DOCSLIB.ORG

The Humanitarian Nature of the Evacuation of Basque Children to England During the Spanish Civil War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Humanitarian Nature of the Evacuation of Basque Children to England During the Spanish Civil War THE HUMANITARIAN NATURE OF THE EVACUATION OF BASQUE CHILDREN TO ENGLAND DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR David Crowe A Dissertation submitted in part fulfilment of the BA (Hons) History April 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Basque Children’s Association ’37 for their huge assistance in finding sources for this dissertation. Carmen Kilner, Herminio Martinez and Manuel Moreno were especially helpful. I would also like to thank my family and my friend Christopher Noble. 2 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................4 Chapter One: How solid was the British Government’s policy of non‐intervention in the Spanish Civil War?......................................................................................................................................................10 British perception of Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War .....................................................10 The media signposts British change in attitude................................................................................12 The fractured nature of the government’s decisions .......................................................................16 Events within government in the lead up to the children’s arrival ..................................................21 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................23 Chapter Two: How far does the evacuation of children from Bilbao in 1937 demonstrate the good will of the British people? .....................................................................................................................25 Difficulty uprooting and living in England.........................................................................................26 Contact with British locals ................................................................................................................29 Logistics of looking after the Basque children ..................................................................................31 An outlived welcome ........................................................................................................................34 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................35 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................36 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................38 Appendices............................................................................................................................................41 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................................41 Transcription of Interview with Herminio Martinez.........................................................................41 3 Introduction The Spanish Civil War, 17th July 1936 to 1st April 1939, was contextually seen with strong and mixed views by those who looked on at it occurring. Since that time it has become understandably overshadowed by the Second World War. The Dissertation seeks to address how far the goodwill of the British people was a motivational factor for supporting the Basque Children who sought refuge in Britain starting from 23rd May 1937. There is no date of a great exodus of these children from Britain and some even stayed on in Britain. The Dissertation was inspired by the sparse research that had gone into the topic and how it demonstrates the horrors of war being overcome particularly relevant with the contemporary on‐going refugee crisis. The theme for the dissertation is, thus, to open a window onto the effects of the Spanish Civil War and assess Britain’s goodwill in taking on the children from a foreign country they didn’t quite understand. As will be discussed, there were contradicting attitudes on the issue between the British Government and the British people. The dissertation does not presuppose to know all the difficulties and hardships suffered by those who did suffer them. It does, however, as stated, seek to highlight the kindness of the British people and not the unfeeling attitude of the British Government. How a sense of community and humanity, as in the ability to relate to and genuinely help others with no care for reward, in helping the children exiled to Britain. As stated, research into the topic is scarce but there remain enlightening books not necessarily wholly on the Basque refugee children. Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica Generation: Milton N. Silva decries Legarreta’s book about being too sparse with its depiction of the Spanish Civil War as a whole. Ergo, he believes that The Guernica Generation is too focused on the Basque Refugees. This is the focus it should have. His most scarring criticism of Legarreta is that her book is “romanticism 4 tending”.1 This implication that Legarreta is showing some sort of unprofessionalism by allowing her opinion to paint her work is unfair as all histories contain implicit judgement no matter how hard the author seeks to hide this. Legarreta’s extensive use of interviews with surviving niños vascos, or Basque children, would more than make up for this perceived flaw in the mind of those cautious of allowing any opinion in histories. Thomas Buchanan’s Britain and the Spanish Civil War didn’t focus on the children as Legarreta does but does brilliantly to provide context to British viewpoint upon the Spanish Civil War. His work emphasises the strength of the British people in enabling the Basque child refugees to escape to Britain. Watkins, in Britain Divided creates a didactic picture of the British public’s attitude as well as confusion within the British Government. He quotes Prince Bismarck stating he was in communication with the diplomat in Madrid “via British warships in Spanish waters, but the reports coming in were so contradictory that they made it impossible to form a clear opinion.”2 Watkins fails to understand the complexity of British opinion, as Buchanan points out, when he places their attitudes in black and white. Paul Preston’s introduction to Revolution and War in Spain creates the idea of a legacy after the Civil War created by Francoists of the Civil War as a glorious war against Communists who committed anti‐clerical atrocities. Preston demonstrates a more enlightened opinion when he states that these were rather the result of a long past of social oppression.3 Preston shows cause to handle history of the Spanish Civil War with criticism. Adrian Bell makes a significant contribution to Steve Bowles’ The Guernica Children. Bell’s opinion on non‐intervention was enlightening particularly when he expressed that it was dichotomous of the British Government to use its battleships to escort refugees out of the Basque Country through the insurgent blockade when it wouldn’t allow France to turn a blind eye to supplies that could help a democratic government survive. Bell generally creates a convincing general picture and is hugely 1 Reviewed work: ‘Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica Generation: Basque Refugee Children of the Spanish Civil War’ Review by Milton N. Silva (The International Migration Review, Vol. 21, No.4, Winter 1987, pp.1562 – 1564, Published by Center for Migration Studies of New York, inc.) p.1564 2 K W Watkins, Britain Divided: The Effect of the Spanish Civil War on British Political Opinion (Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1976) p.64 3 Paul Preston, ‘Introduction; War of Words: The Spanish Civil War and the Historians’ in Paul Preston, Revolution and War in Spain, 1931‐1939 (Routledge, October 2012) pp.2‐3 5 useful towards the documentary. Eric Hawkins also gives an input which is revealing of how warfare scarred the children. Hawkins was a volunteer who was studying Spanish and was a useful translator for the niños vascos and he describes visiting a home for the niños vascos near Cambridge where, in trying to get the children to express their fears through drawings, he states that for weeks they drew Nazi planes dropping bombs. To its credit the document does well by adding the accounts of niños vascos themselves which demonstrates the reluctance to send children away and women’s tears ushering goodbye to these children sent into exile. The Guernica Children is an essential go to source for any person wishing to learn on the Basque children who took refuge in Britain during the Spanish Civil War. George Lowther Steer’s The Gernika Tree is an eye‐opening account of the events at which tends towards support of the Basque Republic over the insurgent Nationalists. His account of the bombing of Gernika, or Guernica, carries a haunting depiction of fighter planes escorting the bombers, “As the terrified population streamed out of the town they dived low to drill them with their guns.”4 Steer was the first person to uncover the lie that was the Francoist blockade of the Basque coast and he rightly accredits himself of this feat in his book. Steer’s The Gernika Tree is an emotive read which casts a vivid picture of the war in the Basque Country as well as the initial reactions of the children upon their arrival in England. His account goes on to prove that the horrors
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Une Catalogne Indepéndante? European Geopolitics and The
    TEMPORARY EXHIBIT European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) ENGLISH Democratic Memorial June 2017 “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 1. EXHIBITION SCRIPT 0 . «Une Catalogne indépendante»? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) 1. What never was. The crude realpolitik of international relations 2. The radical transformation of the map of Europe between World War I and II. 1919-1945 2.1. New borders, new countries 2.2.The idea of Europe 2.3. Diplomacy: A game? 2.4. Calling on France 3. Catalonia existed in the world; the world was present in Catalonia. 3.1. Catalonia as a subject 3.2. The Italian view. Mussolini’s policy of Mediterranean power 3.3. Foreigners in Catalonia 3.4. Barcelona was also a city of diplomats. 3.5. Barcelona, a great city of the Western Mediterranean. 4. A Catalan Maginot line? The importance of the third French front in a European war 4.1. The Pyrenees, the importance of the southern border to France 4.2. Franco before Stalin! Fear of communism. 4.3. The port of Barcelona, a desirable location 4.4. A View from Catalonia 5. A real debate amidst rumours. Catalan independence in an international Spanish Civil War 5.1. Madrid’s fate determines the future of Catalonia 5.2. A de facto independence 5.3. Catalonia or Spain, an unresolved dilemma (May 1937 - April 1939) 6. Why didn’t it occur? “Une Catalogne indépendante”? European Geopolitics and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Temporary Exhibit · Democratic Memorial · June 2017 0 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican-American Press and the Spanish Civil War”
    Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives (ALBA) Submission for George Watt Prize, Graduate Essay Contest, 2020. Name: Carlos Nava, Southern Methodist University, Graduate Studies. Chapter title: Chapter 3. “The Mexican-American Press and The Spanish Civil War” Word Count: 8,052 Thesis title: “Internationalism In The Barrios: Hispanic-Americans and The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.” Thesis abstract: The ripples of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) had a far-reaching effect that touched Spanish speaking people outside of Spain. In the United States, Hispanic communities –which encompassed Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, Spaniards, and others— were directly involved in anti-isolationist activities during the Spanish Civil War. Hispanics mobilized efforts to aid the Spanish Loyalists, they held demonstrations against the German and Italian intervention, they lobbied the United States government to lift the arms embargo on Spain, and some traveled to Spain to fight in the International Brigades. This thesis examines how the Spanish Civil War affected the diverse Hispanic communities of Tampa, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Against the backdrop of the war, this paper deals with issues regarding ethnicity, class, gender, and identity. It discusses racism towards Hispanics during the early days of labor activism. It examines ways in which labor unions used the conflict in Spain to rally support from their members to raise funds for relief aid. It looks at how Hispanics fought against American isolationism in the face of the growing threat of fascism abroad. CHAPTER 3. THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN PRESS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR During the Spanish Civil War, the Mexican-American press in the Southwest stood apart from their Spanish language counterparts on the East Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Basque Diaspora
    COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Basque Soccer Madness a Dissertation Submitted in Partial
    University of Nevada, Reno Sport, Nation, Gender: Basque Soccer Madness A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Basque Studies (Anthropology) by Mariann Vaczi Dr. Joseba Zulaika/Dissertation Advisor May, 2013 Copyright by Mariann Vaczi All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by Mariann Vaczi entitled Sport, Nation, Gender: Basque Soccer Madness be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Joseba Zulaika, Advisor Sandra Ott, Committee Member Pello Salaburu, Committee Member Robert Winzeler, Committee Member Eleanor Nevins, Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2013 i Abstract A centenarian Basque soccer club, Athletic Club (Bilbao) is the ethnographic locus of this dissertation. From a center of the Industrial Revolution, a major European port of capitalism and the birthplace of Basque nationalism and political violence, Bilbao turned into a post-Fordist paradigm of globalization and gentrification. Beyond traditional axes of identification that create social divisions, what unites Basques in Bizkaia province is a soccer team with a philosophy unique in the world of professional sports: Athletic only recruits local Basque players. Playing local becomes an important source of subjectivization and collective identity in one of the best soccer leagues (Spanish) of the most globalized game of the world. This dissertation takes soccer for a cultural performance that reveals relevant anthropological and sociological information about Bilbao, the province of Bizkaia, and the Basques. Early in the twentieth century, soccer was established as the hegemonic sports culture in Spain and in the Basque Country; it has become a multi- billion business, and it serves as a powerful political apparatus and symbolic capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Hispanic-Americans and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
    Southern Methodist University SMU Scholar History Theses and Dissertations History Spring 2020 INTERNATIONALISM IN THE BARRIOS: HISPANIC-AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939) Carlos Nava [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/hum_sci_history_etds Recommended Citation Nava, Carlos, "INTERNATIONALISM IN THE BARRIOS: HISPANIC-AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939)" (2020). History Theses and Dissertations. 11. https://scholar.smu.edu/hum_sci_history_etds/11 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. INTERNATIONALISM IN THE BARRIOS: HISPANIC-AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939) Approved by: ______________________________________ Prof. Neil Foley Professor of History ___________________________________ Prof. John R. Chávez Professor of History ___________________________________ Prof. Crista J. DeLuzio Associate Professor of History INTERNATIONALISM IN THE BARRIOS: HISPANIC-AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939) A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Dedman College Southern Methodist University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in History by Carlos Nava B.A. Southern Methodist University May 16, 2020 Nava, Carlos B.A., Southern Methodist University Internationalism in the Barrios: Hispanic-Americans in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Advisor: Professor Neil Foley Master of Art Conferred May 16, 2020 Thesis Completed February 20, 2020 The ripples of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) had a far-reaching effect that touched Spanish speaking people outside of Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • California-Ko Ostatuak: a History Of
    3-79 Af&ti /Jo. 281? CALIFORNIA-KO OSTATUAK: A HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA'S BASQUE HOTELS DISSERTATION Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Jeronima (Jeri) Echeverria, B.A., M.A. Denton, Texas May, 1988 Echevenia, Jeronima (Jeri), Cal^fornia-ko Ostatuak: A History of California's Basque Hotels. Doctor of Philosophy (History), May, 1988, 282 pp., 14 tables, 15 illustrations, bibliography, 512 titles. The history of California's Basque boardinghouses, or ostatuak, is the subject of this dissertation. To date, scholarly literature on ethnic boardinghouses is minimal and even less has been written on the Basque "hotels" of the American West. As a result, conclusions in this study rely upon interviews, census records, local directories, early maps, and newspapers. The first Basque boardinghouses in the United States appeared in California in the decade following the gold rush and tended to be outposts along travel routes used by Basque miners and sheepmen. As more Basques migrated to the United States, clusters of ostatuak sprang up in communities where Basque colonies had formed, particularly in Los Angeles and San Francisco during the late nineteenth century. In the years between 1890 and 1940, the ostatuak reached their zenith as Basques spread throughout the state and took their boardinghouses with them. This study outlines the earliest appearances of the Basque ostatuak, charts their expansion, and describes their present state of demise. The role of the ostatuak within Basque-American culture and a description of how they operated is another important aspect of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ladies' Tailor Complete Instructor
    U /7 A 7 X I TT 520 J . H89 J Copy 1 LMDIBS' TRILOR BS Complete > INSTRUCTOR BY . Hughes 6c Storey, ST. LOUIS, MO. COPYRIGHT SECURED OCTOBER. 1892, BY HUGHES & STOREY. EKEEL PRINT. 1007-e-li LOCUST STREET. ST. LOUIS. *-INST N SHEET* IEASURES. O supply the demand of ailor-cut patterns, we have had instruction sheets printed ®? which illustrates and t 'i _isely how to take accurate measures, and gives blank spaces for writing the same. Before ordering a pattern, our patrons (if not already in possesson of the Lathes' Tailor instruction book) must send us 10 cents in postage for one of these instruction sheets, then have her measure taken and return with her order for the pattern wanted. We do not cut patterns from measures taken according to the directions given by charts or other methods, because as a rule they are unreliable. Dressmakers who desire to make up dresses for their customers at a distance, or wish to in- crease their business by filling orders by mail, will find these instruction sheets the very thing needed to assist them in this part of their business. They can be sent to their patrons and measures obtained that will afford both them and their customer a basis for confidence that beautifully fitting garments will be secured. These instruction sheets are furnished to dressmakers at the rate of 25 cents per dozen. PRICE OF TAILOR-CUT PATTERNS. When we take your measure, or when it is taken according to our instructions, we guarantee the pattern to fit. Basque, Coat, Seamless Waist, Cape, Riding Habit, (Jacket or Habit proper), Riding Skirt, or Trousers $1 50 each Riding Habit, full suit, including Habit Skirt and Trousers 4 00 Princess, Wrapper, Ulster, Newmarket, Dolman, or Circular 2 50 each Skirt, Boys' Coat, Boys' Knee Pants, Gents' Shirts, or Children's Suits 1 00 each Sleeves, Girdles, etc 50 each Collars 25 each GRADED PATTERNS.
    [Show full text]
  • Ffib COSTUME of the Conquistadorss 1492-1550 Iss
    The costume of the conquistadors, 1492-1550 Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Coon, Robin Jacquelyn, 1932- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 16:02:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348400 ffiB COSTUME OF THE CONQUISTADORSs 1492-1550 iss ' ' " Oy _ , ' . ' Robin Goon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPiRTMENT OF DRAMA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of ■ MASTER OF ARTS v ' . In the Graduate College THE UHIFERSITI OF ARIZONA 1962 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. " / /? signed i i i Q-'l ^ > i / r ^ t.
    [Show full text]
  • The Connected Urban Life
    THE CONNECTED URBAN LIFE 4-6 November 2015 How can new ways of connecting make cities better for all? SIX MUMBAI 4-6 NOVEMBER 2015 WELCOME Welcome to Mumbai and welcome to the 8th annual SIX summer school! This is SIX’s first ever event in India and we are really pleased that you are sharing this experience with us. Mumbai is the perfect city to be exploring this year’s theme – The Connected Urban Life. As well as being the entertainment, financial and commercial capital of India, Mumbai is increasingly recognised as a hot bed of some of the most exciting urban innovations. With an exploding population, these innovations build on the civic consciousness and social infrastructures of Mumbai’s dense and dynamic neighbourhoods. The participants this year come from more than 20 different countries across 6 continents, and bring very diverse range of skills and experiences and there couldn’t be a better city for us to meet! We guarantee that each of you will have your own special experience. From very high tech to low tech working in perfect harmony, of systems and chaos somehow functioning simultaneously, of informal and formal, and of temporary and permanent – this city is full of contrast. From the tranquillity of urban farm havens on the rooftops, to trendy new maker communities, we are sure that you will be captivated by this city as much as we are. The colour and energy is invigorating. Together with ISDI, Okapi and Vihara, we have created what we think is an exciting programme of visits, talks, workshops and spaces for collaborative learning and working.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity
    INVENTING THE BASQUE BLOCK: HERITAGE TOURISM AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN BOISE, IDAHO by GRETCHEN LOUISE HILL A THESIS Presented to the Department of Geography and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Gretchen Louise Hill Title: Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity Politics in Boise, Idaho This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of Geography by: Xiaobo Su Chair Shaul Cohen Member Susan Hardwick Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Gretchen Louise Hill iii THESIS ABSTRACT Gretchen Louise Hill Master of Arts Department of Geography September 2012 Title: Inventing the Basque Block: Heritage Tourism and Identity Politics in Boise, Idaho This thesis examines the social, political, and economic underpinnings of creating a place for Basque immigrant descendants by the use of the Basque Block in downtown Boise, Idaho. In the past, unlike other immigrant groups in the United States, Basques lacked the desire to assimilate into the US and remained relatively invisible. Simultaneously, they created subtle ethnic communities and maintained transnational sociospatial ties with Basque Provinces in Europe. Today, these transnational ties are stronger, which has profoundly influenced the creation of the Basque Block. The Basques strive to maintain their heritage landscapes to retain their cultural identity and educate present and future generations about their unique legacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Custom Spanish Wine Tour Itinerary Prepared for Bryan Toy September 12Th – September 19Th, 2020
    In conjunction with: Custom Spanish Wine Tour Itinerary prepared for Bryan Toy September 12th – September 19th, 2020 This is the ultimate tour to experience the best Spanish wine and food. A lifetime trip for bon vivants, foodies and wine aficionados, but also for people eager to discover the history and culture of Spain through its food and wine and its people. It includes visits to wineries in the most prestigious regions of Spanish wines, as well as an extensive introduction to the excellent Spanish gastronomy both traditional and creative and of course tapas. San Sebastian is a beautiful foodie heaven, home of the pintxos and a number of Michelin star restaurants. The tour will also take you through the history and art of Spain, from the medieval monasteries and cathedrals to the modern, cutting edge architecture of the Guggenheim museum in Bilbao. We have selected unique hotels because lodging is a great part of the experience. All different, but all with the charm of unique four stars luxe selection. Highlights: Private visits in top wineries in Rioja and Priorat. Meet the winemakers and winery owners, traditional food, tapas, pintxos, Spanish wines tasting. Guggenheim Museum and Wine Culture Museum. Saturday, September 12th – Arrival into Bilbao Welcome to Spain! Upon arrival into the Bilbao Airport you will be greeted by your driver-guide and transferred to San Sebastian. Along the way, we will stop for a guided visit at the famous Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, designed by architect Frank Gehry. This unique Museum is probably one of the best modern buildings in Spain and represents architecture at its best.
    [Show full text]