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Analogy = Computer Guyton & Hall – Figure 45.2 Fundamentals of Nervous System General Design of Nervous System: Analogy = Computer Processing = Integrative System Input = Sensory System • 99% of sensory information Output = Motor System discarded Receptors: Effectors: • Synapses determine pathway Tactile of signals Skeletal muscle Visual • Information stored for future use Smooth muscle Auditor Glandular secretion Memory: Olfactory Highly facilitated synaptic pathways (sensory input not required to excite pathway) Fundamentals of Nervous System Fundamentals of Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Histology of Nervous System: A. Neuroglia (supporting cells – “nerve glue”) Nervous system Central Nervous System (CNS) ciliated Integration (most common) Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division Astrocytes: Microglia: Ependymal cells: (efferent) (afferent) • anchor neurons to capillaries • macrophages; engulf invaders • line canals / ventricles of brain • repair damaged neural tissue • produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • maintain “blood / brain barrier” Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (involuntary; smooth & cardiac muscle) (voluntary; skeletal muscle) Schwann cells: • Insulate neurons (myelin sheath) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Oligodendrocytes: Satellite cells: • Insulate neurons (myelin sheath) • Function similar to astrocytes Fundamentals of Nervous System Fundamentals of Nervous System Histology of Nervous System: • Long-lived (~ 100 years) Histology of Nervous System: • Long-lived (~ 100 years) • High metabolic rate • High metabolic rate B. Neurons B. Neurons • Specialized “excitable” cells • Specialized “excitable” cells • Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) • Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) Neuron Anatomy: Functional Classification of Neurons: 1) Dendrites: Receive information (environment / other neurons) 1) Sensory (Afferent) neurons: 2) Cell body (soma): Integrates information / initiate response • Carry information from sensory receptors to CNS 3) Axon: Conducts action potential (AP – electrical impulse) 2) Motor (Efferent) neurons: 4) Synaptic terminals: Transmit signal (other neurons / effector organs) • Carry information from CNS to effector organs 3) Association neurons (Interneurons): Axon hillock (AP generation) • Interconnects neurons in brain / spinal cord Axon Dendrites Synaptic terminals Schwann Cells (PNS) Centrioles (Can not divide) Cell body 1 Fundamentals of Nervous System Histology of Nervous System: • Long-lived (~ 100 years) Central Nervous System • High metabolic rate B. Neurons • Specialized “excitable” cells • Allow for communication throughout body (via electrical impulses) Structural Classification of Neurons (# of processes) : Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar ( 3 processes) (2 processes) (1 process) Axon Axon Axon Dendrites Trigger zone Dendrites Trigger zone Trigger zone Dendrites • Motor neurons • Sensory neurons • Sensory neurons • Interneurons (e.g., special sense organs) (PNS) Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Organization of Nervous System: Brain: No correlation exists between brain size and intelligence… • ~ 3.5 lbs (35 billion neurons) Nervous system • ♂ brain ~ 10% larger than ♀ brain Integration Cerebrum Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Gross Anatomy: (forebrain) (CNS) (PNS) Motor Sensory output input Brain Spinal cord Motor division Sensory division (efferent) (afferent) Diencephalon (midbrain) Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system (involuntary; smooth & cardiac muscle) (voluntary; skeletal muscle) Brainstem Cerebellum (hindbrain) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.1 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.2 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Embryonic Development of Brain: Embryonic Development of Brain: How we will consider brain anatomy 3 week old embryo 5 week old embryo Neural Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures tube Neural crest Neural plate Step 3: Telencephalon Cerebrum (endbrain) Neural fold cells migrate; form neural crest Step 1: • Neural crest gives rise to PNS Anterior Proencephalon Diencephalon Diencephalon Neural plate forms from surface ectoderm (forebrain) (interbrain) 4 week old embryo Mesencephalon Mesencephalon Brain stem (midbrain) Neural fold (midbrain) (midbrain) Metencephalon Brain stem (pons) Rhombencephalon (afterbrain) (hindbrain) Cerebellum Myelencephalon (spinalbrain) Brain stem (medulla) Posterior Neural groove Neural tube Spinal cord Step 2: Step 4: Neural plate invaginates; forms neural groove Neural groove becomes neural tube; sinks deep • Neural folds flank neural groove • Neural tube gives rise to CNS 2 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Nuclei: Space restriction greatly affects Groups of cell bodies located in Embryonic Development of Brain: brain development Basic Layout of Neurons: the central nervous system (analogous to ganglia in PNS) Brain stem (pons) Brain stem (midbrain) White matter: Regions of myelinated axons in CNS Cerebellum Midbrain Gray matter: Regions of unmyelinated axons / cell bodies in CNS flexure Diencephalon Brain stem (medulla) Cortex White White Gray matter Cerebrum matter Gray matter Cervical flexure matter 5 week old embryo 13 week old embryo • Flexures develop to fit rapidly growing brain into membranous skull • Cerebrum forced to grow posterior and lateral (‘horseshoe’) Nucleus Spinal cord Cerebrum • Convolutions develop to • Basic pattern observed in CNS • Cortex formed by migration of neurons Newborn increase surface area 26 week old embryo • Cerebellum similar to cerebrum in its external cortex of brain Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.3 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.4 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.5 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Anatomy: CSF Circulation: Presence of CSF in subarachnoid space A. Ventricles: Hollow chambers enclosed within brain (continuous with each other…) Arachnoid villus gives buoyancy to brain (97% weight reduction) Lateral ventricle Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1) CSF produced by choroid plexus in • Provide constant, controlled environment ventricles for brain cells 2) CSF flows through ventricles and into • Protect brain from toxins subarachnoid space via lateral and Third ventricle • Prevent escape of local neurotransmitters median apertures Choroid plexus: 3) CSF exits subarachnoid space via Cerebral aqueduct arachnoid villi Vascular network; produces CSF Fourth ventricle • Similar ion composition to blood plasma Lateral aperture Central canal • protein content Median aperture Ventricles lined with ependymal cells (circulate CSF) Lumbar puncture • Gasses cross freely (spinal tap) • 0.5 L / day produced Hydrocephalus (‘water on the brain”) Costanzo – Figure 3.36 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.26 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System ~ 85% of brain mass Brain Anatomy: B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): Central sulcus Cerebrum Parietal (forebrain) Frontal lobe lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Diencephalon (midbrain) Gyrus Sulcus Occipital (ridge) (groove) lobe Insula Brainstem Cerebellum (hindbrain) Temporal lobe Lateral Fissure sulcus (deep groove) Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.6 3 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Anatomy: Brain Anatomy: The cerebral B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): cortex is the 1) Cerebral cortex: seat of conscious behavior Basic regions: Cerebral cortex Cerebral • Contains 3 types of functional areas: (superficial to deep) white matter 1) Motor areas (send output) Only 2 - 4 mm thick but comprises 40% 1) Cerebral cortex (gray matter) 2) Sensory areas (receive input) of the brain’s mass 2) Cerebral white matter 3) Association areas (interpret data) 2.5 ft2 of surface area 3) Basal nuclei Corpus callosum: Functional MRI scan White tract connecting (measure blood flow) cerebral hemispheres Basal nuclei Neural cartography (electrostimulation) Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.8 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Anatomy: Homunculus (“little man”): Primary motor B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): Note: cortex One-to-one correspondence between 1) Cerebral cortex: Conscious control of skeletal cortical neurons and muscles misleading; muscle movements map really “fuzzy” • Motor areas: Somatotopic mapping: The entire body is spatially represented in the cerebral cortex Pyramidal cells extend long axons to the spinal cord, forming pyramidal tracts, or corticospinal tracts Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.9 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.8 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 12.8 Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Anatomy: Brain Anatomy: Primary somatorsensory Primary motor cortex B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): B. Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres): cortex Receives information from Spatial sensory receptors in skin & 1) Cerebral cortex: Conscious control of skeletal 1) Cerebral cortex: discrimination communicates proprioreceptors in joints muscle movements directly with • Motor areas: primary motor cortex • Sensory areas: Somatosensory Frontal eye field association Gustatory cortex Controls voluntary Premotor cortex cortex Receives / interprets movement of eyes Controls learned motor Integrates / interprets sensations of taste skills of repetitious somatosensory inputs or patterned nature (e.g., temp. / pressure) (e.g., typing) Primary visual Primary auditory cortex cortex Receives visual
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