The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. are published by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Inc., two issues a year. Each issue is devoted to a particular field of knowledge e d it o r ia l c o m m it t e e : Dmitry Čiževsky, Heidelberg University Oleksander Granovsky, University of Minnesota John S. Reshetar, University of Washington Roman Smal-Stocki, Marquette University Volodymyr P. Timoshenko, Stanford University e d it o r : George Y. Shevelov, Columbia University The views expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the editor of The Annals All correspondence, orders, and remittances should be addressed to The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S.j 206 West 100 Street, New York 25, New York ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATE FOR TWO ISSUES, ONE VOLUME : $6.00 A special rate is offered to libraries and university and college students in the field of Slavic studies. Price of this volume: $6.00 Copyright 1961, by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Inc. THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN TH E U.S., INC. CONTENTS STUDIES IN HISTORY OF THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY UKRAINE AND THE SOVIET UNION Lenin on the U kraine ................................................................. S J o h n S. R e sh e t a r , J r . Stalin's Conception of Soviet Federalism (1918-1923) .... 12 R o b e r t H . M cN e a l Lenin und die “verpasste Revolution” in Deutschland .... 26 G eorg v o n R a u c h The Renovationist Church in the Soviet Ukraine, 1922-1939 41 B o h d a n R. B o c iu r k iw On the Rationale of the Soviet Collectivization of Agriculture in 1929 ..................................................................................... 75 V sevo lod H o l u b n y c h y The Agrarian-Industrial Dichotomy in the Ukraine as a Factor in Soviet Nationality P o licy .................................................. 110 R o b e r t S. S u l l iv a n t Patriotism, “Bourgeois Nationalism,,, and the Nationality Policy of the USSR after S talin ............................................. 126 A l fr e d D. L o w The Ukrainian SSR in International Affairs after World War I I ..................................................................................... 147 Y a r o sl a v B il in sk y The Soviet Ukraine as a Subject of International Law . 167 B o h d a n T. H a l a jc z u k Die Sowjetukraine und die europäischen volksdemokratischen Länder (1958-1960)................................................................. 189 B o rys L e w y t z k y j Representation of Nationalities and Occupations in the Soviets 201 P e t e r H. J u v il e r The Ukrainian Apparatus as a Key to the Study of Soviet Politics........................................* ............................................ 225 J o h n A . A r m st r o n g Soviet and Satellite Sources on the Ukrainian Insurgent Army 234 L e w Sh a n k o w s k y Allgemeine Probleme des internationalen Privatrechts der Sowjetunion ........................................................................... 262 A n d r e a s B il in sk y BOOK REVIEWS John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 1939-1945 (Ivan L. Rudnytsky)........................................................................... 286 Hryhory Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine: A Study of the Decade of Mass Terror (1929-1939) (Jarosław Pelenski) 294 Alex Inkeles and Raymond A. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen (C. Y. Bohdan) . :...........................................................................299 Romain Yakemtchouk, La Ligne Curzon et la IIe guerre mon­ diale (Vasyl M a r k u s ) ................................... ........................ 303 O. I. Biletsky, Vid davnyny do suchasnosty (Bohdan Krawciw) 306 West European and American Doctoral Dissertations on the Ukraine, 1945-60 (Joseph D anko)........................................ 313 OBITUARIES Ivan Mirtschuk (Jurij Bojko)....................................................... 334 Dmytro Halychyn (L.D .)................................................................. 337 Oleksander Morhun (L.D.) .......................................................338 c h r o n i c l e ........................................................................................... 339 A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION............................................................ 344 Lenin on the Ukraine JOHN S. RESHETAR, JR. Although Lenin never visited the Ukraine and had no first-hand knowledge of the country, his imposition of Soviet rule upon the Ukrainians has rendered consequential the various statements and opinions on the Ukraine expressed in his works. Examination of the first half of Lenin's total published output discloses neither an aware­ ness of the Ukrainians nor a concern for their particular condition. Such references as are to be found pertaining to the Ukraine in works of the 1893-1911 period deal with purely economic, non- cultural, and non-national matters. Various Ukrainian cities and provinces were referred to by Lenin but only to illustrate economic processes which he regarded as characteristic of the entire Russian Empire. In his Development of Capitalism in Russia, published in 1899, he referred to the Ukraine by the official (and pejorative) ap­ pellation of “Little Russia.” Initially, Lenin wrote exclusively of the “Russian working class,” “Russian Social Democrats,” “Russian So­ cialists,” the “Russian proletariat,” and the “Russian labor move­ ment.” It was only as a result of the 1905 Revolution that Lenin com­ menced to refer to the “peoples of Russia/’1 It appears that Ukrainians were first mentioned by Lenin in a speech delivered at the Third Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in London on May 6,1905; on that occasion he referred to Father George Gapon’s efforts to unite eighteen revolutionary organizations including the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party and the Ukrainian Socialist Party.2 At the end of 1907 Lenin, in discussing the Bolshevik agrarian pro­ gram, referred to the “Ukrainian faction” in the Second Duma and to the demand of the Poltava deputy, Efim Saiko, that a separate Ukrainian national land fund be established.3 Significantly, Lenin was apparently not interested in Saiko’s demand for the establishment 1 V. I. Lenin, Sochineniya (4th ed.), IX, 418. 2 Ibid., VIII, 384. 3 Ibidv XIII, 375. 3 4 THE ANNALS OF THE UKRAINIAN ACADEMY of a Ukrainian school system nor in his charge that the Ukraine was being exploited by Russia.4 It was only in November 1912 that Lenin began to give the ap­ pearance of recognizing Ukrainian national claims when he declared that Social Democratic deputies in the Duma would combat every kind of chauvinism and nationalism, “whether it be the coarse and brutal governmental nationalism oppressing and stifling Finland, Poland, the Ukraine, [and] the Jews ... or the hypocritical, concealed, and subtle nationalism of the liberals and Kadets [who are] prepared to discourse upon the great-power tasks of Russia and upon its agree­ ments with other states for the plundering of foreign lands/’5 Yet while criticizing Russian nationalists, Lenin inadvertently lapsed into their practice of calling the Ukraine the “Little Russian province’* in an article published in the May 9, 1913, issue of Pravda. However, in an article published in Pravda on the following day he referred to the Ukrainian nation along with the Polish, Jewish, and Georgian nations but only for the purpose of denouncing “bourgeois nation­ alism/' This phenomenon he defined as the attempt to “distract the working class from its great world-wide tasks by means of the national struggle or the struggle for national culture.”6 When a Congress of Ukrainian Students meeting in Lviv demanded an independent Ukraine, Lenin defended its right to do so and denounced the Kadets for opposing Ukrainian “separatism”—a term which Lenin enclosed in quotation marks. On the occasion of this so-called defense of the Ukrainian students in an article in Pravda of July 16, 1913 (then called Rabochaya Pravda), Lenin even penned a partial defense of the Ukrainian socialist Dmytro Dontsov although he also maintained that such “national socials” had to be opposed. This “defense” of the Ukrainian students for their separatism was used by Lenin as a weapon against the Kadets, but it also provided him with an opportunity to make it clear that “Marxists will never permit their heads to be turned by national slogans—whether they be Great Russian, Polish, Jewish, Ukrainian, or other.”7 4 See J. S. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in National­ ism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), p. 40. 6 Lenin, XVIII, 392. « Ibid., XIX, 71. See also ibid., pp. 220, 300, 319; and XX, 3. 7 Ibid., XIX, 236-37. Lenin, in an attack on Bishop Nikon, a member of the LENIN ON THE UKRAINE 5 While paying lip service to the duty of every democrat to combat the “badgering” of any nation for separatism and to demand “com­ plete and unconditional equality of nations and their right to self- determination,” Lenin in a subsequent attack on the Kadets in Pro­ le tarskay a Pravda (December 11, 1913) revealed his own reservations regarding this right. “It is understood,” Lenin declared, “that the right of self-determination is one thing, and the expediency of self- determination—the secession of one or another nation in one or an­ other circumstance—is something else.”8 In the same article he ad­ vanced the following dialectical formulation: “For the struggle with the ulcer