. Ris

books 1nolme r1oo1on.., Ia1!Fintlle, DreaaUprs, Docrtar Bral1e's !!!.­

~, I!!! Aleph !!!!!. other atmes. 1m1l.1969, &Illl Selected POll... 192'­ .!2§Z..

lla1 llDA1lury does not really write so1ence f1ct1C11l, eay the

purists, ther are right. Science baa l1ttle to do w1th llDAburr's wark.

His teclmolOS1 is 1al'Olls1ble, he h&II a protoUlld d1struat ud tear of science &Illl teolmolO!D'. All that is cOJIpletelr bul4e the point. Brad­ burr is not sell1Dg teolmological aanela, bis tOO1l8 is eaot1C11l, teel1DE:,

4reua aM Dightaares. H1.B Mare baa been d..cr1bed &II a rural Illinois tarn, s..a1J16lr &II alien u the ice ereu shop a_s tile street. s_

..,. be put oft b1 bis dress1ng stra1&ht people stmes in IIc1ence f1ct1. prb. HCII'..,.r, Bradbuzo:y wu tile f1rst IIc1enoe f1cUCIIl vr1ter to win wl4eapre8d. criUcal appro,al troll people 11ke Chr1stopher Isherwoa1,

Q:I:ahaa Greene, &Illl Bertrand R_ell.

In bis introduct1OD to Bra4burr's poea in 'p' n. D!UIf5!roUll !!­ 111_, Harlan Bll1.Bon &lib who els., in the genre h&II aobined that 1..,.1

ot respeot&b1l1tr, c1t8ll BrIIdburr .. one of the writers aOllt often reoOJl­ aended to n.. readers. He then ubi, 72 • • .can you ev-r really farget that th1Jlg that oalled to the fogham fro. the .ea1 Can you really forget Uncle B:1Dar? Can you put out of y01l:E' .1.Dd all the black folk leaving for Marls, :reaD be­ fore the blaok folk .tarted tell1D8 yOU tIley wanted out? Can you forget Parkhill 1Jl ". • .ADl the 1l0Clll Be Still .. Bright" do1D8 tu'get practloe In au. of the d.ed 1lart1an oitiea, "ahootlng out the oryatal w1DlOlfll and blarlng the topll off the f'ra«U. tar.m"1 There aren't u.ny gu;ya In our pa. who've given 118 ao aany treasur­ able •••or1.lI.32

Soae of llrIldbury'. worb are reoogniae4 .. ol.asal0. of the fi.ld. Thelle 1Jlclub -'!'he Ilartlan Chraal01••, --The Illuatrated 1Ian, hbrenhelt -51, and !!!!. october COlmtrz. other Bndbury titlea lnolub !!!!. Colden

Appl•• ~ the !!!!!' ! lledlo1Jle !£ 1l.1ancholy, Dand.lion !!!!!.' 8Dd I ~ !!!!. Body tn.ctriol H. hae wrltt.n a vola. of poatry, l!!!!!!. Il.pbanta

~ ~!!!!. Door;yud Bl_ed, BnAbury collaborated wlth Jotm Huaton on the aoript for Huaton'. fiu of .!!!!!l Dlck, and latar wrot. a play, .!!!!!­ atban :22., tnnalat1Jlg the .tory 1Jlto .01eno. fiotiOll taru. Hia .oat reo.nt book 1. !!!!. HallarftD !!!!..

Arthur C. Clarka 1. probably be.t 1m0lfD for the fib and novel vemlaa of 2001. ! S)!!:ce Odl!l!!Y' Clarb 1., wlth Bradbury, aa. of the f...01ence fictiaa wrttem Who have W01\ .uut_ approval. H. hae wrttt.lI ewer farly-five boob, fiotlaa 8Dd naa-fiotlCl11. OD. of bi. boob on lIoienGe, !!!!. BxploratiClll of S)!!:o., w.. a Book of the Ilonth Club ••1.0­ tlon. Hi. flotlCl11 titl•• 11I01ub th. elu.l0 Cb1ldhllCld'. !!!i, ! Fall

~ Ilocm!uat, !!!!. Clty 8Dd !!!!. Starll, and bi••oat recent newel, R.ndea­

!!!!!. ~!!!!I., whloh wea both the Hugo and the N.bula for 1973 and tied with Robert ".rl.'. 1lalev11 for the JobIl V. Cupbell ....artal .uard.

32x.rlan B:lll.OD, ed.. Ap1n. Dan.Nua Vie10na (lfew York, Doubleday, 1972), p. 176. 73

Childbood'. En! incllde. me of the ele..nte later 1ncOXIlOZw.ted.

into 2001--the alien race ..d.Ung un in oU.bing up tbe ....oluti ClIlUJ l.844er, It coyers OYer a blllldred 1ftre ot aan'. exi.tence UDder the

Onrlord., ending witb un'••erging into a cOl51110 Onra1Dd, the end ot un .. he b84 been aDd tbe begiDll1ng of a n.. pbue ot hi. exi.teDoe, In eddiUon to tb. pard. he received tor R.nd.....olla ---witb Rua, Clara wan a H1I8O tor bi••bort .tUX')' "The Star," whiob depicted. the

Ice. ot taitb ot a pri••t wb.n he reaUMd that the .tar that .bone OYer Betbl.he. w.. a .upemOft that deatro;yed an advanced race, bi.

1972 nOYella, "A " ••ting witb "ed.uaa," won the N.bula. In 1962, Clarke received the lCa11nsa Pri•• tor the 'popul&r1_Um ct .oience. Hi. non­ fioUen title. incllde !!!!. Exploration ~ Spac. aa! Profil•• ~ the

Future, Hi. ficUon UtI.. inclllle Tal•• ~ T.n World., Bartblil5bt,

!!!! D.ep Range, !!!!!!!!!!. Billion If.... ~ Q.!!!!., !!!!. Vim troa !!l!! !!.!!!' aDd R.aob tor Toaorrlllf.

I!&l Cle••nt i. marn obieny tor two nOY.l.. an. i. 1l1aa1on ~ Gravit:r, perhape tbe ulU_te "bard" .oienc. fiotion noyel. Tbe other i. Ifeedl., in whiob an alien or1II1Dal aDd detective .talk eacb other en

Eartb aner poe....ing buaan boate, Botb noy.l. were inollded. in the

Soienoe not1on Writers ot A.-rica baIIio cheokli.t. "i.den ~ Gravit:r i ••et on the planet " ••klin, a world witb a gravity .uob bigher tban that ot Eartb. Thi. noy.l 18 a .odel ot caref'ul tictilllla1 .xtrapolation, the aUena bave be.n caretully tbought out and are the kiD! ot Ute t_

Ofte would expeot to tiD! on a world .uch .. " ..k11B. The plan.t iteelt exhibite a .tructure that w01l1d be tound UDder .ucb comUUona. In tb. reo.nt .1JIpcei\lll ot artiol••, Science ncu. Toda:r aDd Toaorrlllf, ,01.­

••nt'.....y dealt with the proc••• ot i~ning ali.n beings that fit 74 1nto the p4»tulated enY1rolulent of the stO%'1. Cleaent's other boob 1Doltde IOftorld, C;role !!!!!!.' lIaUvee

!! SJ!!,oe, S.u ChaJl8!s, !!!!!: Light, and Ocean .!!!. !!2.

Phi11p K. D1ck 1s reputed to be CIIlI at the first wr1ters to ex­ periaent w1th lSD. In an intern.. 1n the Fe'bruar11974 1..1ltI of vertex, D10k notes that his _jar nwel, 2!!. Three St115!!.ta !!!. Pa1IIer Eldr1toh, wu wr1tten before he hed ever seen aD7 ac14. Hi. short stO%'1 1n Harlan

Bll1.on's anthol0S7 D&IIfI!roue ns1one, "Ya1th of Our rathers," wu sup­

P08ed to ha.... been wr1tten UDller. ar in.p1red by, ao14. D10k pointed out that 1t 1s not p4»B1ble to wr1te aDTthing while UDller ac1d, that tile one thing he ....er wrote while tripping was a page of lAtin, w1th a 11t­ tle Sanakr1t t08Sed 1n, tllere was no urket for that sort of thing.

Perhape the faotor that g1....s such of Diok's work the quality of n1ghture 1s the recurring not1on 1n his stories that tb1Dp are not necesear11y what they appear to be.

His newele 1noltde Martian T1..~11p. ~, ~ ~!2!.!!st, and the 196) Hugo wiDer '!'he Man ~ !2!. High CUtle. This newel 1s one of the olua1c parallel-world stories, set 1n an altemate world in whioh

Genany' and Japan won the Secaad. World War. The deta1la of e....r,U.y

11fe 1n .uch a world haYll been bril11antly wor'*'- out. OIle of the in­ teresUng features of the newel's creat10n 1s D10k's uee of the ! Cbine;.

Sneral of the newel'. oharacters uee the anc1ent Chinese oracle in their ....eryday 11...... D1ck IIMd it too, plotUng the acta of his char-­ acters by it, when one of the characters 118ed the! Cb1ng, D10k ueed the book hi..elf to detem1ne the oIIaraoter's act1ons.

D1ck'. first newel was Solar Lottery. set in a world Op8mted by raD!l08 chance and the 118e of flUIes theO%'1. In theory. anyone at all 75 can ri•• to the top. the poa1Uan ot Qu1...ter. When ane ot the char­

aotan fixe. the pau. he 8&18 that he bad l1~ b7 the rule. tor

JearII. and realhlll1 that the oddll afl&1nat bh ware .0 great that there was rtrt.ually no chance ot w1Jm1nSI "Ve're bett1ng afl&1l111t the bOWIe

and the house alw&J8 w1Jul.-:n »&aon Kn1gbt po1nte out that there 1. a

criUc1•• here. not just of the t1oUClII.a1 .oo1et7. but of &D7 .OC1et7.

our c.n incl1ZlIll1. 34 Other Dick Utle. 1ncl1Zle Galact10 Pot-Healer. Counter-Clook

World.. !!!!. PraIlerdJ!l Macb1ne. !!. £e Bu1ld Yw. !!!!!.!!!i!!:!: Lut !!£. and Dr. Bloed••el. !!: .!!!!!.!!. Got Alg After the~. Hi••oat reoent

nonl 18 ~ !!Z Teare. !!!!. Pol1cell&ll ~.

Phi11p Joae P'anar hall wan three Hugo parda. the fint 1n 1953 as .oat proa1.1ng n.. wr1ter. the .ecOllll in 1968 tor hi. Danproua !l­

.1_ .torr. -RideXII at the Purple V~.- and the tb11'd. in 1972 tor b11l nO'l8l !!!. Your Scatterlll1 Bal1e. ~.

P'anar wu the fint. and tar a leag U.. the 01117. wr1tar to cleal .eriousl7 with .axu&l and re11g1_ tbe_ in .c1ence fiction.

Storte. alClllS thi. 11ne 1ncl1Zle The LoYan. -0p8Jl to JIle. JIl7 S18ter.- and

-JIlotber.- Tbe 1960 Hugo nOll1D.. -The Alle7 JIaD- cleal.a w1tb an 1uortal l'laandert.bal. who MY be a gael as weU. Jf1sht!?! L1ght. al.o a Hugo nOll1­ nee. cleala with an alien rel1gi••

P'anar·. recant wark 1ncl1Zlea the R1vanrorld. nonla. !!!. Your

Scatterlll1 Bal1e. ~. and !!!! lPabuloua R1....rboat••et an a planet where

3~11P 11:. Dick. Solar Lottery (N.. Yorkl Ace. 1955). p. 177.

34DuOll bight. In Search ot VOIIller (al. 1111 •• Ch1caaOI Adventl Publl.hen. 1967). p. 230. 76

all the aen and waell wbo eyer lind are reincarD&ted 011 tbe ~ of

au incredibly lClll« rh.r. A tbird vol_, tbe cemcl_iOll of the .tory,

i. in preparatiOll. rar-r Ilea al.o dOlle ..biasrapbi.... cf fictiODa1

charactersI Tanan W n and Doc Sa!!6! I .!!!!. j,p~ntic Lif. ban been publi.hed, and a biagrapbiaal art.2.el. d.aling witb Kurt YCIIln.gut'. per­

petuall;r pennil....ci.nce fictiOll writ.r X1lgore Trout appeared in a

fan upsine. Faner"18 that he plan. to write biagrapb1.. of Tile

SIlIIdCllr, ru. Manobu. All.an quateruin, Travi. MaGee. d'Artapau, and otbers,

Jareer'. nonD inolll1. Traitor !! the Living, Ti..•• Z-t ~,

l!!!!!. ~ TIpr, and ~ reaat tblm-.. Sbort .tory coll.ctiCIUI inclll1.

strut/li! R.latiCIUI. !!!!!!!!. in the Blaet Q!y,. and rar-r·. ..lectiOll of bi.

0InI representatin worke, !h!.!!2!!!! Pbilip i!!!. Faner.

I!anT Harri.em i. beet 1al-. at tbe a_t for bi. 1966 nonl

!!!!!!. Roal !!!:!!!. R_I. a nali.tic depiotl_ of the ead. re.tits of Oftr­

; .,'" ~. popw.atl_, the ••tting 18 H.. Yart ill 1999, witb a popw.atiOll of tbirt;r­

fin .tllion peopl.. Atter CClUlld.n.bl. mi..1011 IIId the e4d.1tlan of

r .' an .rtre..l;r .U.cth••beck eDling, it beaaae the bui. for the recent

r,"~" ( t -- • aotl_ picture S0I1.nt Gre.n. Harr1.an Ilea writt.n a nllllber of nonD

iSt, wbiah, thougb not olaB.ioa, are oapetentl;r dCIII. and tboroughl;r enter­

[) T ,. taill1!lg. Aallllg bi. be.t are the 1965 nonl Plap ~ Space (reprinted

, as !h!. Juplter Lepcr). wbicb baDdled the ldea of an all.n dl..... llag

before an:r- IlIId beard of \II1ohul Crichton, and Bill !!!!. Galactio .!!m.1 t:!.!.n..c the latter 1. a b1lar10118 .poof 011 the .tlitary and 011 the war-.p'ut­ thelli.na .tory.

Harri.an·. other nanD lnclud. Tuan.l Through tbe De.p!. !!:!!.

Technicalar ~ Machia•• !!!!. Stainl... Steel !!!i, Captln Un1nn.e, The fld:' Dal.tb lCU.ct, and !!!!. Stainle.. steel Rat'. Ben... Hi. aoet recent 77

naft1 la ~ Suahara ~!!!!. Galaxy ReD!!rs, a parod.y on apac. opera.

Robert A. H.lnl.ln baa won the HUSO tar but naft1 tour tla..,

t!lat la a record. The n0Vll1a ax-. Doubl. ~, St.azahip Troopers,

Stranger ~ ~ stranp x.m., aDd !!!!. l'IoOD !!. ~ Huah Matre... H.lnle11l

lIold hia t1rst atlSrJ ln 19:39 and. baa been wr1t1.Jlg .ver alllce, he la wld.1y regude4 p the beat acl.nce t1cticm writer 1Il the bual.....

All note4 earll.r, the tpolnatl_ ln aaay ot H.We1n'a atori..

la not ao auoh In the d.plctiCll1 of the characters p it la 1.Jl the apeo­

ulation, the throlrlng ueund of 14.... H.lnl.lIl can be reaarkably ver­

aatn.. St.azahip Troopers la llttl. aare tban a glorit1catlCl11 of the

allltarJ, putting torwa:ld a view at the aoldier that t1ndII DO rooa In 1t tar the Don-glorioua thinge \hat !lappen ln war, death 111 not alJraya

glar10UII CauUll1ng that lt la .ver glar1oUII). IIClI1. of the uglln..a la ahc.D here, the preala.1I ot the t1otlCl11a1 lIocl.ty H.1Ill.1Il a.ta up ax­ n.ver llueatione4. Hc.llVllr, the 1961 aaft1 stranger ~ ~ Strur 1AII4 attacb a nunber ot cClllteaporary eaend cOlla--rellg1C111, gG\"u'n..nt, a.xual aarea, lt 111 ha:ld to bell.ve that the _ ... wrote both thea.

boob. Thia 111 an lllUlltratiOll ot the taot t!lat tM acience t1otlCl11 writ.r ahould be able to taIaI a DlDIber ot dlU.rent ataDl!a en Y&r1oua

laauea tar the purpoa. of tM IItlSrJ-tar that utt.r, any wr1t.~ ahould be ab1. to do t!lat.

Through tM 1940. all! 1950., Helnl.lIl wrote a nlDlber of atori.a

that t1t lnto the _ pD.ral f%:uewarlq they becaa. knc.n p the J'u­ ture H1atary atori.a. Thu. atori.. have been col1.cte4 lIlto an oulbu11

1'01_, 'I'M Put Through Toaorrw, which lnollll.. the ahort atlSrJ ooll.c­ tlO1l8 !!!!. Gre.. Hllla ot Eanb, !!!!.!!!!l ~ ~ the Jlcon, !!!!. M_ce f'rca Earth, aal the naft1 IlIIthuaal.h'a Children, aJIll othera. em. ot 78

He1l11ein'. novela, The Puppet Mut.ra, 1. OIl. ot the aoat pClW.rtul of the 1nYU1on-f'rOll...~ce stori...

Heill1ei.'. aoat rao.nt nOYels a.:ra !. !ll!!'.!!:!: !2 !!!! ..s. I!!!.

Enough ~ Lon. !!!! Lin. ~ ~ Lolls, the latt.r 1. the nnal Yo1".. ot the Future History ••rie••

Heinlein ... the nrat .c1.nc. not1cm .rit.r to 1up1re a tull­ l.ngth oritical .tlllll tid .tllly ... Alexei Pulabin'. H.W.in l!!. D1...­

81ea, a thOZ'Ollflh .xu1nation ot Heill1.in'••orlaJ, ot hi••t:rangtbe and

.eakn. a .riter. It 1. an 1aportaat book tor UI70De int.re.ted in an analys1. ot on. ot .c1.nc. notion'. ajor nsun••

DaaGll Knight is perbape the beat editor in the n.ld, hi. aeri•• ot original aathologtu, orbit, regularly publi.he..... of the be.t nn vork in .000ce ncticm, His! Sc10ce J'1.ot1C111 Ar!5o!l' in 1Id41ti_ to pthering s_ ot the genre'. be.t .hart .tor1••, d...rn. prai•• tor br1n~ t.o olu.1c n_la, Be.ter'. -or-. neaol1.bed -JI&D. and TheOllors Stur.on'. !!!!!! Than HlIII&I1, back into bU'4 ocwera. other antholGg1•• edited by bight inclul.. ! Centurz !! Sc1ftce J'1.ot1on, ! C.nturz !! Great Shart So1ence J'1.ot1on !few.la, -A Poobttul -ot StuB, ~rcbano. -to Dreaa, and C1t1•• ~ Voad.r,

Knight 1. alao ... of .01.nce notion'. _jor cr1.tica, the nrat to wr1te ••riOIl8 crit101.a ot the n.ld, Hi. colllDll han be.n coll.ot­ ed in the book !!. S.arch !! V0a4t1r ••t1ll on. of tbe be.t critical .orlaJ on sc1.no. nct10n aYa1labl.,

Thi. says notbing about Knight the .ritar, he Y noted _ialy tor hi••bort .orlaJ, on. ot hi. twuU••t 1. "The Big Pat BOOII," in .hich a taraer cClllf'rcmted by al1.n v1.itors in ••arch ot eo_ira ••lla thea cClW~ta and .ta along quit. v.ll .hil. the bOOB l ..ta, ADother, "To 79 serve MaD, - wu IlIl.apted tl1%' Roll. Serling's Twilight ZOIIe TV sertes. His sbart storr collecti0D8 inclule ~ Deep, hr Out, aIIl 'l'urIl1ag.Q!!.. Knight baa &1so wrttten a nllJlber ot novels, &llOIIg tbea The Ritb1an Terror, ! tl1%' AnYi:hiag, MiDd Switcb, The AnalO6!, aDd Hell's Pave_t.

J'r1ts Leiber, like Poul ADderaem, baa WOll n .. HU«DB UIll two

Mbulu. The HU«GB are tl1%' his Doyels !!!! Big I!!!. aIIl !!!.!. VaDderar, and the shart stl1r1es -GClIllI& Roll the BOlles,· ·Ship of Sbadc.s,- aDd

-Ill Met in Lankhllar.- Nebulas were awarded to ·GOJID& Roll the BQD"­ aDd -Ill Met in Lankbaar.-

ODe of Leiber's specialties is tbe aollem terrI1%' storr, the ser­ i01l8 cona1deratiOll ot tbe tone that dark beift8B like ghosts, witches, etc. aight take in the aollern world. His nrst story, -The Amoutic

Pistol,· dealt witb this the.., it COllCBrDed a pistol haUllted by ita tl1rBOr c.ner. Another is -GOllD& Roll the BOIl",· troa tbe Danpro1l& nsi_ anthology. His novel COIljure ~ traata witcbcraft in a aollern setting, a s.-1l college tClll'n, the prause here 18 that all WOlleli ha.. occult poIfers. In this setting, a nllJlber of faculty wi..s 1I&e their pc.era te advance their hUlSbaJds' careers. lIhen protesser lIarua Sayll1%' fiDds his wite's e~, he tl1rCes her to bum thea, 108'1'1118 thea botb vulnerable to attack by the other witchM. Tbe book apprc».ches the sub­ ject ot black aagic in a oaretul, logical _er, it is cae et the best aollera horror stortes. It wu later n1Hcl uader the title Burn. lf1tch,

~. Leiber baa alao written tantaay stmes in the poxd-aDd-eorcery line, a sertes centered around the characters Fatbrd aDd the Gray Mouaer. Booka in this sertes inclule Swoxds Apinat 1f1Bardry, SlIoxds 80

'?'at D...tb. Sword. 1n !.!!!. JtI1et. aDd. The Swozda ~ ~. Hie

H1JiO aDd. I.,bula .1nn1ag nOftlla. "Ill IIet 1Jl :r.Bkbur." ... part of thi. e.r1...

Le1ber'. nOftla bclld. Gather Darm.,..I. I!!. Green JtI1leDJl1ua,

The SHyer !qbn4•• aDd. ! Specter .!!. Hauating!!!!!.. Callecti_ of

hi••bort .arIla 1ncllJi. 11ght'e Black Wnta. I!!. Niprt ~!!!! !!!!.

D!!. ~!!! J'r1tz Le1ber. You!:!. m Al••• aDd. the n.. cell.cUllII The --Beet of J'r1t. Le1ber. The last oall.ct.1oa gathere a naber of Le1ber'. fin••t .ter1ee. uaag thea "The Ilaa WhG 1Ial. J'r1U1ll••ith !D..ctr1c1t7."

"Cona,; Attract.1n."' aDd. "The Ship Sa11e at P114n1,;bt."

In add,1tiG!l to th•••• Le1ber bu written ....ral .tClr1.. areuDd

the the.,. of "The Chaqe Ware." on., 1. reprillted in I!!. !!!! !!! J'r1t.

Le1ber. The c.nt.r of thi••.,r1•• 1. the Hugo w111Jl1ag nOftl !!!!. B1g

!!!!. In the• ., .ter1••• ~111f> farce. fir;bt a .ar ua1D« ti.. tra..,.,l .. a ....poa, .aob .14. att• .,pte to alt.r the put .8 that the other neYer

pined aD edYlJ1~. or n• ..,.,r .n.ted at all.

rred.,r1k pobl. forHr ed1tor at GalaxY -g..1D.. 1e the author

of a large Duaber cf .hort .tories aDd. DOftla. II.t prGII1neDt uoq

the• ., are the DOftl. Pcbl wrote in ocllabClll'at1oa w1th the lat. C. II. ItCl1'llbluth, thea. 80ftla inclu!ed !!!!. Space lI.rcbuta. Search !!!! !!!it. aDd. Gled1atClr-e.t-LlJr. !!!!. Space Ilezilballt.... inclu!ed GIl the S",A ba­

.1c cbeckl1.t aDd. ... d.••cr1be4 there b7 Alne1 Paaahin .. "the t1ret

aDd. beet of a echool of ...tire 11l .hich ed..,.,rt1.1.Dg, houa1.Dg. 1naurance.

or eft. other cant.1IJlCl1'lI1'Y probl• ., 1e nelled to .,OIloll.th1c 1.,portaDce."'S

'SAl.xe1 Paaah1n. "A Bae1c Sc1..ce notiaa Coll.ct1_." L11?nJ:l Journal, 9S (Jua. lS. 1970). p. 2228. 81

Ia thi. case the problea vaa lI4vertl.lng. A fra8aeat left behiad by

[arnblutb vaa eoapleted by Fohl and wem the Hugo tor be.t .hort .tory or 1972, "The !'IeeUng." Fohl'. novela lIlclllle Ilrt.mIcud'. !!!!, lli!!

Ship, ! Plyu! ~ Pztbou, ad The ~ ~ !!!!. Pu!!l!Mt. Pohl baa alIIe d_e a nuaber ot aovel. in oollaboraUOIl with Jack Wl111..._, the.e bellde TM "eta !!. Spaoe, Starchild, RQgU! ~, UlIIllersea Clty, aDd OlI4ersea Qua.t. A auaber or hi. .hort .torr eo11eeU_ are avaUable, aaong thea !!!l "1111em, !!!!!!. !!!!! !i Thurady, AlteraaUy Currentll,

!!!!.!!!! ~ 6!!. !!!!. World, aad The Q!!!!i the St&rbllllf'. ~.

cuttoxd. D. Slu.k 1. a two-the Hugo w1.Jmer, cace tIC the novel­ ette "The ll1g JP'.ront Yam," ad cmoe tor hi. 1963 lIoval !!:l StaU.. The novel eOlioena an earthUJI oh.ell te be huaanity'. Uak vlth &l1n. race., hllllfever, ao eme alllt kDllIIf about the p08.1bUity or eemtaot wlth other verld. UIItll au 1. jldpd to be rall4y tor eetaot, te be olv1Used..

So hi. h.e 15 a way .taUaa, a rut1Dg .top tor &llen travelers, the au don not sse, hllllfever, ad thi. tact draw. the ouri08ity or others. Sluk'. be.t kDllIIfa work 1. City, the 1952 InternaUenal raataay

Awam w1rlller. Clty 1. a oolleoUn. .t .tarte. telr1 ng plaoe at var10lll pe1.Bte la Barth'. future, ... 1. gaae, .uoceeded by autatecl, 1.Btelll­ sent dose. It trace. au'. eveluU_ ad departure troa earth aad the earth'. hi.tory through the aacellllence ot b.eot Ute aa the doalJW1t tora. ODe or the .tart.. In thi...t, "HIIl4Ung Place," waa lnellded ln the tirst voluae et The Solence rieUe !!!!! ~.!!!!!.. Clty 1. 111­ elided on both Daan. rn1ght'. aDd the SlIVA'. eheotll.te. Slu.k'. other verb lIlellde R1.Bg ArolllJl. !!!!. SUII, Ce..tery World,

The Gob1b Re..rvaUon, ~ Call Thea ~!!!!! HeavolI?, ~!!. Thelr fIl1.Jl4., ~ Werevelt Pr1.Aelple, ! Choice !!. !1.!!!., De.tiDy ~, They 82 lfa1bd ~!1!!., &IIIl T1_ .!!. !!!!. Sbpl..t Thiy.

Thudare Stur~GIl, ")'II D... b1ght, -1a tt- ••t aco_pl1abed. teolm101al1 thia field baa produced, bar .obody, not. eYell BrIIdbur;r•••• and tor tlw laat t.. )'IIU'lI he baa been eameat17 tak111g leve apart to aee what ..... 1t t10k._36 It 1a leve, 1n all 1ta tar.a, that atam4a at tlw core of Sturgeon's werk. Hia atory -It All lien Were Brott-ra,

"ould YOIl!Let OIIe Ilarr;r Your S1ater?- aertoml,. explarea tba 1nceat taboo, aDd. aan'a 1rraUllII&1 reacUOII te a world wlwre that taboo d...a not. enat. -"hen You Care, "ban You L_- 1a a atunn111g portrait of a w... drtftn by 1_ to all a1••t hopele.. atte.pt t. obaat d...tb.

"81.. Sculpture,- a Hugo &IIIl Nebula winner, c_bh.. a CalIcar em:- and two people groping the1r way t_azd. a relaUouh1p w1th ..ch ot.her 1n a atory w1th a bcmaa1 tree .. a a)'llbol tor leve.

Though a .uaber ot hia atori.. are tantu1ea, ratber tbaa bud. ac1e.ce fict1., UDy of the. are pertect e..ples at a01e.ce fioU_ .. sturgeon hi..elt once defined itt -a atary about huaan be1nga, w1th a huaan probl.., ani! a buaan aolut1.., which would lIot. haft happeaed at all w1thout 1ta ac1enoe OCllltot.- -.81.. Sclllpture- baa a huaan proble., and a huaan solut1cm, but 1t would not haft happened (at le..t aot the way it did) w1thout 1ta ac1enca ccatent, the CalIcar oure. -Br..uh_­ hall a buaan proble. &Ill a huaan aolut1Cl1l1 a rad1cal who bid ud.e a tecb­ nological d1acovery reali.ea the enly wa,. to ute aure that tbe werld benefita troa it 1a to 1IIIe the eatabUabed chalmela--patents, respeota­ b1l1ty, -.n1pulat1ll1l ot peeplenand g_m_nta. etcl the ohange in hia

3~..ca bight, In Search ot "ClIIl!er (al ed.1 Chicagot U.Y1Ia.tl Publ1sbera, 1967), p. 115. 8) destroys bi. relat1aubip with a woun he had land. Solut1ol11 there

1. nOlle. The relatiCll1.bip 1••hatt.red. and can never be re.tored. It would not have happenacl (apin. at le..t net the w87 1t did) without the

.c1eno. oont.nt. the d1.cOftrr wbioh trt!8"red the cbaD8'I 111 bi••

DuClI1 JCh1sht also .tatacl that Sturgeon vr1te. about people rather than teolmololl1oal aarvela. ct.raet.ra COlIS firat. Tbi. 1. true, the

.tCll'1•• aent1Cl1lac1 abOft. "SlCIII Soulptura- and -Brownshos••- have bap­ pellacl &1111_ of Uae. betora and the7 w111 happen &1111011. ot thes

111 the tutura. The ...ent1al .tort.. here are not .tort.. of tectmo­ logical breakthr01ll!:M. Tbe7 are .tClr1•• ot relatioubipe. of people who ohanp and the .ft.cts ot those obaD8'l.. -Slc. Sculptura· d.epiotB the beginn1Dgs of a relaUcmabip. the end ot the parulJll1ng tsar that can lead a pereon to l.t a chance tCll' 10ft .lip put bi., the .01.nce oontent beret the cancer oura•••re17 ••rve. to bring th... people to­ sether. In -BrClllnahos.- the .01.no. oont.nt 1. the trt!8"r that beg1na the d1a1nt.grat1Cl11 of the laY. betwe.n the people 1nYolved. -. Sauc.r ot Lon.lin••••• on. of Sturgeon'. t1ne.t stort....nd. with the begin.. n1ng ot a relaticmabip and an .nd to tvo lon.17 .xi.tence., the .c1.nce oontent 1. a .aall fi71ng .auo.r that turna out to be .1&1lar to a bot­ tl. toa.acl into the oc.an. carr:ring a .....ge, tbat 1011.1111....lISt be

.baracl wbel1 it becoa.. too great to be born•• - •••ImCIII b7 tbi. that

111 1...na1t7 there 1. on. lonelier than 7OU.· Peopl. coa. firet. other aarvel. ..oond.

Sturseon·. beOD 1nclud. the shCll't stor)' ool1.et1ans B PluribllS un1oorn. CaY1q. !l!!. Worlds !l! Tbeodora StU1l\!OIl. 411e1l8 !t. ~ and the

Dreu.r. Sturflj!QI1 I!. 411ve !!!!.!!li. and the I1Oftl. V.nus ~!. ~

!l! ~ Bloo4. !l!!. Synthetic 1!!!!. and the olasa1c !!2!:! !!!.!!. HIIJWI. w1Dn.r 84 at the 19~ lIItenlat10nal Jl'antaay Award. SttrrseOll allIo wrote two .ortpt8 for --star Trek aDd a4&pted OIIe of hi. beat-kIIc.na .hort works, "nll.d.oser," for a televi.1a ame.

Jaok V1111ulJon has beell wr1t1llg .tead11y .11108 1926, hi. aoat

1aportairt work 1. the 1949 IIOftl The HtmaDo14.. The IIOftl grn troa two of V1lllaMClII'••horter works, "Vith JI'olded !IaDd." &114 ". • .ADd searoh1llg \111.Dd." It deal. w1th the oreatiClll at the H_o1d.a, robote whoae ClIIly purpoa.. are "To .erve aDd obey. &114 guud. _ troll ham."

The H_o1d.a. oreated 111 aD. 1nventor who de.pa1red of UIl·. abil1ty to oaniluot hi. OlIn affaire. lave tile capab1l1ty to produce aore at thea­

.el... aDd han .et up planta for thi. purpoee ClII their hcae warM. which

1. fort1fied aga1nat attaok. They gi" tlle1r third purpoae. guud.1ng

..n troa ham. tun pr1or1ty. &114 taka great ]a1M to enaure that no htmaD be1ng w111 be haned 117 aD1th1ng. 111c11ll1llg hi. OlIn carele••ne.. or de.1re to taka r1.ta. The result 1. a ben1ficent d1ctatorahip at

..chin.., they enforce that third rule to 1ta ulti..te degree, .aoking

1. haraful, .0 .aoking w111 not be penitted, ..n han beell knOlln to drClln. therefore niall1ng w111 lIot be allOlled. ADd so 011.

V1111...on has wr1tten a IIU11ber of tantaay nOftls .. well. "illig the. Darksr !!!!!!. You Think. a aodem werewolf .tarr, &114 The Re1e !!!.

V1u.rd.rz. The latter IIOftl taba .. 1ta prea1.e the 14.. that the d­ suds 1n the tiae of nng M1110a really poII•••11ed IIIlpematural pOllen.

Two at 11111...011'. nOftl., I!!!. HUII&IIo1d. &114 !!!! Legl,on !!!. Space, were included 1n the SPVA checkl1.t.

Jack 11111...on teaches at laatem \II.. Mex:l.co 1lIl1nn1tll hi. doctoral U ••ertation• .!!.t. !h. Vella, Cr1t1c at Pxw•••• w.. recently publ1.hed. His other warks 1IIclud.e I!!!. Legion !!!. Tiu. ~ Br1dp 85 (1JI oollaborat1on with J.... G\IIIJl), Br1ght !!!!. UII1..re., I.!!! !!.2S!!. Chil­

~, and !!!!. Pullara Effeot. H. baa alao written. naber ot ntmlls in oollaborat1Cl11 with J'relbrik Pobl, 1nolllllJlg tlnIlerna Q_t lLIIIl the

torthca.1ng Doouhip.

The tollow1ng ••ct1Cl11 ot th1a ohapt.r d.al. with writere who h

han .chi.ved prOIIlJI.no. during the 1960&1 .0118 ban been writing .1nce

the 19508 but did not .chi... aajor .tat1l%'ll untU the last d.cad•• 11th the ri•• or the.e writere, • cClIItrtmlrey in the ti.ld began,

••ort or l1terar:r t.apeat 1JI • teapot, OYer .oaething ret.rred to as

"The If.. V....• There 1. no war to d.t1Jte "The R.. V....• It asked to detin. it, ClII. would proballly ha.. to 8&1 .a.thing to the .U.ot that

·If.. '.ye· .torie. are downbe.t, that they .xpertaent with .tyl. and get

.0 wrapped up in the•••xperi..nte that they ignore cCllltent, ignore the .tll1'1l on. wollld al.o baye to 8d.d that aoat or the tiae that d••oript1C11. wUl not tit the .tll1'1 lDIl..r d1.o_1C111. It asked to DUB .... V...• writera, ClII. wOtl1d probably ba.. to Po1Jlt to Harlan 1U11.on, loser Z.las­ ny, S..u81 Delanr, J. G. "BsUerd, M1oba.l Moorcock, 1f01'lllU1 Sp1Dnd, and

otherel t1Jtally, CIII. wollld ban to add that all the•• writ.re and othere who ha.. been called ·If.. V...• ba.. denied it.

Vbat ·!few V...• i., really, 1•• aean1Dg1••• oatoh phrall. used to lap together .tori•• by wl4.ly d1U.rent writ.re wbo do not tit the

pattem laid down by 1...0 Aaia ud Robert a.W.b. SOH or the aore rabl4 tan oritica uaed to ra bout gettlJlg r1d or thi. ·If.. II.Y.· gar­ bage and thue keeping .c1ence tiot1Cl11 .at. tor -Doc· Snth reprtnt•• It 1. all • tarcel Th_ D1.ch .tm.. wollld not destroy the -.rket tor

Snth ntmll. and J. G. lla1]ard hu not dr1yen Isaao Aa1aO'l' ott the prbt­ ed page. It 1. tutU. to 8ftn .tteapt to COIIpaX'lI wbat Ballard doe. to 86 what Robert SUwrberg 4_ in hie work. Till wrtte:re who haYe been 4e­ lICribecl .. "lew VaYe" are 111ll1rtcluals «01JI8 In thelr c.JI dlrectl_.

To lllllp thes topther mder GIle ftgUlI te:re le pOintl..s &111 inaccurate.

The te:re "lew VaYe" wlll Dct be UHd again in tb1a paper. Hc*e.,.r, the

11brar1an wlll fiIIIl lt und. froa UM ,to U_ in renew u.gulnu aIIll pneral artlol.. III science fictlG1l outs14e the solftce fictl<11 up­ sin... It C&II be safel)' 19nored, .. it ls 11_1)' to be the sllllb!11l8 of s_ane wlth apace to fill for a col_, aIIll little to fill the space wlth.

P1e:re AnthClll)"s first pub11ehed a_l w.. ChthClll, a 1967 HlI80 aIIll lebula DOII1Dee. H1a work beSU appear1118 In u.gu1Dea SOCII after lta publlcatl<11. Qae or his storle., "Gettinr; Throll8h \lD1.,.D11t)'," w..

CII the 1969 Hur;c ballot. The 1969 nOftl MaoroIIcope w.. alao DOII1nateel for a HlI8o.

H1s boob include ~ .!!!!.!!E!., !!!!. Ring aIIll !!!! B.S.P. ~ (both in cellabaratl<11 wlth Robert JiIargrOff), 2:!, OJmlYore, ProIItho

Pl.., !!!:.!!!!. Stick, R1Dp !!~, aIIll his aoet recent, Tr1ple Detente. He baa alao begun a .ertes or n_la centarecl &1'OUIIll. a _tar or oriental fir;bt1ll8 arta (in CollabaratiClll wlth Roberto PuBDtea). AnthClllY'. story la Ap1D. D!IIprollB '181<118 1. a perfect ellU.ple of the kiM of work Harlan IC1l18OD .ou«ht for thelle "'01.... "In the

Bam" 18 .et CII a parallel world. lIIIller in.,..tipS1<11 by an apat f'roa

Earth Pr1_-the CII1)' Earth to 4e.,.10p the ..ana to tra.,.l to aIIll trca the puallel wor1cl.. The story deplctB an operatiCll COlUlOll CII Barth-­ the breecllll8 of s11k cc*.. The catch 1. that the parallel wor1cl baa BO beri.D.., othft h_ beinr;e are lIBeel for cattle, their 41ets 4el1barate­ ly apt defic1at to pze.at the dnelopMllt or intel11pnce, s~cle. 87 oOlltrolling the tongue .."reel. B7 the ttae the "ani-.l" reachell .Ault­ haal, it baa no potential other than that of being a seed. CeM. In hill ane1VOl'll. to the IItory, AnthClD7 aotn that the CIII17 diff'erence bet.een thi. Earth aDd our .-n 18 that me fora of ...., baa been replaoed by another in the bam. The IItory que.tiClD& whether or not .aral1t7 hall to be defined 01117 in ter&ll of hUlllJ1 beings, whether our treat.ent of ani-.lll don not .h.- our ".aralit7" for what it ill--& fallle front.

The IItory 18 IIhocldng aDd extreae17 effective, me of the .oat danger­

0\8 villimll in the book. It Ilha1raa up the re.Aer'lI ulluaptiClD&, whioh ill OIIe of IIcience fiotion'lI chief fUnotiOl\ll.

John Brunner'lI work bepn appearing in the Un1tecl Statell in

1952. Since 1958 he baa 1I0ld. about fitt7 boeke, he ill me of BngJam'lI bellt-kft

19608 appeared U Ace Double paperbacb, Ilddled with titlell I1b The

Alltronauts .!!!!!i!2i LandI, Cutaway'll War14, aDd Liatenl D!! Stanl

Brunner hall lIince rev1aecl a nUllber of theee, expanded the., aDd pub­

I1l1hed the new "1'IIi_ l1114er other titlell.

Brunner, a ccmsi.tentl7 seed. writer ever lIiDce he entereel the field, u.1a8d _jor 1aportanoe in the ear17 aDd 1I1d-608 with Deftlll

I1b I!!!. Whole !!!a, D!! S9~ of the City (both Hugo nOlline8ll), aDd The !!!!!!!. Re.ult. Hi••oat 1aportant work to date, perhaps, ill the 1968

Deftl StaDd. 011 ZaDsibar (HUSO winner, Nebula noa1nee). Thill n_l gl.ve. a detailed pioture of an eftrpopulated work!., adapting the techniques

DOll Pas.OIl UIled to 00llve7 geaeral treDiIl aDd llpecifio detailll of I1fe in 2010. !!!!. Sheep ~ .!1Z foo_ on the dillintegratiOll of the world.'II eoological balaDoell aDd the rellults of that dlllintegratiOll. I!!!. Jup orbit, Brunner'lI 1969 Nebula Doa1nee, depicts an "'r1ca tarn b7 racial 88

connict. !!!!. SgtanS of !h!. City, the 1965 Hugo nClldnee, is patterned

OIl a chess gue played iD 1892 bet.een Steillite ud. Tcb1gor1n,

BrunDez' is tt. autbor of a nUllber of excellent sbort stories,

ud. several collecti_ of thelle are available. '1'1..-JJI!p 111 a collec­

tion of stories that are perf'ect exaaples of black h1lllor in sc1enoe

fiction. out!!!l!!!!!!. ud. !!!!! This ~ Joxwam sather a nua~ of

Brunner's beat short pieces trOll the 19508 to date. Jom :Brurmer baa

alao n'i'tten stra18bt u.1natreaa fiction, inollli1.ng the suape.e nonl

~ the Butcher's Jled.al, ud. a n1lllber of folk scnp. His nona in­

clllde The Vrc1!8 !!!! of Ti.., The Stone !!!!i Ifeyer E!!!.~, ~

EoliJ!l!e, ud. y!. !! "iracl...

Saauel R. Delany, .. noted earlier, ... one of the .oat honored

science fiction writers of the 196OB. His nona, Babel-17 and. The ~­ steiD Intersection, .on Ifebulu. "Aye, aDd Goaorrah" rsoeind the Ifeb­

ula .. best sbort stor)" of 1967. "'1'1.. Canaidered .. a Helix of Se.i­

Preci01lB stones" .on both tt. Nebula IUIll the Hugo. ~ aDd "Lin.. of

Power" .ere on the 1968 Hugo ballot. Delany's first nonl appeared iD 1962, this ... -The Jewea -of "ptor. It ... follond onr the aext three :rears by the trilOQ !!!!. J'all

!! !!!!. Tlllfez'B, o_ist1.ng of the nona ~-'!! !!!!. !!!!! City (published .. Captives!!!!!!. rlaae), !!!!. T.em !! T_, aDd City!!!; TbouaaDd l!!!!!!.. Tlro.ore nonla follOllM, Ellpirs ~ ud. !!!!. 1leUed !! Bet&-2.

Delany's sbort stan.. bepn to appear iD 1966. HiS first short storr

8&1e ... to Harlan Ellison's antbolOQ, Dangeroua Visiona, the st01'7 .as the Nebula41nn1.ng "Aye, .am GOIIorrah." His other sbort stories inclllie

"DriftglaaB" aD! "The star Pit," His nonl 1f0lla incUL...... ted into a

brilliantly lIIagined science fiction s.tting the the•• of the quest for 89 the Gran.

rar a year. Delany aDd h1s wife. poet Jtar1l)'D Hacker. edited a

quarterly aDthology of ar1g1Dal speculative fictian. Quark. The boob

alac inclllled poetry aDd illUlltratiana. In M4itiClB to work by ..tab­

lished writers such .. A. E. '\'aD Vogt and 'l'h_ II. Diach. Quark alao

pUblished stories by nn writers lib 1!l:l. Br1aDt aDd Yanda JlAIDtyre.

Delany wrote ae'l8ral oritical articles dur1Jl8 this ti_. s_ fit which

appearacl. in Quark. aDd he established hi.eU .. aD i~ortant oritic of

the field. Particularly iaportaJlt w.. his article in btn.po1&tiClll.

-Abcut 5.175 VOJl1lto.- Delany haa baen silent for abcut two :rears. at this writ1q:. thoU8h aDother novel. Dhalen. is forthcOllin«.

Th_ II. D1ach sold his first short story in 1962. his first novel. the cantrOYersial !!!!. GeDoc1d... in 1965. Six other nOYels fol­ lCllfed, !IaJIk1Dl1 tb!er the Leuh. Echo Rouncl His Bon... caRp Cancentn.tian.

~ PrisClller (ldapted f'roa the television series of so. :rears back). the rscent ~. and Black Allce (in collaboration with John T. Sladek).

Disch has seld short stories to a number of aag&sines--a08t of thea science fiction _gazines, other stories have appeared in Plaxbol.

Knight. Paris Rertew. aDd the Tranaatlantic Rertn. In 1973. he edited

1!!!!. ~ Rising. aD aDthology of or1g1nal stori8ll of political science fictian. A portion of his nOYel JJ! appeared in thiB book. TIro col­

lectiOllll of his short stories have baen published. P'un ~ Your !!!!!.

Head. aDd 102 H-BOIIba. Disch'S poetry baa appeared in a numbar of the

little aasas1Des.

His nOYel ~ Cmcegtratian w.. noduted far a Nebula. but he declined the nOll1natian. In this nOYel. political prisoners aDd con­ scientious war objectors ars subjected to biological experiaentll to 90 increase their intelligenee, the lIide eUect of the exper1.llent, he-ever, ill ale- death,

In the artenCll'd to "Thinge Loat," in Apin, D!JI&!roua V1B1_,

Diaoh noted that ratea of P&1Ilent for acienOll fiction are le-, too le­

for hh to Mke a Uvin! unleaa he increasea hia rate of production.

So, Diaoh writea leaa acienee fictiCll1 lately.

Harlan lUUaon ia a phenomenon, no cther wcmi fita. Elliaon ia the field'a .oat honored writer, banD! Wlm five HU!o awarda, two Nebu­ lae and two Writer'a Guild awarda for televiaiOll acripta. Hia antholOQ

Dangeroue V1ei_ was siven a apecial award as the .oat aifll11ficant and controversial acienoe fiotion look of 1967.

Ell1alm'a HU!o awarda were for the IIhort WED "'Repent, Harle­ quinl' Said the Ticktookan," "I Have 1110 Routh and I Muat Scren," "The

Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World," "The Deathbird," and the televiaion acrtpt "City on the tige of rorever," froa the star ~ aeriea, '1'h1a aoript alao won a Writers Gui14 award. The lIIebulas were for the ahort atory "'Repent, 1lar18lJ.u1nl', • ," and the novella "A Boy and Hia Dog." Hia acienee fiction ia senerally dark, where Sturgeon'a work ex­ plcrell love, I!:lUaon'a work ahe-s a p;reat faail1ar1ty With hate and vio­ lence, Hia writins ia inteneely persOll&1, and pe-erful, aoae of the

.oat pe-erful writins in the field of acienee fiction or out of it,

To pther .ter1al for hia first noyel, Bllialm ran for ten weeke with a I .. York street PII«' an account of thia period was siven in hi. book Me.oa fro. Purptary. He wrote a nuaber of ahort atoriea and nonla dealiD! with juvenile deUnquency, In lddit10n to ahort atoriea and novelli, Blllaon hae alllo written fila and televiaion scripta 91 ud critial.aa, hi. t.l.rta1on crlt1cl•• appeared In a w••Id:r col\lllll for the l!!!!. Anel.. !!:!!. Prea., "The Glull Teat." Hi. tel..,l.lon credlt11 lncllll••cripta for Burke'. !!!.' !h!. untouchabl••, star I!!!., OUt.r

Lintll, ClIIarron strtp, VO;r&!\! ~ i!!! Bottoa !!i!!! S.a, !!!!. ~ !!!!!. U,II.C.L.E., ud Slape•• Theatre. H. cre....t the current ••rt••, The

Starleet, but walked away troa the proj.ot and IlII4 hi. _ re.CIftCl troa the .creen credlt11 when the n.twerk began to tinbr With the CClll­ cept.

Hi. antholcg1••, DeneroUII Vi.l_ ud Ap1n, Danprcn. Vi.l_, are .cl.nce fiotlon landurke, Both inollll••tori•• that .xpert.nt, that treat nn 14... ud the••, or the•• that w.re 00IIII14.red too hot to handle in the .tanda:td 1I&8IU51D.. arketll. Dan!\!rOllll V1111_ inol1lll.t

.terl•• by S..lIltl D.lany, JI'r1ts Lelber, Philip Jee. Ya:Ner (all of whoa won award.), Theodore Sturgeon, ud aleo a .tory by a wrtt.r whee. work bu be.n aaiD.ly ln t.l.rtslCl11 and fil., HOIfard. Rodll&ll (Rodll&ll wrot. aany .crtpta fer !h! lIaked City II.Ild. Route §&, h. 1. the creater of the current tel.rtll1Cl11 ••rt•• Ham Q). DperOllll ViIl1OD11 lntrcduce4 II&IlY nn wrtt.re to .cl.nc. fictlon readlll.., and •• the••1t up ud take notlce of other wrtt.re who had be.n working for "fII&re wlthout aohi.rtag

4•••ned recognition, .uch &II R. A. Laff.rty. The book lnollll.t thirty­ three stori...

Apin, IlaDprola ViIl1_ was a foUOIr-up proj.ct, .....n larger than Danpreua ViIl1\l11., thi. book includ..t forty~1x .terl.s by wrlt.rs who w.re w.U ••tsbll.hed ln ud out of the fi.ld (J.... BU.h, Bay Brad­ bury, Kurt V_.gut, and Bernam Volt.) and by new.r wrtters .uch as

D.an R, Koonts, Joanna RuIIII, ursula K. LeGuin, Pi.rs Anthony, Gen. Volf., and K. iii. O'DGIIJI.U I JClaJID.& Ria. ud lJtlIula LeGu1n won award.. for thilr 92 stortes. A th1ft volUH. !!!!. Lut Danr1'Olll nsl_. ls in pnpuatiCill.

nus.·s boob lnol111e the short story colleotllu AlOlle Ap1nst

TCl8Oft'Gf. Pa1JIs04 !!!!!. other De1118101lS • .Q!!!:!!l!.!&I!.. CeIltle.. JlIIlkie.

Approaoh1Jlg Obl1vi•• ud the lIovele Rcakabill:r, D__• ud !!!! I!aIl

~ Jl'ine Lives. Be ..rote a n1lJlber ot short startes 111 collaboration wlth authors such .. Robert Silverberg. ~s BUIlr;re. &lid Roger Zelamy, these have been collected ln the vol_ Partners !!. VClIlder. m his 1ntra1uct1ca to the oollect1C11l 1 .!!!!!. !2 llouth !!!!!. 1 .!!!!!i SOre&8, Thea10re sturgeon d..c:r1bed Harlan Ul1sell .. ·oolorful. intru­

81ft. a'brulve. lrritating. hilar1oue. 1l1og1oal. ino_lstent. IIIlpn­ dlot&ble, ud eIIe hell at a wr1ter~·3? That SUM lt up neatly.

David GerroJd. 1IIl11ke II8D7 writere at the field, d14 not work his ..ay up ..lth short startes and Ace Double paperbaob, Gerrald begu. to ..tabllsb his reputation with a televislan script tor ---star Trek. The sc:r1pt "The Trouble ..itb Tribbl...• ..hioh w.. nOll1nated tor a

Hugo ud e..ily the tIII1D.1est ep1ea1e ot the eeries.

His storles appeared regularly in ugulnes and. artginal antho­

1081". UOIlIJ thea Harry H&rr1SOll'S !!2!!. ud Bll1sOll's !p1n. Dangeroue V1s1llft8. He bu publ1shed eeveral novele, The nY1ng Sorceare (in col­ laboration ..lth 1&rr7 Klven). Space Ski_r, lestemaz's Children, Vhen

.::H&r=l:=l""e !!!.~. ud !!!!. ~ !!!!2 Folded. Hiuelt. A oolleotlan ot b1e short ..orb 18 available. !.!!!!.. rtlll!r !!. !!:. 1. GerroJd baa also edtted. tour antholO81es .. welll

37Theodore Sturgecm, ·The IIcrter, the SbaJter.· I Have !fo lIouth .... 1 IIlllSt Soreu. by Harlan 1ll1ean. (Xn York. Pyruid. 19m. p. 12. 93

ort81nal .torte.. Gerrold baa publi.hed work by Jun T1ptree, Gene

Wolte, and J!Jd Bryant, uoae: othera. In 8dd1tiCIII to the.e, Gerrold. wrote two boob dealing with the

Star ~ aertea. The World. .!!! Star Tnk, and !!!!. Trouble with Tribble.,

the latter dealing with the production of hi. OIfn ept.od.. In both,

Gerrold. d••outrated a tborough lIDI!.ratand1ng at televia10n aerte. :pr0­

duction. In h1a &11&11111. of Star Tnk'. virtuea and tlaw., ot its t1nal

th1rd...... on d.clill8 in quality, he traced the proc... by wh1cb a t.l.­

vi.1C11 lI.rtn .olid1t1.. into teraula wrtt1ng &lid. t1JIal.ly d1.II. The

boob '-" & lot to ea,. about the creat1C11 ot telerl.1on drua and abcut

wrtting in ~n.ral, prov1ng that 1ft t.l.vill1on cr1.tic1••, CII. David Ger­

ro1d. 1. worth .ore than one hllDl!red Clen1u4 AIIor:rs.

Genold.' II nonl., When J1arli. !!!. 011. and !!!!. I!an Wbo roJ.d.ed ID:!.­

lI.lt, w.re nGlllinated tor tile Hugo and If.bula awud••

J'n.nk H.rbert baa been writing IIc1ence t1ction tor tw.nty 1II&re'

h111 t1x*t nonl, Dryo! in ~!!!!. (nOlf aYa1labl. UIId.r the titl. tIDd..r

J'reHure), appeared in 1956. H.rbert'. real proa1n.nce, b••ver, caM

in 1965, witb the .GIl_ntU nov.l!!!!!!!.. It ptcbd up both the Hugo and

the If.bula tor bellt nonl. ~ baa .njoyed a large .uece... witb .tal.nte.

Th. nonl d.p1cts a planri ot .UIl, ot heat, wb.re a 1I1ngl. drop ot water

111 a pNc101l8 c_CIl1t,., wortb killing tor. In 1969, H.rbert pubUahed

a sequel, !!!!!!!. JII.H1ah.

H.rbert'll other nonla incllll. I!!!. Cre.n Bra1.n, Deatination. ~,

a tuc1nating account ot tb. att••pt of a group ot llpace travelera to cOIlBtruct an art1t1c1al canac101lllD.... to control their .,..••1, !!!! !Z!!. .!!! H.1I1.nberg, !!!!. Santarop Barr1.r, Whipping Star, !!!!. Q2! Mabra, R.llatroa'lI -H1n, and the pOl'.rtul -Soul catcher. H. edited a book ot 94

articl.. GIl the ennr_ntal crteie, .!!!. lfC'ld ~!!! ""Vft:=lcI.;:. TIro 001­

lectiClDll of hie ehort war" ha". appeared, The Vorlde !!! Prank Herbert

aDd The ~ !!! J'ruk Herbert.

Dean I. 10000til eold hia fint ecienoe fictiCll1 etory in 1967,

aDd follC*'ed it with other etoriea aDd novele that Mde hia an iaportant

_ in the field within four :rears. In eeftral of hia atft:iea, KOGIltll

explored the iapUoati_ of the ideaa put forth by Marahall MeLubaJI.

TIro novels were wrltt-n around MoLuhan'a notione, !!!!.!!!!. !!! !!!!. Dreaa

Jllaohine aDd the aaiJlllt:reaa novel HUDS. IUI4 two sbort stori.., ". DJ:a«QD

in the LaDd" aDd ". MOUlle in the Valls of the Global VllJ.a«e." The lat­ ter ahort etory appeared in Again, DangeroUII Visiana.

Hie nove18 bcluie Beastohild, !!!!.!!!!! !!!!.' ~ !!! !!!!. !!!!!!!'

The ~ Smh_p Hell's f1!!!, Star QU!IIt, Anti-Kan, ! Darkneas .!!!!l.

Soul, !!!!. neah .!! !!:!! J'urn&oe, aDd D... ~.

Koonts hall aold a nueber of novele UD4er peeuiOll:J1l8, aDd recently

pubUehlld an excellent bGOk an the writlJlg and. aarating of oat-gary fic­

tiClll, VrltiD« Popular nctiClll•

• oollection of hia ahort dori.., ~ ~!!!!. D1'ag.., hall been pubUebed.

R••• Lafferty ia a writar \lrlUa any in the field, or for that atter, outeide of it. Hls atori.. are aarked by an UDbeUnable aenae

of hlDlar, Ullually black, aDd the air of the tall tale. One of hia early novele, Sl!:C8 Chantey, wu a eoaio eelence fictiCll1 retelllng of the ~-

eey.

Lafferty hall been writing frsr at least fourteen yeare, but did not begin to achie". rec~tiOll lDItll the late 19i5Oa. Hle 1968 .ovel 95

I!:!1 Jllaater WII8 CIIl the Hugo ballot. The 1972 nonl !!!!. Dertl 1! Dead.

WII8 a Nebula noalDee. In 197', eme of hi••hort .tort.. finall,. took a Hugo pard (t)'ing with Pob! and Xarnbltdh'. -The IMet1Dg-h the .tor,. WII8 -Bure_'. DaIl.­ other Laffert,. .torte. haft appeared 1n .....eral of the nUJIberous -Year'. Be.t- anthologie., part1cularl,. th..e edited b7

JlIIl1th Merr1l and b7 DCIII&l4 Wollhe1_ .ad r.rr,. Carr. "'0 oDllect1_ of hi••hort worb haft been publi.hed, ~ HIIlId%'ecl G%'&Dllaethara and

Stranr Do1...... Hi. Don18 to date ani Space CbaBtey, f!!! Jlaater, --The Beef'll of marth, Ji'ourth I!aD11101111, Arrlft -at IlIBterw1ne, --The na. Ie Gren, and !!!!. Derll l!~. Lafferty has alao wrtttllll two boob out­ .14e the .o1l111ce fiet1_ field, -Okla IIInnaU, and ----The Pall of R_.

lJraula K. Le Gub'. _jor wark to date 1. the Hugo and Bebula w1l1l11ng nonl D!!.1l!n llIM. !!l. Parlme.., ..t CIIl the planet Gethea. it deale With the effort. et an e81.11&%7 :rra. a lOeBe cOllfederat1l111 of pla­ nets to e.tabli.h fonal d.1pl_t1o and oultural contact with thi. world.

It al.o deal. wUh M. react1_ to the oat1vee, who an neUher uJ.e Dar feale, bat ub1.eXlal. Dur1ng their period of b_r, the,. bec_ .ex­ uall,. actift, lII1e _,. ...uae either rele and _UIIt t1D1 anether 1n ...er who baa ...uaecl the oppoeUe role. The lII1Y07, Genl7 Ai, 1& regaxded .. a .art of tra&k, be1ng :rr- 1nto one ..xual role. The plaDet Gethell itself 1... T1Y1dl.)' d.epicted.. A%ftld.. 1D Harbert's~. Gethell

(called W1nter by its f1rat vi.1tara) 1. a warld of slac1.ra, with faw hab1tabl. an...

In add.1t1-. to the ....ards far !!!!. ~ ~!!l. ;:;.Da.r=Im=·:;::e.:::;s.;:;., lJraula

I.e Gu1n alao received Hug.. fflr her stari_ -The Ward for Wflrld I. Fore.t­ and -The em_ Who Walk Da,. troll OMlu.- Her nonl I!l!. P'arthe.t ~ reoe1ftC1 the l'Iat1mal Book !Ward far Children'. Literature. I!l!. ~ 96 of H.aven ... a If.bula nOldn.., ..... ber short stllr1 -1f1Jl. L1._.­

H.r newelll 1Jlelui. Plan.t ~ K:d.l.., ROOaI1lU8'S Wor14, CUy!!! I111181_, -" Visar4 -of Earths.., --The T_be of "tVlUl, ad her a..t ncent, The Dlspoaanalld.

KII. I.e Gu1n baa taught at the ClariClll Writers lorlrahop.

!larry If. MalIlberg baa Writtea dc.n ClIl. of the a..t uuettl1Jlg, t.rrifJ'111« a_lI.ta 1Jl aOl!.m sel.lI.e. nctlcall

Then ... the three ..troaauta, two of tha an ...lldng OD the aoon, t.ll1Dg 014 jokes or quot1Dg the :Blble apin. The third, arbit1Jlg in the o....nd aodul., thinlra about the buallty of U all-the jollH, the Blble, the ..eptl0 1Jlhuun 1aage the ..trcmauta a,.t projeot, even te the pCl1Dt of be1Jlg told Deft%' to OU1'N .hile ClIl a aiaslCl1l. The third an f1ns the ntra-roeket8, pulla the e...... a04ule out of luu.r orbit and bea4s fll1r h_. The other two an stranded. This 18 tr_ the shart story -Still-LUe,- in Ap1A. Danproue Vlsl_.

Malsberg baa date at least three stori.. a:L'IIIlIld this 14... They an -Still-L1.fe,- the s.otlC11 -Offertory and Ruo1.utlCl1l- 1Jl the newel

UII1nne Day, ad The 1al111l1 Aatrcmauts. Malsberg, und.r his III1l _ and the pII.uiClll1B I. tI. O'DCIIIl.11, baa Written a nober .f stories cleaJ.­

1Jlg .lth his Y1s1Cl1l of the space progtu. The Y1s1Cl1l ls pIIrbapll best, lf slapl18tically, suaae4 up by quot1Dg troa Unberse ~ ad -St111­

L1.f••- In unlverse ~, ..trcmaut tI111.r ls valt1Jl« far a a18hap to aaIra nturn to Earth lapoaa1ble, he .111 than tell every•• CIIl Barth

.bat he th1Jllra of thea. H••Ul destrey the ..t.r.auta' ..eptlc luge by shout1Dg ebeetlll.1tles aI!d expOll!q hi...lf an _. H• ..,...

ave C&IlJlot 11ve our 11ves .. lf the bott_ two-th1l:da of thea do not .xist••••If •• go out 1Jlto apace •• carry the best ani the 97 WClNt of us all bound up topther aDd we .hould. Bot behave other­ w1.e,"38

III "St1ll-Lite" the thbd utr_ut baa just pulled out of lllll&r orb1t aDd tella M1u1an Cantrol.

"I'. go1Jlg boas, , , ,I've had 1t, I wan't take &IIJ' sore, You OlUIIlat pregru the m1nne you ._ or bitche., there are tll1np going an outBide of all thiB whiob you oaDDat onY1.B1an let alane UD­ d.-taD! aDd there .1.IlIIt be an ead to thiB banality. do you lIIIdentaD! t.t1 It haB got to ead ....U .., The \Bl1vene 1. nat, aan 1B .Ball, ••there are .tare out there you ha_'t e_ d1.0....n4 yet, h_ did you think you could do thi. to lIB1 Ve're h_, b_ do you underetand that,"39

It haB bean nated that Ialsberghhat.. the .pace prCIgI:u, but 1t

1. nat exploraUon that 1ntur1ate. hi.--1t 1. the deh-uaing effect of all that bardware, the 1nliUII&D 1ute projeoted by the uu...ut. aDd MiB­ don CClDtrol. In aan'. ex1l1oraUan of Bpace, Mallilberg 1JId1cat_, aan'B

&r1"O@;lIIlM aDd _ophobia w111 detBrll1De h1B sot1ClDB. In the opell1ng Beo­

UOD. or tlIl.,.rae Daz, "Apocrypha u Prologue or. The lay Ie V1Bh It Hap­ pened," Mallilberg Bh_B aan'. cCIIIll_t ot the .olar .:r-te., planet by pla­ nett "fighting ....ry Btep of the way," the utrCllauta arrive at the nl­ lap. of the nat1.,.. ot the planeta aDd clo the neeeaaary-k111 a tev j\l8t to .b_ who 1. in cbazWe, ar 1n "detenae." Mallilberg nate. that Binee no .enUent Ute wu obBerftd .. the ._, BO detena1'" ....ure. were neee.­

.ary. The .eot1an enda wUb a paragraph GIl the conque.t ot Pluto. Gaul

Jolding ..eta God 1n a Plut.1an d.ert, d_ the aeeeuary, aDd be.... nee-Lard of the planet. 1l8n'. effort. to reach the .tare after thi.

38x, M. O'DCllIlell, IJn1verae B!l (Jew Yark. AVOll, 1971), pp. 350.)6.

39x• M. O'D_ell, "SUll-Lite," mn. Dauprous V1.1_, ed. Harlan Ell1BGI1 (New Yark. Doubleday, 1972 , p. 291, 98 polnt are delayed by the Gram Dlsaate1'll. - •••it w.. 6831 before II&D first eet baab • extra .olar territory._4O

Malilberg'. vi.lon of the .pace progrua find. lta :f'ull..t expn.­ .1. ln the nerMI tJn1veme Day, Which 1. not a nerMI in the unve.tiGll&1 .8Dlle but a collectlon fd: interrelated .hert warb that appeared ln usa­ Ill_ u4 anthologies erMr a periocl of tire years. They are cClIIDected not by charactem and plots, but by the.e and concept. -Stl11-Life- w.. originally planned ae part of thi. boOk.

falsberg ball &1110 dCllle stori.. dealing w1th ae_1nation, .\IOh ae the recent newel The DeIItructlCl1l .2! the Te.ple, wlth rellg101ll1 tbe...

C-ChrClIl1cle. of a Cner,- -'rn.ck TIro, - and otbere)a 111. 1972 newel, !!!.­

YOld Apollo, won the Jolm V. Caapbell Award. ae beat newel of tbe year.

Hi. 1973 nonl Herln'1t'. Varld preIIented a bleak p1cture of the llfe of a back sclence fict10n writer do 1. becOll1ng a .ultlple pemClll­ ality ae his rough tough plIelllcn:ra and hi. fiot1Cl11a1 here try to taD c control. of his llfe, Bince the writer wae incapable of handling hi. llfe anyway. llClllg tbe way, Malllberg dleeected the warld of sclence flctlCl1l writing, fanda, and publ1.hing.

In a letter in the July 1974 1••ue of hntaetlc, Malzberg .tated that be 1s phaalng out of sclence fiction writlng and gn4ually, if he can af'taxd lt, out of :f'ull-tl.e writing. He sa1.4 part of the 1'lIaeon lI&y be folllld in Herov1t's VCIl'ld. So, tbe1'll aa:r not be very llIlDy storie. coming f'roa Malllberg in the future, and that 1s a sbue.

His boob inclllle In ~ Encl_ure, Gather ln the Hall .2! Planets,

Sereen, Oracle .2! ~ Thoueud Ha.lld.s, Tactice .2! C!I!!I1l8st, !!!!. falling !!.­

40 IC. M. O'Donnell, tJn1veree Day Clfn York. AVClll, 1971), pp. 17-18. 99 tronauta. --TbII lI.n Izulid.. lUId hie aoat recent ncwela. --ca a PlaII.t All.n lUId !!!!. Dal !!! !!!!. Bum1ng. Two coll.ctlCl1l8 flf ebart pi.c... JI'1JIa1 War -lUId other hDtulea lUId --In the Pocket -lUId otb.r -SF atar1.... ban alao been publ1ebed.

Larry IUnn writee eclence fictlcm baaed on eol1d ecl.ntific erlrapolatlC11l. bam scleace fictlC1l. 81e firet ebart etC1r7 appeared ln

1964. Ilia .tart•• "N.utrClll Star" lUId "InCClll8tant 11_" Well Hugo parde. and hle 1970 nonl R1DgVarld won both the Hugo and tbe Bebula. "Becalaed in Hell" and "Not Lang Before the ED:l" vere B.bula nClll1n.... and his 1973 nonl ProtectOll' 11'&8 nOll1Jlated far the Hugo lUId the Nebula.

Nlven hall aleo 4011e eOlle artlcles of a speculative nature--one

on the travel. and wh;r lt le bpoaslble (Thie one lncludee a 41scueslO11

of the lnab1l1ty of the Engllsh language to handle tl.. travel lUId lt pointe out the new teneee that woulcl be required. etc.). and another on teleport&t1on. Another artlcle 11'&8 a wildly funny. logical exp1aBatlon

of Why Superun coulcl never fatber ch1l.4reD vlth a h~ feale.

Nlnn'e nonls lnclude Warld 2! Ptaava. ! Q!!! !roll Earth. lUId

!!!!. FlPI!/Il Sorcerere (wlth David Gerrald). It. nUllber of collectiona of

Nlven's shart varb have been publ1she4. Neutron ~, The Shape flf Space,

All ~ Myrlad !!I.!.. The Fllght of ~ Horee. and. the recellt ! Hole l!

Space.

SOlIe of Nlven'e etories have treated. the"the.e of the argan bank, the reeult of transplant eurgery. cae of theee 11'&8 "The Jlgsp Man," in

Dangeroue V181ona. It ellg88ated. that argan banke JI1ght one clay be eup­ plled. with parte from e.cuted cr1.1nala. and that people JI1ght be vllling to eee the 4eath penalty bpCllled. on a1Dor cri..e If each executlon .eant a longer l1fe epan for the..elvee. The story 11'&8 a Hugo nClll1nee. 100

Al.xe1 PanBhin'. fint novel, !!ll!. .2! PuSage, won the 1969 Neb­

ula pam and w.. OD the HIIflO b&1lot. Hi. other nOYel. are Ila.egue World, §!E Well, aD! !!!! Thurb I."olutiCl'l. Pu.h1n is the author of the cr1t­ 1cal .tuiy of Robert Heinlein's work, Heinlein !!!. Db_1... Since the

publ1cation of this book, PuI.hin has becOlle on. of the _jor cr1tice

of the fi.ld. Hi. colUD, "Sc1.nce nction in D1....1Cl1l.· be8&D appear­

ing in ll'antaatic lIl&8&II1ne in 1970. He nClll' writ.. the COllWl, and hi•

• torte., with hi. wife Cory. Jl'orthcomng frOB the PanBh1ne is a cr1t1cal

stuiy of .Illl.m .c1.nce fiction, or creat1.,. tantaay .. they call it,

~ World l3e;rCllld ~ Hill. Port1ona of this book Ia.,. appeared in Extra­

polation.

Jc.nna IU811 is the author of two noyele, P1cD1.8 !!!. Pand1s. lUI! -AD4 Chaos Died.- and a nuaber of short stortes. One of h.r .hort .tori••, ·When It CheDged," WOD the Nebula for but .hort .tory of 1972. Both of

her nOY.le were N.bula nom•••••

Ms. lUllS 1. alao an excell.nt criticI she rlIn... boob regular­ ly for The Jllaplline !! futaa;r and Sc1nc. J'1.ction, and Iae publ1.hed cr1­

tical art1cl.s in Ext:rapolatiCID. Vert.x, and the ClarlCID anth.logi•••

S_ of the•• articles have focused on the handling of fe-.AI characters

in .ci.nce f1ct1u. .tor1e., _ b_ the he-aan .ytb 4..troya".very .tory

in which it appeare.

H.r short stort.s have appeared in the ajor .c1ellce fiction ug­

as1n.., and in _gasines sucb as the JIIIUlhattan 1.'1'1... S..,.:ral of her

plays ha.,. be•• praduced ott-ott Braldway, aD! she Iae acted in couun1­

ty tbeatrll. J08IIJI& luss has tallflht creative wrlting at Com.iLl Un1ver­

s1ty for s • .,.:ral yeara, she aleo teaches at the C1ar1_ Writere' Work­ shop. A new novel, The Femal. JIIIUl, 1. fortbcoaing. 101 Robert Silverberg i8 an. or .0ieRO. fiotieD'. aoat prelifio writ.ra, he i8 alae quite poaaibly 80i.no. fioti.'. beat writ.r. He baa WOll two Hug_, an. in 1956 .. aaet prOll1alJlg nn writer, aDd on. iR

1969 for bi8 nClYalla -JI'1gbtw1ngs.- Silverberg alao rao.ived N.bulas for bi8 .hort .tory -PuHngara,- aDd for the nllY.l ! I!!!. !! Chay!•• Theme w.... the Hugo ballot, .0 were !!!!. ~ !! Skulls aDd Dyill.15 IR­

~. Dy1ry; Insid. aDd !!!!. Kulal !! Th. w.ra N.bula RHin..., the tor­ a.r rao.ived a .pacial Joha V. eaapbell award. for .xcell.nce ill. writing.

Silverberg i8 one of the truly prot...illlla1 writ.ra 1D. the fi.ld, he !lIa•••tyl. aDd the.. parf.otly, .. Th_ Clara80n pointed out, but he al80 _kea it look ...y. Thi. b an illl!ication ot high art--not juat to do ._th1ll.g, but to do it .0 w.ll that it ...... ffortl.... H.lI1ag­ way M4 that 81ft, uny haye rellll, tor inataD.o., -The Xill.ra,- E -The

Short Happy Lit. fit Jl'raD.ci. Jllacftber, - &D.d thouglat -Why, that loolal ."71

I oDUld write that w.ll.- Of 00_., when they .it dGWJI to the type­ writ.r, they filii! that it i. not tbat ...y. SilVJrrberg baa the _ quality.

A nUBber ot the... run through Silverberg'. work. an. i. C&IUIi­ bali.a, 1R a n\lllber of diff.raat toro. In -ni••,- h. d.pict. a BaD who ••rna .. a rala11ng .tati.. tor u ali.n race, watching aDd .t-,-y­ iag paill. aDd .utt.riag uong h-... Thora8 tecua•• OIl a autilated ..­ tr...ut aDd a 81rl B&D1pulated into a d••tructive relati_hip .0 tbat the BaDipulatE can t.ed 011 their pain. -Road. to MigbttaU- i. a lit.r­ al d.pioUe of canniball8a. Another thea. i. that or red.aption, toUlld clearly in D_ard. !! the Earth.

Th_ Clara.on, 1R hi. articl. -Robert Silverberg. The COIlpl••t

Writ.r,- not••, 102 COUun1catiCllIl that i. the .tarting poiat. but that wcm:l. aloa" tail. to e.ooapea. hi. ceatral Oellcem••••Silverberg H •• drava to the dile_ ot un i.elated &1114 the f'rapeatiq oulturN ot the c-.t_pozary w.rld. Moat ott.n. d••pit. the .xi.teaoe ot hi. dark .14•• he ..... di••ati.fied with ..ra pertraita et ..... ali....ti•• TbUl. liD CliUcm:I. Siaak. he .lIpl.". JIIJI'. eno_t.r witb Iloabllll&ll intelligenc.. be it alien ar andrG1cl. to .eazeb ter 'Ialu•• which h. am hi. ru4ere aay accept. lIor .hould m. torget that hi. US" .t .uch taa1liar denc.,. u telepathy••ultiJl,. peratllaliti.. tuaed within a .ingle o_ciouan•••• am ti.. travel~ w.ll u the the•• of i ..ortality--e1aply prorld. hi•• lf14er ruge of plot aateriala to werk with u he ...ke tar thoee ._nte whioh traaacend .an'. lon"l1.n•••• R&D'•••pant••ea.. Like Siaak. he queata tor unity.41

The qu••t tar un!ty. the need tar cou\DIicatiOJII thi. i. the cent.r ot Silv.rberg·. work. It ill .000t clearly vi.ible in the rac••t

novel Dying 1DlI14.. di.o~ed .arli.r in thi. .tudy.

In an articl" on Silverberg. larry !!al.berg .tated that "The 14ea wu t. take the oliohed. t&lliliar the... ot thi. field am do the. right, ~l. the. with the full range of .ad.m literary teClmique.,,42 Silverberg d_ thi••••rging extrapolatim with a cmcern tor people am what aake. the. tick.to yi.ld a bcdy ot werk that oU.re genuine 1naighta

into the huaan oClllditian. Malzberg t1a1.hed that articl. by .tating that SilVllrberg i. "the bellt writer cunently producing in Brlg1i.h."

Silverberg'. aovel. inolud. !:!£ the Line. The S.oCllld Trip, To Live

Ap'n. HaJrkBbill Statim, !!!!. MukB ~!!!!., The !!!!. Hoppere, Nightlf1nS!.

!! 2P!!!. the !!.!sl., am TClIf.r ~ Glu.. Short IItory coll.ctiClll8 1.nclud. the rec.nt UIltudliar Terr1.ter:r, !!!!. R.ality Trip !:!!!. Other I.plausibilitie••

Earth'. Other S!1MClIf. and MOClIIt.rna !:!!!. Stars!l!1llj!.

41Th..... D. Clarellan, "Robert Silverberg, The Coapl.at Writ.r." The Mapsia. at rantally am Soio.o. nction. 46 (April, 1974). pp. 74-75.

42Barry N. Mal.berg, "Robert Silverberg." Th. !lapzin. ot rantul ami. Soi.no. r1ctim, 46 (April. 1974), P. 69. 10)

In 8lld1ti_ to his science fiction. Silverberg baa also written books on archaeology. b1olegy, ocean~pby. history. pbyeica. ecology. and s.veral b1ographi.s. He baa wo edited about bent;r-fi.,. antholo­

gies.

N.... Sp1nrlld is the authar of five nDY8le and a nuber of short stort... The noyele arel Af5!nt !!! CIlia.., !!!!. Solar18w. 5 Jack lIarrarI.

!!!!. Xen ~ i!!! J!!!1fde, and the recent!!!!.!!!!! ~. 5 Jack BarraI1 11''' on th. ".bul& ballot in 1970, this .000l If" serial1sed 1a !!!! Vor14s

1I&flU1.JIe. and beca~e of the forthright s.x sce... (and also. probabl;r. the opin1_ expreeeed an politicians aDlI. pCllf.r-e.ekara). it w.. de;­ noUDoed 1a Parli....nt and 1te author called a dege.erate. !!!!. ~ ~ the Jungle grn trOll a short story idea for IlaD.gercue V1s1ona, it dealt

Ifith re.,olut1G1ll1%7 tact1ce. The stary Sp1lU'8d finally wrote far Dan6!r­ .!!!!!. Visions 11''' "Carc1n_ Angele." a f'unn:r story about cancer. Spin­ nIl's short stortes have appeared 1a Analog. Orbit ("The Big ll'laah." in

Orbit 2.. 18 one of the aeet powerful sc1enc. fict1m short stortes of recent yeare). Galaxy. Playb!!y. and vertex. His ~ .!!:!!. script. "The DoOll8da;r Machine." If" nCllllnated for a Hugo awud.

His recent nOYel, !!!!.l!:!!! Dre.... is actually a science fiction novel by Adolf Hitler. Who never beoue the Fuhrer but eldgrated and set­ tled in the u,•• and becue a science fiction writer. The violence at the book is incredible. but aft.r a while it ce..es to have any real ef­

fect 011 the r8lIder-which _y be the point. People can becClle jaded to

the point that violence no longer affecte thea and they can sit back aDlI.

y&lfn about it. In 8lld1tim, the book is wo a paredy of the "sword aDlI.

SDrcery" stortes.

A collection of Sp1arad's short worb. !!!!.!!!!i Hurrah !!! !!!!. lOll-

Golden Hcmle, bu been publ1.hed.

Kate W1lheb, .trangely, hall nce1ved only ClII.e Nebula &liard.

"Strangely," because .he 1. one of the be.t vr1teze in the field. The

aJIard .... far her .hart story "The Planners." She bu written a Dober

of novelsl !h!. IC1ller Th:l.ng, !!!! Ilneraore Affair, Margaret aDd !.e !!!i ----the fire P'all, -The Clone, aad -----The Year of the Clam (the lut t"o in collaboration ,,1th Theodore L. Th_). Margaret!:!!!!,! M" a Nebula nca­

1IIee. Two oolleet1ons of her ahort stortes have been pUbl1shed, !l!!.

DOIfIlsta1rs !!!?!!!. aD1 ThII Mlle-Leng Spaceah:l.p, Her WEt appears regularly

111 the Orb1t anthologies aD1 111 the sc1enoe f1et1on aaaasines. Kate

Wl1heb teachlls at thll C1ar1on Writers' Worlalhop.

Roger Zelazny started vr1t1Jl8 111 1962. By 1968, he llIId p10ked

up two HugOll aD1 two Nebulaa. The Nebulae "ere for the shart p1eoes

"ThII D~ of H18 race, The LaapB of His Mouth" and "He Who Shapea,"

The Hugoe were for the n_18 • • ,And .Q!!! !!!. CCIIIrIId (aftllable Ull4er

the title !!!!!. laaortal) and ~!!! L1ght. His norel ~ !!! S!ladara

" .. a Hugo nuinee, and the 1969 1!!!.!!! !!!! Delld " .. on the Nebula bal­ let, "A ROlle for Ecolee1.a8tes" appeared 111 1963 aad lIaIle Ze1asny a _jor DaIle 1n the field I 1t too w.. a Hugo n..anee.

Ze1asny wrote a Baber of stor1.. t181ng II)'th figures of ftri._

culturea. Ie. ~ L1ght utili... the ll1Ddu pantheonl This Iuortal usea

figures frllll Gnek folklore. In 1!!!. !! the !!!!!!.' Zelazny devised a pan­

thllOft of his '_ far the story.

VhIIn "" Rese for Eocles1..t .." apteared in 1963, Ze1allny " .. gnteted With al_est U!WIbous praise. Theodore sturgeon latar called

the story one of the _oat beautifully "ritten and P&8s1onately expressed 105 worlas of art ever to appear anywhere. Harlaa Elllaen aa1d Ze1uny w.. the reincarnation ef Geoffrey Chaucer. It ahould be noted that aobody in the genre, wlth the JlGIIIIlble exceptl.a ef Robert Silverberg ud.

Theodore Sturgttlll1. can outwrite Ze1alllny when ~ 1& at hia beat. H.-ever.

Zel.amy baa not been at hia beat alnce 1969. The recent novela have been•• tha Whole. atraight adventure novela, Ze1dny 1& !!!Z gOld at writlJlg atraight adventure novela. If t"e bGOlas, 11ke !!!!! Priacea -ln AJaber. ---Jack of SbadClllJl. Ull tha ncent ---To Die in ltalbar. were writ­ ten by any.e elae. they would be ngazded .. ajor work by a Bright New

Talent. H.-ever. Ze1asllly w.. ao good frOR 196) to 1969. that he beeue hia Be ataDda%d, the n_ work w..· cORpered to the brilliant atoriea that

Zel.amy h1Raelf bad written-a.nd. the new wlJrk w.. follllll lacldng. Perhapa thia la due to the ecOllCB1c preaaurea of acle_ fiotl. writing. lt la hard to aay. Ze1alllny la not. today. what he w.. for thoae Bix yeara­ the beat ac1ence fictlon writer ln the fleld, but a talent that larse doea not burn ltae1f out auldllRly. Zeluny la atill a DaIle to watch for. ---To Dle in ltalbar la cloaer to early Zeluny than nOYela 11ke --Nine Princea -in AJaber or ----The GImII of AftlOll. Ze1alllny'a bookll lnclme !!!!!. IRRortal. !!!!. Dnu MaIIter (expanded verslon of "He Who Shapea"), Four !!!!£ TClllorrOll, Iale of !!!!. Dead, Lam of Ligi:rt, Dunatien mey, Tadaz !!. Chooae hcea, Ull the excellent 001­ leotion !!!!. Doors of Hia hce, I!!!. Lull! of H!!. Mouth !:!!!!. Other Storiea.

Ome of tha aoat laportant eventa in acience fictlan dur1Jlg the put decade la the advent ef the C1ar1C11l Writers' Workllhop in Soienoe nction aIIll J'antaay. Begun by Robin Scott Vilaan in 1968, the wlJrkllhop baa aerved .. a atartlng point for a naber of writers who wl11 almost oertainly be ajlJr DaIlea in the field wlth1Jl a ahort tiae. AIleng thea 106 are 1M :Bryant, Geo. Alec Effinger, Venda McIntyre, Glen Cook, Geram

C_ay, F. M. Busby, aDd J_ sutherland. JIlany Clari_ at1lllenta are alnady appear1ng regularly in the ugasinea. Eff'iJl8er, .cook, C_ay.

Bueby, aDd SutherlaDl have publiahed nonlal 1M Bryant ball publ1.sbed a collecti... f1f ahart atort_ aDd baa a newel 011. the way.

Robin Scott VUa. edits an amllal collecticm f1f the beat ficticm

:f'rom the 1Iarklllhop. Three o£ theae antholDgi.. ...,. been publiahed.

A nUJIber of the Clar1C111 lIritere Ila4 atori.. 1D Harlan Ellia.'a

Apoin, D!!I\'!1"- Viai_••are 1Ii11 have atarllllS 1D Tbe !!!i D....roUB Viai_.

For reaa_ of apace, thia cha)ter cctuld not cllVllr all the ..jor naaea in .edem science fictiQl, or give cr1t1oa1 diactllHliOll. en .ore than a few. 107

APPENDIX A

MODJl:RJf SCIENCE FICTIOlh A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

The follGllling bibliography 1.nclllle. _jor worlal bY' .oet at the field'. ..jor writere and i8 attered as a repre.entativa ....pling of

8cience fictian fro. the late 193011 to date. Thi. li.t i. the pereonal

.electiClft of the author.

The bibliography i. divided 1nto two .ectiona, novel. and col­ lecti_ of .bort worlal by .ingle authcra, and antbologies. Unle•• other- wi.e indicated, the boOD are in pr1.Dt.

Hovels &Ill SiDgle Author CoUecti_

Aldi••, Briu V. Barefoot!!!h!. ~. Hn York, Ace, 1972.

------The Dark Light Yeam. Nn York, Nn A.erican Library, 1971. ------Gal&x1e. --Lilal GrUM ---of Sand. Hew York, New AIlerican Library, 1960. ----- The Long Aftemoon ~ Earth. Hn YRk, N.. A.erican Library, 1971.

----- M_t at ICli]!!e. N.. York, Doubleday, 1972.

------!.!!! Q!!. Replace !. Man? Ifn York, H.. Aaerican Library, 1972.

Andereon, Poul. Brain Vave. New York, Ballantine, 1974.

----- !!!!. B;rworlder. New York, Nn AIlerican Library, 1971.

------!!!!. !!!l5!!. crueade. H.. York, Macfadden, 1968. op.*

----- The Many World. at poul Andereca. 1M. Roger Elwood. Philadel­ phia, Cb11tGll, I97~

---- !!!!. PeOPle .!! the Vind. Hn York, Hn Aaerican Library, 1973.

------The Q!!!!. at Air &Ill Darlalea.. H.. York, N.. Aaerican Library, ~,-;----

*op indicat•• bllOk out at print 108

Ande:rllOD, Poult Seven C!I!!IUIl8te. Ifew York, JIlac.1l1aa, 1970. ------Tau Zero. H... York, Doubleday, 1971. ------Thre. Beane alii Three Li_. Hew Yerk, Ave, 1970.

------!E.!!!!!!. ~ Mell. If... York, Ace, 1973. AIlthOllY, P1en. Chthca. Hew York, Ballantine, 1967. Ope

----- JIlacroBCope. N'" York, AvCIJI, 1972.

---- R1I1f1j! of~. N.. York, AvCIJI, 1974. As1IlOY, Isaac. The Caves of Steel. GrBelllf1ch, 1u'cett, 197).

- -- !!!!. Barly As1aav. H... York, Doubleday, 1972. ----- P'oun4at1ca. Mew York, Doubleday, 1951. ----- P'oun4at1ca !!!! Eap1re. H...· York, Doubleday, 1952. - !!!!. Q.!!!. The..alve.. H'" Yllrk, Doubleday, 1972. ---- h Rebot. Gn_1ch, 1u'cett, 1970.

_ .....,!!!!. Haked~. Greellll1oh, P'uroett, 1972.

-- H1!5htfall !:!!!!. other Stories. If... York, Deubleday, 1969. ---- Seocal P'oun4at1C11l. H... York, Doubleday, 1953. Ball, llr1aII H. S1!gu],arity Stat1an. H... York, DAW, 1973.

Ballud, J. G. Chrenepol1s!!!!! other Storie.. H... Yerk, Doubleday, 1971.

----- !!!!. Cr;yetal World. H... York, Berkloy, 1966. op. -- PMsport to Eternity. New York, Berkley, 1963. Ope --- Teraill&1 Beach. Hew York, Berkley, 1964. OPt

--- VeraiUCIII S&IIIls. H... Yerk, Berkley, 1971. ope

Baylay, Barr1ngt0ll J. !!!!. P'all .!! ChreDopoU.. Hew York, DAW, 1974. Bester, Altrecl. The Dark Side of the Earth. H... York, Hew ..erlC&D Library, 1970-;--op-;- -­

----- Tho DoaoUshed!!!!!.. H... York, H... Aaerlcaa Librar,y, 1970.

---- The stare !!l D.stinat1C111. Hew Y~k, Butu, 1970. OPe 109

BUsh, J...... Black Easter. H.. Yerk, Daubleda1, 1968. OPt

---­ ! .Q!!!. _fI!_ CClIIIIc1euce. Hn York, Ballantin., 1972. --­ The Day After Jui/S!!.nt. H.. Yerk, Doubleday. 1971. op. --­ ll1ds1lllll.r C.nturz. H.. York, Doubleday, 1972.

-- !!:!!. S.edUag Stars. In York, H.. AIIerican Librar7, 1972. --- Cities .!!! night (OIIIl1bua vol_, They Sball Hal'. Stars, ! Lif. t!!£. i!:!!. Stars, Karthun, £!!!!.!!!!!.. and Th. Tr1uaph of Tiae). H.... York, Avan, 1972.

Borges, Jorge Luis. T9 Al.ph !:!!!. Other Stories, 1233-1969. H.. York, Duttcm, 1970.

----- Labyrintba, Selected Stories and Oth.r Writinp. IMs. Donald A. Yates and J..... E. Irby. H.. York, Nn DirectiClD8, 1969.

Brdbury, Bay. Fahran9it 451. Nn York, Si.an a: Schust.r, 1967.

-- ! Sing the Bady n.ctricl N.. York, Knopf, 1969. ------The Illustrated Man. N.. York! Doubleday, 1958. ---- !!!! 1lart1an Cbrllllicles. N.. York, Doubleday, 1958. --- !!!! OCtober COUDtry. Hn York, Knopf, 1970.

---- Twice 22. H.. Yerk, Doubllld&y, 1966.

BrUDDer, Jolm. .!!!!!!!!!. Q!lll'cmrard. Nilii' York, Doubleday, 1972. ----- !!!!. J!l!"f!!d orbit. Hn York, Ace, 1972.

---- Out !!.!!Z~. New York, Ballantin., 1967. OPt

----- !!!!. Sheep Look!!p'. Nn York, Harper a: RCill', 1972.

--- !!!!. SqlarBll !! the City. H.. York, Ballantin., 1970.

------Stand .!!!. zanzibar. Nn York, Ballantine, 1972.

---- Tcrtal EcUJl!.. New York, Daubleday, 1974.

---- !!:!!. Whol.~. New York, Ballantine, 197:3.

Bryant,!!lIl. Aa!!!g i!:!!. DlllI4 !:!!!. Other Eftnta Leading !!p. to i!:!!. Apoca­ llJl!le. NIIW York, Ilacaillan, 1973. Buirya, Algi.. Rogue!!2!!!.. Greanwich, Fawcett, 1960. op. Burgesa, Anthmy. ! Clockllork O%!nge. New Yerk, Ballantin., 1971. 110 Burge••, A.ntheny. !!!!. Wanting!!!!!!,. Nn Yark. !!all.uta., 1970.

Buaby, F. II. £!5!. ~ Man. B8If York. New lIler1.caa Llb:1:ary, 1974. Cupbell, JohD V. Vho Q!!!. There? Bn York. Shuta, 1951. ope

Capek, Karel. R.U.R. 1'I'n York. Vuh1Dgta Square Pres., 1969.

--- V_U__1I1_t_h !!!! 1'I'ewtlI. Ii- York. Berkl.y, DO date li.ted. Christopher, John. !!! Blad. !!l. Gn.a.. Nn Yark. AVCll, 1969.

--- 'The PlI8....arB. New Yark. SiaCil '" Schuster, 1965.

Clarke, Arthur C. Acrou!h!. S•• !! Stars. 1'1'- Yerk. Harcourt, 1959.

--!£!!. the ooean. f'roa .i!!!. stan. 1'1'_ Yark. Harcourt, 1962.

---- _The_ ~ Blll1C11l N.... !! _God_. 1'I'8If York. Harcourt, 1961. ---- Rendenoua !!!!!. !!!!.. B8If :fork. Harcourt, 1973. --- 20011 ! Space Ode.y. 1'I'8If York. Nort_, 1968.

--!!!!. !!!!!. ~ !:!!!..!!!!!.. 1'I'n York. Harcourt, 1972. el••at, Hal. Hl..l_!!l. G,,!1tl. New Yark. Doubleday, 1954. ope

-- N.edl.. Ifn York. Doubled.,., 1950. ope eoapt_, D. G. The Sllot Multitlll.. 1'I'n York. Ace, 1969. ope ----!!!!. tule.J>1ng!l!.. New York. DAV, 1974. C_ay, Gerard F. The Midnlght Dancera. New Yark. Ace, 1971.

-- Hiad.hip. New York. DAV, 1974.

Cook, Glen. The Rein !!l. Babzlm. New Yark. New Aaer1.caa Lib:l:ary, 1973. Criolrtm, Mlchael. !!!!;'l'en1I1&1.!!!!. Nn York. hopf, 1972.

De CaaP, L. Spragua. !!!i DUkn... ~. lin York. Ballantllle, 1974.

--- RotrjU! QUMD. 1'I'n Yark. Ace, 1973. Delany, S..,.l B. Babel-11. 1'I'n York. Ac., 1913.

--Dritt.slau. 1'I'n York. Ifn AaeriCUl Llb:1:ary, 1911.

----- The R1utelll Int.raeotlc. 1'I'n York. Ace, 1971.

--- !!!!. Fall of !!!!. T••ra. Nn York. Ace, 1972. 111 Dolany, Suuel R. !!!!!.. Hn York. D81ibleday, 1968. op.

Dol Roy, Lester. H~. H.. York. J!eUent1J10, 1970.

--- PaWoute. How York. PutI1Ul, 1971.

D1ck, Phil1p K. Do ADdreids Droaa of Electrio Sheop? New Yark. New Allonoaa L1'b:rar1, 1971. ­

--!I!. ~ the~. Jlow York. Aoo, 1967. op.

--- !!!!. !!!!!. ~!!!! High Castlo. Hn York. Borkl", 1974. --- !!!!. Preeon1.ng Jllachine. N.., York. ACtI, 1969. ep. --Solar Lottery. Nn York. Aoo, 1955. op. ---!!!!. Throo Stiguta!! Fiber Eldritob. Now York. IlacttlddOD, 1971. op.

D1ckallll., Coxd.1l. D!U1f\'!r--Huunl" H.. York. Doubleday, 1970.

D1ech, Thous M. c..p CcmCtlntrat101l. Nn York. AyCIII, 1971.

----- JI'un nth Your!!!! Hem. Nn York. Doubleday, 1971. ----- !!!!. Genocidos. New York. Berkley, 1965. op.

------~. Ne. York. AyOrl, 1974.

Effinger, Ceo. Aloe. Rolatives. New York. Harper & RClII', 1973.

---- !!!!i Entrolll Meane !2 Mo. New York. Doubleday, 1972. Eisenberg, Lorr1. --Best Laid Sche.os. H.. York, MacUllan, 1971. Eklund, ComDR. All Ti_ P08lI1blo. New York. DAII, 1974.

---- Bey. i!!!. Rosurrect.1l11l. H.. Yark, Doubleday, 1973.

---- !!!!. Eol1peo .!!~. Hn York. Aco, 1971. op. ------! Traco .!! Dro.... lin York, Aco, 1972. op.

Ell1SClll, Harlan. Alono A,1nat Taorrlllr. sterios of illonation 1J1 ~- ulatha r1ct1_. Hn York, MaclI11lan, 1971: ­

---.- The Beast That Shcuted Love at the .....of the lIorld. lin York, ""iiiw Amorican Li'b:rar1, I974.- -- -- ­

----- !. Han !!! Mouth &IIl1 !. ~ Sareaa. N.. York. Pyru1d, 1972. ----- l'a1ngod ani other Dolus1Cll111. New York. Pyramid, 1965. op. 112

ElllSGlI, Harlu., et. al. PartnerB ~ WCllder. New Yark, Walker, 1971.

FarBer, Philip J08e. ~ ~ !! Philip ll.E!!. FarBer. Ifew Yerk, DAW, 1973.

--- DC*n ~!!!!. Black Gang. Ifo Yark, N_ American Library, 1971.

--- !l!!. Pabul_ Riverboat. If_ Yark, 1'utzIu, 1971.

-- !!:!!. L_n. No Yark, Ballentine, 1972.

--- Ifight r4 L1fI;ht. N_ Yark, Berkley, 1972.

------~ !!!g, Scattered Bodies.9,2. No Yark, ~, 1971.

Gerrold, David. !!!!. ~ Who Folded Hiuelf. No Yark, Rando. House, 1973.

---- Space Sti..er. New York, Bal1&lltine, 1972. op.

--~ Harlie !!!. One. Hew Yark, Belleatine, 1972.

--- ~!. Fl.nl5!r ~!!.l: 1. No York, Ballantine, 1972.

---- yesterday's Children. No Yark, Dell, 1972.

Guan, J..... Tt. Liste.era. No Yark, Scribner, 1972.

Ham.sCll, Harry. Bill tt. Galactio Hero. New York, Doubleday, 196.5. op.

--- !!!! Daleth Effect. Hew Yark, Berkley, 1970.

--- !!!!!!. R_I !!!.!!!. ROOllI New Yerk, Berkley, 1973.

-- star S_hen !!!!!!. G!J.a& llang!n. leV York, Putnam, 1973. --- The Technicolor !!!!. Ilachine. No York, Berkley, 1968.

Heinlein, Robert A. BeyOlld This Horizon. No York, New American Librl.ry, 1970. -- Tt.g1.,;n,-­ Door into S_r. N_ Yark, Ifew A..rican Library, no date

-- Double star. New Yorkl New American Library, 1964. op. ------The MOCII1 Is a Harah Mistress. New York, Putnu, 1966. ----- The Put Through Toaca:rotll JI'lrture History Stories. New Yark, ""'Piitiii;" 1967.

I!!!. Puppet Maaters. No Yark, New A..rican Librl.ry, no date given.

-- Stranger ~ !. strange~. New Yorkl Putnu, 1961. 113

Heinlein, Robert A. Tbe bough far~. Mew York, PutDaa, 1973.

Hellderaon, Zenna. P:l.le;riIl!.8!' The Book !!!.. the hople. Nev York, Avan, 1970. Herbert, Frank. DeetlnatiClll' Void. New York, Berkley, 1973. ---- DUDe. phil.-1elphia, Chiltan, 1965.

---- ~ !'Iesslab. New York, Putnam, 1969.

----- !!!! ~ !'Iakars. Nev Yark, Putnam, 1972. ----- !!!! Santarcsa Barrier. N.. York, Berkley, 1973. ----- lbler Preesure. Nev York, Ballantlae, 1956.

Hoyle, Fred. The Black Cl01l1. Nev York, N.. Aaer1can Library, 1973.

Janes, lAngdon. The ~ !!!.. !!!!~. N.. Yark, !'Iacll1l1an, 1973.

Kersh, Gerald. Nlghtshades!!!!!. Dallnatlana. Greenwlch, Fawcett, 1968.

Knlght, Daman. Far out. If.. York, Berkley, 1963. op.

Koantz, Dean R. ! DarImn. ~ .!!Z Soul. Ifn York, DAll, 1972.

---- !!!! nuh in !!!! Jl'urDace. Nev York' Bantu, 1972. op.

----- Soft COIle the DryOll8 (boUDd wlth Dark of the Voal.). New York, "'A08,""t97o-.-oP. -----

Kornblutb, C.!'I. ! 'Ille BeyCllld !!!!. MOOIl. Nev York, !'Ianor, 1972.

Kornbluth, C. M. and Pobl, P'reder1k. Gladlator...t-LaJr. Nev York' Bal­ lantlne, 1972. ----- !!!!. SJ»,ce !'Ierchallts. N.. York, 'B!Illantine, 1972. Lafferty, R. A. Arrive at Eutezvine. Mev York, Ballantine, 1973. ---- -The DeTil --Is D-.d. N.. York, Avon, 1972. op. ---- !!!!!. HIIII4red Grand.others. New Yark, Ace, 1970. ----- F!!! JIIalIter. Mev York, Ace, 1968. op. ---- StraJ;!p DoirJe. No York' Scrlbner, 1972.

---- "~h Manal_. If.. Yark, Ace, 1969. op.

La\lller, Kelth, !!!!l!. ~ LaUller. N.. York, Doubleday, 1967. op.

------! Plague of De.ana. Nev York, Paperback Library, 1971. 114

LallJler, Kelth, ReUet ~!h!.!!!!, If... York, Doubleday, 1971, op,

--- Wor14s et i!!!. Ia]?!r1ua. Ifew York. Ace, 1973.

Le Gu1:n, UrBu4 K. The Dlspossessed. II... York. Harper tI: RCIII', 1974.

---- !h!. lI'artllest Shore, II... York. AtheneUII, 1972. -----The Latlle -ot Heaven. Ifew York' Scr1mer, 1971. ---- !!!!. Tabs ot "tuan. Ifew York. AtheneUII, 1971.

---- ! II1I1Ud ot Eartbaea. If... York. Parna8Sll8, 1968. Lelber, Frits. ----The Best ot P'r1tz Leiber. II... York. Ballant1De, 1974. --!!!!. Blg!!!!.. If... York. Ace, 1972.

--- Conjure II1te. Ifew York. Universal Publ1sh1ng and Dlstr1but1Dg, 1970.

---- !!!!. Wanderer. If... Yark. Ballantlne, 1972.

Lea,Stan1sl&w. Selar1s. Ifn York. Berkley, 1971. Lewls, C. S. ---Out lit the anent Planet. New York. Macalllu1, 1943. ---- Perelandra. lin Yark. Ilaoalllan, 1968.

----- ~ H14eoll8 S1:r!Dgth. Ifn York, Maca1llu1. 1968. Lupott, Riolla%d A. --Into tbe Aetller. Ifn York. Dell, 1974. lloCattrey, Anne. Drae;ontl1ght. lIew Yark. Walker, 1969.

---- Dr!ejaag_t. lin York. BallptlJle, 1971.

-- R_toree. Ii.. York. Ballant1De, 196'7. ope

Malllberg, Barry If. Belalld Apollo. If... York, Pocket Boolla, 1974. --- !!!!. DestrucUon .!! the Teaple. II... York, Pocbt Boolla, 1974.

----- Tbe FalI1Dg ABtr.aut.. II... York. Ace, 1971.

---- Herortt's World. If... York, Randoa, 1973.

----- 1!! !!!!. Enolosure. Ifn York. AVOll, 1973.

-- Tactlce ~ CCl!l!Iuest. Ifn York. Pyruid, 1974,

Malllberg, Barry If. (wr1t1Jlg .. K. ,. O'Donnell). F1DalWar IIDd Other P'antaa1es (bollll4 wltb ~ ot Tau Cetl, b7 John iiiC'kbu). Ifn York, Ace, 1968. lip. -- -­ 115

Malmberg, Barry N. (.nt1n,; &IS K. M. O'DeaDen). Gather in the Hall of Planets (botm4 with 1!! ~ Pocket). New York, Ace; 1971:--­ ---- UlIiYe1'lle Day, Nft' York, AVOB, 1971. Miller, Walter M. !. Canticle !.!! Leibcllritc. New York, Butu, 1972.

Mooreock, Micbaltl. An Alien Heat. New Yerk, Harper &: ROIl', 197:3.

--- Behold the Man. New York, AVOll, 1970. ope

Niven, Larry. All the Mp:1!d~. New York, Ballantine, 1971.

--- !. _Gi_ft__trea_ Earth. New York, Ballantine, 197:3. ----- !. !!!!!. !!!. S)l!ce. "n York, Ballantine, 1974. ---- Neutroa Star. Nft York, Ballentine, 197:3.

-- Protecter. Nn York, Ballantine, 197:3.

-- RingworM. New York' BlilJantine, 1972.

--- World !! ptuva. New Yerk, BlilJal'ltine, 197:3.

NaI'tOll, Andre. BrIled to C.e. Nn York, ViId.Bg, 1972.

---- The Crz!tal GmhOll. New York, AtiwDe1lll, 1972.

--- DaYbreak-2250 A.D. New York, Ace, no date given.

------Forermmer Foray. New York, Viking, 197:3.

---- Plague Ship. Ne. York, Ace, 1972.

----- Star~. New York, Ace, 1971.

----- Star Rangers. Nn York, Harcourt, 195:3. ----- II1tch World. New York, Aoe, 196:3.

Oliver, Chad. The Shores of Another Sea. New York' New Aaertcan Library, 1971. op; -­

Panab1n, Alexei. Rite.2! Pa8!&g!. NlIlI York, Ace, 197:3.

Pi..rob1&, Doris. Mister Juatice (bctm4 .ith Hierarchies, by John Phil­ lifent). Nn Yerk, Ace, 197:3.

----- Star Rider. Nn York, Banta.., 1974. Pobl, Fredenk. y.!.!!!!:!!' Pu8syfDot. New York, Ballantine, 1969.

----- Day Million. New York, Ballantine, 1970. 116

Pohle Fred.r1k, Drunkard'a Walk, New York, Ballant1Jl.., 1973.

------!!!!. ~ at the StarbCllf'a End. Hew Yerk, Ballantin., 1972. ------! Plague of PYthons. Hew York, Ballantine, 1973.

Rus., Joann&. ~ Chaoe~. New York, Ace, 1970.

------Picm1c em Paradi... New York, Ac., 1968. OPt Rue••ll, Eric Prank. Sini.ter Barri.r. Hew York, Paperback Library, 1964. OPt Salll., J...... ---A Few Lut Wadi!. Hew York, Macalllan, 1970. Shaw, Bob. otlwr DW' other~. He. York, Ace, 1972.

------I!!!. Tvo-fi..re. N_ York, Ac., 1968. OPt

Sh.ckleT, Robert. Can.!!!!!!!l Anything When ! ~ Thia? Hew York, DoubledaT, i 971.

----- uatemched !?I H_ Hand.. New York' Ballantin., 1954. OPt

Silverberg, Robert. !!!! ~ of Skulls. New York, Scr1bn.r, 1972. ----- D_axd !! the Earth. Hew Yerk, New Aa.r1can Librarr, 1971. ----- Dying Inside. Hew York, Scr1bn.r, 1972.

--- Earth'. otlwr ShIl!ClIf. New York, Hew .b.r1can Library, 1973.

---- Halfkebill Station. New York, DoubledaT. 1967. OPt ---- The Jllaake !!.!!!!.. Hew York, Ballantin., 1973.

----- HiAAtv!nga. Hew Y.rk, AVGIl, 1969, OPt

---- The R.ality Trip !!!!! other bplauaibil1ti... Hew York, Ballantin., "'1972. ------!!!! S.cd Trip. New York, Hew .....r1can Librarr, 1972. ----- TherM. New York, Ballantin., 1973.

--1!!!. !!!!. Koppere. Hew York, Doubled&T, 1967. OPt ------! !!!!. !! ChaDlIj!a. New Yerk, New Aa.r1can Library, 1971. ----- T••r !!. Glus. Hew York, Scr1bn.r, 1970. ----- UII1'&Il111ar Terr1tory. Hew York, Scr1bR.r, 1973.

------!IE !!!!.~. H•• York, Ballantin., 1973. 117 Snverberg. Robert. The Vwld Inald.. Hn York. D.ubleday. 1971.

Sll1&k. C11ff.ld D. B..t SC1.Dce nctlCl1l start.. of C11ffcm1 D. Slu.k. Hn Ywk. Doubleday. 1971. -­

---- Clty. Hew York. Ac•• 1973.

---­ fl.o I. ~ Siapl••t Th1!!6' Hn Ywk. MaIlor. 1974.

------Vay StatlO11. H." Ywk. Manor. 1973.

----- !!!l. Call Tiw. ~ ll'roa Heaven? Ifn York. Ac•• 1968. op. S.lth. Card_aill.r. Space Lard.. Nn York. Pyraald. 1968. .p.

Sp1Jlrad. Horun. ~ ~ BarrCID. Hn York. Walker. 1969.

--- !h! .ll:!!!. Dna.. Nn Ywk. AvOll. 1972.

----- !h! !!:!i Hurrah ~ !!:!!. G.ld.n Hold.. Nn York. Avon. 1970. op. ---- !h!. !!!! !!. the JI!1g]... Nn York. AvOli. 1969. op. StablHold. Brian PI. !2. Chall.1!fI! Chaoe. New York. DAW. 1973. ---- !h! Paradl•• 9!!!.. NlIlf Ywk. DAW. 1974. stapled... Olaf. !!!!:!!. End ~ fl.e. Hew YEk. FuIlk'" Wagnall·•• 1953. op.

SturgeOD. Theodore. Caviar. Nn York. '8e1lIDt1ne. 1970.

---- E Plurlb1lll UnlCOXD. Nn Yorttl Ballantin•• 1970.

---- ~ Than Human. Hn York. Ballantln•• 1972. ----- sturgeon !!. Allve !!!!!. W.U. HlIlf York. Putna•• 1971.

--- The Synthetlc~. Hn York. Pyru1d. 1974. ----- V.nUB PI1lll!. Hew York. Pyraald. 1969.

----- !!!! lIorlda ~ Theodore SturseOli. Ifn York. Ace. 1972. Tenn. W1U1&&. Of!!!!!.!!!!!. JlGII.t.m. Hn York. Walker. 1969.

--- !h! Square ~ ~~. Hn York. Ballantine. 1968. op. flptre•• J..... Jr. !!!!. Tbouaand Light Yeara troa H.... Hn YEk. Ac•• 1973.

Tueur. wn.OII. !h! ~ Loll! sn••ce. Ifn York. lARcer. 1969. op.

----- The .!!!!: ~ !!:!!. Qui.t~. Hn York. Ace. 1970. 118

Vance, Jack. The Dragon JllUtere (bound 10'1th !!!!. ~ Cutle). New York, Ace, 1973.

------The DyiBg Earth. New York, !&ncer, 1972. Van Vogt, A. E. Slan. New York, Berkley, 1970. --- !!!!. VoY!fj! of the Space Beagle. N.. York' MaDer, 1974. --- !!!!. World of Null-A. New York, Berkley, 1970.

V1dal, Gore. Messiah. Ifew York, L1ttle, 1lrGIm &: CD .. 1965.

VCllUlegut, Kurt, J%. Cat's Cradle. N.. York, Delacone, 1971.

------PlaY!r Pi..a. N.. York, Delacone, 1971.

---- !!!!. SU.na af T1tan. N.. York, Delaoone, 1971. ----- Slaue;hterho,..-lI'1.ve. N.. York' Delaoorte, 1969.

----- Velcoae .!!. !!!!. ManDl HOUlle. New York, Delacorte, 1968.

VUhela, Kate. Abyea. II.. York, Barltaa, 1973.

------!!!!. DCIIIIlsta1ra~. New York, Dell, 1970. op. ---- !!!!. Killer Thing. II.. York, Doubleday, 1967. op.

--- Marpret and 1. If" York, BallaJlt1.D.e, 1972.

VUl1aMem, Jack. The HllUIlo1da. If.. York, !&ncer, 1972.

Volfe, Bemam. L1abo. New York' Aoe, 1964. op. Volfe, Gene. The II'1.fth Head of Cer'berUII. N.. York, Scribner, 1972.

Vyndhu, JohD. !!!!. ~ !!. !!!!. Tr1ffida, Graeuv1eh, rueett, 1972.

-- !!!!.l!!!!!. WJ!!4hu 0IIIl1buB. If.. York, Sl8an &: Schuater, 1966.

Zebr.sJd, George. !!!! OIIeS! Pelllt. If.. York, Aoe, 1972.

Zel.uDy, Reger. I!!!. Doars ef !!!!. Pace. The LuJ1!l !! !!!!. Mouth !:!!!!. Other Stm.ee. N.. York, Deubled.ay, 1971,

----- The !!!!!!. JllUter. New Yerk, Ace, 1973. ----- !!!!!: for TOIIorrtIII. N.. Yerlu Ace, 1973.

---- !!!!. ef the~. New York, Ace, 1974.

---- Jack of Shad.s. If.. YerIt, Valor, 1971. 119

Zo1.almy, Roger. ~ ot L1Iht. In York, AVGII, 1971.

-- nl!! Iactal. Hn York, Ace, 1973. ---- !!.!1.!!.!!. Italbar. Hn York, Doubleday, 1973.

bthol.C88

Adllov, I_, ed.. Betm the Golden A!!.. Hn York, Deubleday, 1974.

--- !!!! l!!:!!!. V1I11MZII. If_ York, Deubleday, 1962. op.

--!!!:!.l!!:!!!. V1JmeZll, Velae 2, Hn York, DOUbleday, 1971.

-- Soviet Sclence notll1l. Hn York' Jllaca1llan, 1962.

Beucher, btb_y, edt A Treuury et Great Solenoe ftcti_. 2'1. Nn Yerk, Dnbleday-; 1959. -

Bcwa, Ben, ed. The Sclence nctilll1 Hall et ...... , Veluae 2A &: Vol.uae 2B. lin York'i'"Doubleday, 1973. -- - ­

ElllS8I1, Harlan, edt W1n. Danp;eroua Vlsl_. H_ York, Deubleday, 1972. --- DaDff!!'!U11 Visl_. lin Yllrk, Berkley, 1972.

ElWOod, Roger, ed.. J'Lrtura Citl. Hn YEk, trident, 1973.

--- Tile !!!!!. !!!!!!.. If_ York, JIIaoai11&ll, 1973 •

---- Sh_cue. Hn York, Harper a R_, 1973.

----- Ten TOllarrlllfs. "envlch, Fawcett, 1973. ---- Toam:rCllf's Alternatives. Nn York, Jllaoll1llan, 1973.

Gerrald, David, edt Protoatars. Nn York, Ballantine, 1971. OPt

Healy, RaYJlGllld J. and MacC_, J. Franotls, eds. Faaous Sclenoo nctiGII Stories, Adventures in The and Spaoo. Hn York. Modern Library, 1957. ---­

Knight, Duon, edt ! Science notion Arg-l. Hew York, Shan 81 Sohueter, 1972. ---- Thirteen P'nnch Sclenco not1811 Stories. liew York, Banta., 1971. OPt MerrU, Ju:llth, edt Ene;land Swine SF. Hew York, Doubleday, 1968. OPt

Ratteneteiner, Franz, edt The Vln trw. Another Shore. Nn York, Sea- bury, 1973. - ---- ­ 120

Silverberg, Robert, ed. Dark St&ra. H.... Yerkl Ba",nUne, 1969. ctp.

------The So1ence lI'1et1en Hall of Jl'aJae. VolUlle One. Hn Yerkl Double­ dAy, 1970. -- ­

Sp1DDd, Noraan, ed. Mlllem SobRee lI'1et1en. New Yorkl Doubleday, 1974

Wilson, Reb1Jl Sctltt, ed. These Who Canl ! Scienee lI'1eUe Rellder. If... Yorkl Hn ber1can Library.

This l1st1ng daBS net 1nclme ann1&l U1tholog1ee (the various

Year'. Basta, the Nebula antholog1es), en: ether ser1&l antholog1es

(Merril'. early .er1e. of Year'. :aaste, KJI.1ght's orbit, Wileen'. Clar1en,

Delany's Quark, or Silverberg'. Alpha). Alse ClII1tted £rca the l1st are a large nUllber ef text utholog1es publ1shed. to .eet the gr8111ng needs

of clusos in .c1ence net1C111. bang the.e are Sil.,.rberg's The M1rror

~ Inf1n1t::r, Dick Allen's Scbnce 1"1ot1C111I !l!!. Future, and Willis McNal­

ly and ~en StllVer'. AbC1V8 the H_ x.mscape. 121

APPENDIX B

SCIEHCE FICTION AWARDS

!!!!. !!.!!!! Awarda

1953 Nevel, !!!!. D..ol1.hed ~, by Alfred Beater.

1954­ Ife pard. g1Yen.

1955 N_l, They'd Rather l!!. Right, by Mark Cl1ften '" Frank RUey. Novelette, "The DarfBteller," by W&1ter M. M111er, Jr. Short Stary, "A11 •••g005&," by Brio Frank Rus.ell.

1956 N_l, Double star, by Rebert A. Heinletn. Novelette, "Explurat.1en Teall," by Murray Le1n*ter. Short st£)', "The star," by Arthur C. Clarke.

1957 No pard. g1ven.

1958 Novel, n. ~ T1.., by J'r1tz Le1ber. Short St£)', orIri the Saas w1th Oyatere," by Anaa David.on.

1959 Nevel, A ClSe of Conac1ence, by J.... BU.h. N_lette'j"""II"'"n.-B1g JI'roIIt Yard," by Cl1fford D. S1_k. Short st£)', !The Hell-Boa '1'n1n," by Robert Bloch.

1960 Novel, StazBh1p Treop!rs, by Robert A. He1nle1n. Short J'1otialll "n.era for Algernen," by Daniel Keye••

1961 Novel, A Cantiole for Le1bClll'1tz, by W&1ter M. M111er, Jr. Short sterry, "The LeDge.t Voyage," by Poul ADderean.

1962 Novel, s~r 1n a s~ l&nd, by Rebert A. He1nlein. Short F1~ TIii ifotellieserre., by Brian Ald1•••

1963 Novel, The J!aJI in the High CUtle, by PhiUp K. D1ck. Short ncu0iil1llfh; Dr&geII Masters," by Jack Vance.

1964 Novel, Way Station, by Cl1fford D. S1_k. Short J'1otion, "110 Truce w1th K1nga," by Poul Andereen.

1965 N",el, The Wa:nderer, by J'r1tz Le1ber. Short n""'Ot1ClIII "Soid1er, Ask Not," by GGiClll D1ckeCll1.

1966 Novel, And Call !!!. CllIIrII4, by Roger Zelazny. ('T1e) Dune;""b1 Frank Herbert. Short F1Ot1an, "'Repent, Harlequinl' Said the T1cktookun," by Harlan E1l1.m. 122

1967 I_I. The Moan Is a Harsh Mistress, by Robert A. HeWein. JiO'l'elettel "The Last Castle,h by Jack Vance. ShGri. story. hleutrllll star," by Larry Niven.

1968 1..,.1. !!!!!!.!! Light, by Roger Zel.uny. Novella. hWeyT Search,h by Anne MCCa:N'rey. ( ) hft1dem of the Purple Wage." by Philip JCllle FarMr. Tie Novelette. hGonDa Roll the Bones. h by Fritz Leiber. Short Story. hI Have No Mouth and I Muat Scream." by Harlan Ellison. 1969 Novel. StaM on Zanzibar. by John Brunner. Novella. "Nightwings." by Robert Silverberg. Novelettel "Th. Sharing of Flesh." by Poul Andemal. Short Storyl "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World." by Harlan Ellison.

1970, Novel. The Left Hand of Darmess. by ursula K. Le GuiD. Nov.lla'j""iiShip oT'S"hl4'Gws." by Frits Leiber. Shert Stery. "Tb. C_id.red &II a H.lix of Sem-Prscioua Ston..... by Suuel R. D.lany.

1971 lovell R1ngworld. by Larry Niven. Novella. "Ill M.t at lAnkbllar." by Fritz Leiber. Short Stery. "SlOll Sculpture." by Theodore Stu:rgeOD. 1972 Novel. To Your Scattered Bodies Go. by Philip 1_ J'aner. Novella. "The Queen of Air and Darknes••" by Poul .unemon. ShGri. Staryl "Inconstant Moan." by Larry Niven.

1973 Novel. The Gods Theuelves. by Isaac AlIimov. Novella~ord for World Is Fore.t." by ursula K. Le Guin. Novelette. "Goat Song." by Poul .unenon. Short stary. "Eurema's Daa." by R. A. Lafferty. (Tie) "The Meeting." by Fredertk Pohl &: C. M. Kornbluth.

1974 Novell RendezvoUB with Rama. by Arthur C. Clarke. NovellaI ATtie GirilliiO Vii'""Plugged In." by Jues Tiptree. Jr. Novelette I "The Deathb1rd." by Harlan Ellison. ShGri. Storyl "The Ones Who Walk Away ira Oaelaa." by ursula K. I.e Guin.

Special Award. 1966. Isaac AlIb.., far !!!! J'oundatiC1l11 Tr11egy (Best Novel Sertes).

Hugo ..ams are alao given for best magas1ne. best draatic pre­ sentation. best artist. etc., only the fietim ..ards are listed here.

The list was drlUIn ira Isaac Asiaov's anthology, The ~ W1DIlers. 123

The Nebula Awanis

Appanllt diacrepancies bet....1l cateSortes 1n the Ifebula &lid the

Hugo ....ams are due te the fact that the vot.re 1n one group lI&y regard a part1cular story .. a novelette, while votera 1n the other group vin the Balle wllrk .. a short story. Th~, Theodore Sturgecm's "Slow Sculp­ tore" w1D.B a Hugo .. best ahert story and a Ifebula .. best nllYelette.

1966 1f4lY&1. DUlle, b7 J'rank Herbert. 1f4lY&1la"'j"1iije Vhe Shapu," by R.r Zelasny. (Ti) "The Saliva Tree," b7 Brian Ald1s.. e Novelette. "The DOlIrII ef Hi. hce, The IAapB of Hi. Mouth," by R.r Zelasny. Shllrt Story. "'Repent, HarlequinI ' Said the Ticktockun," by Harlan Ellis••

1967 Ifavel. Babel-17, by Saauel R. Delany. (Tie) lI'l..ere for Alem-, by Daniel Keye•• IflWBlla. "The T..t cutie,' by Jack Vance. Ifovelette, "Call Hi. Lord ," b7 Gem.. D10keE. Sbart StllrY' "The Secret Plaoe," b7 Richa%d Mo~nna.

1968 1f4lY&1. '!'he E1ute1n InteraectillR, b7 Sa.lIBl R. Delany. IfovellaTTBeheld the I!&D.," b7 Miohael MellrCook. If_letta, "GIIIJI& Rell the BE"," b7 II'r1ts La1ber. Shllrt Stery. "Aye, &lid G_UTah," by Saauel R. Delany.

1969 If_l. Rite ef=:w.' b7 AlexeiePan.b1JI. IfovellaI""'Dras er," by Ann. Mocaffrey. Ifovel.tte. "Mother to the "orld," b7 Richard VilaOll. Short Story. "The Plannere," by Kate Vl1hela.

1970 IfCMll. The Left Hand of DarknOBs, by Ul'Bula K. Le Guin. lfovellaTTA Boy and Hi_ Dop;," by Harlan Ellison. Ifovelette. "T1ae COII8id.red .. a H.lix of Sen-PraoiollB ston.s," by S&IIuel R. Delany. Sbort Story. "PaBs.ngere," by Robert Sl1verberg.

1971 Ifovel. Ri!ll5!!orld, by x..rry Ifiven. If_lla. "Ill M.t at Lankbaar," by II'r1ts Laiber. If_l.tt•• "SlOll' Sculpture," by Theodore sturgeon. Short Story, Ifo ....am.

1972 If_l. ! Ti•• ~ Chanfl!., by Robert Sl1verbers. 1II_1la. "The Missins !!an," by Katherine I!acLaan. IfCMllette. "The ~ue.n of Air and Darkness," by Poul ADd.reon. Short story. "Good Nns frOII the Vatican," by Robert Sl1Yerbers. 124

1973 Novela The Godll The..elnll, by IlI8&c "'1I1.av. Novella'j'""T...RH'tiD8 .ith lleduaa," by Arthur C. Clarb. Novelette, "GCllt SCliIl8," by Pow. AndenOll. Short Storya "lIhen It ChaDged," by J CIIIUI& RuslI.

19'74 Novell Renlleno1lll with ~, by Arthur C. Clarb. Novella, "The Death of Dr. IlIland," by Gene Volfe. Novelettea "Of Mll1t, am G~II, am Sam," by Vonda McIntyre. Short Storya "L_ III the Plan the Plan III Death," by Juu T1ptree, Jr.

The John V. Caapbell lle.cr1al ....aDill

19'73 Novell BeyCJlll1 Apollo, by Barry If. JIIalllberg. Speclal A.aDia Dying Inllide, by Robert Sllnrberg (for excellence in .riting).

19'74 lovel, Rendenola .1th Ra_, by Arthur C. Clarb. (T1) MaleVii, by Robert"'ierle. e

All datee ginn 1n thie appendlx are the datell of preeentation•

....aDie are ginn each year for the beet .orleB of the previous year, the 1974 ...aDie are ginn for the beet etoriN of 1973, etc. 125

BIllLlOORAPHY

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Allen, Diek, eel. Soience ll'1ctiCllI The J'uture. New Yarkl Harcourt llraoe JOY&Dcw1oh, 1971.

Allen, L. David. Soience ncticill An Int:ral.UOtiCll. LincolnI CUff'. Note., 1973.

Ald., Kingaley. In Mall! of Hell. New Yorkl llarCeurt, Brace &: World, 1960.

Bailey, J.... O. Pilgrba tbrolWl TiM and S:I;I TreDd. and Patte:ma in Soientific 8ildlitopian nOtion. New Yor I Argue, 1947. llU.h, Jaae.. -The 188118 --at 1!aDd •.ChicagoI Adventl PubU.blIrs, 1964. ---- !'lore I ••ue. at Hand. Ohicagol AdventI PubliBhera, 1970. BnUlar, Reginald, eel. Modem Science JI'1otilllll Ita !'leaning aDd J'uture. Ifew Yarkl COllard-McCann, 1953.

- •• - Soience JI'1otiCll. Today aDd TOIIatTOIl. New Yorkl Harper '" ROIl, 1974.

Brmmer, Jotm.' "The Gene.i. of StaD:! OIl ZanJlibar and Digre••iCll8." Extrapolation, 11 (May, 1970), j4..fj.

Clare.CII, Th_ D. "Robert SilverbergI The COIIpleat Writer." The .Mafj­ asine of Fantasy and Science ll'1ction, 46 (April, 1974), 73-80.

Cla.reaon, Th_ D., eel. SFI The other Side of Reali... BOIIling GreenI BOIIl1ng Green TIniversity Poplii&i' Prea., 1971. ColelllU1, Sidney. Review of Roger Zeluny, To Die in ltalbar (Doubleday). The l!a@lUine of Fantasy and Scienoe ll'1otion, Auguat, 1974, 51-55.

Davenport, Basil. ed. The Science JI'1otillll Novell Imyinstion and Social Critioi... Chicagol Ail_tl Publ1.hera, 1959. Decaap, L. sprague. Scienoe JI'1otion Handbook the Writ of I tiva JI'1otion. New Yor I Hersitage HOWle, 9

Del Rey, Lester. "The Hand at ISIlI18." The Mapdne of Fantasy and Sci­ ence JI'1ction, 42 (April, 1972). 72-77. Dick, PhiUp K. Solar Lottery. New YorkI Ace, 1955. 126

Ell1sCll1, Harlan, ed. AI!a1n. Danproua V181_. If.. York, Doublecla7, 1972. ---- Danproua V1s1C1118. If.. York, Doubleday, 1967.

Forster, E. 1'1. AapeotB o~ the Hovel. Ifew York' Harcourt, Brace &0 World, 1927.

Galles, Helen H. Select1ClD o~ Science not1ClD ~or the Public LibrarY. I'IUter's Thes1B. catholic UlI1vera1ty o~ Alleriee, WUb1ngtClD, D.C., 1961.

Ketterer, Dav14. If.. Worlds for Old, The Apocalm1c r,,!?natiOll, Sci­ ence notion. and AllericaJl IJ.terature. Ifew York' Anchor, 197 •

KD1ght, DuCll. In Saaroh o~ WClDder. RrnBed and enlarged. Chicago, Advent, Publishera, 1967.

------"Science J'1.ction BaB1oa." IJ.!lrarY Journal, 91 (JUlIe 1, 1966), 2277-2279.

Koontll, Dean R. Writing Popular notion. Ifew York, Writer's D1gut, 1972. Lea, Stanislaw. Sclar1s. Hew York, Berkley, 1971.

""U,7'41, Bill, and Barera, Bill, eds. The Double, Blll Sm081ua. Akron, D,B Preas, 1969.

Malllberg, Barry H. "Robert Sl1Y1Irberg." The Map!ine of 1aDtul and Science J'1.ction, 46 (April, 1974), 67-72.

I'IOBkar1tll, Su. See.1'II of Toaorrar, JlaBtera o~ Science J'1.ct1ClD. Ifew York, World, 1965. Panah1n, Alexei. "A Bls1c Science J'1ctiCll1 CollectiCll1." IJ.b!rary Joumal, 95 (June 15, 1970), 2223-2229. ----- Heinlein in D1aena1ClD. Chicago, AdY1lnt, Publ1sM1'II, 1968.

RUBB, JOlUIJI&. "The IIIII.8'l of iOll8n in Science nctiOll." Vertex, 1 (Feb­ ruary, 1974), 53-57. Snar, a. P. The TIro Cultta'BS and the Scientific Revolution. lfew York, aullr1dge UlI1Y11ra1ty P1'IIA, 1959.

SturgeGII, TheCll!ore. "IntrcductiCll1." J'our ~or Toaorrar"by Roger Zelazny. Ifew York, Ace, 1967, 7-12.

------"The Mover, the Shaker." I Have Ifo Mouth and I Muat soreu, by Harlan EllB1on. New York, Pyraa1d, 1967, 9-12.

Tholll8S, Elaine E. Science not1C111' a Guide for IJ.b:rar1IU18. Mester's Th..1s. Kent State UlI1Y111'111ty, Kent, Ohio, 1969. "ll-~l '(ll6l '~vw) ~ '~e':l-loZ" 8ll.L ""A:1r,, l1lq.r. lO~ U IlIlH pI'II tKlnoy 8OU8l0S" "~elIoll '~t1W8'[8Z