THE HUMANITARIAN NATURE OF THE EVACUATION OF BASQUE CHILDREN TO ENGLAND DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR David Crowe A Dissertation submitted in part fulfilment of the BA (Hons) History April 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Basque Children’s Association ’37 for their huge assistance in finding sources for this dissertation. Carmen Kilner, Herminio Martinez and Manuel Moreno were especially helpful. I would also like to thank my family and my friend Christopher Noble. 2 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................4 Chapter One: How solid was the British Government’s policy of non‐intervention in the Spanish Civil War?......................................................................................................................................................10 British perception of Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War .....................................................10 The media signposts British change in attitude................................................................................12 The fractured nature of the government’s decisions .......................................................................16 Events within government in the lead up to the children’s arrival ..................................................21 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................23 Chapter Two: How far does the evacuation of children from Bilbao in 1937 demonstrate the good will of the British people? .....................................................................................................................25 Difficulty uprooting and living in England.........................................................................................26 Contact with British locals ................................................................................................................29 Logistics of looking after the Basque children ..................................................................................31 An outlived welcome ........................................................................................................................34 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................35 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................36 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................38 Appendices............................................................................................................................................41 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................................41 Transcription of Interview with Herminio Martinez.........................................................................41 3 Introduction The Spanish Civil War, 17th July 1936 to 1st April 1939, was contextually seen with strong and mixed views by those who looked on at it occurring. Since that time it has become understandably overshadowed by the Second World War. The Dissertation seeks to address how far the goodwill of the British people was a motivational factor for supporting the Basque Children who sought refuge in Britain starting from 23rd May 1937. There is no date of a great exodus of these children from Britain and some even stayed on in Britain. The Dissertation was inspired by the sparse research that had gone into the topic and how it demonstrates the horrors of war being overcome particularly relevant with the contemporary on‐going refugee crisis. The theme for the dissertation is, thus, to open a window onto the effects of the Spanish Civil War and assess Britain’s goodwill in taking on the children from a foreign country they didn’t quite understand. As will be discussed, there were contradicting attitudes on the issue between the British Government and the British people. The dissertation does not presuppose to know all the difficulties and hardships suffered by those who did suffer them. It does, however, as stated, seek to highlight the kindness of the British people and not the unfeeling attitude of the British Government. How a sense of community and humanity, as in the ability to relate to and genuinely help others with no care for reward, in helping the children exiled to Britain. As stated, research into the topic is scarce but there remain enlightening books not necessarily wholly on the Basque refugee children. Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica Generation: Milton N. Silva decries Legarreta’s book about being too sparse with its depiction of the Spanish Civil War as a whole. Ergo, he believes that The Guernica Generation is too focused on the Basque Refugees. This is the focus it should have. His most scarring criticism of Legarreta is that her book is “romanticism 4 tending”.1 This implication that Legarreta is showing some sort of unprofessionalism by allowing her opinion to paint her work is unfair as all histories contain implicit judgement no matter how hard the author seeks to hide this. Legarreta’s extensive use of interviews with surviving niños vascos, or Basque children, would more than make up for this perceived flaw in the mind of those cautious of allowing any opinion in histories. Thomas Buchanan’s Britain and the Spanish Civil War didn’t focus on the children as Legarreta does but does brilliantly to provide context to British viewpoint upon the Spanish Civil War. His work emphasises the strength of the British people in enabling the Basque child refugees to escape to Britain. Watkins, in Britain Divided creates a didactic picture of the British public’s attitude as well as confusion within the British Government. He quotes Prince Bismarck stating he was in communication with the diplomat in Madrid “via British warships in Spanish waters, but the reports coming in were so contradictory that they made it impossible to form a clear opinion.”2 Watkins fails to understand the complexity of British opinion, as Buchanan points out, when he places their attitudes in black and white. Paul Preston’s introduction to Revolution and War in Spain creates the idea of a legacy after the Civil War created by Francoists of the Civil War as a glorious war against Communists who committed anti‐clerical atrocities. Preston demonstrates a more enlightened opinion when he states that these were rather the result of a long past of social oppression.3 Preston shows cause to handle history of the Spanish Civil War with criticism. Adrian Bell makes a significant contribution to Steve Bowles’ The Guernica Children. Bell’s opinion on non‐intervention was enlightening particularly when he expressed that it was dichotomous of the British Government to use its battleships to escort refugees out of the Basque Country through the insurgent blockade when it wouldn’t allow France to turn a blind eye to supplies that could help a democratic government survive. Bell generally creates a convincing general picture and is hugely 1 Reviewed work: ‘Dorothy Legarreta, The Guernica Generation: Basque Refugee Children of the Spanish Civil War’ Review by Milton N. Silva (The International Migration Review, Vol. 21, No.4, Winter 1987, pp.1562 – 1564, Published by Center for Migration Studies of New York, inc.) p.1564 2 K W Watkins, Britain Divided: The Effect of the Spanish Civil War on British Political Opinion (Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1976) p.64 3 Paul Preston, ‘Introduction; War of Words: The Spanish Civil War and the Historians’ in Paul Preston, Revolution and War in Spain, 1931‐1939 (Routledge, October 2012) pp.2‐3 5 useful towards the documentary. Eric Hawkins also gives an input which is revealing of how warfare scarred the children. Hawkins was a volunteer who was studying Spanish and was a useful translator for the niños vascos and he describes visiting a home for the niños vascos near Cambridge where, in trying to get the children to express their fears through drawings, he states that for weeks they drew Nazi planes dropping bombs. To its credit the document does well by adding the accounts of niños vascos themselves which demonstrates the reluctance to send children away and women’s tears ushering goodbye to these children sent into exile. The Guernica Children is an essential go to source for any person wishing to learn on the Basque children who took refuge in Britain during the Spanish Civil War. George Lowther Steer’s The Gernika Tree is an eye‐opening account of the events at which tends towards support of the Basque Republic over the insurgent Nationalists. His account of the bombing of Gernika, or Guernica, carries a haunting depiction of fighter planes escorting the bombers, “As the terrified population streamed out of the town they dived low to drill them with their guns.”4 Steer was the first person to uncover the lie that was the Francoist blockade of the Basque coast and he rightly accredits himself of this feat in his book. Steer’s The Gernika Tree is an emotive read which casts a vivid picture of the war in the Basque Country as well as the initial reactions of the children upon their arrival in England. His account goes on to prove that the horrors