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Environmental Impact Assessment Tool for Wave Energy Conversion

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Environmental Impact Assessment Tool for Wave Energy Conversion Energy Research and Development Division FINAL PROJECT REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION Prepared for: California Energy Commission Prepared by: Asfaw Beyene, San Diego State University MARCH 2015 CEC-500-2016-007 PREPARED BY: Primary Authors: Asfaw Beyene, Department of Mechanical, Engineering, San Diego State University James H. Wilson, Jove Sciences, Inc. Temesgen Garoma, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University Brian Stiber, Department of Mechanical, Engineering, San Diego State University Contract Number: 500-11-033 Prepared for: California Energy Commission Joe O’Hagan Lillian Mirviss Contract Managers Aleecia Gutierrez Office Manager Energy Generation Research Office Laurie ten Hope Deputy Director ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Robert Oglesby Executive Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the California Energy Commission’s research program is gratefully acknowledged. The authors express their gratitude to the California Institute for Energy and Environment for providing technical support and reviews and guidance during the development of this project. i PREFACE The California Energy Commission Energy Research and Development Division supports public interest energy research and development that will help improve the quality of life in California by bringing environmentally safe, affordable, and reliable energy services and products to the marketplace. The Energy Research and Development Division conducts public interest research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects to benefit California. The Energy Research and Development Division strives to conduct the most promising public interest energy research by partnering with RD&D entities, including individuals, businesses, utilities, and public or private research institutions. Energy Research and Development Division funding efforts are focused on the following RD&D program areas: Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency Energy Innovations Small Grants Energy-Related Environmental Research Energy Systems Integration Environmentally Preferred Advanced Generation Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Technologies Transportation Environmental Impact Assessment Tool for Wave Energy Conversion is a final report for the Exploratory Studies of Potential Environmental Issues with Alternative Energy Development for California (contract number 500-11-033) conducted by San Diego State University. The information from this project contributes to Energy Research and Development Division’s Energy-Related Environmental Research Program. For more information about the Energy Research and Development Division, please visit the Energy Commission’s website at www.energy.ca.gov/research/ or contact the Energy Commission at 916-327-1551. ii ABSTRACT This report describes a wave energy conversion (WEC) environmental impact assessment tool used to assess potential physical and biological effects from wave energy development along the California coast. The researchers compiled applicable literature on wave energy; reviewed and summarized the current assessment tools and their performance ranges; and assessed the Wave Energy Environmental Assessment Tool. To develop this tool, the researchers categorized anticipated adverse environmental effects including changes in wave conditions, mechanical intrusions, and disturbances and interferences with the sea environment such as toxicity from wave energy structures. The researchers reviewed a number of wave and sediment modeling tools focusing on Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) software and the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave- Sediment Transport Model, which enabled two-way coupling between the Regional Ocean Modeling System and SWAN software with variables transferred between the two models. The researchers first used the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Model to simulate the domain in the absence of wave energy conversions. The researchers then altered the SWAN wave model portion of the software to simulate a reduction in wave energy due to wave energy conversions. This altered wave model was coupled with the ocean and sediment model using the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Model to assess the effects of wave energy conversions on sediment conditions. As part of the proposed tool, a new Wave Height and Energy Automation Tool was provided to simplify wave energy conversions field data entry and consequently assess their performance and environmental impact. Keywords: California Energy Commission, wave energy conversion, environmental assessment tool, Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) software, Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave- Sediment Transport Model (COAWST). Please use the following citation for this report: Beyene Asfaw (San Diego State University), Wilson James (Jove Sciences), Garoma Temesgen (San Diego State University), Stiber Brian (San Diego State University). 2015. Environmental Impact Assessment Tool for Wave Energy Conversion. California Energy Commission. Publication number: CEC-500-2016-007. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... i PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Project Process and Results ............................................................................................................... 1 Project Results ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Project Benefits ................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1: Background ........................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Wave Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Likely Technologies that Will be Adopted for WECs in California ............................ 6 2.2 Impact Studies ............................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 Changes in Wave Conditions ........................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 3: Current Assessment Tools and Their Performance Ranges ................................... 11 3.1 Ocean Modeling ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Wave Modeling ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.2.1 Modeling WECs ............................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 SWAN ................................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Sediment Transport (COAWST and ROMS) ........................................................................ 17 3.3.1 SWAN Model without WECs Inserted in the Wave Field .......................................... 19 3.3.2 The Presence of Waves with Significant Wave Heights Greater than 15m 4 to 5 Miles Offshore .................................................................................................................................. 22 3.4 Testing and Monitoring........................................................................................................... 23 iv CHAPTER
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