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Une Catalogne Indepéndante? European Geopolitics and The TEMPORARY EXHIBIT European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) ENGLISH Democratic Memorial June 2017 “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 1. EXHIBITION SCRIPT 0 . «Une Catalogne indépendante»? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) 1. What never was. The crude realpolitik of international relations 2. The radical transformation of the map of Europe between World War I and II. 1919-1945 2.1. New borders, new countries 2.2.The idea of Europe 2.3. Diplomacy: A game? 2.4. Calling on France 3. Catalonia existed in the world; the world was present in Catalonia. 3.1. Catalonia as a subject 3.2. The Italian view. Mussolini’s policy of Mediterranean power 3.3. Foreigners in Catalonia 3.4. Barcelona was also a city of diplomats. 3.5. Barcelona, a great city of the Western Mediterranean. 4. A Catalan Maginot line? The importance of the third French front in a European war 4.1. The Pyrenees, the importance of the southern border to France 4.2. Franco before Stalin! Fear of communism. 4.3. The port of Barcelona, a desirable location 4.4. A View from Catalonia 5. A real debate amidst rumours. Catalan independence in an international Spanish Civil War 5.1. Madrid’s fate determines the future of Catalonia 5.2. A de facto independence 5.3. Catalonia or Spain, an unresolved dilemma (May 1937 - April 1939) 6. Why didn’t it occur? “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 0 . «Une Catalogne indépendante»? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) “Une Catalogne indépendante?” European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) History is made up of fait accompli and things that were lost along the way. Without falling into a «falsification» of history, we must also study failed political movements. The issue is to open our focus and try to understand the complexity of historical processes. Without explaining failures, nothing can really be understood. This exhibit speaks to us of a possibility that was discussed in diplomatic circles, in newspaper offices, and in political circles, and the reasons why it didn’t happen. (Quotes on the wall) “Francia conseguiría por este hecho para sí misma con su protección a esa república latina catalano-aragonesa la supresión de toda una extensísima frontera pirenaica peligrosa y adversa para ella con una España probablemente adicta a Italia y Alemania.” Luis de Arana, 2 d’agost del 1938 (Text associated with objects) The Basque nationalist Luis Arana Goiri suggested a «Basque Republic» under British protection and a federal «Catalan-Aragonese» one under the protection of France. “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 1. What never was. The crude realpolitik of international relations What never was. The crude realpolitik of international relations An independent Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War? Yes. A Soviet or democratic Catalonia? Who knows? What is unquestionable is that the idea of this possibility spread like wildfire around the European and American chancelleries in those years. In a Spain at war, in a Europe about to burst into flames, in a completely unstable world... if there was a reality that seemed to fit the times, it was the idea of changing borders, at least from 1912-1919. One country more, one country less... it didn’t seem at all strange in journalists’ discussions or geopolitical debates. Catalonia’s fate -inside or outside of Spain- wasn’t the focus of the world’s attention, but rather just another piece on an international checkerboard where a match was being played with multiple sides, on different boards, and with combined effects. (Text associated with objects) The geography was different for other analysts. For the German Nolden, Africa started at the Pyrenees, so Catalonia and Euskadi were included. We have few testimonials and analyses about the diplomatic view of 20th-century Catalonia. In the ample production of written memoirs by diplomats —and there is a sample of them here— Catalonia is virtually non-existent. It’s the same with monographs written by historians. «[…] aprendí í que tanto Cataluña, como el País Vasco querían diferenciarse del resto de España. Un vasco me diría más tarde: “El Ebro, que divide a España en dos, de este a oeste, casi paralelamente a los Pirineos, no es sólo una divisoria geográfica. Indica, para nosotros, el límite extremo de Europa. Todo lo que está al sur del Ebro tiene tonos africanos”.» Extremely controversial comment made by the first delegate of the International Red Cross to Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the Swiss Marcel Junod, but which shows a part of foreign perceptions at the time. “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 2 . The radical transformation of the map of Europe between World War I and II. 1919-1945 The radical transformation of the map of Europe. 1919-1945 Between 1919 and 1945, the maps changed radically. The diplomatic game, conditioned by military force and the effects of World War I, made the creation of the Baltic republics, Finland, or Poland in 1919 possible, as well as the dissolution of the Austro- Hungarian empire, the independence and later civil war of Ireland in 1922, or the possibility of Catalan secession during the 1936-1939 period. Besides this, in the east, the Russian Revolution gave birth to the Soviet Union. Everything was possible, and at the same time, unstable. The Spanish Civil War, of social origin, but with evident nationalistic elements, in tune with the European identity conflicts of the time, was a focus of world attention intermittently during the period between the summer of 1936 and the winter of 1939. (Quotes on the wall) «La diplomàcia és una qüestió de geografia...» Jules Cambon, 1933. «El Govern de la Generalitat, preveient la possibilitat d’una derrota del Govern central, treballa activament per a, quan arribi aquell dia, proclamar la independència.» Alfredo Casanova, consul of Portugal in Barcelona, 3rd August, 1936. «Diuen telefònicament des de Ciudad Rodrigo que el govern de Catalunya ha proclamat la independència, i que Burgos li ha contestat que gaudís durant alguns dies aquella situació, ja que en pocs jorns ajustarien comptes.» Diário de Noticias, Lisbon, 3 August 1936. New borders, new countries From Alsace-Lorraine, in Western Europe, to Finland, in the northeast, borders changed radically in 1919. On the other hand, in Western Europe only the Tyrolean area of Southern Austria -now Italian-, the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, and Ireland (a free state in 1922) changed their status. Starting in 1919, the revising of borders and/or the consolidation of the new situation would be the warhorse of international politics, especially when Adolph Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933. The Baltic republics declared independence from the capital in Moscow twice in the 20th century, first from the Russian empire (1918), and later from the USSR (1990). Between one declaration of independence and the other, they were occupied, in part, by the German Kaiser’s troops and by Hitler’s, in the two world wars. Secular German Baltic minorities would be replaced by today’s Russian ones. After World War I, the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires disappeared and gave way to the German Weimar Republic, the republic of Austria, of Hungary, of Czechoslovakia, etc., and Russia became the Soviet Union (USSR). The interests of European powers played a determining role. A few weeks after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Nazi authorities sought out Catalan tourists. “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 The idea of Europe In this context, collective security and disarmament failed, as did projects to create a European Federation, or an impotent League of Nations, which had no power to arbitrate effectively in any conflict. Diplomacy: A game? Diplomacy seen as a card game There were many players at the table, with more or less at stake. The Spanish Civil War gave rise to a daring play by Italy and Germany, a risky one by the Soviet Union, and a terribly conservative one by France and Great Britain. Calling on France When the Spanish Civil War broke out, the two sides seemed clear. But they weren’t really. The possibility of Catalonia seceding was as surprising —or not— as that of thinking that France would diplomatically recognise the Spanish rebels, or that Spain would end up divided into two republics like Korea or Germany after 1945, Mallorca being practically occupied by Italy, or Andorra, by France. 3. Catalonia existed in the world; the world was present in Catalonia. Catalonia existed in the world; the world was present in Catalonia. From the beginning of the 20th century, the general consulates in Spain were established in Barcelona, with jurisdiction for much more than the surrounding territories. Industry, the main port, and the largest foreign communities were all there. Besides this, Catalonia was where modern ideologies found a fertile breeding ground. From 1931, with the constitution of the Generalitat de Catalunya, in the context of the Second Spanish Republic, the Catalan capital became a city with an almost diplomatic life. Ambassadors went to the autonomous Parliament building, and they were received by the president of the Generalitat on New Year’s Eve... In fact, the Catalan autonomous government was seen as the last opportunity before separation. It was even called semi-independence, so the events of 6th October, 1934 were interpreted as an attempt to secede.
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