ThirdPerson Authoring and Exploring Vast Narratives

edited by Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin

The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 8 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Third person : authoring and exploring vast narratives / edited by Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-23263-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Electronic games. 2. Mass media. 3. Popular culture. 4. Fiction. I. Harrigan, Pat. II. Wardrip-Fruin, Noah. GV1469.15.T48 2009 794.8—dc22 2008029409

10987654321 Index

American Letters Trilogy, The (Grossman), 193, 198 Index Andersen, Hans Christian, 362 Anderson, Kevin J., 27 A Anderson, Poul, 31 Abbey, Lynn, 31 Andrae, Thomas, 309 Abell, A. S., 53 Andrews, Sara, 400–402 Absent epic, 334–336 Andriola, Alfred, 270 Abu Ghraib, 345, 352 Andru, Ross, 276 Accursed Civil War, This (Hull), 364 Angelides, Peter, 33 Ace, 21, 33 Angel (TV show), 4–5, 314 Aces Abroad (Mila´n), 32 Animals, The (Grossman), 205 Action Comics, 279 Aparo, Jim, 279 Adams, Douglas, 21–22 Aperture, 140–141 Adams, Neal, 281 Appeal, 135–136 Advanced Squad Leader (game), 362, 365–367 Appendixes (Grossman), 204–205 Afghanistan, 345 Apple II, 377 AFK Pl@yers, 422 Appolinaire, Guillaume, 217 African Americans Aquaman, 306 Black Lightning and, 275–284 Arachne, 385, 396 Black Power and, 283 Archival production, 419–421 Justice League of America and, 277 Aristotle, 399 Mr. Terrific and, 281, 284n4 Arnopp, Jason, 333 Olympics and, 277 Arsenal, 280 Welcome Back Kotter and, 277 Art. See also Worldbuilding Afrika Korps (game), 357–358, 367 falsity of, 399 Age of Doubt, 213 Magritte and, 218, 223 Ahistory (Parkin), 5 plagiarism and, 211 Albino Jo, the Man with Tigre Eyes (Tarpe Mills), 270, Plato on, 399 274 Artaud, Antonin, 218 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 105, 260 Ashbery, John, 211, 214 Alien Bodies (Miles), 5, 341n1 Ashbrook, Tom, 315, 318 Allain, Marcel, 211–218, 221–222 Asheron’s Call 2 (game), 403 All-Consuming Fire (Lane), 5 Asimov, Isaac, 27 All My Children (TV show), 324 Asprin, Robert Lynn, 31 All-Star Squadron (comic), 280 As the World Turns (TV show), 55 All-Star Superman (Morrison and Quitely), 6 Aston Martin, 16–17 Alphabet Man, The (Grossman), 193 Atwood, Margaret, 181 Alvarado, Manuel, 13, 339, 343 Au, Wagner James, 404 Alvarez, Frances Prato, 55 Aubrey-Maturin series, 22 Alvarez, Rafael, 5, 49–57 Audiences Alziz, Steven, 83 authoring and, 16, 19–21 Amber series (Zelazny), 27 client-server networks and, 420

449 THIRDPERSON

Audiences (cont.) requested changes and, 30 DC/Marvel universes and, 306 role-playing games and, 59–65 distributed social cinema and, 179–180 setting bibles and, 30, 60–64 as dramaturgic linchpin, 158–159 sharecropping and, 27 fanzines and, 20, 22, 333 social context and, 13 machinima and, 409, 419–425 spatial concepts and, 137–151 textual gaps and, 19 storytelling and, 97–98, 106–108, 119–124 (see also varying producers and, 20 Storytelling) virtual reality and, 153–177 surrealism and, 211–223 worldbuilding and, 27 textual gaps and, 20 World Cyber Games and, 407–408 theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 ‘‘Auguries of Innocence’’ (Blake), 3 time bombs and, 26 Augustyn, Brian, 308 unfolding texts and, 13–14, 19–23 Austen, Jane, 23 universes and, 25–32 (see also Universes; Worldbuilding) Austin, Alex, 306 virtual reality and, 153–177 Author guidelines, 39–40 works made for hire, 28 Authoring Avalon Hill, 357–359, 365 appeal and, 135–136 Avatars, 226, 229, 433 audiences and, 16, 19–21 interactive virtual reality and, 154, 158, 404 beats and, 29 machinima and, 415, 418 campaigns and, 67–85 (see also Campaigns) the necessary and, 323 canonicity and, 35–36 spatial issues and, 137, 140, 378–383 consistency and, 16 Avengers, The (comic), 276, 307 continuity and, 13, 35–36, 40, 306–307 Avengers, The (TV show), 219 deadlines and, 29–30 Aviary Poem (Grossman), 196 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Axis and Allies (game), 359 emergence and, 112–114 Aztech New Media, 412 freeform gameplay and, 120–123 Aztech’s Armory: Campaigns for Warcraft II (Aztech New group dynamics and, 13 Media), 412 house style and, 34 B intellectual property development and, 59–65 Babylon 5 (TV show), 288, 316, 336 interactive virtual reality and, 153–177 Backfire, The (Magritte), 211 long-running series and, 13 Backstory elaboration, 336, 341 merchandising and, 19 Baker, D. Vincent, 68 multicampaign settings and, 67–73 Baker, Richard, 67 nondisclosure agreements and, 29 Baker, Tom, 37 non-player characters (NPCs) and, 99, 101, 122–123, Balkin, Jack M., 400, 403 126 Ballantine Books, 28 picaresque and, 150–151 Ballmeyer, 214 plagiarism and, 211, 271 Baltimore Sun, 49, 53 reader role and, 137 Balzac, Honore´ de, 4 reinterpretation and, 14–17

450 Index

Bannerman Productions, 422 Berman, Tosh, 216–217 Bantam Books, 28 Beyond Manzanar (virtual reality installation), 153, 154– Barber, Benjamin, 344 158, 161–165 Barca, Pedro Caldro´n de la, 138 Bhagwan, Sharon, 189 Barker, M. A. R., 68 Bible, 22, 235, 247–248, 251n4, 258–259, 276 Barks, Carl, 309 Bibles (production tools), 15, 29, 33, 60–61, 64, 83, 226, Barksdale, Avon, 432–433 388 Barksdale, D’Angelo, 430–432 Big Finish Productions, 33, 36, 39 Barrie, James Matthew, 105 Big Sleep, The (Chandler), 27 Barry, Dave, 31 Big Snooze, The (film), 218 Bartle, Richard A., 2, 105–117 Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary (comic), 304 Barton, Matt, 377 Bishop, Zealia, 236 Batman, 221 Bissette, Stephen R., 290 authoring issues and, 13–14, 18 Bistis, 137 Bruce Wayne and, 215, 308 Bizarro (comic), 304 creation of, 278 Black, William, 3 Jenkins and, 306, 308, 310 Black Bomber, 276 Mr. Terrific and, 281 Black Canary, 307 Nightwing and, 280 Black Goliath, 276 property and, 62 Black Lightning, 6, 8 Sherlock Holmes and, 308 Brick City and, 278 Batman (TV show), 219 creation of, 275–276 Batman Begins (film), 300 development of, 276–280 Batman Year 100 (Pope), 307 Infinite Crisis and, 280–283 Battle chests, 412 Isabella and, 277–278, 284 Baum, L. Frank, 105, 253 Jiminez and, 275, 282–283 BBC, 319n3, 401. See also specific show Justice League of America and, 277 authoring and, 5, 9n4, 14–15, 21, 119 Outsiders and, 278, 280 economic issues and, 22 Black Panther, 276, 310 house style and, 34 Black Power, 283 as ‘‘theatre in the middle of town,’’ 343 Black Widow, 310 BBC Books, 33, 35 Blair, Tony, 288 Bear, Greg, 28 Blake, Edward Morgan, 290 Beautiful Things in Popular Culture (McKee), 309 Bleak House (Dickens), 430 Becoming Jane (film), 23 Bleak House (TV show), 314 Bell, Stringer, 430, 432 Bledsaw, Bob, 68 Bendis, Brian Michael, 309–310 Bleeding Through (Klein, Kratky, and Comella), 137–142, Benjamin, Walter, 189 151n7 Benkler, Yochai, 288 Bleeds Bentham, Jeremy, 352 The Imaginary Twentieth Century and, 142–149 Berardini, Ce´sar A., 377 interface gaps and, 141–142 Berger, John, 345 space between and, 142, 146–147

451 THIRDPERSON

Blizzard Entertainment, 400–403, 410, 417, 420. See also Bowling Alone (Putnam), 404 World of Warcraft (game) Bradley, Marion Zimmer, 31, 88 Bloch, Robert, 233–234 Brainiac, 280 Blofeld, 16 Brave and the Bold (comic), 278 ‘‘Blood Makes Noise’’ (Vega), 50 Breeze Avenue Blume, Brian, 68 animal poems and, 205 Board wargames, 412, 414 annual cloud narrative and, 193–195 after-action reports and, 368 Appendixes and, 204–205 atmospherics of, 366 Aviary Poem and, 196 chess, 358, 362–363 beelines and, 199–200 computers and, 369 Bonsai pages and, 195 designer’s notes and, 360, 370n9 brain opera and, 202 dice and, 358–359 Breezagon and, 197–198 emergence and, 367–368 Chuckiad and, 206 expedition reports and, 357–358 closed-captioned Chinese chapbook and, 200–202 Go, 358 Clown-illon and, 198 historical specificity and, 359 Essay on Man and, 207 as paper computers, 359–360 ‘‘Everglades’’ and, 207 player identity and, 366–367 The Fabric of Reality and, 199–200 popularity of war and, 361–362 The Gallery of the Purchasers and, 199, 202–203 as procedural systems, 362–366 Glossary of Every Humorous Word in the English Language significance of, 369 and, 206 Bogdanove, Jon, 281 Intercalarian Commentaries, 207 Bogost, Ian, 3, 432–433, 436–437 Interstate Bingo and, 205 Boing Boing, 401 Madhouse Filibuster and, 199, 203–204 Bond, James, 62, 219 Pythagorean Super Bowl Party and, 198–199 continuing stories of, 5, 13, 16–18 recantations and, 206 reinterpretation of, 16–17 Reggie and Boomer books and, 205 worldbuilding and, 73 Scrabble poems and, 206 Bond, Larry, 362, 368 source material for, 193 Bone (Smith), 6 spam and, 203–205 Bonesteel, Michael, 253–265 Squeezeborough and, 202 Bonsai (Grossman), 195 Tocharian letters and, 202 Book of Lazarus, The (Grossman), 193 tomb of the corporate raider and, 207 Boorman, John, 88 Torah Ball and, 206 Booth, Mike Spiff, 425 Tractates and, 206 Boot Hill (game), 68 Trip to the Far North and, 205–206 Booty Bay, 421 tycoon boy and, 206 Borges, Jorge Luis, 52, 55 visionary sonnets and, 196 Borgstrom, Rebecca, 67 Brenda Starr (Messick), 267 Boxy an Star (King), 181 Breton, Andre´, 217 Bourdelle, Thomy, 218 Brigadier, 16

452 Index

Briggs, Nick, 33 Campaigns Broadus, Bodie, 430, 432 flexibility and, 101–102 Brooker, Will, 18 game master and, 97–103 Broome, John, 281 The Great Pendragon Campaign and, 90–92 Brothers in Arms (game), 369 management of, 99–102 Brown, Anthony, 22 multicampaign design and, 67–73 Brown, Buster, 304 open setting and, 77–85 Brown v. Board of Education, 402 storytelling form and, 97–98 Brown Girl in the Ring (Hopkinson), 181 World of Warcraft add-ons and, 412 Bruce Gentry (comic), 269 Campbell, Ramsey, 235 Brunner, John, 31 Campion, 22 Bruno, 269–272 Cancelled Comics Cavalcade, 277 Brut (Layoman), 87 Caniff, Milton, 267–270 Bubbles, 431–433 Cannon, Peter H., 241 Buddenbrooks (Mann), 243 Canonicity, 35–36 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV show), 4–5, 305, 346, 434 Captain America, 276, 306, 310 authoring and, 21 Captain Marvel, 6, 237, 242n8 convergence and, 395–396 Carey, Dan, 270–271 form and, 386–390 Car-illon System, 198 geography and, 390–393 Carpenter, Stanford, 6, 275–285 narrative analysis of, 314, 316, 385–397 Carroll, Lewis, 105, 260 season arc of, 82–83 Carter, Chris, 82 seriality and, 393–395 Carter, Lin, 235–236 Bugs Bunny, 218 Cartwright, Annie, 313 Bull, Emma, 31 Casino Royale (film), 16–17 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 289 Castro, Fidel, 31 Bullock, Seth, 323 Cathedral of Thorns (game), 59 Bunker, Max, 222 CDs, 412 Burbank, Truman, 313 Cendrars, Blais, 217 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 13 Cerebus (Sim), 4–5, 41–46 Bush, George W., 288–289 Chabon, Michael, 17 Butler, Octavia, 181 Chabrol, Claude, 216, 221–222 C Chadwick, Frank, 68 Champions (game), 68 Cage, Luke, 276 Chaosium, 69, 79, 87 Caldwell, John, 335–336 Chapman, James, 336 Call of Cthulhu (game), 69, 77–85 Character development Cambias, James L., 68 continuity and, 2 Camelot (film), 88 group dynamics and, 13 Camp, L. Sprague de, 240 rule effects and, 13–23 Campaign for North Africa, The (game), 359 social context and, 13 Campaign Planner Deluxe tool, 103 Charlton Comics, 288

453 THIRDPERSON

Charter, 31 guest appearances and, 275 Chase, Brian, 401–402 high magic of, 287–288 Chaykin, Howard, 308 interstitial form of, 287 Cherryh, C. J., 31 Japanese, 309 Chess, 358, 362–363 Jenkins and, 303–311 Chesterton, G. K., 31 merchandising and, 304 Chewbacca, 29–30 Mills and, 267–274 Choi, Jason, 409 theme and, 120 Choose Your Own Adventure (game), 357 ‘‘Ultimate’’ line and, 6 Choose Your Own Command novels, 366 under-language of media and, 287–300, 301n12 Christianity, 22 unfolding text and, 13–14 Christie, Agatha, 22, 31 U.S. media industry and, 309 Churchill, Ward, 214 worldbuilding and, 68 Cimino, John, 132 Command and Conquer (game), 410 City of Bits (Mitchell), 3 Commedia (Dante), 4 City of Heroes (game), 1–3, 59, 125–130 Computer Gaming World journal, 411 City Squeeze (Alvarez), 54 Computer role-playing games (CRPGs), 120, 123 City-State of the Invincible Overlord, The (game), 68 Computer wormholes, 149–150 City of Villains (game), 128–130 Conan the Barbarian, 25 Civil rights, 401–402 Conan the Cimmerian, 240–241 Civil War (comic), 305–306 Connery, Sean, 16 Clampett, Bob, 218 Conrad, Will, 305 Clancy, Tom, 362, 368 Contact (Sagan), 248 Clarke, Noel, 336 Continuing stories Client-server networks, 420 audience input and, 16, 19–21 Clockers (Price), 429 author payment and, 13 Clowes, Daniel, 304 creating suspense and, 18 Code Monkey (film), 425 franchises and, 13 Coduri, Camille, 335 group dynamics and, 13 Cole, Steven, 33 James Bond, 16–18 Colon, Gene, 276 Jeeves and Wooster, 17 Columbo (TV show), 340 merchandising and, 19, 21 Colvin, Howard ‘‘Bunny,’’ 430, 433 sharecropping and, 13 Comedian, 290 Sherlock Holmes, 17–18 Come´die humaine, La (de Balzac), 4 The Simpsons,17–18 Comella, Rosemary, 137, 139 unfolding text and, 13–14, 19–23 Comics, 1, 5, 29, 88. See also specific comic Continuity, 306–308 continuity and, 308 character development and, 2 cultural anthropology and, 275 Doctor Who and, 35–36, 40 Elseworlds and, 307–309 long-term television narratives (LLTVNs) and, 313–319 as film, 287 Contract with God, A (Eisner), 42–43 graphic novels and, 287 Conventions, 20

454 Index

Conventions of War (Williams), 25 visual art and, 256 Convergence Culture (Jenkins), 304 working methods of, 254–257 Cook, Monte, 7, 72, 97–103 Dark City (TV show), 313 Cornell, Paul, 5, 15, 22, 33–40 Dark Knight Returns, The (Miller), 123 Corner, The (TV show), 53, 434 Darvill-Evans, Peter, 33–35, 39 Cortazar, Julio, 222–223, 357 Data, 21 Costikyan, Greg, 357–358, 369n4, 413 Davidson, Neil, 401 Count of Monte Cristo, The (Dumas), 27 Davies, Russell T., 5, 22, 33, 335–339, 348 Cranny-Francis, Anne, 5, 343–355 Da Vinci Code (film), 2 Creasy, Edward, 368 Daybreak (TV show), 314 Creativity, 133–135 Days of Heaven (Malick), 49 Creeber, Glen, 386 Days of Wonder, 359 Crossing Jordan (TV show), 318 DC Comics, 6, 304 Cross-media universes, 2 Black Lightning and, 275–284 Cry Havoc event book, 103 continuity and, 308 CSI (TV show), 340, 434, 436 Green Arrow and, 279 Cthulhu Mythos. See Lovecraft, H. P. Infinite Crisis and, 280–282 Cuse, Carlton, 314–315, 319 Lee and, 307 Cybermark Services, 22 Outsiders and, 278, 280 Cybers, 343, 350–354 Watchmen and, 287–300 Cyborg, 281 Deadlines, 29–30 D Dead Man Who Killed, The (film), 217 Deadwood (TV show), 4–5, 314, 316 Daddar, 421 ‘‘electric force field’’ of, 325–332 Daily Mail, 345 narrative analysis of, 323–332 Daily Telegraph, 345 setting of, 323 Daleks. See Doctor Who (TV show) Dearden, Mia, 279–280 Dallas (game), 68 ‘‘Death Ray, The’’ (Clowes), 304 Dallas (TV show), 315–316 Decipher, 69 Dalton, Timothy, 16 Defenders, The (TV show), 434 Dance to the Music of Time (Powell), 3 De Funes, Louise, 219 Daniels, Cedric, 430–432 De Laat, P. B., 403 Daniels, Marla, 431–432 Delaney, Samuel R., 181 Dante, 4 Deleuze, Gilles, 316, 377 Darger, Henry, 4 Delta Green (game), 7, 77–85 autobiographical elements and, 260–262 Dench, Judi, 16 grammatical errors and, 255 Derleth, August, 234, 236 historic events and, 257 Derrida, Jacques, 232 lack of formal training of, 253 Design. See Worldbuilding literary sources and, 257–260 Desnos, Robert, 213, 217 popularity of, 253 Destiny’s Way (Williams), 30 search for the grail and, 262–265 Detective Comics, 278, 280

455 THIRDPERSON

Detwiller, Dennis, 84 Daleks and, 16, 19, 334, 343–346, 349, 352–354 Dhalgren (Delany), 181 economic issues and, 344–345 Diabolik, 222 embodiment and, 343–355 Dick, Philip K., 181 emotions and, 348–354 Dickens, Charles, 14, 23, 313–314, 324–327 fan conventions and, 20 Dicks, Terrance, 21, 35 house style and, 34 Dickson, Chuck, 308 implied story arcs and, 336–338 Dickson, Gordon R., 31 lack of creator, 19 DigiCube Company, 380 lack of format, 14–15, 18 DikuMUD (game), 105 media and, 33–35 Diltz, Clara, 422–423 memory cheats and, 19 Diltz, J. Joshua, 422–423 merchandising and, 19 Dingwall, Shaun, 335 narrative analysis of, 333–341 Discworld (Pratchett), 22 New Adventures of, 35–40 Disney Studios, 132, 135, 309 politics and, 343–355 Distributed social cinema reinterpretation of, 14–16, 333 base story and, 183 rule effects and, 13–24 distraction and, 179–180, 189–190 TARDIS and, 14–15, 19, 39, 336–340, 348–349 event templates and, 179 thematic similarity/difference and, 338–341 future library and, 181–190 thoughts on current, 39–40 mobile technology and, 179–180 Time Lords and, 5, 15–16, 40, 334–340, 349, 353 social agency and, 181 unfolding text and, 13–14, 19–23 urban environment and, 182–183 Doctor Who Magazine,35–36 DiTillio, Larry, 72 Doctor Who Monthly,36 Ditko, Steve, 6 Doctor Who New Adventures series, 19 Doctor Doom, 307 Dogs in the Vineyard (Baker), 68 Doctor Manhattan, 291–298 Dolan, Marc, 315 Doctorow, Cory, 401 Doom (game), 357, 420 Doctor Strange, 310 Doomsday Clock, 289, 291 Doctor Strangelove, 351 DOS, 1 Doctor Who (TV show), 8, 396 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 46, 346 absent epic and, 334–336 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 17–18, 84, 213–214 audience debate and, 16, 19–21 Dragnet (TV show), 434–436 authoring of, 36–40 Dragonlance (Weis and Hickman), 362 backstory elaboration and, 336, 341 Dragon Quest (game), 377 beginnings of, 14–15, 343 Dragon’s Lair (game), 357 cancellation of, 22 Drake, Marla. See Miss Fury (Tarpe Mills) canonicity and, 35–36 Draken, 279 classifying, 14 Dread Empire’s Fall (Williams), 25 consistency and, 16 Dreamblade (game), 59 continuity and, 13–23, 35–36, 40 Dreiberg, Dan, 296–297 cult status of, 333–342 Dr. Mabuse der Spieler (film), 216–217

456 Index

Duffy, Patrick, 316 narrative voice and, 161, 163 Dumas, Alexandre, 27 setting and, 160–161 Dune (film), 235 spatial concepts and, 159–165 Dune (game), 410 theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 Dune (Herbert), 27 Empire of the Petal Throne (game), 68 Dungeons & Dragons (game), 1, 362, 412 End User License Agreements, 400 death in, 123 Engage Games Online, 420 intellectual property and, 59–60 En Garde! (game), 68 modal constraints and, 70–72 Enix, 377 multicampaign design and, 68–69 Enlightenment, 137 open campaign setting and, 79 Epic of Gilgamesh (ancient text), 386 setting and, 119–120 Era, 269 space production and, 377–380 Esoterrorists, The (game), 59, 64 worldbuilding and, 105 Essay on Man (Grossman), 207 Dunham, Jeremy, 381 ‘‘Eternal Champion’’ series, 5 Dunn, Ben, 309 EVE Online, 114 Dunn, Trevor, 223 ‘‘Everglades’’ (Grossman), 207 Dunnigan, James F., 68 EverQuest (game), 403–404 Duskwood, 421 Everything Bad Is Good for You (Johnson), 313 DVDs, 23, 137, 326, 393–394, 412 Evil’s Might (Chaykin and Tischman), 308 E Ewoks, 23 Excalibur (film), 88 East Side/West Side (TV show), 434 Experience Eberron Campaign Setting system, 70, 72 Breeze Avenue and, 193–207 e-books, 183 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Eccleston, Christopher, 334, 339, 344, 346 emotive response and, 159–177 Eco, Umberto, 2–3, 316, 334 forward isovist, 160 Eddision, E. R., 25 machinima and, 409, 419–425 Edge of Remorse (film), 409, 422 narrative voice and, 161, 163 Edwardian Era, 17 setting and, 160–161 Einstein, Albert, 373 spatial concepts and, 137–151 Eisner, Will, 42–43 theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 Elder Scrolls, 7 virtual reality and, 153–177 Electronic Arts, 412 Explorer-hero, 120 Electronic book review (ebr),3 Elegy for Angels and Dogs (Williams), 27 F Elseworlds, 307–309 Fabric of Reality (Grossman), 199–200 Emergence, 112–114 Faidutti, Bruno, 357 Emotive response Fairfield, Reginald, 85 completeness and, 159 Falcon, 276 internal states and, 159 Fandor, 215–217, 221 music and, 167–168 Fantastic Four (comic), 8, 276, 307, 310

457 THIRDPERSON

Fantasy. See also Narratives First Person (Harrigan and Wardrip-Fruin), 1, 3, 5, 8, 433 Lovecraft and, 225–241 Firth, Colin, 23 spatial concepts and, 137–151 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 53 temporal constructs of, 25 Flash, 307 universe choice and, 25–32 Fleming, Ian, 16, 18 worldbuilding and, 59 (see also Worldbuilding) Flexi-narratives, 315–316 Fantasy Flight Games, 412–413 Flippen, Keith, 54 Fantasy Hero (Long), 68 Floating Admiral, The (The Detection Club), 30–31 Fantoˆmas, 217 Floor Games (Wells), 361 adaptations of, 218–223 Floyd, Sally, 305 beginnings of, 211–212 Ford, Henry, 212 exploits of, 214–216 Ford, John M., 28 film industry and, 216–222 Ford, Sam, 6, 303–311 gadgets for, 221 Foster, Bill, 276 real world criminals and, 213 Foucault, Michel, 344, 352 Fanzines, 20, 22, 333 Foundation series (Asimov), 27 Farnum, E. B., 324 Four, Le (Allain and Souvestre), 211 Farrington, Ian, 33 Four Aces, 31 Fascism, 211 Fradon, Ramona, 278 Father Brown, 22 Franchises, 13 Faulkner, William, 4 Francis Ford Coppola presents Bram Stokers’ Dracula, by Fred Fayard, Arthe`me, 212, 223 Saberhagen,28 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 213–214 Frankenstein, Victor, 351 Fejo¨s, Pa´l, 218 Freamon, Lester, 430, 431 Fellowship of the Ring, The (Tolkien), 102 Freedom Phalanx (game), 59 Feng Shui (game), 59, 62–64 Freud, Sigmund, 189, 247–248 Ferguson, Ezra, 426 Friday, Joe, 434 Feuillade, Louis, 216–218 Fudd, Elmer, 218 Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, The (Creasy), 368 Fu Manchu, 84 Fifty Animals (Grossman), 205 ‘‘Future History’’ (Heinlein), 27 Final Fantasy (game), 3 G body production and, 378–379 Gaboriau, Emile, 213–214 computer vs. pen-and-paper approach and, 377–378 Galland, Jean, 218 place representation and, 379–381 Gallery of the Purchasers, The (Grossman), 199, 202–203 platforms for, 377–378 Gallifrey, 16 screenshots of, 374–376 Game-based movies. See Machinima spatial concepts and, 373–383 ‘‘Game Design as Narrative Architecture’’ (Jenkins), 373 Tidus and, 379–381 Game master Finger, Bill, 278 assisting, 102–103 Finlayson, Alan, 344–345, 349 campaign management and, 99–102 Finn, Barry, 271 flexibility and, 101–102 Firefly (TV show), 4–5, 21, 314

458 Index

game fluidity and, 99–100 Goodwin, Archie, 276 non-player citizens (NPCs) and, 99, 101 Google, 1, 139, 420 serving as, 98–99 Gordon, Ian, 304 storytelling in RPG form and, 97–98 Gotham by Gaslight (Augustyn), 308 Gardner, Ava, 88 Gotham City, 308 Gardner, John, 18 Grace, 280 Garret, Alma, 324, 328–329 Graham, Matthew, 313 Garret, Brom, 323, 328–329 Grainer, Ron, 19 Garriott, Richard, 377 Grand Inquisitor, 346 Garza, Ale, 280 Grand Wizard Theodore, 287 Gaumont Studios, 216–217 Grant, Richard E., 35 General Hospital (TV show), 8 Graphic novels. See also Comics Genesis, the book of, 247 Lovecraft and, 225–241 Genesis Ark, 353 Watchmen and, 287–300 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 87, 93 Graveyard Heart, The (Zelazny), 27 Geo-Force, 278 Gravity’s Rainbow (Pynchon), 291–292 Geschichten Jaakobs, Die (Mann), 5 Great Expectations (Dickens), 324 Gettysburg (game), 358 Great Pendragon Campaign, The (game), 8 Gibbons, Dave, 6–7, 287–288, 291, 296, 299–300 conflict and, 87–92 Gibson, Andrew, 337 cooperation and, 87–92 Gilliam, Terry, 299–300 source samples of, 93–95 Gilmore Girls (TV show), 314 violence of, 92 Gingold, Chaim, 3, 131–136 Green, Brian, 344 Giussani, Angela, 222 Green, Justin, 304 Giussani, Giuliana, 222 Green Arrow, 279 Glancy, A. Scott, 7, 77–85 Greenberg, Martin H., 18 GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender) guild, 400– Green Goblin, 309 402 Green Lantern, 280–281, 308 Glorantha, 119 Gregory, Terran, 426 Glory, 89 Grell, Mike, 308 Glossary of Every Humorous Word in the English Language Greyhawk, 68 (Grossman), 206 Grey’s Anatomy (TV show), 318 GMT, 367 Griffith, D. W., 217 Go, 358 Griffiths, Trevor, 343 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 248–249 Grigo, Gypsy, 271–272 Goldberg, Michelangelo, 198, 202, 205 Grossman, Richard, 193–207 Golden, Christie, 413 Grubb, Jeff, 413 Golden Boy, 32 Guantanamo Bay, 305, 345, 352 Golden Dawn, The (sourcebook), 79 Guardians of the Universe, 281 GoldenEye (film), 17 Guerrier, Simon, 33 Goldman, Ed, 131 Guest, Charlotte, 93 Gone with the Wind, (Mitchell), 27 Guieu, Henri Rene´,27

459 THIRDPERSON

Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 69 Heinlein, Robert A., 27 GURPS Fantasy (game), 72 Hendrix, Jimi, 287 GURPS Horror (Hite), 67–68, 72 Hennessey, Jill, 318 GURPS Space (Zeigler and Cambias), 68 Henry IV (Shakespeare), 246 GURPS system, 70, 72 Herbert, Frank, 27, 235 Gwenllian Jones, Sara, 333–335 Herlock Sholmes Arrives Too Late (Leblanc), 214 Gygax, Gary, 68 Heroes in Hell (Morris), 31 H Heroes (TV show), 299, 303, 314, 318–319, 436 Hero System,70 Hackleman, Clint, 425 Hiaasen, Carl, 31 Hackleman, Derek, 425 Hickman, Tracy, 362 Hagedorn, Roger, 336 High Noon (film), 346 Haggard, H. Rider, 138 High Society (Sim), 42 Haldman, Joe, 28 Hills, Matt, 5, 333–342 Half a Life (Naipaul), 50 Hill Street Blues (TV show), 288 Hall, Conrad, 52 Hinchcliffe, Philip, 21 Halo, 278 Historia Regnum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 87, 93 Halter, Ed, 359 History of My Life, The (Darger), 254 Handmaid’s Tale, The (Atwood), 181 History of the Universe, A (Parkin), 5 Haney, Bob, 278 Hitchcock, Alfred, 216 Hanks, Tom, 23 Hite, Kenneth, 7, 67–75 Hanny, Darryl, 68 Hitler, Adolf, 211, 243 Harassment policies, 400–404 HIV, 279–280 Harper, Roy, 280 Holmes, Sherlock, 5, 13, 22, 84 Harpoon (game), 362 Batman and, 308 Harrigan, Pat, 1–9, 300n2, 301nn10, 11, 369 continuing stories of, 17–18 Harris, J. C., 399 Fantoˆmas and, 213 Harry Potter (Rowling), 2, 4, 386 Lupin and, 214 Hartmann, Gregg, 32 Moriarty and, 84, 214 Hartnell, William, 38 Rouletabille and, 214 Hartwell, David G., 28 Victorian Era and, 17 Harvey, David, 373, 376–378, 382 Holy Grail, 87, 90–91 Hasbro, 359 Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets (Simon), 49–50 Hassard, John, 399 Homicide (TV show), 434, 436 Hawes, James, 349 Honour of the Grave (game), 59 Hawke, Conor, 279–280 Hopkinson, Nalo, 181 Hawking, Stephen, 353 Hopscotch (Cortazar), 357 ‘‘Hawkmoon’’ (Moorcock), 5 Horn, Leonard, 52 HBO, 4, 53, 314, 316, 430. See also specific show House Un-American Activities Committee, 31–32 Heald, Hazel, 236 Houshmand, Zara, 155 Hearst, George, 326, 328–331 Howard, Robert E., 25, 68, 232 Heck, Don, 276 Hsieh, Epla, 422

460 Index

Hsu, John, 422 Internet culture, 288 Huber, William H., 3, 373–384 Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 247 Huey, Laura, 344 Interstate Bingo, The (Grossman), 198, 202, 205–206 Hugo, Victor, 215 In the Realms of the Unreal (Darger), 253, 256–265 Huizinga, Johan, 399 Invasion of the Body Snatchers (film), 80 Hulk, 310 Iranian Americans, 155–156 Hulke, Malcolm, 21 Iraq, 345 Hull, Ben, 364 Ironforge Bank Robbery, The (Daddar), 421 Humphreys, Sal, 403 Iron Man, 305, 310 Hunebelle, Andre´, 219 Irsay, Robert, 54 Hunter, Dan, 400–403 Isabella, Tony, 275–278, 284 Hyperion (Keats), 386 ISEA 2006, 189 I Ivalice Alliance (game), 379 IBM, 1 J Identity, 403–404 Jacob, Max, 217 Idiot, The (Dostoyevsky), 46 Jade, 280 id Software, 420 Jagrafess, 346 Illegal Danish: Super Snacks (film), 425 Jaka’s Story (Sim), 43 Imaginary Twentieth Century, The (Klein, Bistis, and Kratky), Jakobson, Roman, 141 137 Jane Eyre,27 bleeds and, 142–149 Japanese, 378 picaresque and, 150–151 haiku monuments and, 205–206 space between and, 142, 146–147 Manzamar Internment Camp and, 153, 155–158, 161– Indigo, 280 165 Infinite Crisis (comic), 280–283 Jedi Order, 29 InfoSpherian, 183–184 Jeeves, 17, 22 In Search of Lost Time (Proust), 3 Jenik, Adriene, 3, 179–191 Installations Jenkins, Henry, 6, 20–21, 373, 396 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 machinima and, 424 virtual reality projects and, 153–177 multiplicity management and, 303–311 Intellectual property, 59–65, 184, 400–401 narrative variations and, 333, 335 Intercalarian Commentaries (Grossman), 207 storytelling and, 411 Interfaces Jenkins, Peter, 402 animation of, 150 Jiminez, Phil, 275, 282–283 bleeds and, 141–149 Jimmy Corrigan (Ware), 304 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 John, the book of, 49 full immersion, 157–158 Johnny Hazard (comic), 269 picaresque and, 150–151 Johnson, Mark, 399 spatial concepts and, 137–151 Johnson, Steven, 287, 288, 313–315 virtual reality and, 153–177 Joker, 308 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 344 Jones, Matt, 35

461 THIRDPERSON

Jordan, Michael, 414–415 King of Dragon Pass (game), 59 Jordan, Tony, 313 Kingpin, 307 Joseph and His Brothers (Mann), 4, 8, 243–250 Kirby, Jack, 276 Josephin, Joseph, 214 Kirk, James T., 20–21, 315 Joyce, James, 3–4, 386 Kirkman, Robert, 310 Judex (film), 217 Kirschenbaum, Matthew G., 3, 8, 357–381 JuniorX, 420–421 Klein, Norman M., 1–2, 137–152 Juspeczyk, Laurie, 291–292, 297 Kleist, Heinrich von, 248 Justice League of America (comic), 8, 277, 281–282, 304, 307 Knaak, Richard, 413 Just Imagine (comic), 307 Kneale, Nigel, 19 Juul, Jesper, 361 Knight, Misty, 276 Juve, 215–219, 221 Knights of the Round Table (film), 88 Juve in the Dock (Allain), 215 Kohl, Leonard, 218 K Konsolas, Minas, 56 Kosovo, 345 K9, 16 Kotaku, 401 Kalat, David, 8, 211–224 Kovacs, Walter, 290, 294 Kal-El, 308 Kracauer, Siegfried, 189 Kali, 420 Kratky, Andreas, 137, 139 Kane, Bob, 278 Kring, Tim, 318, 320n6 Kane, Gil, 281 Krueger, L. W., 344 Kang, Jeevan, 309 Krzywinska, Tanya, 5, 385–398 Karloff, Boris, 218 Kubrick, Stanley, 131 Karvun, 271 Kuleshov, Lev, 217 Katana, 278 Kuttner, Henry, 234 Keaton, Buster, 218 Keats, John, 386 L Keegan, John, 368 Labour Party, 344 Keeler, William H., 50 Lac, Lancelot du, 87 Kennedy, John F., 14 Lacassin, Francis, 217 Kent, Clark, 308 Lacenaire, 214 Kents, The (Ostrander, Truman, and Mandrake), 308 Lakoff, George, 399, 401 Kerr, Matthew, 214 Lambda Legal, 401–402 Kerry Drake (comic), 269 Lament of Fantoˆmas, The (Desnos), 213 KGB, 7 Landau, Martin, 52 King, Daren, 181 Lane, Andy, 5 King, Geoff, 388 Lane, Lois, 6, 308 King Arthur, 22, 87–92 Lang, Fritz, 216, 308 King Arthur Pendragon (game), 71, 87 Langrishe, Jack, 329–331 King Henry II, 87 Lastowka, Greg, 400 King Lear (Shakespeare), 330–331 Last Tycoon, The (Fitzgerald), 53

462 Index

Latour, Bruno, 351–352, 399 Life on Mars (TV show), 5, 313–314, 319 l’Auto (Allain and Souvestre), 211 Lindelof, Damon, 314–315, 318–319 Lavery, David, 5, 313–322 Ling, Pam, 279 Law, John, 399 Little, Omar, 430 Law and Order (TV show), 434–435 Little Wars (Wells), 361 Lawrence, Anthony, 52 Live-action role-playing (LARP) games, 7, 119 Laws, Robin D., 7, 59–65 Lofficier, Jean-Marc, 214, 308 Layamon, 87 Lofficier, Randy, 214 Lazenby, George, 16 Lombardi, Chris, 411 League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, The (film), 300 Lombardo, Dave, 223 ‘‘Leatherwing’’ (Dickson), 308 Long, Frank Belknap, Jr., 233 Leavis, Q. D., 13 Long, Steven S., 68 Leblanc, Marcel, 214 Long-term television narratives (LLTVNs). See also Doctor Leblanc, Maurice, 214 Who (TV show) Lecoq, 214 brief history of, 315–317 Lee, Stan, 6, 276, 288, 307 exemplary, 316–317 Leeroy Jenkins (film), 418–419, 421 future of, 318–319 Lefebvre, Henri, 376–378 Life on Mars and, 313–314, 319 Left-Handed Hummingbird, The (Orman), 21, 33 Lost and, 314–315, 317–319 Legal issues Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), 3, 25, 386, 396, 425 harassment policies, 400–404 Lords of Creation (game), 72 intellectual property and, 59–65, 184, 400–404 Lost (TV show), 4–5, 306 Le Guin, Ursula K., 343, 354–355 long-term narrative and, 314–315, 317–319 Lehane, Dennis, 429 procedural logic and, 436 Leia, Princess, 30 Louis Feuillade (Lacassin), 217 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 373, 376–377 Lovecraft, H. P., 5, 8, 69, 77, 84 Leigh, Steve, 32 Dunsanian tales and, 225–228 Lellenberg, Jon L., 18 myth cycles of, 225–228 Leroux, Gaston, 214 stories of, 231–241 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 248 worldbuilding and, 225–241 Letts, Barry, 21 Lovecraft Circle, 77 Levels and Add-ons for Warcraft II (Verlag), 412 Lowood, Henry, 3, 407–427, 414 Levene, Rebecca, 33 Lucasfilm, 28–30 Levinson, Barry, 49 Lukowski, Gilbert, 52–53 Le´vi–Strauss, Claude, 275 Lulu, 381 Lewis, C. S., 25 Lumley, Brian, 235–236 Lewison, Sarah, 3, 179–191 Lupin, Arse`ne, 214–215 Liar’s Peak (game), 59 Luthor, Lex, 6, 279, 307 Liavek (Shetterly and Bull), 31 Lutoslawski, Witold, 250 Library of Babel, The (Borges), 52, 55 Lyon, J. Shaun, 334, 336, 340 ‘‘Life-Line’’ (Heinlein), 27 Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois, 344

463 THIRDPERSON

M Masks of Nyarlathotep (game), 72 M (Bond character), 16–17 Masques (Grell), 308 Mabinogian, The (Guest), 87, 93 Massively multiplayer online games, 1–2, 379, 393, 409. See Magic: The Gathering (game), 59 also specific game Machinima, 426 Masters, Phil, 67 archival production and, 419–421 Mateas, Michael, 436 client-server networks and, 420 Matthews, Brett, 305 defined, 409 McCloud, Scott, 287 demo movies and, 419–420 McDonald, William E., 243–251 Edge of Remorse and, 409 McGonigal, Jane, 3 spectator mode and, 420 McGowan, David, 403 textual production and, 419 McKee, Alan, 309 World of Warcraft and, 419–425 McNulty, Jimmy, 430, 433, 436 Macintyre, Ben, 213–214 Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), 248 Madhouse Filibuster, The (Grossman), 199, 203–204 Mechanoids, 16 Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 243–244 Media Magnus, 222 comics and, 287–300 (see also Comics) Magritte, Rene´, 211, 218, 223 computerized vastness of, 1 Major, John, 19 cross-media universes and, 2 Malaby, Thomas, 401 depth and, 3–4 Malick, Terence, 49 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Malory, Thomas, 88, 94–95 infinity and, 5–7 Mandrake, Tom, 281, 308 machinima and, 409, 419–426 Man-Kzin Wars, The (Niven), 31 modernism and, 4 Mann, Thomas, 3–5, 243–250 multiplayer interaction and, 2 Manovich, Lev, 287, 291 procedural potential and, 2 Man Who Can, The (film), 426 projection and, 7–8 Manzanar Internment Camp, 153, 155–158, 161–165 reader role and, 137 Marais, Jean, 219 relative dimensions and, 4–5 Marino, Paul, 409 role-playing games and, 7 Marple, Miss, 22 spatial concepts and, 137–151 Martin, ‘‘Fingers,’’ 270 tie-in sharecropping and, 28 Martin, George R. R., 1, 31, 120 transmedia storytelling and, 411 (see also Storytelling) Marvel, Mary, 6 under-language of, 287–300 Marvel Comics, 304, 309 Memoir ‘44 (game), 359 Lee and, 6, 276, 288, 307 Merchandising, 19, 21, 23 ‘‘Ultimate’’ line and, 6 Mercure de France journal, 217 worldbuilding and, 68 Merovingen Nights (Cherryh), 31 Marvel Mangaverse (Dunn), 309 Messick, Dale, 267, 270 Marvel Premier (comic), 276 Metamorpho, 278, 280 Marvel Team-Up (comic), 276 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 385–386, 396–397 Marvel Zombies (comic), 310 Metzen, Chris, 413

464 Index

Meuris, Jacques, 211, 218 Monk (TV show), 340 Michler, Deeprun Goldwin, 426 Monopoly (game), 357 Microsoft, 1 Montfort, Nick, 1 Middle Ages, 87–95 Montgomery, Bernard Law, 357 Mighty Crusaders, 288 Monty Python (TV show), 21–22 Mila´n, Victor, 32 Moorcock, Michael, 5 Milch, David, 323, 325–326, 330–331 Moore, Alan, 6–7, 287–288, 290–291, 296, 299–300 Miles, Adrian, 3 Moore, Roger, 16 Miles, Lawrence, 5, 33, 341n1 More Fun Comics, 280 Miller, Frank, 123 Moreland, Bunk, 430 Miller, John M., 199 Moriarty, James, 84, 214 Miller, Matthew P., 2–3, 125–130 Morris, Janet, 31 Mills, David, 431 Morrison, Grant, 5–6 Milton, John, 386 Morrowind (game), 7, 119–123 Minerva, 385, 397 Mort d’Arthur, Le (Malory), 88, 94–95 Minimalist prose, 30 Mortimore, Jim, 33 Ministry of Fear (film), 216–217 Mosig, Dirk W., 225 Minot, George, 55 Moulthrop, Stuart, 6–7, 287–301, 432 Miserables, Les (Hugo), 215 Mpath, 420 Miss Fury (comic), 7, 274 Mr. Fantastic, 305 creator of, 267–268, 270 Mr. Terrific, 281, 284n4 Erica Von Kampf and, 267–269 MUD1 (game), 105, 115n10 femininity and, 269–270 Mulder, Fox, 215 hiatus of, 271 Multicampaign settings, 67–73 men of, 270–271 Murderer Threatened, The (film), 218 plot twists and, 271 Murdoch, John, 313 timeline for, 273 Murdoch, Rupert, 351 Mission: Impossible (TV show), 73 Murray, Janet H., 338, 340, 436 Mists of Avalon (game), 88 Museums, 137 Mitchall, William J., 3 Music, 19, 167–168 Mitchell, Joseph B., 368 Musket and Pike Battle Series (games), 364, 367 MIT Press, 3 My Life for the Horde: The Legends of Seemos (film), Mittell, Jason, 306, 313, 317–318, 429–438, 434–435 422 MKULTRA, 81 Myndflame, 425 MLJ-Archie Comics, 288 My Six Crises (Nixon), 43 Mnookin, Jennifer, 400 Myst (game), 159 Moby-Dick, 120 N Model Viewer, 425 Naipaul, V. S., 50 Modernism, 4 Naismith, James, 414 Moerman, Ernest, 218 Naked Came the Manatee (Barry, Hiaasen, et al), 31 Mongoose Publishing, 7 Napoleon at Waterloo (game), 363–364, 366 Monks, Tel, 51

465 THIRDPERSON

Napoleon of Crime, 213 public spaces and, 402–403 Narcissism, 4 rule effects and, 13–24 Narnia, 25 seriality and, 393–395 Narratives similarity/difference and, 338–341 absent epic and, 334–336 social capital and, 403–404 authoring and, 13–23, 25–32 (see also Authoring) spatial concepts and, 137–151 backstory elaboration and, 336, 341 story development and, 106–108 bibles (production tools) and, 15, 29, 33, 60–61, 64, 83, storytelling and, 119–124 (see also Storytelling) 226, 388 surrealism and, 211–223 board wargames and, 357–369 television and, 1, 4–5, 313–319, 323 campaigns and, 77–85, 99–102 thematic similarity/difference and, 338–341 comics and, 5–7, 287–300 (see also Comics) theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 competing, 399–405 three elements of, 323 computerized potential of, 1 under-language and, 287–300, 301n12 continuity and, 2, 5, 7–8, 13–23, 35–36, 40, 306–308, vast procedural, 357–371 313–319 virtual reality and, 153–177 convergence and, 395–396 Narrative structure, 416–419 detective/crime, 211–223 Narrative touch, 415–419 Dickens and, 14, 23, 313–314, 324–327 Nathan-Turner, John, 19 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Nazism, 5 ‘‘electric force field’’ of, 325–332 NCsoft, 128 emergence and, 112–114 Ndalianis, Angela, 316, 336, 340 extent and, 2 Necronomicon (Lovecraft), 228–229 flexi-narratives and, 315–316 Neighborhood Public Radio, 189 form and, 386–390 Nelson, Robin, 315–316, 336 free-from gameplay and, 120–123 New Adventures writers, 35 geography and, 390–393 New Jedi Order,29 identity and, 403–404 New Labour Party, 344 implied story arcs and, 336–338 Newman, Kim, 334, 336 interactive virtual reality and, 153–177 Newman, Michael Z., 386, 393–394, 435 legal issues and, 400–404 New Media Reader, The (Montfort and Wardrip-Fruin), 1 long-term television, 313–319 Newton, Isaac, 373, 376 machinima and, 409, 419–426 New York Times,29–30 multicampaign settings and, 67–73 Ney, Michael, 368 non-player characters (NPCs) and, 99, 101, 122–123, Nicholson, Jack, 23 126 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 399 picaresque and, 150–151 Nietzsche, 249 pissed sounds and, 417 Nightwing, 280 procedural logic and, 429–437 Nikolska, Irena, 250 property and, 400–401 Nintendo, 377 protest and, 404 Nissenbaum, Helen, 404

466 Index

Nite Owl, 296 Park, J., 399 Niven, Larry, 31 Parker, Peter, 304 Nixon, Richard, 43, 288 Parkin, Lance, 5, 13–24, 33, 333 Noble, Nina, 50 Parks, Rosa, 402 Noiraholic, 138 Parsifal (film), 88 Nomura, Tetua, 379 Pastiches, 18 Nondisclosure agreements, 29 Patriot Act, 305 Non-player characters (NPCs), 99, 101, 122–123, 126 Patton, Mike, 223 O Pearly Gates of Cyberspace (Wertheim), 153 Pearson, Harry, 358 Oblivion (game), 7, 119–121 Pelecanos, George, 429 O’Brian, Patrick, 22, 119 Pendragon (game), 7 Odyssey, The (ancient text), 386 Penny, Simon, 3 Olamina, Lauren, 181 People’s History of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, A (Alvarez), Oliver, Julian, 402 50–52 Olympics, 277, 283, 407 Perez, George, 281 Once and Future King, The (White), 88 Permadeath, 116n29 O’Neil, Denny, 281 Perri-Purr, 267, 269 On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (film), 18 Peter Pan (Barrie), 105 Open Work, The (Eco), 316 Pettit, Philip, 404 Ordway, Jerry, 280 Phantom of the Opera (character), 308 Orlo and Leini stories (Alvarez), 55–56 Phantom of the Opera, The (Leroux), 214 Orman, Kate, 5, 21, 33–40 Pharaoh, Ashley, 313 Osborne, Buzz, 223 Picard, Jean-Luc, 21 Osbourne, Lloyd, 357 Picaresque, 150–151 Osterman, Jon, 291 Pickwick Papers, The (Dickens), 324–327 Ostrander, John, 281, 291, 308 Pierce, Jefferson. See Black Lightning O’Sullivan, Sean, 5, 323–332 Pierce, Joanna, 279–280 Otto of the Silver Hand (Pyle), 87 Pilgrimage (Richardson), 3 Outer Limits, The (TV show), 52 Pinkerton, William, 213 Outsiders, 278, 280–282 Pinkerton’s Detective Agency, 213–214 Ovid, 385–386, 396–397 Pink Panther (film series), 219 Owen, Bill, 68 Piper, Billie, 335 Oz (TV show), 4, 434 Pissed sounds, 417 P Plagiarism, 211, 271 Pagan Publishing, 79–80, 84, 85 Plato, 399 Parable of the Sower, The (Butler), 181 Playstation, 378–379, 412 Paradise Lost (Milton), 386 Poe, Edgar Allan, 225 Paradise Regained (Milton), 386 Poetics (Aristotle), 399 Paranoia (game), 7 Poirot, Hercule, 22 Pardo, Rob, 417 Poke quotes, 417

467 THIRDPERSON

Po¨kler, Franz, 298 Queen Victoria, 352–353 Politics, 211 Quests, 109–110 authoring and, 25–27, 43, 51, 69, 137–139 explorer-hero and, 120 Doctor Who and, 343–355 free-from gameplay and, 120–123 founding fathers and, 137 politics and, 113 quests and, 113 Quigley, Ocean, 131 Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis, 214 Quitely, Frank, 6 Pope, Paul, 307 R Pope, Tristan, 425 Rakowski, Chester, 51 Porter, Lynnette, 315 Rape of Lucrece, The (Shakespeare), 243 Powell, Anthony, 3, 6 Rashbaum, William K., 435 Pratchett, Terry, 22 Reader role, 137 Pratt, Fletcher, 362 Reagan-Thatcher era, 288 Praxis, The (Williams), 25 Real World, The (TV show), 279 Prequels, 27 Red Arrow, 280 Price, Richard, 429 Red Son (comic), 308 Price, Robert M., 8, 225–242 Red Storm Rising (Clancy and Bond), 362, 368 Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 23, 27 Reggie and Boomer books, 205 Prince Valiant (comic), 88 Reizenstein, Charles, 281 Procedural potential, 2 Religion, 319, 382 Project Superior (comic), 304 Breeze Avenue and, 205, 207 Property rights Joseph and His Brothers and, 248, 251n9 legal issues and, 400–404 Lovecraft and, 227, 235 role-playing games and, 59–65 worldbuilding and, 25 SPECFLIC and, 184 Renaissance computers, 139 Protest, 404 Reporters, 305, 358, 404 Proust, Marcel, 3–4 authoring and, 79 Proyas, Alex, 313 Fandor and, 214–215 Pryzbylewski, Roland, 432–433 screenwriting and, 49–50 Psycho (Bloch), 233 Simon and, 53 Ptolus (game), 72, 98, 102 Starr and, 267 Puckett, Kelley, 279 Republic (Plato), 399 ‘‘Punching Holes through Time’’ (Morrison), 5 Requiem for a God event book, 103 Puppetman, 31–32 Resnais, Alain, 216 Putnam, Robert, 404 Rettberg, Scott, 3 Pyle, Howard, 87 Return: A Warcraft Saga (film), 426 Pym, Henry (Giant-Man), 276 Return of the Jedi (film), 23 Pynchon, Thomas, 287, 291–292 Reuter, Teresa, 157 Q Reynolds, Ren, 2, 399–405 Quake (game), 419–420 Ricardo, Lucy, 315 Queen, Oliver, 279–280 Richards, Justin, 33, 35, 40

468 Index

Richardson, Dorothy, 3 non-player characters (NPCs) and, 99, 101, 122–123, Rifts (game), 72 126 Rimel, Duane W., 234 novel adaptations of, 59–60 Riot Films, 409, 422 open campaign setting and, 77–85 Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire, The,46 spatial concepts and, 377 (see also Spatial concepts) Rise of the Living Dead (film), 422–424 tabletop, 7 Robbins, Frank, 270 vast procedural narratives and, 357–369 Robbins, Trina, 7, 267–274 violence of, 92 Roberts, Charles S., 358 Rolston, Ken, 7, 119–124 Roberts, Gareth, 33 Romita, John, Sr., 276 Roberts, Julia, 23 Rommel, Erwin, 357, 366–367 Robin, 280 Roper, Bill, 415, 417 Robin Hood, 22 Ross, S. John, 70 Robot City (Asimov), 27 Rouletabille, 214 Rocambole, 214 Rour, Le (Allain and Souvestre), 211 Roddenberry, Gene, 19, 38 Rowling, J. K., 4, 386 Rogers, Harriet, 319 Royalties, 28 Rohmer, Sax, 84 Rucker, Rudy, 187–188 Role-playing games (RPGs), 31. See also specific game Rufus Cubed, 426 bible for, 60, 64–65 Rune (game), 59 board wargames and, 357–369 RuneQuest (game), 59, 68, 69 campaign management and, 99–102 Russell, Gary, 33, 333, 335 character development and, 60, 62 Rusty Brown (Ware), 304 client-server networks and, 420 Ryan, Marie-Laure, 358, 360n15, 362, 364, 399 code limits and, 77 S collaboration in writing, 62–65 Sacha, Jean, 218–219 complexity levels and, 61–62 Sacred Flesh (game), 59 computer vs. pen-and-paper, 369, 377–378 Sagan, Carl, 248 conflict and, 87–92 Sail beyond the Sunset, To (Heinlein), 27 cooperation and, 87–92 St. Elsewhere (TV show), 316 emotional connection and, 64 Sakaguchi, Hironobu, 377 flexibility and, 101–102 Salen, Katie, 364 fluidity of game and, 100 Sanctuary, 31 game master and, 97–103 Sandman (comic), 120 historicity and, 418 Sandvoss, Cornel, 333 intellectual property development and, 59–65 Sapphire and Steel, 19 (TV show) Japanese and, 378, 383 Savage, Doc, 81 live action (LARP), 7, 119 Sayers, Dorothy L., 31 market niche of, 53–54 Schenkhuizen, Manuel, 407–408 multicampaign setting design for, 67–73 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 249 narrative structure and, 416–419 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 23 narrative touch and, 415–419

469 THIRDPERSON

Science Fiction Audiences (Tulloch and Jenkins), 20–21 Shetterly, Will, 31 Science Fiction Writers of America, 28 Shift, 280 Sconce, Jeff, 315–317 Short Trips series, 33 Scott, Alan, 280 SHOUTcast, 420 Scrabble poems, 206 Shuster, Joe, 279 Scream of the Shalka (online drama), 35 Siegel, Jerry, 279 Searight, Richard F., 234 Signoret, Simone, 219 Searle, John, 399 Sim, Dave, 2, 4, 41–47 Second Life (game), 106, 154, 158, 399, 402, 404 SimCity (game), 432, 437 Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable SimEarth (game), 131 Media (Harrigan and Wardrip-Fruin), 1, 3, 5, 7–8, SimLife (game), 131 357, 369 Simon, David, 49–50, 53–54, 429–431, 434–435 Sedgewick, Edward, 218 Simonson, Louise, 281 Sega Saturn, 412 Simpsons, The (TV show), 2, 17–18 Serenity (film), 305 Sims, The (game), 131–132, 135 Setting, 119–120 Sims Exchange, The (game), 134–135 Settlers of Catan (game), 362 Sims Online, The (game), 131 Seventh Sea (game), 68 Six Feet Under (TV show), 4, 316, 324–327, 434–435 Sex and the City (TV show), 346 Skywalker, Anakin, 30 Shadowfist (game), 62 Skywalker, Luke, 29 Shadows of Avalon, The (Cornell), 35 Sleeping Dogs Productions, 422 Shakespeare, William, 119, 243, 246, 248, 330–331 Smith, Clark Ashton, 232–233 Shankel, Jason, 131 Smith, Jeff, 6 Sharecropping, 13 Smith, Matthew, 164 beats and, 29 Snodgrass, Melinda M., 28, 31 deadlines and, 29–30 Sobotka, Frank, 433 Dumas and, 27 Social capital, 403–404 as honoring original author, 27 Social context, 13 media tie-ins and, 28 Societe´ des Amis de Fantoˆmas, 217 mercenary nature of, 28–29 Song of Ice and Fire, A (Martin), 1, 120 nondisclosure agreements and, 29 Sony Playstation, 378–379, 412 popular works and, 27 Sopranos, The (HBO series), 1, 4, 8, 316, 324–327, 434–436 prequels and, 27 South Florida Bunch of Wackos, 31 prestige and, 28 Souvestre, Pierre, 211, 214–218, 221–222 royalties and, 28 ‘‘Space as a Keyword’’ (Harvey), 373 sequels and, 27 Spanish painting, 138–139 Star Wars and, 28–29 Spatial concepts tie-in novels and, 28, 30 aesthetics and, 377 Wild Cards and, 31–32 animation of interface, 150 works made for hire, 28 aperture, 140–141 Sharp, Hal, 281 bleeds, 143–149 Sherlock Holmes Arrives Too Late (Leblanc), 214 body production and, 378–379

470 Index

book as computer and, 139 Square, Inc., 377 Cartesian, 373 Squaresoft, 379 embedding, 376 Stafford, Glenn, 417 emotive response and, 159–165 Stafford, Greg, 7, 68, 87–96 legal issues and, 400–404 Stamp, Terrence, 223 machinima and, 409, 419–426 Stanfield, Marlo, 433 material space and, 378–379 Star, Sol, 323 morphing of, 137–138 Starace, Gino, 212, 218 Newtonian, 373 Starbright Foundation, 154 picaresque, 150–151 Starbright World (virtual reality installation), 153–154, 158, place representation and, 379–381 164 public spaces and, 402–403 Starcraft (game), 416 reader role and, 137 Star Trek series, 19–21, 38, 81, 315 relational space and, 373, 376 Pocket Books of, 28 relativity and, 373 role-playing games and, 69, 71 size and, 159–160 sharecropping and, 28 space between and, 138, 142, 146–147 worldbuilding and, 68 textual production and, 413–419 Star Wars, 3 (series) vast narratives and, 373–383 audience effects and, 21–22 video games and, 373–383 Expanded Universe and, 29–30 virtual reality and, 153–177 machinima and, 425 virtues of decline and, 138–139 reference material for, 29 visual excitement and, 139 sharecropping and, 28–29 wormholes, 149–150 worldbuilding and, 68 SPECFLIC, 3 unfolding text and, 23 book culture and, 183 Star Wars Galaxies (game), 404 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Stashover, Daniel, 18 FoolBook and, 185 Steel, 281 future libraries and, 181–190 Steele, Mark, 215 InfoSpherian and, 183–184 Stefans, Brian Kim, 3 intellectual property and, 184 Stern, Andrew, 436 mobile technology and, 179–180 Sterne, Laurence, 23 Speedy, 280 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 358, 362 SPI, 357, 359, 363 ‘‘Stevenson at Play’’ (Osbourne), 357 Spider-Man, 6, 305–310 Stewart, John, 281 Spider-Man: India (Kang), 309 Stiglitz, Joseph, 344 Spira, 379–382 Stoddard, William H., 72 Spock, 20 Stolze, Greg, 71 Spong, John Shelby, 244 Stone, Dave, 35 Spore (game), 3, 131–136 Stonewall Champions, 401 Spreading Taint, 401 Storm, Theodor, 249 Squad Leader (game), 359, 365–366, 369 Story arcs, 336–338

471 THIRDPERSON

Story of the Vivian Girls, in What Is Known as the Realms of Sunston Interactive, 412 the Unreal, of the Glandexo-Angelinnian War Storm, Supergirl, 304 Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion (Darger), 4, 253– Superman, 2, 306 265 death of, 281 Storytelling Eco and, 3 appeal and, 135–136 iconic versions of, 6 archival production and, 419–421 narrative rules and, 13, 22 board wargames and, 357–369 popularity of, 304 Breeze Avenue and, 193–207 under-language and, 279–281 climax and, 123 Superman’s Metropolis (Lofficier), 308 creativity and, 133–135 Suˆrete´ National, 213 distributed social cinema and, 179–190 Surrealism, 8, 64 emergence and, 112–114 Doctor Who and, 36 explorer-hero and, 120 Fantoˆmas and, 211, 216–218, 221–222 free-form gameplay and, 120–123 spatial concepts and, 138, 141, 377 lost civilizations and, 119 Sutherland, Kiefer, 316 machinima and, 409, 419–426 Sutton-Smith, Brian, 399 multiplayer environment and, 125–130 Sutton Signwriting, 200 non-player characters (NPCs) and, 99, 101, 122–123, Swearingen, Al, 324–331 126 Swift, Jonathan, 69 point of view and, 133 Sword and Sorcery, 412 procedural logic and, 429–437 T serial, 429–437 Tactics (game), 358 setting and, 119–120 Tae-Min, Hwang, 407–408 spatial concepts and, 137–151 Taine, John, 225 Spore and, 132–133 Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), 324 textual production and, 413–419 Tales of the New Teen Titans (comic), 280 theme, 119–120 Tales of the Slayers (Whedon), 305 theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 Tales of the Vampires (Whedon), 305 transmedia, 411 TARDIS, 14–15, 19, 39, 336–340, 348–349 worldbuilding and, 106–108 (see also Worldbuilding) Tarpe Mills, June, 7, 267–274 Stout, Rex, 2 Tarzan, 13, 22, 62 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 253, 257 Tate, Catherine, 339 Straczynski, J. Michael, 309, 316 Taylor, Robert, 88 Strategy and Tactics (magazine), 359 Taylor, T. L., 403–404 Structuralism Teen Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day (comic), 280 aperture and, 140–141 Television, 1. See also specific show spatial concepts and, 137–151 continuity and, 5 Study in Scarlet, A (Doyle), 213 long-term television narratives (LLTVNs) and, 313–319 Suits, Bernard, 401 relative dimensions and, 4–5 Sula, Caroline, 27 TEN, 420 Summerfield, Bernice, 33–35

472 Index

Tennant, David, 334, 339, 344, 350 Times (London), 30, 345 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 243–244 Times Mirror Company, 53 Terror from the Stars (Chaosium), 79 Tinker, Jay, 51 Terrorism, 345 TinyMUD (game), 106, 115n9 Terry and the Pirates (Caniff), 267–269 Tischman, David, 308 ‘‘Tetra Master’’ (card game), 380 Titanic (film), 120 Tetris (game), 106 Tolkien, J. R. R., 3–4, 25, 68, 102, 386 Textual Poachers (Jenkins), 20 Tolliver, Cy, 324 Thebold, 271 Tolstoy, Leo, 249 Theme, 119–120 Tomorrow People, The,19–20 Theory of dramatic structure, 165 Torah Ball, 206 climax and, 169 Torczyner, Harry, 211, 218 exposition and, 168 Torg (game), 72 music and, 167–168 Tories, 344 resolution and, 169–170 Total Work of Art, The (Smith), 164 restart and, 169–170 Trading cards, 61, 413 rising action and, 168–169 Traveller (game), 68 scene choreography and, 170–177 Travels of Mariko Horo, The (virtual reality installation) Theron Marks Society, 79 design and, 156, 166 Thiel, Tamiko, 2, 153–177 theory of dramatic structure and, 170–177 Thieves’ World (Asprin and Abbey), 31–32 Tribune Company, 53 39 Steps, The (film), 216 Trip to the Far North (Grossman), 205–206 Thomas, Roy, 276, 280 Trottier, Chris, 131–132 Thompson, Kristin, 333 Troyes, Chre´tien de, 87, 94 Thrall’s Christmas Tree (film), 422–423 True Crime (game), 139 Threads, 133, 169, 250, 271, 325, 436 Truman, Timothy, 308 electronic book review (ebr) and, 3 Truman Show, The (film), 313 intellectual property development and, 59 TSR, 59, 71 long narratives and, 385, 388–389, 393, 395–397 Tulloch, John, 5, 13, 20–21, 333, 339, 343–355 machinima and, 415 Tuska, George, 276 narrative variations and, 333, 336–369 24 (TV show), 4, 316, 435 role-playing game design and, 99 Twin Peaks (TV show), 5, 316, 318 under-language and, 288, 292 2001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick), 131 virtual reality and, 169 Tynes, John, 71, 80, 84 Three Musketeers, The (Dumas), 27 U Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch, The (Dick), 181 Uhura, 20 Thunder, 280 Ultima (game), 377–378 Tidus, 379–381 Ultima Online (game), 404 Tie-in novels, 28, 30 ‘‘Ultimate’’ comic books, 6, 307 Tierney, Richard L., 235 Ulysses (Joyce), 3–4, 386 Time Book Monthly journal, 262 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 253, 257 Time Lords. See Doctor Who (TV show)

473 THIRDPERSON

Underground (Winninger), 69 Virtual museums, 153 Unfolding texts, 13–14, 19–23 Virtual reality Unit quotes, 417 avatars and, 137, 140, 154, 158, 226, 229, 323, 378– Universes, 2 383, 404, 415, 418, 433 continuing stories and, 13–23 Beyond Manzanar and, 153, 155, 158, 161–165 DC vs. Marvel, 306 civil rights and, 401–402 Elseworlds and, 307–309 competing narratives and, 399–405 kabbalah and, 54 connotation of term, 399 long-term television narratives (LLTVNs) and, 313– first-person experiential model and, 159 319 forward isovist and, 160 Lovecraft and, 225–241 identity and, 403–404 multicampaigns and, 67–73 increased time spent in, 399 rule effects and, 13–23 interface mastery and, 414 unfolding text and, 13–14, 19–23 machinima and, 409, 419–425 worldbuilding and, 25–32 (see also Worldbuilding) as mirror of physical world, 399 Unknown Armies (Tynes and Stolze), 71 music and, 167–168 Unspeakable Oath, The (journal), 80 philosophical implications of, 399–405 Untouchables, The (TV show), 276 property and, 400–401 Upper Deck, 413 protest and, 404 Urich, Ben, 305 public spaces and, 402–403 U.S. Army, 213 setting and, 160–161 U.S. Department of Justice, 213–214 social capital and, 403–404 V spatial effects and, 159–165 Starbright World and, 153–155, 158, 164 V (Pynchon), 297 technology’s cultural effects and, 399 Vader, Darth, 23 textual production and, 413–419 Vampires, Les (film), 216–217 theory of dramatic structure and, 165–177 Vampire: The Masquerade (game), 81 Travels of Mariko Horo and, 156, 166, 170–177 Van Looy, Jan, 3 values and, 399 Van Prooijen, Kees, 131 Virtuelle Mauer/ReConstructing the Wall (virtual reality ‘‘Vaster Than Empires, and More Slow’’ (Le Guin), 343, installation), 157, 164 354–355 Von Kampf, Erica, 267–269 ‘‘Vastness’’ (Tennyson), 243 Von Lohmann, Martin, 271 Vega, Suzanne, 50 Von Platen, August Graf, 249 Veidt, Adrian, 289, 296–297 Von Prussia, Wolfram, 269 Verlag, Tewi, 412 Vernay, Robert, 219 W Veronica Mars (TV show), 4, 435–436 Wagner, Karl Edward, 235 Victorian Era, 17 Wagner, Richard, 248–249 Vidocq, Euge`ne Franc¸ois, 213–214 Wakka, 381 Virgin Publishing, 14, 19, 33–40, 309 Walking Dead, The (comic), 310

474 Index

Wallis, James, 366 White Wolf Publishing, 69, 71, 81, 90 Walz, Robin, 211, 216–218, 221, 223 Whitfield, Sarah, 211 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 4 Wiater, Stanley, 290 Warcraft: The Board Game (Fantasy Flight Games), 412 Wild Cards book series, 7, 31–32 Ward, Mark, 401 Wilde, Oscar, 17 Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, 1–9, 369 Williams, Dmitri, 403–404 Ware, Chris, 304 Williams, Graham, 21 War on Terror, 345 Williams, Walter Jon, 7, 25–32 Watchmen (comic), 7, 42 Wilson, Kevin, 357 balance and, 294–297 Winick, Judd, 279–280 beginnings of, 288–289 Winninger, Ray, 69 clockwork displays and, 291–292, 297–298 Wire, The (TV show), 4–5, 8, 316 Doctor Manhattan and, 291–298 characters of, 430–431 Doomsday Clock and, 291 fan loyalty of, 429 film version of, 299–300 narrative issues and, 49–55 high magic of, 287–288 novelistic qualities of, 429–433 Internet culture and, 288 procedural logic and, 433–437 narrative/medium convergence and, 291–292 serial storytelling and, 433–437 Tales of the Black Freighter and, 288 Wizardry (game), 378 under language and, 287–300, 301n12 Wizards of the Coast, 59–60 worldbuilding and, 287–300 Wodehouse, P. G., 17 Wayne, Bruce, 215, 308 Wolfe, Nero, 2 Webb, Jack, 434 Wolfman, Marv, 281 Webcasts, 14, 407 Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), 105, 253 Weeks, Johnny, 432 Wonder Woman, 276, 282, 306 Weill, Kurt, 218 Wooster, Bertie, 17, 22 Weintraub, E. R., 344 Worcester, Hiram, 31 Weir, Peter, 313 Worf, 21 Weis, Margaret, 362 World Builder’s Guidebook (Baker), 67–68 Welcome Back Kotter (TV show), 277 Worldbuilding, 31, 59 Wells, H. G., 361 Alice worlds and, 105–114 Wertheim, Margaret, 153 aliens and, 25 West, Dominic, 50 audience response to, 27 West Wing, The (TV show), 119 civil rights and, 401–402 Westwood Studios, 410 competing narratives in, 399–405 Wexer, Hammy, 271 consultants and, 26 Whedon, Joss, 21, 82, 305, 314, 318–319 continuity and, 306–307 When the Sky Falls event book, 103 Dorothy worlds and, 105–114 Whitaker, David, 19 Elseworlds and, 307–309 White, T. H., 88 emergence and, 112–114 Whitehead, Henry S., 236 Expanded Universe and, 29–30

475 THIRDPERSON

Worldbuilding (cont.) convergence and, 395–396 exploits and, 116n23 creativity and, 134 formalized styles for, 72–73, 105–107 development of, 410–413 geography and, 390–393 form and, 386–390 identity and, 403–404 geography and, 390–393 interactive virtual reality and, 153–177 GLBT-friendly guild of, 400–402 interstellar travel and, 26 harassment policy and, 400–401 Jenkins interview and, 303–311 historicity and, 418 legal issues and, 400–404 interface mastery and, 414 long-term television narratives (LLTVNs) and, 313–319 machinima and, 409, 419–426 Lovecraft and, 225–241 narrative analysis of, 385–397, 415–419 machinima and, 409, 419–426 performance space and, 413–419 modal constraints and, 70–72 platforms for, 412 multicampaign design and, 67–73 poke quotes and, 417 personal hero journey and, 105 property and, 400–404 philosophical implications of, 399–405 public spaces and, 402–403 picaresque and, 150–151 real-time concept and, 410 politics and, 25–26 seriality and, 393–395 property and, 400–404 spatial concepts and, 159 protest and, 404 textual production and, 413–419 public spaces and, 402–403 tournaments of, 407–409 quests and, 109–110 worldbuilding and, 106 sharecropping and, 13, 27–32 World Cyber Games and, 407–408, 420 social capital and, 403–404 World of Warcraft: The Board Game (Fantasy Flight Games), spatial concepts and, 137–151, 373–383 (see also 413 Spatial concepts) World of Warcraft Trading Card Game (Upper Deck), 413 spectatorship and, 407 Worlds, Inc., 154–155 Spore and, 131–136 World’s Finest Comics, 277 story and, 106–108 (see also Storytelling) Wormholes, 26, 149–150 structure and, 110–112 Worth, Adam, 213–214 technology and, 26 Wright, Will, 131, 432 under-language and, 298–300 Wu, Greg, 401 Watchmen and, 287–300 W!Zone (Sunstone Interactive), 412 Wendy worlds and, 105–114 X World Cyber Games, 407–408, 420 X-Files, The (TV show), 82–83, 316, 318, 434 World of Darkness (game), 69 X-Men, 305, 307 World of Warcraft (game), 1, 3, 5, 399 add-ons for, 412 Y archival production and, 420–421 Yahoo!, 1 civil rights and, 401–402 Yang, Outy, 422 conflict/cooperation and, 425–426 Yevon, 379

476 Index

Yoshimura, Jimmy, 50 Young, Neil, 287 Young Bond book series, 16 YouTube, 407, 420 Yvain, or, the Knight with the Lion (de Troyes), 94 Z Zamora, Pedro, 279 Zanarkand, 379 Zappa, Frank, 31, 54 Zeigler, Jon F., 68 Zelazny, Roger, 7, 27 Zimiamvia, 25 Zimmerman, Eric, 364, 431 Zimwrath: The Move (film), 425 Zurawik, David, 432

477